Introduction to stress and surface

tension
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 03
1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Defne the stress tensor and give its geometric meaning.
2. Defne a Newtonian fuid and give several examples.
3. Calculate the force on a surface in a velocity gradient.
4. Defne the surface tension and contact angle.
5. Calculate the force on a surface due to surface tension.
2
A
F
n
F
t
Defnition of stress
F
Geometric motivation:
Normal stress:
Tangential or shear stress:
Defnition of stress tensor T:
Geometric meaning:
3
Stress is a tensor
Number of unit normals:
Number of directions on which a force can act:
Number of components of stress:
x
y
z
F
x
F
y
F
z
Convention for stress tensor subscripts:
4
x
y
z

xy

xz

xx
A
x
A
x
Calculation of force on a surface
Decompose stress tensor into pressure and shear components:
Infnitesimal force:
5
Defnition of stress tensor:
When is the shear stress tensor identically zero?
Calculate the force on a surface of area A:
Tensor representations of shear stress
(a) Rectilinear coordinates:
(b) Cylindrical coordinates:
6
l

x
y
F
x
v
Shear stress and velocity gradient
x
y
Shear stress:
Deformation rate:
Force
Velocity
7
Deformation rate is related to velocity gradient:
Simple shear: applied force parallel to
surface (perpendicular to surface normal)
Newtonian fuids
Defnition:
- Newton`s law
Examples:

Viscosity:
- Units:
- Kinematic viscosity:
8
Example 1: coating of tape
9
Given: Tape of thickness t = 0.015 in and width w = 1.00 in is to be coated
by drawing it through a narrow gap of clearance c = 0.012 in on either side.
The glue, of viscosity = 0.02 slug/ft-s completely flls the gap. The tape
can withstand a maximum tensile force F = 25 lbf.
Find: Maximum length of gap region through which tape can be pulled at a
speed v = 3 ft/s.
Example 2: deceleration of skater
10
Given: A female ice skater of weight W = 100 lbf glides on on skate at speed
V = 20 ft/s. Her weight is supported by a thin flm of water of height h =
0.0000575 in that is melted by pressure from the skate blade of length L =
11.5 in and width w = 0.125 in. The viscosity of water at 32F is = 3.66
10
-5
lbf-s/ft
2
.
Find: deceleration of skater that results from viscous shear.
Example 3: block on inclined plane
11
Given: Block of weight W = 10 lbf and side length L = 10 in is pulled up an
surface inclined at an angle = 25. The surface is coated with SAE 10W
oil (viscosity ) at 100F. The speed of the block is V = 2 ft/s (constant) and
the oil flm is h = 0.001in thick.
Find: Force required to pull the block.
Example 4: terminal velocity of piston
12
Given: Piston of diameter d = 73 mm, specifc gravity SG = 2.64, and length
L = 100 mm length resides in a stationary steel tube of inner diameter D =
75 mm lined with SAE 10W-30 oil (viscosity ) at 25C. A mass m = 2 kg is
suspended from the free end of the piston. The piston is set into motion by
cutting a support cord.
Find: Terminal velocity V of mass m.
h
Example: calculation of force on surface
x
y
Velocity V at top surface
Pressure p
0
at bottom plate
Force F
x
on bottom plate:
Force F
y
on bottom plate:
Normal on bottom plate and force F:
13
Surface tension
Defnition of surface tension:
Defnition of contact angle:
Condition for wetting:

Example of capillary forces: capillary rise of water in tube

< 90
> 90

z
h
14