Momentum differential equation:

Navier-Stokes equation
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 15

Reading: Fox 5.25.4

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. State the most general form of the Navier-Stokes equations.
2. State the version of the N-S equations valid for incompressible
fows with constant viscosity.
3. State the Euler equation and the conditions under which it is
valid.
2
Conservation of linear momentum 1
Newton`s 2nd:
Write:
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
u
v
w
Need to fnd expressions for the components
of force acting in each of the 3 directions
First: consider net force in x direction dF
Sx
Only stresses acting in x direction will give rise
to surface forces in x direction
Relevant stresses:
3
F =
dP
dt

sys
P
sys
=

mass(sys)
vdm
dF = dm
dv
dt

sys
= dm

u
v
x
+v
v
y
+w
v
z
+
v
t

with
Conservation of linear momentum 2
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
u
v
w
As usual, expand stress in Taylor series to get
the stress on each face:
4
dF
S
x
=

xx
+

xx
x
dx
2

dydz

xx

xx
x
dx
2

yx
+

yx
y
dy
2

dxdz

yx

yx
y
dy
2

dxdz
+

zx
+

zx
z
dz
2

dxdy

zx

zx
z
dz
2

dxdy
=

xx
x
+

yx
y
+

zx
z

dxdy dz
Conservation of linear momentum 3
Only body force is gravity, so expression for dF
x
:
Similarly:
5
dF
x
= dF
S
x
+dF
B
x
=

g
x
+

xx
x
+

yx
y
+

zx
z

dxdy dz
dF
y
= dF
S
y
+dF
B
y
=

g
y
+

xy
x
+

yy
y
+

zy
z

dxdy dz
dF
z
= dF
S
z
+dF
B
z
=

g
z
+

xz
x
+

yz
y
+

zz
z

dxdy dz
Conservation of linear momentum 4
6
Write differential momentum equation (equate to acceleration):
g
x
+

xx
x
+

yx
y
+

zx
z
=

u
t
+u
u
x
+v
u
y
+w
u
z

g
y
+

xy
x
+

yy
y
+

zy
z
=

v
t
+u
v
x
+v
v
y
+w
v
z

g
z
+

xz
x
+

yz
y
+

zz
z
=

w
t
+u
w
x
+v
w
y
+w
w
z

T = pnn +
Navier-Stokes equation 1
We need a three-dimensional version of LMB:
Using the Reynolds Transport Theorem and :
7
dP
dt

sys
= F =

CS
n TdA+

CV
gdV
F =
dP
dt

sys
stresses gravity

CV
vdV +

CS
vv dA =

CS
pdA+

CS
dA+

CV
gdV
(Recall: is a tensor)
Navier-Stokes equation 2
8
Using Gauss`s theorem:

CS
vv dA =

CV
(vv)dV

CS
p dA =

CV
pdV

CS
dA =

CV
dV

CV

t
(v) + (vv) +p g

dV = 0
Navier-Stokes equation 3
Finally, use conservation of mass to simplify:
This is the Navier-Stokes equation:

With continuity (above), form four coupled nonlinear PDEs for v,

Exact solutions only possible for special cases: simple geometries

and initial/boundary conditions
9

t
+ (v) = 0

t
(v) + (vv) = p + + g

t
(v) =
v
t
+

t
v
(vv) = v v + (v)v

v
t
+v v

=
Dv
Dt
= p + +g
and

xy
=
yx
=

v
x
+
u
y

yz
=
zy
=

w
y
+
v
z

zx
=
xz
=

u
z
+
w
x

xx
= p
2
3
v + 2
u
x

yy
= p
2
3
v + 2
v
y

zz
= p
2
3
v + 2
w
z
Stresses for N-S equations (rectilinear)
10
Shear stresses:
Normal stresses:
N-S simplifcation 1
For incompressible fow with constant viscosity:
(Derivation: beyond scope of course)
11

v
t
+v v

= p +
2
v +g
unsteady
acceleration
convective
acceleration
inertia
body forces
(typically gravity)
viscosity pressure
divergence
of stress
Euler`s equation
Assumptions: frictionless fow ( = 0 ):
Used for:
12