Drag and lift

CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 23

Reading: Fox 9.7--9.8

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Calculate the drag force using frictional coeffcients from
boundary layer theory.
2. Calculate the lift force on airfoils.
2
Recall: drag on a sphere
We showed in dimensional analysis lecture:
force on sphere
What is the natural way to generalize this to arbitrary-shaped objects?
F
D
cross-sectional area of sphere:
We can therefore defne a drag coeffcient for an arbitrary-shaped object:
denominator:
dynamic pressure
C
D
is only a function of Re!
Defnition: component of fuid force parallel to the fuid motion
3

w
=
u
y

y=0
Frictional drag on fat plate
Recall: calculating force from shear stress:
drag force
wetted area
(total surface area in contact with fuid)
wall shear stress
For fat plate in zero pressure gradient, parallel to fow, total drag =
frictional drag:
We solved for this problem (no pressure, fat plate) in previous lecture
General rules of thumb for wall shear stresses in fat plates:
Laminar:
Turbulent:
See books for empirical
formulas for drag coeffcients
V
4
Pressure drag on fat plate
Recall: calculating force from pressure distribution:
For fow normal to plate, wall shear stress perpendicular, does not
contribute; only pressure contributes to drag:
V
Calculating pressure drop analytically after separation not possible; use
experiments to relate pressure to drag force
5
Drag on a sphere

In plate fow, either friction drag or pressure drag contribute

In sphere fow, both contribute, function of Re

Drag for sphere of diameter d moving at speed V in medium:

For larger Re > 3 10

5
, transition to turbulent fow

Drag coeffcient decreases with increasing Re

Turbulent boundary can better resist adverse pressure gradient

Turbulent boundary layer fow delays separation, reduces pressure

drag -- reason for golf ball dimples

For fow with low turbulence, transition in boundary layer can be

delayed until Re ~ 4 10
5

Presence of nearby objects reduces drag (e.g. bicycle "drafting")

Small particles falling under gravity fall more slowly -- see "Low
Reynolds Number Flow" movie
F
D
= 3V d C
D
=
24
Re
(for low Re)
6
Coeffcients for drag across surfaces
Object C
D
Square prism
width/length = : 2.05
width/length = 1: 1.05
Disk 1.17
Ring 1.2
Hemisphere (open end facing flow) 1.42
Hemisphere (open end facing
downstream)
0.38
C-section (open side facing flow) 2.3
C-section (open side facing
downstream)
1.2
C
D
=
F
D
1
2
V
2
A
7
= 1.30 10
6
m
2
s
Example: laminar drag force on fat plate 1
Given: water at temperature T = 10C, fowing over plate with speed U = 0.8
m/s. Plate dimensions: L = 0.35 m W = 1 m. Laminar boundary layer,
assume velocity profle is linear.
Determine: drag force
Drag on plate (factor of 2: fow on both sides of plate)
and
(see earlier lecture notes)
Look up kinematic viscosity at 10C:
Velocity profle in boundary layer:
At y = 0: but we need (x)
8
Example: laminar drag force on fat plate 2
Combine the two expressions for the stress:
9
Calculate wall stress:
Example: laminar drag force on fat plate 3
10
Finally, substitute stress back into force equation:
(exercise: calculate force)
Example: calculating turbulent drag 1











Given: Four square plates, L = 7.5 cm W = 7.5
cm. Flow U = 10 m/s . Assume turbulent
boundary-layer fow. Water at water at
temperature T = 20C. Assume that when plates
are attached by strings, wake are negligible.
Determine: calculate drag in both confgurations.
Look up kinematic viscosity:
Drag on fat plates (look up expression from book):
for turbulent boundary layer fow
Calculate Reynolds number: (indeed turbulent)
11
Example: calculating turbulent drag 2
12
Solve for stress:
(exercise: get number)
The total drag on the four separated plates is four times this.
Drag on connected plates: dimensions L = 30 cm W = 7.5 cm
substitute new value of L into expression above
Example: calculating turbulent drag 3
Question: which confguration do you expect to experience more drag?
(hint: examine expression for stress)
13













C
L
ar
Lift
Defnition: component of fuid force perpendicular to the fuid motion
life coeffcient for an airfoil:
(A
p
= maximum projected area of the wing)
Real airfoil: lift is reduced and drag is increased compared to test data
Key ratio for airfoils:
due to fnite wing span: generation of trailing vortices at edge of
wing due to pressure difference between bottom and top of wing
Reduction related to wing aspect ratio: (b = wingspan)
Effects of fnite aspect ratio related to reduction in angle of attack:
lift: geometric angle of attack of fnite wing must be
increased by this amount to get same lift as infnite wing
drag: tilt of wing leads to an induced drag coeffcient
14
ar
b
2
A
p
C
D
C
L

C
2
L
ar
Example: aircraft lift area 1
Given: aircraft in level fight at speed V through air at standard conditions.
Lift coeffcient C
L
, drag coeffcient C
D,
mass M.
Determine: effective lift area and required engine thrust and power.
Use lift and drag coeffcients:
For level speed:
15
Example: aircraft lift area 2
16
To obtain thrust, note that the ratio between the coeffcients is the ratio of
the forces:
Power:
Example: lift force on soccer ball 1
17
Given: a soccer player kicks a ball of mass M (in
kg) and circumference C (in meters) a distance L
meters, over which the ball veers to the right by a
distance x meters. The ball speed is V m/s.
Determine: spin on ball.



x
L
R














Basic equations:
Apply Newtons second law:
Example: lift force on soccer ball 2
18
Given: a soccer player kicks a ball of mass M (in
kg) and circumference C (in meters) a distance L
meters, over which the ball veers to the right by a
distance x meters. The ball speed is V m/s.
Determine: spin on ball.



x
L
R














Solve for the radius of curvature:
Calculate lift coeffcient:
Example: lift force on soccer ball 3
19
Given: a soccer player kicks a ball of mass M (in
kg) and circumference C (in meters) a distance L
meters, over which the ball veers to the right by a
distance x meters. The ball speed is V m/s.
Determine: spin on ball.



x
L
R














Estimate angular velocity from Figure 9.27 in Fox: