Macroscopic momentum balance

3: accelerating coordinates and

angular momentum
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 11

Reading: Fox 4.5 and 4.7

1
Learning objectives for lecture
1. Apply conservation of linear momentum to accelerating
systems.
2. Apply conservation of angular momentum in fxed control
volumes.
2
Accelerating coordinates 1
Previous formulation of conservation of linear momentum only
good for inertial reference frames
Need additional terms to describe conservation of linear
momentum when the CV itself is accelerating
Consider: coordinates in accelerating control volume (x,y,z,t)
and inertial system (X,Y,Z)
Z
X
Y
x
y
z
Inertial
reference
frame
Moving
reference
frame
We will only consider rectilinear acceleration (NO ROTATION)
3
Accelerating coordinates 2
Substitute acceleration in reference frame into Newtons 2nd law:
Rewriting:
Apply Reynolds Transport Theorem:
4
Example: accelerating cart 1


Problem: Cart of initial mass M
0
pulled by liquid jet
(density ) issuing horizontally from tank through
opening of area A at constant speed V (neglect
friction with track).
Control volume: choose accelerating CV as shown
Calculate: speed of cart as it accelerates from rest U(t)
x
y
Calculate x component of momentum equation:
Continuity:
5


Example: accelerating cart 2
x
y
NB: can often neglect the acceleration of u in the CV frame
6
Example: accelerating rocket 1
Problem: Vertically-directed rocket with initial mass
M
0
starts from rest, ejects gas with speed V
e
at a
constant rate m
r
through an opening of area A, no air
resistance.
Control volume: choose accelerating CV as shown
Calculate: speed of rocket as it accelerates from rest
Calculate y component of momentum equation:
Assumptions:
7


y
x
CS at speed V
V
e

Y
X











.
Example: accelerating rocket 2
0 10 20 30
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Time (s)
V

(
m
/
s
)


8


y
x
CS at speed V
V
e

Y
X











Macroscopic angular momentum balance
Start with conservation of angular momentum
and assume inertial reference frame:
Apply Reynolds Transport Theorem:
9


m 4.190 [3
Example: torque on lawn sprinkler 1
Problem: Lawn sprinkler with arms of length R
rotating at rate ; water (density ) emerges at
v
rel
at angle ; friction torque at pivot T
f
, fow
rate Q.
Control volume: choose fxed CV as shown
Calculate: torque to hold stationary T
ext
Calculate moment of momentum using fxed CV:
Assumptions:
r
z
10
Example: torque on lawn sprinkler 2
For jet:
Leaving sprinkler:
11


m 4.190 [3
r
Total velocity including component due to sprinkler rotation:
Summary: key equations
12
F

CV
a
fr
dV =

CV
v
xyz
dV +

CS
v
xyz
v
xyz
dA
Linear momentum, accelerating coordinate system:
Angular momentum, fxed control volume:
r F
s
+

M(sys)
r g dm+T
shaft
=

CV
r v dV +

Cs
r vvdA