October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering

Vol. 00, No. 00, January 2008, 1–12

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Identification of the model describing viscoplastic behaviour of

high strength metals

T. Fra̧ś, Z. Nowak∗ , P. Perzyna, and R.B. Pȩcherski

5B Pawinskiego, Warsaw, 02-106, POLAND; Institute of Fundamental Technological
Research, Polish Academy of Sciences
(v3.4 released May 2008)

Ultra fine grained (UFG) and nanocrystalline metals (nc-metals) are studied. Experimental
investigations of the behaviour of such materials under quasistatic as well as dynamic load-
ing conditions related with microscopic observations show that in many cases the dominant
mechanism of plastic strain is multiscale development of shear deformation modes. The com-
prehensive discussion of these phenomena in UFG and nc-metals is given in [2] where it has
been shown that the deformation mode of nanocrystalline materials changes as the grain size
decreases into the ultrafine region. For smaller grain sizes (d < 300 nm) shear band devel-
opment occurs immediately after the onset of plastic flow. Significant strain-rate dependence
of the flow stress, particularly at high strain rates was also emphasized. Our objective is to
identify the parameters of Perzyna constitutive model, a new description of viscoplastic defor-
mation, which accounts for the observed shear banding. The viscoplasticity model proposed
earlier by Perzyna [5] was extended in order to describe the shear banding contribution in
[1]. The shear banding contribution function, which was introduced formerly by Pȩcherski
[8] and applied in continuum plasticity accounting for shear banding in [9] plays pivotal role
in the viscoplasticity model. The derived constitutive equations were identified and verified
with application of experimental data provided in paper [3], where quasistatic and dynamic
compression tests of UFG and nanocrystalline iron specimens of a wide range of mean grain
size were reported. Numerical simulation of the compression of the prismatic specimen was
made by a ABAQUS FEM program with UMAT subroutine. Comparison with experimental
results proved the validity of the identified parameters and the possibilities of the application
of the proposed description for other high strength metals.

Keywords: ultra fine grained metals; nanocrystalline metals; viscoplastic deformation;

shear banding; shear banding contribution function; numerical simulation of compression
test; identification of the model parameters
AMS Subject Classification: 74C20; 74S05; 74P99; 74H05

1. Introduction

The subject of the study is concerned with ultra fine grained (UFG) and nanocrys-
talline metals (nc-metals). Experimental investigations of the behaviour of such
materials under quasistatic as well as dynamic loading conditions related with mi-
croscopic observations presented in [2–4] show that in many cases the dominant
mechanism of plastic strain is multiscale development of shear deformation modes
- called shear banding. The comprehensive discussion of these phenomena in UFG
and nc-metals is given in [2] and [3] where it has been shown that the deformation
mode of nanocrystalline materials changes as the mean grain size decreases into the

∗ Corresponding author. Email: znowak@ippt.gov.pl

ISSN: 1741-5977 print/ISSN 1741-5985 online

c 2008 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/1741597YYxxxxxxxx
http://www.informaworld.com
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

2 T. Fra̧ś, Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna and R.B. Pȩcherski

ultrafine region. For smaller grain sizes (d < 300 nm) shear band development oc-
curs immediately after the onset of plastic flow. Significant strain-rate dependence
of the flow stress, particularly at high strain rates was also emphasized.
The aim of the paper is to propose a new description of viscoplastic deforma-
tion, which accounts for the observed shear banding. Viscoplasticity model with
an overstress function proposed earlier by Perzyna [5–7] was extended. The theo-
retical description of multiscale hierarchy of shear localization modes presented by
Pȩcherski [8], [9], [10] and the new concept of shear banding contribution function
introduced in [8], [10] and identified for polycrystalline Cu in [11], [14] were ap-
plied by that. The derived constitutive equations were identified with application
of experimental data of quasistatic and dynamic compression tests, made for the
UFG and nanocrystalline iron specimens of different mean grain sizes described in
[3].
The identification procedure was made under the assumption that the Huber-
Mises yield condition obeys. This is rather big oversimplification in the situations
when the strength differential effect (strength asymmetry) is observed. Such an
effect is observed particulary in the case of nanocrystalline metals, where the ratio
of yield strengths in compression versus yield strength in tension depends on grain
size and can reach 1.6 [22]. More detail and comprehensive study of the strength
asymmetry and related pressure sensitivity effect on yield strength in amorphous
alloys is given in [24]. Some attempts of the application of Coulomb-Mohr and
Drucker-Prager criteria to account for the mentioned effects were also discussed
by the authors in [23], [22] and [24]. Although our analysis is based on the Huber-
Mises criterion, the paper is concluded with discussion of the application of the
paraboloidal yield criterion proposed originally by W. Burzyński [25] and rediscov-
ered many times by others [27].

2. Physical motivation

Experimental investigations discussed, e.g. by Meyers et al. [2] show that nanocrys-
talline materials exhibit very high yield strength. A conventional soft metal can
acquire a ten-fold increase in strength when the mean grain size approaches the
nanoscale, presumably due to the grain-boundary strengthening known as the Hall-
Petch effect. For example, strengths as high as 1.0 GPa in nc-copper and 2.5 GPa
in nc-iron have been reported. Constitutive models for metallic materials must ac-
count for the effects of the rate of deformation. Significant strain-rate dependence
of the flow stress has been observed in many pure metals, particularly at high
strain rates. However, very few results have been reported on the high-strain-rate
behavior of nc- or UFG materials. The work of Jia, Ramesh and Ma [3] on an
80 nm-Fe found little strain-rate dependence in the strain rate range from 1×10 −4
to 3×10+3 s−1 . Localized deformation has been reported for nc-metals by several
groups; typically this is associated with macroscopic perfect plasticity or even ap-
parent strain softening. Localization of plastic deformation into shear bands was
observed in nc-Fe-10%Cu [4] and nc-Fe [3]. Malow et al. [18] observed shear bands
in nc-Fe samples after micro hardness tests. The reported in [2] and in the work
of Jia et al. [3] observations indicate that there is a transition from uniform to
non-uniform deformation as the grain size decreases down to the nanoscale, ac-
companied possibly by a reduction of strain hardening.
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 3

3. Experimental observations of deformation behaviour of nanomaterials

3.1. Quasi-static compression

In the paper of Jia, Ramesh and Ma [3] compression tests were performed to obtain
full stress-strain curves over a wide range of strain rates. The typical specimen
dimensions for the low and high strain rate tests were 2.2 × 2.2 × 3.5 mm (length)
and 1.6 × 1.6 × 1.4 mm (length), respectively. The quasi-static compression tests at
strain rates of 1 – 2 × 10−3 s−1 were performed using a screw-driven ATS machine.
From the tests it is apparent, that the yield strength increases with decreasing grain
size. Compared with the 20 µm-Fe, the strength of the nano-Fe (80 nm) is increased
by an order of magnitude. The strain hardening rate changes with the grain size.
In the range of grain size from 20 µm to 980 nm, there is no marked change in
the slope of the curves. However, there is a transition from strain hardening to
apparent strain softening as the grain size changes from ∼1 µm to ∼300 nm. For
grain sizes below 300 nm, apparent strain softening appears at a very low plastic
strain. Ductile behaviour is observed at relatively large grain sizes, the samples with
mean grain sizes smaller than 200 nm fail relatively early. It was demonstrated by
Meyers et al. in [2] and by Jia et al. [3] that for bcc metals we do not expect to
have a significant effect of mean grain size on the strain hardening, and so these
observations indicate that a change of deformation mechanism has occurred at the
smaller grain sizes. In the work of Jia et al. [3] the measured flow stresses (at a
fixed strain of 4%) and the yield strengths are observed to satisfy the well-known
Hall-Petch relationship (σ y = σ 0 +Kd −1/2 ).

3.2. High strain rate compression

Experimental results of Jia, Ramesh and Ma [3] also show that the little influence of
the strain rate on the strain hardening is observed, which is typical for bcc metals.
The termination of the high-rate stress-strain curves for 80 nm and 138 nm grain
sizes represent specimen failure rather than unloading, see Fig. 3. The influence of
the rate of deformation on the flow stress is also investigated by Jia, Ramesh and
Ma [3] for the entire range of grain sizes and strain rates, with the flow stresses
plotted corresponding to a fixed strain of 4%. In [3] the authors observed that the
smaller grain size materials are much stronger at low rates, but show less relative
strengthening at high strain rates. An approach to understanding mean grain size
effects on the viscoplastic deformations and on the flow stress for bcc Fe is presented
in the following subsections.

3.3. Phenomenology of shear bands

The deformation mode of nc- and UFG materials changes dramatically as the grain
size is decreased into the ultra-fine-grain range. In the 20µm-Fe and 980nm-Fe, the
compressive deformations were uniform at all strain rates and no shear bands
were evident under either the optical microscope or SEM. However, for all smaller
grain sizes (d < 300 nm) shear band development was observed in [3] to occur
immediately after the onset of plastic deformation, correlating to the observed
change in apparent strain hardening at those grain sizes. Shear bands were observed
during both quasistatic and high-rate deformations for these grain sizes.
It was demonstrated by Meyers et al. in [2] that additional shear bands appear
with increasing strain and that the newly generated shear bands have similar orien-
tations (in the four possible shearing planes for these cuboidal specimens). Large
numbers of shear bands are observed, rather than a single dominant band that
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

4 T. Fra̧ś, Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna and R.B. Pȩcherski

lead to failure. Shear bands have been observed by Wei et al. [4] and [20] in both
low and high strain-rate tests. In [3] it was observed that under dynamic loading,
conventional polycrystalline iron did not exhibit localized deformation. Shear band
populations were observed in all specimens with grain sizes d < 300 nm. It can be
concluded that the shear bands play an important role in plastic deformation of
ultrafine grained Fe.

4. Constitutive modelling

4.1. Viscoplasticity model of Perzyna

If the dependence on strain rate comes into play, the associated viscoplasticity flow
law can be applied, cf. Perzyna [5, 6]:

1 0
Dvp = γ̇ vp µ , µ= √ τ , (1)
2k

where Dvp is the rate of viscoplastic deformation, τ denotes deviatoric Kirchhoff

0

stress and γ̇ vp is the viscoplastic shear strain rate, while k is the corresponding
quasistatic yield shear strength. q
1 0
For Huber-Mises yield condition: J2 − k = 0, J2 = 2σ : σ0 ,

 1
J2 D
γ̇ vp
= γ̇0vp −1 for J2 − k > 0 (2)
k

and

γ̇ vp = 0 for J2 − k ≤ 0 (3)

0
where σ is the deviatoric Cauchy stress and k is the shear yield strength while
γ̇0vp and D denote material constants. The shear strain rate (2) is controlled by
an overstress function to be specified for a particular material. In our case the
power-like overstress function is assumed.

4.2. Multiscale system of shear bands contribution in plastic flow

The description of a multiscale system of shear bands contribution in plastic flow
was given in papers by Pȩcherski [8] and [9]). The rate of inelastic deformation was
assumed in the form

vp
Dvp = Dvp
s + DSB . (4)

The scalar shear banding contribution function was defined:

vp
D
SB
√ p
fSB = , kAk = A · A = Aij Aij (5)
kDvp k
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 5

where A is a symmetric second order tensor, while Dvp s is the rate of viscoplastic
deformation produced by dislocation mediated crystallographic slips and D vp SB de-
notes the rate of viscoplastic deformation produced by shear banding.
As discussed in [10], among many possible realizations of shear banding, one can
single out the group of processes characterizing with the same contribution of two
(1) (2)
symmetric shear banding systems fSB = fSB . In the case of proportional loading
paths the total viscoplastic shear strain rate can be expressed as follows:

γ̇ vp = γ̇svp + γ̇ vp
SB (6)
vp
and due to fSB = γ̇SB /γ̇ vp we have

γ̇ vp (1 − fSB ) = γ̇svp , fSB ∈ [0, 1) , (7)

what leads according to (2) to the following constitutive relation for the viscoplastic
shear strain rate controlled by the discussed mechanisms of crystallographic slip
and shear banding:

1
γ̇ vp

vp 0 J2 D
γ̇ = −1 for J2 − ks > 0 . (8)
(1 − fSB ) ks

Inverting (8) gives the relation for the dynamic yield condition

( " D #)
γ̇ vp (1 − fSB )
J2 = ksd = ks 1+ . (9)
γ̇0vp

For the compression test considered in [3] the following specification of quasi-
static yield strength can be proposed

σY s = A(d) + B(d)(εvp ) n (10)

√ √
where σY s = 3ks and εvp is the equivalent plastic strain εvp = 33 γ vp . The sym-
bols A(d) and B(d) denote the values which are dependent on mean grain diameter
d, e.g. according to Hall-Petch relation. A is the quasi-static initial yield strength,
B(d)(εvp )n corresponds to a plastic hardening function and n corresponds to plastic
hardening parameter. Furthermore, the viscosity parameter γ̇0vp and the contribu-
tion function fSB are assumed to be dependent on the mean grain diameter d.
The shape of the contribution function fSB is proposed, accounting to the studies
in [10] and [11] supported by the numerical identification in [14] 1 , in the form of
logistic function:

1 The proposed specification of the contribution function fSB is suitable for the description of proportional
loading processes. More general formula, applicable for arbitrary states of deformation and loading paths,
was proposed in [12].
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

6 T. Fra̧ś, Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna and R.B. Pȩcherski

fSB0
fSB = , (11)
1 + exp(a − b(d)εvp )

where fSB0 , a, b(d) are material parameters to be specified.

The dynamic yield condition J2 = kd is obtained by inverting Eq. (9) and the
final dynamic yield strength in uniaxial compression σY d reads:

" D #
(1 − fSB (d)) ε̇vp

2 vp n
σY d = (1 − fSB (d)) [A(d) + B(ε ) ] 1 + . (12)
ε̇0 (d)

5. Identification of the model

The identification of the constitutive models parameters is obtained by an inverse

method. A parametric identification program is developed, based on a conjugate
gradients algorithm (cf. Nowak and Stachurski, [15, 16]). Our objective is to iden-
tify the parameters of the Perzyna viscoplastic constitutive model parameters:
β = (A, B, n, a, b, fSB0 , ε̇vp0 , D). The identification of these constants is car-
ried out by means of compression true stress-strain diagrams. These curves stem
from the iron experimental tests performed at various strain rates ε̇ vp and various
average grain sizes d (cf. Jia et al. [3]).

5.1. Criterion of minimization

The criterion or cost function is the part of the program where the parameter vec-
tor β appears. The criterion chosen is the quadratic sum of errors. The method of
least squares requires the residual sum in stress between the experimental observa-
tions and model results to be minimised. This sum is made with every experimental
point. This implies that the proposed model of the grain size dependent viscoplas-
ticity can be completely calibrated by minimising the residual:

Nα exp vp cal (εvp , ε̇vp , d, β)

2
(εα , ε̇vp , d) − σeq

X σeq α
F (x) = min exp vp 2 (13)
α=1 σeq (εα , ε̇vp , d)

where F (x) refers to the residual of the constitutive model and the
experimental data with the number of experimental points α and
β = (A, B, n, a, b, fSB0 , ε̇vp 0 , D) denotes a vector of unknown material
parameters to be determined.
Furthermore, εvp vp
α are discrete values of the strains ε . The symbols σeq and
exp

σeq denote the experimental and calculated stresses for the same strain level εvp
cal
α ,
Nα is the number of stress-strain data for the test with given strain rate and grain
size. For our constitutive equation Eq. (12) we have
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 7

 2
fSB0
cal = σ
σeq Yd = 1− vp
1+exp(a−b(d)εα ) (A(d) + B(εvp n
α ) )

   D 
fSB
1− 1+exp 0
ε̇vp
(a−b(d)εvp
α )
α
1 + 
  
vp
ε̇0 (d) 

(14)

5.2. Gradient vector of the cost function

The gradient vector computation is performed with the central derivative formu-
lation. The expression of the numerical gradient vector is:

N
F (β j + dβ j ) − F (β j − dβ j )

 N
g = ∇F (β j ) j=1
= (15)
2dβ j j=1

The application of the standard derivative analytical formulation of a multi-

variable function gives the theoretical gradient vector. In the case of the Perzyna
model, the theoretical gradient vector is given as follows
 
∂F (β)
g= (16)
∂β j (a, b, f , A, B, n, ε̇vp , D)
SB0 0
 
∂F (β) ∂F (β) ∂F (β) ∂F (β) ∂F (β) ∂F (β) ∂F (β) ∂F (β)
= , , , , , , , .
∂a ∂b ∂fSB0 ∂A ∂B ∂n ∂ ε̇vp
0 ∂D

It implies that for one material point for Np measurements of (εvp )i and (σexp )i
with known (ε̇vp , d) the gradient vector g is given.

5.3. Termination test

As for the criterion, there are numerous formulations to stop the conjugate gradient
algorithm. The termination test employed for the identification program consists
in computing the following relation for each experimental point:

 exp 
 (σ )i − (σ cal )i 
eq eq
χ(i) =  (17)
 
exp i
(σeq )

 

and for each parameter:

 
 β j − β j−1 
ηi =  i j−1i  (18)
 
 β 
i

with β i , the parameter under consideration, and j, the iteration number.

The termination test is satisfied when every point verifies:
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

8 T. Fra̧ś, Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna and R.B. Pȩcherski

χ(i) ≤ χref (19)

and when every parameter verifies:

ηi ≤ ηref (20)

with χref , the point accuracy, ηref , the parameters accuracy. The identification
error limits are given by the equations (17) and (19). The second set of equations
(18) and (20), gives parameter stability relation.

5.4. Identification of quasi-static and dynamic compression tests

To evaluate the quality of the identified parameters, a simulation of compression

test is performed for the prismatic sample and compared with the corresponding
test. The ABAQUS FEM code was employed to realize this simulation. Simulation
leads to plastic strain and strain rates in the same range than experimentation. An
example of the application of the proposed constitutive description for modelling
of the behaviour of polycrystalline iron under quasistatic and dynamic compression
tests for experimental data of Jia, Ramesh and Ma (2003) is √ depicted in Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3 (cf. [3]), where the compressive yield strength σY d = 3kd .
In case of the quasistatic and dynamic compression we use the following forms
of equation (14):
when d > 300 nm, fSB = 0, β = (A, B, n, ε̇vp 0 , D)

" D #
ε̇vp

cal
σeq = [A(d) + B(εvp ) n ] 1+ (21)
ε̇0 (d)

and when d < 300 nm, fSB > 0, B = 0, fSB0 =0.95, a = 5, D = 0.08 and n = 0
(no hardening) and β = (A, b, ε̇vp
0 , D)

  fSB0
 D 
1− 1+exp(a−b(d)εvp
α )
ε̇vp
cal
σeq = (1 − fSB )2 [A(d)] 1 +  (22)
  
ε̇0 (d)


Perzyna model parameters are determined for each kind of specimen with differ-
ent average grain size. In each case we have started our computations assuming at
the beginning a broad range of feasible parameters. For instance the initial param-
eters values in cases for different average grain size: d=20µm, d=980nm, d=268nm,
d=138nm and d=80nm for dynamic tests we have taken are presented in Table 1.

At least, the identification leads to one set of model parameters available for
quasi-static strain rates and dynamic strain rates. In the numerical simulations of
compression tests by ABAQUS [21] the specimen is completely modelled with 226
991 nodes and 216 004 solid elements (type C3D8R in Explicit or C3D8 in Stan-
dard). The specimen is supported by a fixed rigid wall and is impacted by a second
moving one with an imposed velocity of 5 m/s. Rigid walls are chosen as infinite
planes with infinite mass and finite friction (fc =0.005). The undeformed sample
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 9

Table 1. The initial parameters values for dynamic tests.

Case
d=20µm: 100.0 ≤ A ≤ 1000.0, 50.0 ≤ B ≤ 1000.0, 0.01 ≤n≤ 1.5
1.0x 10+3 ≤ ε̇vp
0 ≤ 1.0x 10+5 , 0.01 ≤ D ≤ 0.3,
d=980nm: 100.0 ≤ A ≤ 1000.0, 100.0 ≤ B ≤ 1000.0, 0.01 ≤n≤ 1.5
1.0x 10+4 ≤ ε̇vp
0 ≤ 1.0x 10+7 , 0.01 ≤ D ≤ 0.3,
d=268nm: 500.0 ≤ A ≤ 2000.0, 10. ≤ b ≤ 100.0,
1.0x 10+5 ≤ ε̇vp
0 ≤ 1.0x 10+7 , 0.01 ≤ D ≤ 0.3
d=138nm: 500.0 ≤ A ≤ 3000.0, 50.0 ≤ b ≤ 500.0,
1.0x 10+5 ≤ ε̇vp
0 ≤ 1.0x 10+7 , 0.01 ≤ D ≤ 0.3
d=80nm: 1000.0 ≤ A ≤ 5000.0, 50.0 ≤ b ≤ 500.0,
1.0x 10+5 ≤ ε̇vp
0 ≤ 1.0x 10+7 , 0.01 ≤ D ≤ 0.3

mesh and the Mises stress distribution for dynamical compression are presented on
Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b.

S, Mises
(Avg: 75%)
+1.557e+03
+1.554e+03
+1.551e+03
+1.548e+03
+1.545e+03
+1.542e+03
+1.539e+03
+1.536e+03
+1.533e+03
+1.531e+03
+1.528e+03

(a) (b)

Fig. 1. a) The mesh used in numerical simulations and b) Mises stress distri-
bution for dynamic compression test of iron for εvp = 0.08 and d = 268nm.

Simulation leads to plastic strain and strain rates in the same range than experi-
mentation. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 compares the experimental and simulated stress–strain
diagrams for a 5 m/s impact test. This results shows that identification of consti-
tutive models for nano-iron with shear bands can be performed even with a plastic
range of about 0.1.
Finally, the following constitutive parameters are found for the quasi-static and
dynamic compression tests when d < 300 nm, fSB > 0, B = 0, a=5, fSB0 =0.95,
D = 0.08 and n = 0 (no hardening) and β = (A, b, ε̇vp 0 ) for quasi-static compres-
sion and β = (A, b, ε̇vp
0 ) for dynamic compression:

Table 2. The identified constitutive parameters when d < 300 nm.

quasi-static dynamic

ε̇vp –1
d 0 (d)[s ]
A(d )[MPa] b(d ) A(d )[MPa] b(d )

80 nm 2363.53 50.24 2086.57 56.49 145.0 x 10+6

138 nm 2047.83 52.85 1882.40 55.11 50.5 x 10+6
268 nm 1160.0 27.46 1237.09 30.01 50.1 x 10+6
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

10 T. Fra̧ś, Z. Nowak, P. Perzyna and R.B. Pȩcherski

Fig. 2. True stress – true strain for quasistatic compression test for polycrys-
talline iron. Solid lines represent curves obtained from viscoplasticity model
accounting for shear bands according to equation (21) for d > 300nm and
according to equation (22) for d < 300nm, symbols  correspond to the qua-
sistatic experimental data for iron of purity 99.9% obtained in two-step con-
solidation procedure to form bulk Fe with desired grain size from Jia et al. [3].

Fig. 3. True stress – true strain for dynamic compression test for polycrys-
talline iron. Solid lines represent curves obtained from viscoplasticity model
accounting for shear bands according to equations (21) for d > 300nm and ac-
cording to equation (22) for d < 300nm, symbols  correspond to the dynamic
experimental data for iron of purity 99.9% obtained in two-step consolidation
procedure to form bulk Fe with desired grain size from Jia et al. [3].

6. Conclusions

The proposed description of viscoplastic behaviour of high strength metals, in

particular UFG and nc-metals, can be extended accounting for the application of
more adequate yield criterion, which in the case of associated flow law, provides
October 23, 2009 14:42 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering Rzeszow˙09˙Invers4

REFERENCES 11

also the appropriate potential function. According to our studies [29], the yield
criterion, which is adequate to strength materials and multiphase materials, e.g.
metal matrix and ceramic matrix composites reinforced by particles of nano and
micro size should be pressure dependent, as it was discussed in early papers of W.
Burzyński (1929) [25], [26]. Such a criteria take, in the principal axes, the shape of a
rotationally symmetric paraboloid for isotropic materials and ellipsoidal paraboloid
for materials having orthotropic symmetry [28], [29], Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b.

(a) (b)

Fig. 4. a) Burzyński yield limit for plane stress approximating the results
presented in [23]; b) Burzyński yield surface in the principal axes coordinates
calculated for the data in plane stress given in Fig. 4. a).

Acknowledgement(s)

The part of this work was made within the framework of the Research Project
0364/B/T02/2008/35 of the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of Poland.

References
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[3] D. Jia, K.T. Ramesh and E. Ma, Effects of nanocrystalline and ultrafine grain sizes on constitutive
behavior and shear bands in iron, Acta Mat., 51 (2003), pp.3495–3509.
[4] Q. Wei , D. Jia , K.T. Ramesh and E. Ma, Evolution and microstructure of shear bands in nanos-
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