PUMPS, VALVES, & FANS

Moving fluids

Objectives

Comprehend the basic construction and application of valves used Comprehend the basic operation and application of different pumps Know Bernoullis principle, the concept of pressure, & Net Positive Suction Head Be familiar with operation and application of centrifugal & axial fans

Valves

Defn: devices which control the amount and direction of fluid flow in piping systems

Typically made of bronze, brass, iron, or steel alloy

Components: - Valve body - Disc - Seat - Bonnet

- Packing - Packing gland/nut - Stem - Wheel

Types of Valves

Two basic groups:

Stop valves - used to shut off or partially shut off the flow of fluid ( ex: globe, gate, plug, needle, butterfly) Check Valves - used to permit flow in only one direction (ex: ball-check, swing-check, liftcheck) Relief valves Pressure-reducing valves Remote-operated valves

Special types:

Stop Valves

Globe Valves

Most common type of stop valve Used in steam, air, water, & oil lines Disc attached to valve stem rests against seat to shut off flow of fluid Adv: Used for throttling Disadv: flow resistance

Globe Valve

Stop Valves

Gate Valves

Used when there must be straight-line flow of fluid w/ min. resistance Gate usually wedge-shaped or a vertical disc Adv: No flow restrictions Disadv: poor throttling

Gate Valve

Stop Valves

Butterfly Valves

Used in water, fuel, and ventilation systems Adv: small, light-weight, & quick-acting Disadv: leaks early & only low-flow throttle Similar to butterfly valves Normally found in seawater, sanitary, trim and drain, and hydraulic systems

Ball Valves

Butterfly Valve

Check Valves

Controls direction of flow Operated by flow of fluid in pipe Types:

Swing check - disc moves through an arc Lift check - disc moves up and down Ball check - ball is located at end of stem and lifts to allow flow

Swing-check Valve

Relief Valves

Used to protect piping system from excessive pressure Opens automatically when fluid pressure becomes too high (pressure acts against spring pressure) Relieving pressure set by an adjusting screw

Pressure-reducing Valves

Used to automatically provide a steady, lower pressure to a system from a higher pressure source Used in air, lube-oil, seawater, and other systems

Remote-operated Valves

Valves that allow operation from distant stations Types:

Mechanical - uses reach rods and gears Hydraulic - uses fluid and piston set up Motor - uses and electric or pneumatic motor Solenoid - uses coil and core mechanism to open or close on an electric signal

Pumps

Defn: device that uses and external power source to apply force to a fluid in order to move it from one place to another Must overcome:

(1) frictional forces from large quantities of fluid (2) difference in static pressure between two locations

Must provide any velocity desired

Pumps Bernoullis Theorem

Pressure head: measure of fluids mech. PE Velocity head: measure of fluids mech. KE Friction head: measure of energy lost that heats fluid
Z1 + P1/ + V12/2g = Z2 + P2/ + V22/2g + [(U2 U1) W Q] q + wshaft = (h2 h1) + (v22 v12)/2 + g(z2 z1) Z/z: fluid height; P: fluid pressure; V/v: fluid velocity U: internal energy Q/q: heat transferred h: enthalpy : fluid density W/w: work g: grav. acceleration

BOTTOM LINE: Total energy within the control volume is constant under SS conditions.

Components of Pumps

Drive mechanism (steam, electric, gear) Pump shaft Impeller or piston Casing

Types of Pumps

Positive Displacement

Fixed volume of fluid is displaced during each cycle regardless of static head/pressure pumping against Uses either a piston, gear, or screw type (reciprocating, rotary gear, rotary screw, etc)

Positive Displacement Pump

Pumps

Non-positive Displacement: volume of fluid is dependent on static head/pressure

Centrifugal: impeller inside a case (called volute). Impeller is a disc w/ curved vanes mounted radially (like a paddle wheel)

Suction is the Eye -> fluid accelerated as it travels outward & then enters volute

Propeller: uses prop inside casing to move fluid -> not used much in Navy

Centrifugal Pump

Pumps

Jet pumps:

Bernoullis principle and no moving parts Velocity Head vs. Pressure head

hin + vin2/2

hout + vout2/2

Jet Pump

Types:

Eductor - used to pump liquids Ejector - used to pump gases

Pump Characteristic Curves

Pump Parameters:

N = pump speed, RPM V = volumetric flow rate, GPM Hp = pump head (discharge pressure), psig P = power required, Hp VN Hp N2 W N3

Centrifugal Pump Laws

Positive Displacement Pumps

N1 Hp

N2

N2 = ____

GPM

Centrifugal Pumps

Parallel Pumps

V2 = ____
Hp
2 Pumps 1 Pump

Hp2 = ____

GPM

Centrifugal Pumps

Series pumps (called staging)

V2 = ____
Hp
2 Pumps

Hp2 = ____

1 Pump

GPM

Fans

Same Principle as Non-positive displacement pumps Types:

Centrifugal: majority used for compressors Axial (like propeller): cooling fans

Fans