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Nanotech DA

Next turn: Nanotech helps the Enviorment:and prevents laundry list of issues to the environment

National Nanotech Insitutue(Nanotech benefits http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits)

After more than 20 years of basic nanoscience research and more than a decade of focused R&D under the NNI, applications of nanotechnology are delivering in both expected and unexpected ways on nanotechnologys promise to benefit society. Nanotechnology is helping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors: information technology, energy, environmental science, medicine, homeland security, food safety, and transportation, among many others. Described below is a sampling of the rapidly growing list of benefits and applications of nanotechnology. Most benefits of

nanotechnology depend on the fact that it is possible to tailor the essential structures of materials at the nanoscale to achieve specific properties, thus greatly extending the well-used toolkits of materials science. Using nanotechnology, materials can effectively be made to be stronger, lighter, more durable, more reactive, more sieve-like, or better electrical conductors, among many other traits. There already exist over 800 everyday commercial products that rely on nanoscale materials and processes: Nanoscale additives in polymer composite materials for baseball bats, tennis rackets, motorcycle helmets, automobile bumpers, luggage, and power tool housings can make them simultaneously lightweight, stiff, durable, and resilient. Nanoscale additives to or surface treatments of fabrics help them resist wrinkling, staining, and bacterial growth, and provide lightweight ballistic energy deflection in personal body armor. Nanoscale thin films on eyeglasses, computer and camera displays, windows, and other surfaces can make them water-repellent, antireflective, self-cleaning, resistant to ultraviolet or infrared light, antifog, antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive. Nanoscale materials in cosmetic products provide greater clarity or coverage; cleansing; absorption; personalization; and antioxidant, anti-microbial, and other health properties in sunscreens, cleansers, complexion treatments, creams and lotions, shampoos, and specialized makeup. Nano-engineered materials in the food industry include nanocomposites in food containers to minimize carbon dioxide leakage out of carbonated beverages, or reduce oxygen inflow, moisture outflow, or the growth of bacteria in order to keep food fresher and safer, longer. Nanosensors built into plastic packaging can warn against spoiled food. Nanosensors are being developed to detect salmonella, pesticides, and other contaminates on food before packaging and distribution. polymer silicate nanocomposite High-resolution image of a polymer-silicate nanocomposite. This material has improved thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties and can be used in food and beverage containers, fuel storage tanks for aircraft and automobiles, and in aerospace components. (Image courtesy of NASA.) Nano-engineered materials in automotive products include high-power rechargeable battery systems; thermoelectric materials for temperature control; lower-rolling-resistance tires; high-efficiency/low-cost sensors and electronics; thin-film smart solar panels; and fuel additives and improved catalytic converters for cleaner exhaust and extended range. Nano-engineered materials make superior household products such as degreasers and stain removers; environmental sensors, alert systems, air purifiers and filters; antibacterial cleansers; and specialized paints and sealing products. Nanostructured ceramic coatings exhibit much greater toughness than conventional wear-resistant coatings for machine parts. In 2000, the U.S. Navy qualified such a coating for use on gears of air-conditioning units for its ships, saving $20 million in maintenance costs over 10 years. Such coatings can extend the lifetimes of moving parts in everything from power tools to industrial machinery. Nanoparticles are used increasingly in catalysis to boost chemical reactions. This reduces the quantity of catalytic materials necessary to produce desired results, saving money and reducing pollutants. Two big applications are in petroleum refining and in automotive catalytic converters. Nanotechnology is already in use in many computing, communications, and other electronics applications to provide faster, smaller, and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of information. These continuously evolving applications include: Nanoscale transistors that are faster, more powerful, and increasingly energy-efficient; soon your computers entire memory may be stored on a single tiny chip. Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) enabled by nanometerscale magnetic tunnel junctions that can quickly and effectively save even encrypted data during a system shutdown or crash, enable resumeplay fea tures, and gather vehicle accident data. Displays for many new TVs, laptop computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and other devices incorporate nanostructured polymer films known as organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs. OLED screens offer brighter images in a flat format, as well as wider viewing angles, lighter weight, better picture density, lower power consumption, and longer lifetimes. Other computing and electronic products include Flash memory chips for iPod nanos; ultraresponsive hearing aids; antimicrobial/antibacterial coatings on mouse/keyboard/cell phone casings; conductive inks for printed electronics for RFID/smart cards/smart packaging; more life-like video games; and flexible displays for e-book readers. The difficulty of meeting the worlds energy demand is compounded by the growing need to protect our environment. Many scientists are looking into ways to develop clean, affordable, and renewable energy sources, along with means to reduce energy consumption and lessen toxicity burdens on the environment. Prototype solar panels incorporating nanotechnology are more efficient than standard designs in converting sunlight to electricity, promising inexpensive solar power in the future. Nanostructured solar cells already are cheaper to manufacture and easier to install, since they can use print-like manufacturing processes and can be made in flexible rolls rather than discrete panels. Newer research suggests that future solar converters might even be paintable. flexible solar cell New solar panel films incorporate nanoparticles to create lightwieght, flexible solar cells. (Image courtesy of Nanosys Nanotechnology is improving the efficiency of fuel production from normal and low-grade raw petroleum materials through better catalysis, as well as fuel consumption efficiency in vehicles and power plants through higher-efficiency combustion and decreased friction. Nano-bioengineering of enzymes is aiming to enable conversion of cellulose into ethanol for fuel, from wood chips, corn stalks (not just the kernels, as today), unfertilized perennial grasses, etc. Nanotechnology is already being used in numerous new kinds of batteries that are less flammable, quicker-charging, more efficient, lighter weight, and that have a higher power density and hold electrical charge longer. One new lithium-ion battery type uses a common, nontoxic virus in an environmentally benign production process. Nanostructured materials are being pursued to greatly improve hydrogen membrane and storage materials and the catalysts needed to realize fuel cells for alternative transportation technologies at reduced cost. Researchers are also working to develop a safe, lightweight hydrogen fuel tank. Various nanoscience-based options are being pursued to convert waste heat in computers, automobiles, homes, power plants, etc., to usable electrical power. An epoxy containing carbon nanotubes is being used to make windmill blades that are longer, stronger, and lighter-weight than other blades to increase the amount of electricity that windmills can generate. Researchers are developing wires containing carbon nanotubes to have much lower resistance than the high-tension wires currently used in the electric grid and thus reduce transmission power loss. To power mobile electronic devices, researchers are developing thin-film solar electric panels that can be fitted onto computer cases and flexible piezoelectric nanowires woven into clothing to generate usable energy on-the-go from light, friction, and/or body heat. Energy efficiency products are increasing in number and kinds of application. In addition to those noted above, they include more efficient lighting systems for vastly reduced energy consumption for illumination; lighter and stronger vehicle chassis materials for the transportation sector; lower energy consumption in advanced electronics; low-friction nano-engineered lubricants for all kinds of

s from polluted water sources in both large-scale and portable applications, and ones that detect and clean up environmental contaminants. Nanotechnology could help meet the need for affordable, clean drinking water through rapid, low-cost detection of impurities in and filtration and purification of water. For example, researchers have (see image); they are developing nanostructured filters that can remove virus cells from water; and they are investigating a deionization method using nano-sized fiber electrodes to reduce the cost and energy requirements of removing salts from water. Nanorust Cleans Arsenic from Drinking Water. Nanorust cleans arsenic from drinking water. (Image courtesy of Rice University) Nanoparticles will someday be used to clean industrial water pollutants in ground water through chemical reactions that render them harmless, at much lower cost
higher-efficiency machine gears, pumps, and fans; light-responsive smart coatings for glass to complement alternative heating/cooling schemes; and high-light-intensity, fast-recharging lanterns for emergency crew
cars and machinery that requires less fuel, and alternative fuel and energy sources, there are many eco-friendly applications for nanotechnology, such as materials that provide clean water discovered unexpected magnetic interactions between ultrasmall specks of rust, which can help remove arsenic or carbon tetrachloride from water

. Besides lighter

than methods that require pumping the water out of the ground for treatment. Researchers have developed a nanofabric "paper towel," woven from tiny wires of potassium manganese oxide, that can absorb 20 times its weight in oil for cleanup applications

Case o/w any risk of the Disad firstly once we prove any of the impact of case those should be evaluated first and secondly do not evaluate the Disad unless there is any risk that Biotechnology is Nanotechnology.

Case
Solvency line by line Firstly Cuba has to say Yes on the basis that is much different that their Feinburg evidence and Sulcki evidence if that is not enough more evidence on Science Cooperation as such as this needs to be preferred on why Cuba will Say Yes

The Plan is key to effective US-Cuba engagement Cuba would say yes and science cooperation solves a laundry list of impacts Lempinen 12 AAAS reporter, AAAS is The AAAS Center for Science Diplomacy is guided by the over-arching goal of using science to
build bridges between countries and to promote scientific cooperation as an essential element of foreign policy. Since its establishment in 2008, the Center has been particularly interested in identifying opportunities for science diplomacy to serve as a catalyst between societies where official relationships might be limited and to strengthen civil society interactions through partnerships in science and technology. In 2012, the Center launched a new open-access, quarterly publication, Science & Diplomacy, as a forum for policy discourse at the nexus of scientific cooperation and foreign policy. (Edward, Oceans, Weather, HealthU.S. Researchers Explore Potential Collaboration with Cuban Colleagues, May 1, 2012, http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/0501cuba.shtml HW) They are next-door neighbors, sharing all the amenities and challenges of the neighborhoodoceans

teeming with life, the risk of tropical diseases, a changing climate that may be giving rise to bigger and more frequent hurricanes. And yet, because the neighbors are barely on speaking terms, they cannot share the opportunities and the responsibilities that come with solving the challenges. Today, however, scientists in both Cuba and the United States are exploring whether a thaw in relations between the two nations could allow for a range of new or expanded joint research projects that could bring benefits to both nations and others in the Caribbean Basin.
Recent visits and consultations facilitated by AAAS and the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba (Academy of Sciences of Cuba) underscored that both

sides see potential for substantive science collaboration. The recent visits showed that the Cuban mindset is really ready to reach out, said Peter Agre, a Nobel laureate in chemistry and a former president of AAAS, who returned in March from his third visit to the nation. The scientists would have no trouble working together... The Cubans are understandably proud of their science, and they see us very positively. I would anticipate if we could normalize relations and do science as a starting point, then really good things could happen. The possibility of open scientific exchange between researchers in Cuba and the U.S. can only bring increased benefits for both scientific communities, and of course, for the people in their respective countries, said Sergio Jorge Pastrana, foreign secretary of the Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. The kind of scientific development that took place in Cuba for the
last half-century has produced original results that have been internationally recognized as being in the frontiers of knowledge in several fields.

Science, along with technology and innovation, has produced outcomes that are important for societies not only in Cuba and the United States, but in neighboring countries of the Caribbean, and for sustainable development everywhere. Vaughan C. Turekian, director of the AAAS Center for Science Diplomacy, said that researchers from both nations have focused on science, not on the politics that have divided
the two nations for a half-century. Especially on the environmental side, there is not an issue that we discussed that doesnt have direct implications and impact both on Cuba and the United States, said Turekian, who also serves as AAASs chief international officer. Given the proximity, when youre talking about atmospheric or marine science, if it travels to Cuba, it travels to the Southeast coast of United States, too. If it spawns off the coast of Cuba, it is caught or affected by currents that go into the United States. The AAAS Center for Science Diplomacy organized an initial three-day visit to Cuba in November 2009, with Agre, then the AAAS president, and seven other U.S. science leaders. AAAS helped to facilitate a second visit last December, with 18 independent scientists traveling to the island for informal talks centered on marine science, atmospheric science, environmental change, conserving biodiversity at large scales, sustainable fisheries, and capacity-building. Agre, who heads the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, returned to Cuba in March to speak at Biotechnology Havana 2012, an international congress that focused on medical applications of biotech. Since the early 1960s, just after the Cuban revolution, the two neighbors have been locked in a Caribbean cold war; though they are just 90 miles apart, the relationship has been characterized by economic and cultural barriers, sometimes sharp political conflict, and broad dimensions of mistrust. Advocates

see science diplomacy as a way to do important research with value for all sides, and to build constructive engagement in a non-political environment. History dating back well over 100 years suggests that Cuba and the United States are natural scientific

partners, Pastrana said in an April email interview. As both science communities were establishing their own scientific institutions during
the 19th century, many scientists and scholars from both countries started links of exchange, discussion and cooperation, he said. The relations of Cuban scientific research centers, as well as of many scientists and scholars, with the Smithsonian Institution, universities like Harvard, Columbia or Yale, go way back and, in many ways, have been important for both sides for a very long time. Some of those links have never disappeared, and have continued over particularly difficult moments, overcoming political hurdles, to produce important publications, collections, and scientific results that are of benefit to the peoples in both countries. The recent engagements have allowed AAAS and other scientists to further develop their ties with Pastrana and Fidel ngel Castro Daz-BalartFidel Castros oldest sona nuclear physicist and leader in his nations science policy community. The December trip also included a special side event: Agre and Alan Robock, a Rutgers atmospheric scientist, were invited to a three-hour meeting with former Cuban leader Fidel Castro, Castros wife, and his sons Fidel and Antonio, an orthopedic surgeon. The meeting with Fidel was really interesting, Agre said. It was about the past. He spoke about his family, growing up... He described the Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, the missile crisis. It was a much different perspective than I expected. I mostly listened. If I meet him againand I dont know if I willhe asked me to bring him my research papers. But the fact that he and I sat in the same roomhe didnt see me as an enemy. Im a scientist, born the same year as his son. But the

central focus of the Cuban meetings was science, and informal scientist-to-scientist consultations and discussions. They focused on
common interests and on the prospectsand challengesof working together. Theres a definite pride in the work they do there, and the research they do, said Joanne Carney, director of the AAAS Office of Government Relations. When we talk about collaboration, they really want honest collaboration and partnership, as opposed to funding or resources. They

definitely are interested in pursuing areas of mutual interest. Malaria and the Caribbean Both Turekian and Agre cited malaria as one area where the U.S. scientists might learn much from Cuba. And that might tie in to an interest shared by both countries in working to support health
and human development in the impoverished Caribbean nation of Haiti. Malaria is endemic in Haiti, Agre said. It was endemic in Cuba, but one of the objectives of the revolution was to eliminate malariaand they achieved that. How did they do it? Thats something I would like to pursue.... In Cuba, vaccinations and prevention are a high priority. Unchecked malaria or other diseases in Haiti can be a destabilizing factor even for neighboring nations, Turekian said. It leads to a lot of people moving back and forth, and it reduces Haitis internal strength and stability, he explained. So Cuba and the United States could have mutual interests in working on this. So too with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), added Agre. Because of hurricanes, earthquakes, crime and other human disasters, PTSD is widespread in Haiti. The Cubans have an interest in that, and we have an interest in that, he said. We could work on it together. Atmospheric

Science Atmospheric research is another area where Cuba and the United States share tangible common interests. Hurricanes and other storms go over Cuba en route to the United States. Clues gained from atmospheric conditions over the
Caribbean can give insightsand perhaps early warningabout tornados in Oklahoma and Arkansas, or storms in Chicago and New York. It is an area of particular interest for Turekian, an atmospheric geochemist. There

is no doubt that real atmospheric science involving Cubameasurements, understanding of atmospheric conditionsis important not only for better understanding of transport of African dust, but also for getting a handle on how atmospheric conditions and dynamics affect the Gulf of Mexico and the southeastern United States, he said. Given that tornadoes are
driven by really complicated dynamics that involve large amounts of warm air coming up through the Gulf and interacting with cold fronts, any data we can gain can mean lives saved.... But

you cant hope to understand things like storms as they affect the Southeast Coast of the United States without having better joint cooperation between scientists in the U.S. and Cuba, and without research, instruments, and calibration to measure dynamics that affect us both. Still, both Turekian and
Robock suggested that official mistrust and the trade embargo combine to make such collaboration on climate research difficult, if not impossible. Robock, in an interview, outlined efforts by the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder to install global positioning system devices in the central Cuban city of Camaguey. The GPS devices receive signals from satellites; microwave signals are affected by transmission through the atmosphere, and depending on the density of the atmosphere, that allows for insights on weather and climate change. There are nearly 100 such devices in the Caribbean, Robock explained, but Cuba, though one of the largest land masses in the Caribbean, hosts none of them. Basic weather data are already shared by all the countries of the world, he said. But taking specific measurements there with the GPS would be useful to Cubans and to the larger community. It gives you better information about the state of the atmospheretemperature, humidity, soil moisture. Thats what you need to start a weather forecast model. But the Cuban military is wary of the GPS devices, and the nation has not approved the installation. At the same time, the

U.S. embargo of Cuba makes it impossible for Cuban scientists to come to the United States for even a week-long course in how to use a computer climate model. Scientists from both countries want to work together, Robock said. Well do the best we can... but there are significant limitations.
the southeastern United States. To do that, we From the scientific standpoint, Turekian added, this is about the ability to go to a place to make measurements so that we can better understand hurricanes and other conditions that affect the Caribbean and

need relationships and protocols so that Americans and the Cubans together can benefit from measurements in Cuba. Marine Science Coral reefs in much of the Caribbean have sustained
significant damage from human activityover-fishing, climate change, oil spills, and other pollution. But off of Cubas coasts, says marine scientist Nancy Knowlton, the reefs have been less exposed to development, and theyre in better health. Knowlton is the Sant Chair for Marine Science at Smithsonian Institution and senior scientist emeritus at Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Shes worked in fields of marine biodiversity and ecology; coral reefs are her specialty. Save for a cruise that stopped in Guantanamo, shed never been to Cuba, but on her visit in December, she was deeply impressed with opportunities for research in the Cuban reefs and by the marine science already underway there.

There are amazing habitats, much less impacted by people than most places in Caribbean, in terms of over-fishing and that sort of thing, she said. And theres a large community of marine biologists there, many with shared interest in biodiversity and conservation. For Knowlton, the Cuban reefs are like a window in time, allowing researchers a view of what healthy reefs looked like in an era past. They give you a baseline as to what a healthy fish community should look like, she explained. And that gives greater insight into other Caribbean reefs where damage is more pronounced. So there are a lot of things to learn from Cuban marine scientists, she said. And there are a lot of reasons for Cubans to come here, or for Cubans to come and work at the Smithsonian. Theres

a huge potential for

interchange because there are so many shared interests. Small Steps, Significant Potential Those shared interests appear
to extend across many fields. Carney, whose parents were born in Cuba, met in December with Cuban counterparts who study and help shape government science and technology policy. From my own perspective in talking to their scientists, I was struck by some of the similarit ies between our communities, Carney said. The Cubans face challenges in policy decisions regarding research priorities, and how to balance between basic research and applied research. They provide universal health care, and so life science research is a bit more targeted, a bit more applied. But looking forward, you want to balance the applied portion with the basic research. Its interesting that were both faced with similar issues, even though our systems are different. Scientists

from both countries are aware, of course, of the considerable obstacles that stand in the way of full collaboration. Visas and the U.S. embargo are obvious problems. But where scientists in a wealthy nation like the United States take digital and Internet resources for granted, bandwidth in Cuba can be so limited that its difficult or impossible to exchange data. Given those constraints, the immediate prospects for full, constructive engagement between science communities are slender at best. And yet Robock, Carney, and others said the visits have made clear that working with Cuban scientists is easier than
it might appear. Any academic can go to Cuba and spend money without restriction, Robock explained. You need a license from the U.S. Treasury Department to spend money, but as a researcher, you are subject to the existing general license. So many more Americans could go to Cuba and start doing science with thembut they dont know that they can. One of the ideas to emerge from the discussions, Carney said, was a Web resource page that would provide such practical information to both scientific communities. These may be small steps, but they have a significant value in helping to build the foundation for collaboration among researchers in Cuba and the United States. Though

the formal relationship between the two nations has long been strained, the scientists are betting on better times ahead, even if they dont know exactly when. While its been the same for 50 years, it will changepolitical
relationships always do, said Turekian. Whenever that relationship changes, you want to be in place where you have the groundwork laid and relationships built so you can take advantage of areas where science cooperation can actually contribute to both countries. In the meantime, efforts will continue, building on the collegiality that visitors to the island have shared with their hosts. Everyone who

was there was a pretty good science diplomat, said Knowlton. There was no uneasinessthere was a lot of curiosity on both
sides to meet people and find out what people are doing.... Everyone was going out of their way to be gracious. Thats importantyou have to be willing to listen as well as to talk. It was lovely. Id really like to go back. Added Agre: Non-governmental science and AAAS have a tremendously important role to play. More

than ever, science is a way for us to break barriers between adversaries. Its a constructive way for the world to move ahead. Pastrana, too, sounded an ambitious note for the
future. Any hurdle that comes in the way of international exchange in science is limiting its capacity to be of help for inc reasing the resilience of this worlds environments, he said. Only the knowledge, technologies, and products that come from scientific developments cou ld provide the tools for societies to be able to continue human development in harmony with the only planet that sustains them so far, which has been abused for the last half-century far beyond its capacity to cope with such abuse. Let

us be in favor of scientists and their open communication everywhere. In this way, they would be able to contribute to the sustainability of human societies on planet Earth.

Status quo is insufficient removing barriers to science cooperation is key Johnson 12 CSIS, a senior fellow and director of the Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a
Washington, D.C.-based think tank. He has more than 20 years of experience in Western Hemisphere affairs spanning policymaking, policy advocacy, and public affairs in the Department of Defense, the Washington policy community, and the State Department. From 2007 to 2009, Johnson served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for Western Hemisphere affairs, overseeing the development and execution of policies, strategies, and programs governing hemispheric defense and security ties. From 1999 to 2006, Johnson served as a senior foreign policy analyst at the Washington-based Heritage Foundation, testifying before Congress and authoring studies on U.S. policy as well as Latin American politics, trade, development, and security. His commentaries have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Miami Herald, Business Week, and Diario Las Amricas. His broadcast appearances have included CNN en Espaol, Univisin, Telemundo, C-SPAN, and MSNBC. He is the author of Irans Influence in the Americas. (Stephen, U.S.-Cuba Academic and Science-Based Exchanges, August 2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/120821_Johnson_U.S.-CubaExchanges_Web.pdf, HW) Since the early days of official U.S. public diplomacy at the outset of the Cold War, promoting

dialogue with citizens of foreign nations has been a way to build bridges of understanding and defuse tensions. The Fulbright Exchange Program,
which dates from 1946, and more recent U.S. International Visitor Programs have exposed individuals, some who later became national leaders, to American life and its democratic values. Exchanges with friendly countries are easy and help strengthen existing ties. Exchanges

with hostile nations are sometimes nearly impossible but develop inroads that can lead to better relations. To the extent that the U.S. government can finance much of these activities, Americans consider it good public policy, even though such long-term investments can take decades to pay off. Pursuing exchange
opportunities with Cubans follows this logic, but with a twist. Current U.S. rules allow purposeful travel on the part of academics, students, medical professionals, and journalists. Over the past decade, as many as 2,500 American students a year have studied in Cuba. However,

travel for Cubans to the United States is extremely limited. Since the revolution that replaced a petty dictator with a
repressive, totalitarian government in 1959, the population has served as a captive labor force in which all able adults were expected to work for the state. In the past two years, that situation has begun to change as a result of the shift in leadership from Fidel Castro to his brother Ral. The twist is that Cuban authorities remain deeply suspicious of any U.S. government involvement in exchanges and still worry about letting citizens travel to countries where they may be tempted to stay. While lifting the U.S. ban on tourism to Cuba might put feet on the ground and increase chances for superficial encounters, exchanges

afford some measure of control and open the door to relationships that may result in deeper understanding. While artistic and sports exchanges are probably the most familiar, they usually provide only modest exposure, whereas academic exchanges can involve intense discussions and personal interactions. Literature, social science, and economics are safe subjects that generate interesting debates. If they are designed to prevent leakage of sensitive technology, medical, scientific, and technological exchanges can be mutually beneficial and enable further cooperation in such areas as environmental protection, disaster response, and public health. Conferences and study opportunities that take place in the United States afford the best possibility for enabling Cubans to experience
American life and be exposed to democratic values. One caveat must be clearly understood: for the most part, Cuban exchange participants do not represent a broad cross-section of society. Rather, they are government employees, selected on the basis of loyalty to the state. Still, this segment of Cuban society should not be ignored. As it turns out, the United States and Cuba have a long history of exchanges, ranging from short-term collaboration to long-standing partnerships. From the early twentieth century, the two countries have shared information in fields ranging from meteorology to dentistry. However, decades of tension followed the rise of Cubas Soviet-style dictatorship and the break in bilateral relations. Still, a substantial number of education and science-based initiatives have been attempted since 1961, meeting with success and failure, depending on the political and social climate at the time. It is worth noting that U.S.

advocates of science exchanges

have pursued initiatives with other closed societies, including Iran, North Korea (Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, or DPRK), Syria, and Myanmar. Most have faced significant challenges in arranging visits to partner countries. Nonetheless, these advocates have helped establish relationships between U.S. and partner country participants that could be expanded when political relations improve. Such relationships include information sharing on topics such as health and medicine, agriculture, forestry, and technology and have contributed lessons on how to facilitate and plan scholarly exchanges in similar situations. Also noteworthy are barriers that both the United States
and Cuba impose on meetings. U.S. restrictions are grounded in legislation that tasks the Department of the Treasurys Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) to regulate financial transactions and travel. A party desiring an exchange with Cubans must find a Cuban partner organization and work with the government. Visas for licensed American travelers to visit Cuba legally and exit permits for Cubans to travel to external locations are difficult but not impossible to obtain. Practical impediments include expenses that most Cubans are not able to pay. U.S. migration policies that welcome Cuban asylum seekers coupled with economic opportunities unmatched on the island have also led Cuban authorities to insist on picking participants they believe are likely to remain loyal to the regime and return to the island. Until those situations change, best practices for conducting successful exchanges include observing equality in participant numbers and professional status. Agendas for conferences should be developed jointly to avoid sensitive subjectsa precaution that is especially important for events taking place in Cuba, where freedom of expression is restricted. A recent Latin American studies conference in San Francisco broke this guideline and featured Ral Castros daughter, who said she would vote to reelect President Obama, highlighting the fact that political observations by a U.S. exchange participant would not be tolerated in Cuba.1 Finally, for study opportunities in the United States. For

the time being, prospects remain modest for meaningful exchanges as well as study opportunities for Cubans in the United States. However, properly structured, they might yield beneficial results in building friendly contacts and mutual understanding with Cubas younger generations and perhaps future leaders. This is one area where the United States could take measures such as lowering U.S. visa fees, should the regimes foreign travel restrictions change. Changes in migration policies that grant automatic residency may not be practical until Cuba
implements basic human rights guarantees. Although U.S. regulations are strict and Cuban travel barriers are difficult to overcome,

academic exchanges that result in visits to the United States do occur on an infrequent basis and have the potential to expand if U.S. educational institutions and associations work within restrictions and guidelines, seek Cuban partners,
and pay expenses.

Cuba WILL SAY yes , the 1AC is basically trying to raise Science Cooperation but Biotech sector spefically , Cuba will Say Yes

Now onto the Biotech Advantage :Firstly well kick this advantage it has no solvency on it we kick both are impacts now lets get down towards the Cuba Econ Add-on
Firstly what they did was not effective that card is quite powertagged on that one , the Royal article is all about regional conflicts not global , so then are magnitude is a lot higher than theirs even if they Royal evidence from are side is not admitted , lets put another card just saying the same thing they only did not put any Defense , their Economic slowdown will cause WWIII Bearden 2k (Liutenant Colonel Bearden, The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How We Can Solve It, 2000, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Big-Medicine/message/642
Bluntly, we foresee these factors - and others { } not covered - converging to a catastrophic collapse of the world economy in about eight years. As the collapse of the Western economies nears, one may expect catastrophic stress on the 160 developing nations as the developed nations are forced to dramatically curtail orders. International Strategic Threat Aspects History bears out that desperate nations take desperate actions. Prior to the final economic collapse, the stress on nations will have increased the intensity and number of their conflicts, to the point where the arsenals of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) now possessed by some 25 nations, are almost certain to be released. As an example, suppose a starving North Korea launches nuclear weapons upon Japan and South Korea, including U.S. forces there, in a spasmodic suicidal response. Or suppose a desperate China - whose long range nuclear missiles can reach the United States - attacks Taiwan. In addition to immediate responses, the mutual treaties involved in such scenarios will quickly draw other nations into the conflict, escalating it significantly. Strategic nuclear studies have shown for decades that, under such extreme stress conditions, once a few nukes are launched, adversaries and potential adversaries are then compelled to launch on perception of preparations by one's adversary. The real legacy of the MAD concept is his side of the MAD coin that is almost never discussed . Without effective defense, the only chance a nation has to survive at all, is to launch immediate full-bore pre-emptive strikes and try to take out its perceived foes as rapidly and massively as possible. As the studies showed, rapid escalation to full

WMD exchange occurs, with a great percent of the WMD arsenals being unleashed . The resulting great Armageddon will destroy civilization as we know it, and perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

Impact Calc a.Probability Econ Collapse as Royal suggest if he gets any weigh should be towards Diversonary theory and how then that is the best separate i/l of how US getting into war because of Regional conflicts and the key i/l concede so give the Cuba Econ Collaspse high probability like 100% b.The Bearden evidence is to give high magnitude and severity becayse of how the stress of Economies stress on nations increase conflicts that cause WW3 that has WMD in them , and we all know where that goes . We best solve for Nuclear War because of how making Kerry infeffetive can be key to stopping the Cuban Econ Collaspse and then that collaspse hurting the US and then stopping for ww3

Then the keypoint of War was conceed preatly heavily out of the block , dont allow the Neg to answer new arguments , all we did was put on a better more warrantable card , for Econ Collaspse they should have put more defense now answer the Econ growth bad argument and prefer are Bearden evidence over the Royal evidence because clearly he is quite contradictory and they want use to hold up by are authours discourse so then they should do the same if , then weigh this argument with the same chance of the disase impacts or bioterror

A2: FIAT IS ILLUSORY

Our argument is not that voting aff causes change in the world, but that debate is about what action the government should do And it is key to well educated citizens, we need to research action by the government before we can criticize their policies And its still the most predictable, thats above

IF the answers to Baudrilalad at first werent enough we just turned the turn Turn: Violence is inescapable. Our violence enables understanding more than it inhibits. Remembering and representing violence is essential to avert the destruction of the other. Reject the critiques silence.
Michael Eskin, Research Fellow and Lecturer, European Literature, Cambridge University, Dialectical Anthropology, 24: 407-450, 1999, p. 391-6 Derrida allows nothing prior to language; since, in Derrida's s philosophy, everything is inscribed in language, he places speech and language prior to ethics, prior to any possible ethical injunction. Derrida's formulations owe a tremendous debt to several major epistemological shifts. of the early twentieth century: Sapir's and Whorf's notion that language conditions thought, for example, or Lacan's claims that both conscious and unconscious thought processes (and thus the subject) are structured by language. Because for Derrida ethics is inscribed, along with everything else, in language, and because for Derrida language is inherently violent in that it is always a reduction, a totalization, he reaches the conclusion that even a Levinasian ethics

cannot ever avoid violence: "One never escapes the economy of war." The origin of this violence inherent in discourse is the act of inscribing the other in the definitions and terms of the same: Predication is the first violence. Since the verb to be and the predicative act are implied in every other verb, and in every common noun, nonviolent language, in the last analysis, would be a language of pure invocation . . .purified of all rhetoric [in Levinas' terms] . . . . Is a language free from all rhetoric possible? Derrida answers his own question in the negative, affirming that "there is no phrase which is indeterminate, that is, which does not pass through the violence of the concept. Violence appears with articulation." Foucault has expressed this same sentiment, maintaining that "We must conceive discourse as a violence we do to things, or, at all events, as a practice we impose upon them." Naming and predication-two acts essential to language-confine what is being described, and fix it in one's own terms. As we shall see from an examination of Hiroshima non amour, memory works the same way, attempting to enclose the past within determinate parameters, employing the same brand of totalization to whose presence in language Derrida has gestured. Concern over the necessary violence of memory as representation to the consciousness, as willed inscription in one's own terms of what is other because past, is perhaps the most obvious point at which Derrida, Levinas, Duras, and Resnais converge, for the impossibility of remembering an historical event as it was-of actually arriving at a clear understanding of a past event by imaging it through memory, by re-presenting it to our memory-is a chronic preoccupation of Hiroshima mon amour. Resnais confronted this dilemma as well in the process of constructing Nuit et brouillard. Claiming historical authority over Auschwitz, or giving the illusion that it is comprehensible, would only, in Resnais' opinion, "humaniz[e] the incomprehensible terror," thereby "diminishing it," perhaps even romanticizing it; so, unable to describe the violence, and unwilling to inscribe it, Resnais opted instead to document our memory of it. Resnais carries no illusions that the past can be duplicated to any significant degree, rendered for us now as it was then. Given the accepted generic constraints of a film, he says, " it is absolutely absurd to think that in that space of time one can properly present the historical reality of such a complex event . [Historical facts] were the bases for our `fiction,' points of departure rather than ends in themselves." This explains what Leo Bersani has described as Resnais' clear favoring of the word "imagination" over the word "memory" when referring to his own films." However, in the case of Hiroshima mon amour, instead of filling in with imagination the details between the historical "facts," the film throws its hands up at any effort to "remember" or "see" the tragedy at Hiroshima. Thus, Hiroshima mon amour, in the words of one critic, turns out "to be a film about the impossibility of making a documentary about Hiroshima"1' or, in Armes' more broadly epistemologically oriented phrase, "a documentary on the impossibility of comprehending." Duras reminds us of this in her synopsis of the screenplay: "Impossible de parler de HIROSHIMA. Tout ce qu'on peut faire c'est de parler de l'impossibilite de parler de HIROSHIMA (Impossible to speak of HIROSHIMA. All one can do is speak of the impossibility of speaking of HIROSHIMA)." She then drives the point home in Hiroshima mon amour's unforgettable opening sequence, as Okada incessantly reminds Riva that she can never know Hiroshima's tragedy. Riva knows, for example, that there were two hundred thousand dead and eighty thousand wounded, in nine seconds; she can rattle off the names of every flower that bloomed at ground zero two weeks after the bombing; she has been to the museum four times, seen the pictures, watched the films. As if to accentuate the veracity of' Riva's learned data, Duras alerts the reader in a footnote to the origin of the details, and there is hardly a more famous or traditionally reputable source on the immediate aftermath of the bombing than John Mersey's Hiroshima. And yet, as one critic has commented, "les images collees aux murs . . . sont incapables de faire revivre completement la realite du fait (images pasted to walls . . . are incapabale of completely restoring the reality of the fact)." Despite Riva's wealth of statistical (read: historically trustworthy) data, Okada is able to refute her with confidence, "Tu n'as rien vu a Hiroshima (You saw nothing at Hiroshima)," and the almost incantatory
repetition of this phrase strengthens its punch. Duras increases the effect by reminding us that the day of the bombing of Hiroshima, while a tragedy for Okada, coincides with Riva's liberation from her horrifying wartime experience in Nevers, France. This fact forces the question: How can Riva ever understand as a tragedy an event that corresponded with her own emotional rebirth and reclaiming of some measure of normalcy?

Okada points out that the entire world was celebrating while Hiroshima smouldered in ashes. This fact forces another, similar question, one that I myself must confront on reading or watching Hiroshima mon amour: How could the Westerners in the audience ever expect to grasp the tragedy that they originally celebrated as the end of the war ? These reminders have their own Verfremdungseffekt further alienating the audience/reader from the history of Hiroshima, dispelling any lingering notion that historical tragedy can ever be fully comprehended. Riva's optimism is almost infectious, though, and she indeed believes that she can master the history behind the leveling of Hiroshima. She claims to know everything, and she is once again swiftly negated by the Japanese. She contents herself by concluding that, even if she does not know yet, ca s'apprend (one learns)."" She is not gifted with memory, though, as Okada
The effect is even stronger on what Duras must have assumed would be a predominantly Western audience, when reminds her and thus all she can claim to know about Hiroshima is what she has "invente." This particular verbal exchange is highlighted by the fact that it is for the first time in the text Riva's turn to use the word "rien," until this point a word uttered frequently and only by Okada: ELLS: Je n'ai rien invente. (SHE: I invented nothing.) LUI: Tu as tout invente. (HE: You invented everything.) Proof of her inability to approach comprehension of Hiroshima arrives in the form of a laugh, when Riva asks her lover if he was at Hiroshima the day of the bombing and he laughs as one would laugh at a child. She shows herself further distanced from the historical event by the manner in which she sounds out the name of the city, "Hi-ro-shi-ma," as if it were-or rather because it is-radically foreign to her. (Later, in the same manner, Okada sounds out Riva's youth, the story of which will always be unknown and incomprehensible to him: "Jeune-a-Ne-vers [ Young-in-Nevers].") Her memory of Hiroshima, created by herself and inscribed in terms that she can understand from photographs taken by other people, is mere "illusion," truth several times removed. She remembers, though, and almost obsessively, because she knows that it is worse to forget.

Historical memory must be reductive, sometimes violently so, according to a Derridean understanding of it, because it is always a form of

representation and thus of predication. A less diplomatic statement made by Okada goes so far as to suggest that one's memory only ever serves one's own purposes: "Est-ce que to avais remarque," he asks, "que c'est toujours dans le meme sens que l'on remarque les chows? (Did you ever notice that one always notices things in the same way?)." We notice what suits us, in the

However, just as language-the system of representation par excellence-carries in its every use the violence inherent in its reductiveness, we use it anyway, as it enables far more than inhibits. In Levinas's formulation, not only is discourse our primary means of relating to and maintaining the other, but the absence of it, silence, "is the inverse of language . . . a laughter that seeks to destroy language. " Derrida accords with Levinas: "denying discourse" is "the worst violence," "the violence of the night which precedes or represses discourse." Despite the violence that Riva's impulse toward memory commits against any ideal or "objective" history, absolute forgetting is far more dangerous; by any account, remembering and representing past violence must be seen as a necessary evil, as a sort of metaphysically violent means of averting future real, physical violence. Still, the partial forgetting of the unforgettable tragedy is inevitable, as John Ward points out in his treatment of Resnais' films: "With the passage of time we become so insensitive to other people's suffering that we can lie in the disused ovens of Auschwitz and have our photographs taken as souvenirs." Duras' text also renders disturbing images of forgetting, of loubli.
direction and sense which we prefer, and we notice it in the manner in which we can best use it. Riva confesses to her own struggle against ignorance: "mei aussi, j'ai essaye de lutter de toutes mes forces contre l'oubli . . . . Comme toi, j'ai oublie (me too, I've tried to struggle with all my strength against forgetting . . . . Like you, I've forgotten). "During the third part of Duras' script, at the staged demonstration against nuclear armaments, Okada seems far too preoccupied with taking Riva back to his family's house to care about the demonstration, even if it is only a performance for a film. Immediately after explaining the appearance of the charred skin of Hiroshima's surviving children, he informs her, "Tu vas venir avec moi encore une fois (You will come with me once again)." Remembering the bombing is quite obviously not a first priority for him. There are other grim reminders of the forgetting in the reconstruction of Hiroshima and the importation of American culture. At one point, Riva and Okada enter a nightclub called "Casablanca" -a strange immortalization of American pop culture in a city leveled by an American bomb less than two decades earlier. Moreover, the Japanese man who tries to converse with Riva in the Casablanca gladly (and proudly, it seems) speaks the language of the conquerors, the bomb-droppers. The attitude on display in this scene is reminiscent of one in John Hersey's account of the months following the bombing, in Hiroshima: [Dr. Fujiil bought [the vacant clinic] at once, moved there, and hung out a sign inscribed in English, in honor of the conquerors: M. MUJII, M.D. MEDICAL & VENEREAL Quite recovered from his wounds, he soon built up a strong

While there is certainly something to be said for not bearing a grudge, the speed of the forgetting and forgiving seems unbelievable. Memory represents historical tragedy insufficiently, in violently
practice, and he was delighted, in the evenings, to receive members of the occupying forces, on whom he lavished whiskey and practiced English. subjective reductions; we are never able to experience being there and can never know the event, can never have witnessed it firsthand. Thus, we forget. Duras' script clearly stresses both the necessity and difficulty of remembering, but demonstrates, perhaps pessimistically, that we will veer slightly but inexorably toward l'oubli. And

once we forget, violence will erupt again.

The critique is reductive. They foreclose the essential ability to mobilize violence against violence.
Michael

Eskin, Research Fellow and Lecturer, European Literature, Cambridge University, Dialectical Anthropology, 24: 407450, 1999, p. 403-4
I have tried to demonstrate through this reading of Hiroshima mon amour that Resnais' and Duras' text falls prey to the violence of historical memory and to the worse violence of absolute oblivion. Strictly following a theoretical apparatus reconstructed from the thought of Levinas and Derrida, Hiroshima mon amour seems to participate, through the apparently deliberate reduction to race and place and event of two already allegorical and emblematic characters, in the very violence which Resnais and Duras set out initially to document, the most reductive of predications. The script trades in an economy of violence, dealing out the abstractions and totalizations that are the seed of every Holocaust, that mark every uninhabitable corner of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This conclusion seems to me, though, far too conclusive, far too reductively critical and discomforting, far too dependant on a great deal of interpretive faith, not unmerited but certainly not absolute, in the debate between and formulations of Levinas and Derrida What I am trying gingerly to say is that our reading should remain sensitive, attentive and open enough to discover those points at which the theoretical scaffolding may fail us, points at which a Levinasian/Derridean reading seems to stall; I believe a conclusive dismissal of Hiroshima mon amour as a text governed and permeated by violence is probably one such moment. I would propose instead a different, and hopefully more useful, reading of my reading of this well-intentioned script and film. For, while Hiroshima mon amour is certainly guilty of the very violence it claims as its object, it is likely from this portrayal and mobilizing of violence that the film sees its greatest anti-violent gesture; all that is required is a return to Duras' stated desire to avoid the banal describing of "l'horreur par l'horreur." Instead of horrifying us with horror, as she refused to do, Duras' screenplay has shown us the humble beginnings of horror: the total forgetting of past horrors, and the blatant inscribing of infinite Others within the finitudes of the language of the Same. And in this, Duras and Resnais may have succeeded, ultimately, in their declared mission to bring the horrifying tragedy of Hiroshima back to life, to see it reborn, out of the ashes.

First the turn on the turn is basically talking of how then how Violence and the Beasiatiliy of Violence is key and how they actually countinue the cycle of they are critiquing us on so then no reason to evaluate this turn and how it is a counter crique only viewed by the neg as powertagged nope it was a Counter K which was virtually conceded and how the Visons of Televison are good because how they are just dymisfying the news : and literally no reason to give this turn any weight Racism Turn: Cross apply are Kateb96 card on how the FW of V2L at how then that causes excition , and UTIL IS GOOD , because of how firstly just thinking into the idea firstly : Do whats best for the Greater GOOD so then V2L isnt an impact because of how that just brings Exiction and Excition o/w all impacts because we cant solve that issue if we are dead - a

KERRY DA
Firstly the impact are so similar , and anyways this is how it is going to be murderd Firstly if it ever came down to War firstly Extend are Catchart evidence , which was much more misinterpreted because of how the Putin to Hitler comparison was more towards acting as a they are feeding the Ego of the Putin which then is driving the Nationalistic efforts , we are warranting that out of Cathcart evidence and then the terminal impact towards nationalism , we didnt fully do a nationalism turn ,but oh well .

As well are Baltic State Thumper was more towards how the Baltic State is a member of Nato , and Ukraine is not a member of NATO ,so then obligation of protection after invasion is none , which then kills the impact:

Kerry=no trust + many other things Kerry Dip Cap ineffective Kerry not going to work on this scenario
Welch4/16/14 ( Kiev want a Russian Nato War http://rt.com/op-edge/eastern-ukraine-militaryoperation-860/, Writer for RT , foregin policy writer based out of Ukraine) The interim president of Ukraine Turchinov wants to beat the Russians into intervening and provoke war between NATO and Russia, as its the only reason he can hold power, foreign affairs analyst Daniel Patrick Welch told RT. RT: Russia has called Kiev's action irresponsible and warned that it could trigger a full-blown civil war. How far do you see the situation going? Daniel Patrick Welch: I think it depends completely upon whether Turchinov wants to push this to the end. The dangerous thing is that the point of it is that he wants to bait the Russians into intervening and spark of war between NATO and Russia because thats the only reason Turchinov can hold power and not to scurry back to Italy . RT: The White House has praised Kiev's crackdown of the protesters saying that the authorities were acting with restraint. Do you agree with that? DW: No, of course, its silly. There is an old joke about the state secretary: How can you tell that John Kerry is lying ? Because his lips are moving. He is paid to do that. I dont blame him personally, but its hard to respond to lies when they are so huge and there are so many of them. This is an absolute horror, it is a horrific thing to do to one's own people and there is nothing about restraint in this entire thing. Turchinov has taken the rump parliament of a rump state and a rump military. Anyone who is willing to still follow his orders and order them to kill their own people - it's abysmal, and Kerry is either shameless or has no short-term memory or both, because this is what they were trying to counsel Yanukovich to do just a several weeks ago. RT: At the same time the US State Department says Kiev's actions are only aimed at bringing peace to the region. Do you think interim authorities will succeed with that? DW: No, there is absolutely no question. What the fascists have done is cast the die that means the internal division of Ukraine. They have absolutely made the decision that they dont care that the country will be split. The eastern population - and this is not just in the east, this is rumbling to the west as well, but more over in the east - they cant pacify a region that doesn't want to be because they are dealing with a fallacy, they have allowed the CIA to tell them that

this is just foreign agents, this is all Russian agents. And you can see it on YouTube, you can see it everywhere with people facing off against troops, saying "We are terrorists." Are we terrorists? Are we foreign agents? They cant kill everyone, and this all is only going to get worse as far as they push. Ukrainian soldiers drive on an airborne combat vehicle near Kramatorsk, in eastern Ukraine April 16, 2014. (Reuters/Marko Djurica)Ukrainian soldiers drive on an airborne combat vehicle near Kramatorsk, in eastern Ukraine April 16, 2014. (Reuters/Marko Djurica) RT: The CIA director visited Ukraine over the weekend. What do you think was the purpose of his visit? DW: He gave Turchinov the go-ahead, basically. The string pullers of the junta told them what to do and now they are doing, thats what I think the significance is, and thats outrageous and immoral and a flagrant violation of the international law for them to say that Russia is interfering. The head of the Central Intelligence Agency just went, secretly by the way, under an assumed name, and met with the State Security Council and gave them the goahead to start this massacre. Then they have the gut to accuse another nation of interfering. You know, Orwell couldnt have made a better script. RT: Russia has called on the UN to condemn the escalation in the East of Ukraine. What response can we expect? DW: We can expect nothing, unfortunately. The UN has shown itself through allowing itself to be manipulated in the crisis in Libya, in Syria and in Venezuela, as being virtual puppets of the Western regimes and they seem to be buying lock, stock and barrel. The notion that it was a peaceful demonstration that arouse to ouster dictator, so they have to protect the people its standing history and truth on its head. Unfortunately, I dont think the UN is going to help the situation at all. RT: Would you like to see the UN more actively involved in brokering talks to end the crisis in Ukraine? DW: Absolutely they should be. If the UN was a genuine body representing the world and its peoples and was truly interested in peace, then it would certainly be the form in which talks could proceed. They desperately need to, because the CIA-backed junta is not going to do it on its own, they are not going to come to the table. They are going to keep killing and keep destroying till something or someone makes them. It would be great if that would be the UN. I think what they will do is side with the junta. Thats the impression that Im getting. What is happening is that the junta is basically a bunch of lunatics and they need to be stopped, and the UN will refuse to do that, so anything that they will do if they try to intervene on the side of NATO. Ok first this acts as multi level stumper :Firstly this states how the Crisis is allowed and quite America made because of how CIA junta Also shows how Kerry is just supporting this Junta so either this turn towards a double - Either Kerry engangement is the root of the conflict or - Kerry Engagement wont solve :UN acts as the ALT cause and has more empircs for solvency on how NATO - - UN more likely more to solve armed conflicts Korea proves

Security K
: Severance Perms Good Reciprocal the neg gets to kick args that arent straight turned and in a world of conditionality, can kick everything, we should get to kick part of the aff as long as we prove they havent straight turned it. Its what you do, not what you justify all their reasons why severance is bad assume extreme examples, out example is reasonable though Neg flex neg needs to be able to change positions and rethink their strategies throughout the debate, we force that which leads to better debates Link story : We obviously link that can not turn the Case it self Our engagement in scenarism overcomes threat construction we use scenarios to determine the best course of action Liotta, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the Naval War College, and Somes, founding chairman of the Naval War College's Department of Joint Military Operations and Professor Emeritus at the Navy War College, 03 (P.H. and Timothy, Autumn, The Art of Reperceiving: Scenarios and the
Future Navy War College Review, Vol 56 No 4, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_4_56/ai_110458728/pg_3 )

the scenarios we are talking about are not the limited threat-based planning scenarios common in defense planning. Threat-based scenarios, generally based on assessments of current or postulated threats or enemy capabilities, determine only the amount and types of force needed to defeat an adversary . (Similarly, capabilities-based planning seeks to avoid the perceived limits of threat-derived scenarios.)6 In contrast, the scenarios we want to consider should look well beyond current evaluations of threats. If future military force capabilities are derived from the kind of scenarios we are discussing, they must encompass the full range of possibilities, with a commensurate weighing of benefits, costs, and risks. Accomplishing this is a difficult but essential challenge, if decision makers are to come to any informed, perceptive conclusions for the future. In Wacks words, Scenarios serve two purposes. The first is protectiveanticipating and understanding risk. The second is entrepreneurialdiscovering strategic options of which one was previously unaware.7 Often, and probably naturally, decision makers prefer the illusion of certainty to understanding risk and realities. But the scenario builder and analyst should strive to shatter the decision makers confidence in his or her ability to look ahead with certainty at the future. Scenarios should allow a decision maker to say, I am prepared for whatever happens, because we have thought through complex choices with a knowledgeable sense of risk and reward.8
Finally,

Rejecting our plan in favor of the critique privileges semantics over real human Onuf, Professor of International Relations at Florida International University, 00 (Nicholas, May 5, Symposium
on the Norms and Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention, Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies, http://hypatia.ss.uci.edu/gpacs/OnufHumanitarian.pdf)

Paradoxically, if an emergency is defined as a situation calling for immediate action, then these situations cease to be emergenciesimmediate action remedied nothing. In the meantime, human misery deepens. It is no wonder, then, that suffering becomes secondary, as violations of human rights take priority. At least this is a tendency among progressive liberals for whom the situation has become an inescapable morass, and for whom human rights are the great project of social reform in our time. Critics of liberalism think little of the human rights movement. They are disposed to see social reform activism, and more generally the development of civil society, as a manifestation of global liberal governance or, more scornfully, liberal peace. According to Michael Dillon and Julian Reid, liberal peace finds itself deeply implicated in a terrain of disorder in which some states are powerful, some states are in radical dissolution, traditional societies are collapsing and civil conflict is endemic, where international corporations and criminal cartels are also involved, and where international organizations and nongovernmental organizations are inextricably committed as well. Dillon and Reid have argued against calling the more striking manifestations of global disorder complex emergencies because doing so unduly simplifies their vexed political character and masks the degree to which global liberal governance is implicated in making them so vexed. Their alternative descriptionemerging political complexesimplies that the people who want to call these situations emergencies are cynically motivated. Perhaps some humanitarian liberals are cynically motivated; others no doubt have complex political motivationspeople always do. Yet banishing emergency from our vocabulary because people have mixed motives in calling for immediate action has the untoward result of forestalling action that could help the many victims of the liberal peace and its global disorder. Progressive liberals and their critics both end up making suffering secondary to their own programmatic concerns.

First we turned the impact of Threat Con Now onto the Dichotomy impact Firstly the Case has no link to case 1. Prevent other countries collaspse : How can that be persevering American intrest ? 2. Can ending an idealogical contstruct ,and ending the suffering of the Cuban people be persevering American intrest ? 3. This impact has low magnitude

Ext are Pettiford 96 and Martin 1 evidence firstly how the Pettiford evidence is suggesting of how the new and the old can co-exsist ,and the Martin 1 evidence acts as a DA to any ALT Solvency and how multi-dimesonialism is key And while we are that now attack the FW of the block :