Style Sheet Project Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Itzhak Fried, and Cristof Koch Brain Cells for Grandmother

Scientific American February 2013 Prepared for Diane Galbo Prepared by Rachel Kaiser

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Key
In the parentheses following each example, there are three numbers that indicate where in the article the example can be found. The first number is the page number, the second number is the column number, and the third number is the paragraph number for that column. Example: Eiffel Tower (3:2:3) This example can be found on page three, in the second column, in the third paragraph of that second column.

References
The Chicago Manual of Style Sixteenth Edition The rules referenced are those of The Chicago Manual of Style. The parentheses after each rule contain numbers that correspond to the rule listing of The Chicago Manual of Style. Example: 1.2 Titles of sovereigns and other rulers Most titles of sovereigns and other rulers are lowercased when used alone. (8.22)
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This example cites the rule found in section 8.22 in The Chicago Manual of Style. Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition For examples referencing Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, (MW) follows.

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Table of Contents
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Capitalization .............................................................................................. 1
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Awards ..................................................................................................................................... 2 #$%"&$'"($&")*!)+!*$/,.!$*3!$;$-3.!$*3!%-"(,.! Personal Names ...................................................................................................................... 1 #$%"&$'"($&")*!)+!%,-.)*$'!*$/,.! Titles and Offices .................................................................................................................... 1 0"&',.!)+!.)1,-,"2*.!$*3!)&4,-!-5',-.! Names of Places ..................................................................................................................... 1 #)*&"*,*&.6!7)5*&-",.6!7"&",.6!)7,$*.6!$*3!.574! Public Places and Major Structures ...................................................................................... 2 85"'3"*2.!$*3!/)*5/,*&.! Institutions and Companies ................................................................................................... 2 9*.&"&5&")*.!$*3!7)/%$*",.:7$%"&$'"($&")*!

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Military Terms .......................................................................................................................... 3 <-/",.6!=$&&$'")*.6!$*3!.574!

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Astronomical Terms ............................................................................................................... 3 #,',.&"$'!=)3",.!

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Movies, Television, and Radio .......................................................................................... 3 0"&',.!)+!/)1",.6!&,',1".")*6!$*3!-$3")!%-)2-$/.!$*3!.,-",.!

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Works of Art and Exhibitions ................................................................................................. 3 >$"*&"*2.6!.&$&5,.6!$*3!.574!

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Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 4 ?4,*!&)!5.,!$==-,1"$&")*.! >,-")3.!;"&4!$==-,1"$&")*.! #$%"&$'.!1,-.5.!');,-7$.,!+)-!$7-)*@/.!$*3!"*"&"$'"./.! Personal Names and Titles .................................................................................................... 5 9*"&"$'.!"*!%,-.)*$'!*$/,.!

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Numbers ...................................................................................................... 5
Numerals versus Words ......................................................................................................... 5 A,*,-$'!-5',! B5*3-,3.6!&4)5.$*3.6!$*3!45*3-,3!&4)5.$*3.! C5/=,-!=,2"**"*2!$!.,*&,*7,! D-3"*$'.!

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Dates ........................................................................................................................................ 7 04,!@,$-!$')*,! #,*&5-",.!

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Plurals and Punctuation of Numbers .................................................................................... 8 >'5-$'!*5/=,-.!

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Punctuation................................................................................................. 8
Punctuation in Relation to Surrounding Text ...................................................................... 8 >5*7&5$&")*!$*3!"&$'"7.! >,-")3.!$*3!7)//$.!"*!-,'$&")*!&)!7')."*2!E5)&$&")*!/$-F.!

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Periods ..................................................................................................................................... 9 G.,!)+!&4,!%,-")3! >,-")3.!"*!-,'$&")*!&)!%$-,*&4,.,.!$*3!=-$7F,&.! ?4,*!&)!)/"&!$!%,-")3!

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Commas ................................................................................................................................. 10 #)//$.!"*!%$"-.! H,-"$'!7)//$.! Commas with Relative Clauses ........................................................................................... 12 I,.&-"7&"1,!$*3!*)*-,.&-"7&"1,!7'$5.,.! Commas with Appositives ................................................................................................... 13 I,.&-"7&"1,!$*3!*)*-,.&-"7&"1,!$%%)."&"1,.! Commas with Parenthetical and Descriptive Phrases ...................................................... 14 #)//$.!;"&4!%$-,*&4,&"7$'!,',/,*&.! #)//$.!;"&4!J4);,1,-6K!J&4,-,+)-,6K!J"*3,,36K!$*3!.)!+)-&4! Commas with Independent Clauses ................................................................................... 14 #)//$.!;"&4!"*3,%,*3,*&!7'$5.,.!L)"*,3!=@!7)*L5*7&")*.! Commas with Dependent Clauses ...................................................................................... 15 #)//$.!%-,7,3"*2!/$"*!7'$5.,.! Commas with Introductory Words and Phrases ................................................................ 15 #)//$.!;"&4!"*&-)357&)-@!%$-&"7"%"$'!%4-$.,.!

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Semicolons ............................................................................................................................ 16 G.,!)+!&4,!.,/"7)')*! H,/"7)')*.!"*!$!7)/%',M!.,-",.!

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Colons .................................................................................................................................... 16 G.,!)+!&4,!7)')*!

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Question Marks ..................................................................................................................... 17 G.,!)+!&4,!E5,.&")*!/$-F! Em Dashes ............................................................................................................................. 17 N/!3$.4,.!"*.&,$3!)+!7)//$.6!%$-,*&4,.,.6!)-!7)')*.! N/!3$.4,.!"*!%'$7,!)+!7)//$.!

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Parentheses ........................................................................................................................... 19 G.,!)+!%$-,*&4,.,.!

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Multiple Punctuation Marks ................................................................................................. 19 <==-,1"$&")*O,*3"*2!%,-")3.!;"&4!)&4,-!%5*7&5$&")*!

Spelling ..................................................................................................... 20
Possessives .......................................................................................................................... 20 >)..,.."1,!+)-/!)+!/).&!*)5*.!

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Contractions .......................................................................................................................... 20

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Word Division ........................................................................................................................ 21 P"7&")*$-@!;)-3!3"1".")*!

Compounds .............................................................................................. 21
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Highlighting Key Terms and Expressions .......................................................................... 21 JH)O7$'',3K! Compounds and Hyphenation ............................................................................................. 22 #').,3!7)/%)5*3.!3,+"*,3! #)/%)5*3!/)3"+",-.!=,+)-,!)-!$+&,-!$!*)5*! <31,-=.!,*3"*2!"*!J'@K! ?)-3.!+)-/,3!;"&4!%-,+"M,.! <3L,7&"1,!Q!%$-&"7"%',!

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Style ........................................................................................................... 23
Text Wrap ............................................................................................................................... 23 0,M&!;-$%!;"&4!"/$2,.!

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Section Titles ......................................................................................................................... 24

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Font Size ................................................................................................................................ 24

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Title Page ............................................................................................................................... 25

! Capitalization 1

1.Capitalization
Personal Names
1.1 Capitalization of personal names Names and initials of persons, real or fictitious, are capitalized. A space should be used between any initials, except when initials are used alone. (8.4) Akakhi Akakhievitch (2:1:1) Darth Vader (4:2:1) Jennifer Aniston (5:1:2)

Titles and Offices

1.2 Titles of sovereigns and other rulers Most titles of sovereigns and other rulers are lowercased when used alone. (8.22) (House Style)
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Queen of England (4:2:2)

Names of Places
1.3 Continents, countries, cities, oceans, and such Entities that appear on maps are always capitalized, as are adjectives and nouns derived from them. An initial the as part of a name is lowercased in running text, except in the rare case of an initial the in the name of a city. (8.44) Hollywood (2:1:4) Toulouse, France (2:1:5) England (3:1:1)

! 2 Capitalization

Public Places and Major Structures

1.4 Buildings and monuments The names of buildings and monuments are generally capitalized. The generic term is usually lowercased when used alone but capitalized when used as part of a plural name. (8.56) Eiffel Tower (3:2:3)

Institutions and Companies

1.5 Institutions and companiescapitalization The full names of institutions, groups, and companies and the names of their departments, and often the shortened forms of such names (e.g., the Art Institute), are capitalized. A the preceding a name, even when part of the official title, is lowercased in running text. Such generic terms as company and university are usually lowercased when used alone (though they are routinely capitalized in promotional materials, business documents, and the like). (8.67) the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2:1:2) the Brain and Cognition Research Center (2:1:5) the Epilepsy Surgery Program (2:2:4)

Awards
1.6 Capitalization for names of awards and prizes Names of awards and prizes are capitalized, but some generic terms used with the names are lowercased. (8.82) Nobel laureate (2:1:3)

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Military Terms
1.7 Armies, battalions, and such Titles of armies, navies, air forces, fleets, regiments, battalions, companies, corps, and so forth are capitalized. Unofficial but well-known names, such as Green Berets, are also capitalized. Words such as army and navy are lowercased when standing alone, when used collectively in the plural, or when not part of an official title. (8.111) Jedi (3:1:4)

Astronomical Terms
1.8 Celestial bodies The names of galaxies, constellations, stars, planets, and such are capitalized. (8.137) Tatooine (4:2:1)

Movies, Television, and Radio

1.9 Titles of movies and television and radio programs and series Titles of movies and of television and radio programs and series are italicized. A single episode in a television or radio series is set in roman and enclosed in quotation marks. (8.185) Friends (3:1:4) Star Wars (3:1:4) Memento (5:1:1)

Works of Art and Exhibitions

1.10 Paintings, statues, and such Titles of paintings, drawings, photographs, statues, and other works of art are italicized, whether the titles are original, added by someone other than the artist, or translated. (8.193

! 4 Capitalization
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (3:2:3)

Abbreviations
1.11 When to use abbreviations Outside the area of science and technology, abbreviations and symbols are most appropriate in tabular matter, notes, bibliographies, and parenthetical references. Even in regular prose, a number of expressions are almost always abbreviated and may be used without first spelling them out. (10.3) EEG (2:2:3) (MW) TV (3:1:4) (MW)

1.12 Periods with abbreviations In using periods with abbreviations, Chicago recommends the following general guidelines in nontechnical settings. (10.4) 1. Use periods with abbreviations that end in a lowercase letter: p. (page), vol., e.g., i.e., etc., a.k.a., a.m., p.m., Ms., Dr., et al. (et is not an abbreviation; al. is). 2. Use periods for initials standing for given names: E. B. White; do not use periods for an entire name replaced by initials: JFK.

3. Use no periods with abbreviations that appear in full capitals, whether two letters or more and even if lowercase letters appear within the abbreviation: VP, CEO, MA, MD, PhD, UK, US, NY, IL (but see rule 4). 4. In publications using traditional state abbreviations, use periods to abbreviate United States and its states and territories: U.S., N.Y., Ill. U.C.L.A (2:2:4) H.M. (5:1:1)

! Capitalization 5
1. 13 Capitals versus lowercase for acronyms and initialisms Initialisms tend to appear in all capital letters, even when they are not derived from proper nouns (HIV, VP, LCD). With frequent use, however, acronymsespecially those of five or more letters will sometimes become lowercase (scuba); those that are derived from proper nouns retain an initial capital. Chicago generally prefers the all-capital form, unless the term is listed otherwise in Websters. (10.6) U.C.L.A (3:1:4)

Personal Names and Titles

1.14 Initials in personal names Initials standing for given names are followed by a period and a space. A period is normally used even if the middle initial does not stand for a name (as in Harry S. Truman). (10.12) H.M. (5:1:1)

2. Numbers
Numerals versus Words
2.1 Chicagos general rulezero through one hundred (Inconsistencies Found) In nontechnical contexts, Chicago advises spelling out whole numbers from zero through one hundred and certain round multiples of those numbers. (9.2) Lettvin never proved or disproved his audacious hypothesis, and for more than 40 years scientists have debated, mostly in jest, the idea of grandmother cells. (2:1:2) (House Style) In this case, the activity of any one individual nerve cell in meaningless. (2:1:3)

! 6 Numbers
Even then, one can still argue that these neurons are grandmother cells that are responding to broader concepts, namely, the two blond women from Friends, the Jedis from Star Wars, the basketball players, or the scientists doing the experiments with the patient. (3:1:4) But because we use pictures of things that are very familiar to the patients in our researchwhich tend to trigger more responsesthis number should be taken strictly as an upper bound; the number of cells representing a concept may be 10 or 100 times as small, perhaps close to Lettvins guess of 18,000 neurons per concept. (4:1:1) (House Style) If the two concepts are related, some of the neurons encoding one concept may also fire to the other one. (5:1:6)

2.2 Hundreds, thousands, and hundred thousands Any of the whole numbers mentioned in 9.2 followed by hundred, thousand, or hundred thousand are usually spelled out (except in the sciences)whether used exactly or as approximations. (9.4) The late neuroscientist Jerry Lettvin (who, unlike Akakhievitch, was real) told it to a crowd of students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969 to illustrate the provocative idea that as few as about 18,000 neurons could form the basis of any particular conscious experience, thought or memory of a relative or any other person or object we might come across. (2:1:2) (House Style) But because we use pictures of things that are very familiar to the patients in our researchwhich tend to trigger more responsesthis number should be taken strictly as an upper bound; the number of cells representing a concept may be 10 or 100 times as small, perhaps close to Lettvins guess of 18,000 neurons per concept. (4:1:1) (House Style) To answer this question, we should first consider that, in fact, a typical person remembers no more than 10,000 concepts. (4:2:3) (House Style)

! Numbers 7
2.3 Number beginning a sentence When a number begins a sentence, it is always spelled out. To avoid awkwardness, a sentence can often be recast. In the first example, some writers prefer the form one hundred and ten; Chicagos preference is to omit the and. (9.5) First, we found that the responses of each cell are quite selectiveeach fires to a small fraction of the pictures of celebrities, politicians, relatives, landmarks, and so on, presented to the patient. (3:1:5)
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2.4 Ordinals The general rule applies to ordinal as well as cardinal numbers. (9.6) First, we found that the responses of each cell are quite selectiveeach fires to a small fraction of the pictures of celebrities, politicians, relatives, landmarks, and so on, presented to the patient. (3:1:5) Second, each cell responds to multiple representations of a particular individual or place, regardless of specific visual features of the picture used. (3:2:1) The information taken in by the eyes first goesvia the optic nerve leaving the eyeballto the primary visual cortex at the back of the head. (3:2:2)

Dates
2.5 The year alone Years are expressed in numerals unless they stand at the beginning of a sentence, in which case rewording may be a better option. (9.30) 1969 (2:1:2) 1940 (2:1:3) 1953 (5:1:1)

! 8 Numbers
2.6 Centuries Particular centuries are spelled out and lowercased. (9.33) The idea of neurons that store memories in such a highly specific manner goes all the way back to William James, who in the late 19th century conceived of pontifical cells to which our consciousness is attached. (2:1:3) (House Style)

Plurals and Punctuation of Numbers

2.7 Plural numbers Spelled-out numbers form their plurals as other nouns do. (9.54) The existence of these cells, though, runs counter to the dominant view that the perception of any specific individual or object is accomplished by the collective activity of many millions if not billions of nerve cells, what Nobel laureate Charles Sherrington in 1940 called a millionfold democracy. (2:1:3) But if we could find one single neuron that fired to Jennifer Aniston, it strongly suggests that there must be morethe chance of finding the one and only one among billions is miniscule. (3:1:2) We had to ask whether it is just one, dozens, thousands or perhaps millions. (3:2:6)

3. Punctuation

Punctuation in Relation to Surrounding Text

3.1 Punctuation and italics All punctuation marks should appear in the same fontroman or italicas the main or surrounding text, except for punctuation that belongs to a title in a different font (usually italics). So, for example, the word and, which in this sentence is in italics, is followed by a comma in roman type; the comma, strictly speaking, does not belong to and, which is italicized because it is a word used as a word. Of

! Punctuation 9
course, it may be difficult to tell whether a comma is in italics or not (to say nothing of periods); for other marks it will be more evident. (6.2) Even then, one can still argue that these neurons are grandmother cells that are responding to broader concepts, namely, the two blond women from Friends, the Jedis from Star Wars, the basketball players, or the scientists doing experiments with the patient. (3:1:4) (House Style)

3.2 Periods and commas in relation to closing quotation marks Periods and commas precede closing quotation marks, whether double or single. An apostrophe at the end of a word should never be confused with a closing single quotation mark. (6.9) Lettvin never proved or disproved his audacious hypothesis, and for more than 40 years scientists have debated, mostly in jest, the idea of grandmother cells. (2:1:2) The existence of these cells, though, runs counter to the dominant view that the perception of any specific individual of object is accomplished by the collective activity of many millions if not billions of nerve cells, what Nobel laureate Charles Sherrington in 1940 called a millionfold democracy. (2:1:3) It is as if the neuron in its firing patterns tells us: I know it is Jennifer Aniston, and it does not matter how you present her to me, whether in a red dress, in profile, as a written name or even when you call her name out loud. (3:2:1)

Periods
3.3 Use of the period A period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence. Between sentences, it is followed by a single space. (6.12) This kind of observation is made possible by the direct recording of the activity of individual neurons. (2:2:2) In our research, we have tried to explore how many individual neurons fire to represent a given concept. (3:2:6)

! 10 Punctuation
Concept cells tend to fire to personally relevant things because we typically remember events involving people and things that are familiar to us and we do not invest in making memories of things that have no particular relevance. (5:1:4)

3.4 Periods in relation to parentheses and brackets When an entire independent sentence is enclosed in parentheses or square brackets, the period belongs inside the closing parenthesis or bracket. When matter in parentheses or brackets, even a grammatically complete sentence, is included within another sentence, the period belongs outside. Avoid enclosing more than one complete sentence within another sentence. (6.13) H.Ms case demonstrates that the hippocampus, and the medial temporal lobe in general, is not necessary for the perception but is critical for transferring short-term memories (things we remember for a short while) into long-term memories (things remembered for hours, days or years). (5:1:2)

3.5 When to omit a period No period should follow display lines (chapter titles, subheads, and similar headings), running heads, column heads in tables, phrases used as captions, datelines in correspondence, signatures, or addresses. (Likewise, a comma is sometimes omitted for aesthetic reasons at the ends of lines set in large display type.) A run-in subhead at the beginning of a paragraph, however, is followed by a period. When an expression that ends in a period (e.g., an abbreviation) falls at the end of a sentence, no additional period follows. (6.14) Each concepteach person or thing in our everyday experiencemay have a set of corresponding neurons assigned to it (1:1:1)

Commas
3.6 Commas in pairs Whenever a comma is used to set off an element (such as 1928 or Minnesota in the first two examples below), a second comma is required if the phrase or sentence continues beyond the element being set off. (6.17)

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The existence of these cells, though, runs counter to the dominant view that the perception of any specific individual or object is accomplished by the collective activity of many millions if not billions of nerve cells, what Nobel laureate Charles Sherrington in 1940 called a millionfold democracy. (2:1:3) At the University of California, Los Angeles, we have employed a unique technique to record within the skull using flexible electrodes with tiny microwires; the technology was developed by one of us (Fried), who heads the Epilepsy Surgery Program at U.C.L.A. and collaborates with other scientists from around the world, including Kochs group at the California Institute of Technology and Quain Quirogas laboratory at the Universty of Leicester in England. (2:2:4) Even then, one can still argue that these neurons are grandmother cells that are responding to broader concepts, namely, the two blond women from Friends, the Jedis from Star Wars, the basketball players, or the scientists doing experiments with the patient. (3:1:4)

3.7 Serial commas (Inconsistencies Found) Items in a series are normally separated by commas. When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series of three or more, a commaknown as the serial or series comma or the Oxford comma should appear before the conjunction. Chicago strongly recommends this widely practiced usage, blessed by Fowler and other authorities, since it prevents ambiguity. If the last element consists of a pair joined by and, the pair should still be preceded by a serial comma and the first and. (6.18) The late neuroscientist Jerry Lettvin (who, unlike Akakhievitch, was real) told it to a crowd of students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969 to illustrate the provocative idea that as few as about 18,000 neurons could form the basis of any particular conscious experience, thought or memory of a relative or any other person or object we might come across. (2:1:2) (House Style) SOME YEARS AGOtogether with Gabriel Kreiman, now a faculty member at Harvard Medical School, and Leila Reddy, now a researcher at the Brain and Cognition Research Center in Toulouse, France, we performed experiments that led to the discovery of a neuron in the hippocampus of one patient, a brain region known to be involved in memory processes, that responded very strongly to different photographs of actress Jennifer Aniston but not to dozens of other actors, celebrities, places and animals. (2:1:5) (House Style)

! 12 Punctuation
First, we found that the responses of each cell are quite selectiveeach fires to a small fraction of the pictures of celebrities, politicians, relatives, landmarks, and so on, presented to the patient. (3:1:5) Drawing on a detailed model of visual processing, Waydo built a software-based neutral network that learned to recognize many unlabeled pictures of airplanes, cars, motorbikes and human faces. (4:2:4) (House Style)

Commas with Relative Clauses

3.8 Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauseswhich versus that A relative clause is said to be restrictive if it provides information that is essential to the meaning of the sentence. Restrictive relative clauses are usually introduced by that (or who/whom/whose) and are never set off by commas from the rest of the sentence. The pronoun that may occasionally be omitted (but need not be) if the sentence is just as clear without it. (6.22) The medical team examines clinical evidence that can pinpoint the location of the area where seizures start, the epileptic focus, which can potentially be surgically removed to cure the patient. (2:2:3) But because we use pictures of things that are very familiar to the patients in our researchwhich tend to trigger more responsesthis number should be taken strictly as an upper bound; the number of cells representing a concept may be 10 or 100 times as small, perhaps close to Lettvins guess of 18,000 neurons per concept. (4:2:1) In line with this evidence, we argue that concept cells, which reside in these areas, are critical for translating what is in our awarenesswhatever is triggered by sensory inputs or internal recallinto long-term memories that will later be stored in other areas of the cerebral cortex. (5:1:2) A relative clause is said to be nonrestrictive if it could be omitted without obscuring the identity of the noun to which it refers or otherwise changing the meaning of the rest of the sentence. Nonrestrictive relative clauses are usually introduced by which (or who/whom/whose) and are set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.

! Punctuation 13
The medical team examines clinical evidence that can pinpoint the location of the area where seizures start, the epileptic focus, which can potentially be surgically removed to cure the patient. (2:2:3) In line with this evidence, we argue that concept cells, which reside in these areas, are critical for translating what is in our awarenesswhatever is triggered by sensory inputs or internal recallinto long-term memories that will later be stored in other areas of the cerebral cortex. (5:1:2)

Commas with Appositives

3.9 Restrictive and nonrestrictive appositives A word, abbreviation, phrase, or clause that is in apposition to a noun (i.e., provides an explanatory equivalent) is normally set off by commas if it is nonrestrictivethat is, if it can be omitted without obscuring the identity of the noun to which it refers. (6.23)
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SOME YEARS AGOtogether with Gabriel Kreiman, now a faculty member at Harvard Medical School, and Leila Reddy, now a researcher at the Brain and Cognition Research Center in Toulouse, Francewe performed experiments that led to the discovery of a neuron in the hippocampus of one patient, a brain region known to be involved in memory processes, that responded very strongly to different photographs of actress Jennifer Aniston but not to dozens of other actors, celebrities, places and animals. (2:1:5) Using statistical methods, Stephen Waydo, at the time a doctoral student with one of us (Koch) at Caltech, estimated that a particular concept triggers the firing of no more that a million of so neurons, out of about a billion in the medial temporal lobe. (4:1:1)

Commas with Parenthetical and Descriptive Phrases

3.10 Commas with parenthetical elements If only a slight break is intended, commas should be used to set off a parenthetical element inserted into a sentence as an explanation or comment. If a stronger break is needed or if there are commas within the parenthetical element, em dashes or parentheses should be used. (6.24)

! 14 Punctuation
Eager to oblige, Akakhievitch opened up the patients brain and, one by one, ablated several thousand neurons, each of which related to the concept of his mother. (2:1:1) This hypothesis is plausible but very difficult, if not impossible, to prove. (3:1:3) To answer this question, we should first consider that, in fact, a typical person remembers no more than 10,000 concepts. (4:2:3)

3.11 Commas with however, therefore, indeed, and so forth Commassometimes paired with semicolonsare traditionally used to set off adverbs such as however, therefore, and indeed. When the adverb is essential to the meaning of the clause, or if no pause is intended or desired, commas are not needed. (6.25) Thus, if a neuron fires only to one person during an experiment, we cannot rule out that it could have also fired to some other stimuli that we did not happen to show. (3:1:3) Clearly, we cannot measure this number directly, because we cannot record the activity of all neurons in a given area. (4:1:1) Furthermore, we have good reason to think that concepts may be coded and stored very efficiently in a sparse way. (4:2:3)

Commas with Independent Clauses

3.12 Commas with independent clauses joined by conjunctions When independent clauses are joined by and, but, or, so, yet, or any other conjunction, a comma usually precedes the conjunction. If the clauses are very short and closely connected, the comma may be omitted unless the clauses are part of a series. (6.28) This technique is used less commonly than functional imaging, and only special medical circumstances warrant implantation of these electrodes in humans. (2:2:2) It is as if the neuron in its firing patterns tells us: I know it is Jennifer Aniston, and it does not matter how you present her to me, whether in a red dress, in profile, as a written name or even when you call her name out loud. (3:2:1)

! Punctuation 15
After the surgery, H.M. could still recognize people and objects and remember events that he had known before the surgery, but the unexpected result was that he could no longer make new long-lasting memories. (5:1:1)

Commas with Dependent Clauses

3.13 Comma preceding main clause A dependent clause that precedes a main clause should be followed by a comma. (6.30) Jubilent with his success, Akakhievitch turned his attention to the next endeavor the search for cells linked to the memory of grandmother. (2:1:1) When seizures cannot be controlled with medication, these patients may be candidates for remedial surgery. (2:2:3) From the primary visual cortex, the neuronal activation triggered by an image moves through a series of cortical regions toward more frontal areas. (3:2:4)

Commas with Introductory Words and Phrases

3.14 Commas with introductory participial phrases An introductory participial phrase should be set off by a comma unless the sentence is inverted and the phrase immediately precedes the verb. (6.35) In this case, the activity of any one individual nerve cell is meaningless. (2:1:3) To answer that question, we have to be more precise about what we mean by grandmother cells. (3:1:2) Without the hippocampus, everything that happened to him quickly fell into oblivion. (5:1:1)

! 16 Punctuation

Semicolons
3.15 Use of the semicolon In regular prose, a semicolon is most commonly used between two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction to signal a closer connection between them than a period would. (6.54) But because we use pictures of things that are very familiar to the patients in our researchwhich tend to trigger more responsesthis number should be taken strictly as an upper bound; the number of cells representing a concept may be 10 or 100 times as small, perhaps close to Lettvins guess of 18,000 neurons per concept. (4:1:1) Neurons in the medial temporal lobe just do not care about different instances of the same conceptthey do not care if Luke is sitting or standing; they only care if a stimulus has something to do with Luke. (4:2:3)

3.16 Semicolons in a complex series When items in a series themselves contain internal punctuation, separating the items with semicolons can aid clarity. If ambiguity seems unlikely, commas may be used instead. (6.58) The neuron that responded to Luke Skywalker also fired to Yoda, another Jedi from Star Wars; another neuron fired to two basketball players; another to one of the authors (Quian Quiroga) of this article and other colleges who interacted with the patient at U.C.L.A., and so on. (3:1:4)

Colons
3.17 Use of the colon A colon introduces an element or a series of elements illustrating or amplifying what has preceded the colon. Between independent clauses it functions much like a semicolon, and in some cases either mark may work as well as the other; use a colon sparingly, however, and only to emphasize that the second clause illustrates or amplifies the first. (The colon should generally convey the sense of as follows.) The colon may sometimes be used instead of a period to introduce a series of related sentences. (6.59)

! Punctuation 17
It is as if the neuron in its firing patterns tells us: I know it is Jennifer Aniston, and it does not matter how you present her to me, whether in a red dress, in profile, as a written name or even when you call her name out loud. (3:2:1) Each of these neurons responds to a particular person or, more precisely, to the concept of the person: not only to the face and other facets of appearance but also to closely associated attributes such as the persons name. (3:2:5) The full recollection of a single memory episode requires links between different but associated concepts: Jennifer Aniston linked to the concept of your sitting on a sofa while spooning ice cream and watching Friends. (5:1:5)

Question Marks
3.18 Use of the question mark The question mark, as its name suggests, is used to indicate a direct question. (6.66) ARE NERVE CELLS such as the Jennifer Aniston neuron the long-debated grandmother cells? (3:1:2) In other words, how sparse is the representation of concepts? (4:1:1) Do we, for instance, have a big enough store of brain cells to picture Grandma smiling, weaving, drinking tea or waiting at the bus stop, as well as the Queen of England greeting the crowds, Luke Skywalker as a child on Tatooine or fighting Darth Vader, and so on? (4:2:2)

Em Dashes
3.19 Em dashes instead of commas, parentheses, or colons The em dash, often simply called the dash, is the most commonly used and most versatile of the dashes. Em dashes are used to set off an amplifying or explanatory element and in that sense can

! 18 Punctuation
function as an alternative to parentheses (second and third examples), commas (fourth and fifth examples), or a colon (first example)especially when an abrupt break in thought is called for. (6.82) Jubilant with his success, Akakhievitch turned his attention to the next endeavor the search for cells linked to the memory of grandmother. (2:1:1) Neuroscientists continue to argue about whether it takes a relatively few neurons on the order of thousands or lessto serve as repositories for a particular concept or whether it takes hundreds of millions distributed widely throughout the brain. (2:1:4) Attempts to resolve this dispute are leading to new understandings of the workings of memory and conscious thoughtwith a little help from Hollywood. (2:1:4)

3.20 Em dashes in place of commas In modern usage, if the context calls for an em dash where a comma would ordinarily separate a dependent clause from an independent clause, the comma is omitted. Likewise, if an em dash is used at the end of quoted material to indicate an interruption, the comma can be safely omitted before the words that identify the speaker. (6.86) SOME YEARS AGOtogether with Gabriel Kreiman, now a faculty member at Harvard Medical School, and Leila Reddy, now a researcher at the Brain and Cognition Research Center in Toulouse, Francewe performed experiments that led to the discovery of a neuron in the hippocampus of one patient, a brain region known to be involved in memory processes, that responded very strongly to different photographs of actress Jennifer Aniston but not to dozens of other actors, celebrities, places and animals. (2:1:5) The neuron, then, seems to respond to the conceptto any representation of the thing itself. (3:2:1) But because we use pictures of things that are very familiar to the patients in our researchwhich tend to trigger more responsesthis number should be taken strictly as an upper bound; the number of cells representing a concept may be 10 or 100 times as small, perhaps close to Lettvins guess of 18,000 neurons per concept. (4:2:1)

! Punctuation 19

Parentheses
3.21 Use of parentheses Parenthesesstronger than a comma and similar to the dashare used to set off material from the surrounding text. Like dashes but unlike commas, parentheses can set off text that has no grammatical relationship to the rest of the sentence. (6.92) The late neuroscientist Jerry Lettivn (who, unlike Akakhievitch, was real) told it to a crowd of students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969 to illustrate the provocative idea that as few as about 18,000 neurons could form the basis of any particular conscious experience, thought or memory of a relative or any other person or object we might come cross. (2:1:2) At the University of California, Los Angeles, we have employed a unique technique to record within the skull using flexible electrodes with tiny microwires; the technology was developed by one of us (Fried), who heads the Epilepsy Surgery Program at U.C.L.A. and collaborates with other scientists from around the world, including Kochs group at the California Institute of Technology and Quain Quirogas laboratory at the Universty of Leicester in England. (2:2:4) H.Ms case demonstrates that the hippocampus, and the medial temporal lobe in general, is not necessary for perception but is critical for transferring short-term memories (things we remember for a short while) into long-term memories (things we remember for hours, days or years). (5:1:2)

Multiple Punctuation Marks

3.22 Abbreviation-ending periods with other punctuation When an expression (such as an abbreviation) that takes a period ends a sentence, no additional period follows. Of course, when any other mark of punctuation is needed immediately after the period, both the period and the additional mark appear. (6.117) The neuron that responded to Luke Skywalker also fired to Yoda, another Jedi from Star Wars; another neuron fired to two basketball players; another to one of the authors (Quian Quiroga) of this article and other colleges who interacted with the patient at U.C.L.A., and so on. (3:1:4)

! 20 Punctuation
Consider the famous case of patient H.M., who suffered from intractable epilepsy. (5:1:1)

4. Spelling
Possessives
4.1 Possessive form of most nouns The possessive of most singular nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe and an s. The possessive of plural nouns (except for a few irregular plurals, like children, that do not end in s) is formed by adding an apostrophe only. (7.15) Eager to oblige, Akakhievitch opened up the patients brain and one by one, ablated several thousand neurons, each of which related to the concept of his mother. (2:1:1) At the University of California, Los Angeles, we have employed a unique technique to record within the skull using flexible electrodes with tiny microwires; the technology was developed by one of us (Fried), who heads the Epilepsy Surgery Program at U.C.L.A. and collaborates with other scientists from around the world, including Kochs group at the California Institute of Technology and Quain Quirogas laboratory at the Universty of Leicester in England. (2:2:4) But because we use pictures of things that are very familiar to the patients in our researchwhich tend to trigger more responsesthis number should be taken strictly as an upper bound; the number of cells representing a concept may be 10 or 100 times as small, perhaps close to Lettvins guess of 18,000 neurons per concept. (4:2:1)

Contractions
4.2 Scientific American does not use contractions

When seizures cannot be controlled with medication, these patients may be candidates for remedial surgery. (2:2:3) Thus, if a neuron fires only to one person during an experiment, we cannot rule out that it could have also fired to some other stimuli that we did not happen to show. (3:1:3)

! Spelling 21
It is as if the neuron in its firing patterns tells us: I know it is Jennifer Aniston, and it does not matter how you present her to me, whether in a red dress, in profile, as a written name or even when you call her name out loud. (3:2:1)

Word Division
4.3 Dictionary word division For end-of-line word breaks, as for spelling and plural forms, Chicago turns to Websters as its primary guide. The dots between syllables inWebsters indicate where breaks may be made; in words of three or more syllables, there is usually a choice of breaks. (7.31) impor!tant (5:1:4) (MW) neu!ron (3:1:4) (MW) sur!gery (2:2:3) (MW)

5.

Compounds

Highlighting Key Terms and Expressions

5.1 So-called A word or phrase preceded by so-called need not be enclosed in quotation marks. The expression itself indicates irony or doubt. If, however, it is necessary to call attention to only one part of a phrase, quotation marks may be helpful. (7.56) so-called Jennifer Aniston neurons (3:1:5)

Compounds and Hyphenation

5.2 Closed compound defined A closed (or solid) compound is spelled as a single word (birthrate,notebook). A permanent compound is one that has been accepted into the general vocabulary and can be found in the dictionary. (7.78)

! 22 Compounds
grandmother (2:1:1) (MW) neurosurgeons (2:2:3) (MW) regardless (3:2:1) (MW) extraordinary (3:1:1) (MW) 5.3 Compound modifiers before or after a noun When compound modifiers (also called phrasal adjectives) such as open-mouthed or fulllength precede a noun, hyphenation usually lends clarity. With the exception of proper nouns (such as United States) and compounds formed by an adverb ending in ly plus an adjective, it is never incorrect to hyphenate adjectival compounds before a noun. When such compounds follow the noun they modify, hyphenation is usually unnecessary, even for adjectival compounds that are hyphenated in Websters (such as well-read or ill-humored). (7.81) computer-synthesized voice (2:2:1) so-called Jennifer Aniston neurons (3:1:5) high-level neurons (3:2:4)

5.4 Adverbs ending in ly Compounds formed by an adverb ending in ly plus an adjective or participle (such as largely irrelevant or smartly dressed) are not hyphenated either before or after a noun, since ambiguity is virtually impossible. (The ly ending with adverbs signals to the reader that the next word will be another modifier, not a noun.) (7.82) closely related (3:2:1) closely associated attributes (3:2:5)

5.5 Words formed with prefixes Compounds formed with prefixes are normally closed, whether they are nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. (7.85)

! Compounds 23
noninvasive (2:2:3) extraordinary (3:1:1) interacted (3:1:4) unexpected (5:1:1)

5.6 Adjective + participle Hyphenated before but not after a noun. (7.85) long-debated grandmother cells (3:1:2)

6. Style Text Wrap

Scientific American places roman printed text with punctuation in text wrap. A single neuron that responded to Luke Skywalker and his written and spoken name also fired to the image of Yoda. (3:1:2) Scientific American also incorporates text wrap with images. The images are accompanied by roman printed text with punctuation, and a title separate from that of the article that is also printed in roman, not italicized.

Section Titles
Various portions of the article are given their own title. These titles are in drop caps and bold print. JENNIFER ANISTON NEURONS (2:1:5) GRANDMOTHER CELLS REVISITED (3:1:2)

! 24 Style
A CODE FOR CONCEPTS (3:2:2)

A portion of the first sentence that comes after the article title or a section title is in drop caps, but not in bold print. SOME YEARS AGOtogether with Gabriel Kreiman, now a faculty member at Harvard Medical School, and Leila Reddy, now a researcher at the Brain and Cognition Research Center in Toulouse, Francewe performed experiments that led to the discovery of a neuron in the hippocampus of one patient, a brain region known to be involved in memory processes, that responded very strongly to different photographs of actress Jennifer Aniston but not to dozens of other actors, celebrities, places and animals. (2:1:5) ARE NERVE CELLS such as the Jennifer Aniston neuron the long-debated grandmother cells? (3:1:2) TO UNDERSTAND the way a small number of cells become attached to a particular concept such as Jennifer Aniston, it helps to know something about the brains complex process for capturing and storing images of the myriad of objects and people encountered in the world around us. (3:2:2)

Font Size
The first letter of the first word of the article is in a larger font than every other letter in the article and is embedded in the text of the first paragraph.

Akakhi Akakhievitch had a patient who wanted to forget his overbearing, impossible mother. (2:1:1)

NCE A BRILLIANT RUSSIAN NEUROSURGEON NAMED

! Style 25

Title Page
The italicized title id in bold print and two differently sized large fonts.

Brain Cells for

Grandmother

(1:1:1)

The text underneath the title is in roman letters with no end punctuation. Each concepteach person or thing in our everyday experiencemay have a set of corresponding neurons assigned to it (1:1:1) At the bottom of the title page is a brief summary of the article. This small section has a heading in bold drop caps. IN BRIEF (1:1:1)