Bibliography PrimarySources EffectsofEugenicSterilizationasPracticedinCalifornia.Pasadena:HumanBetterment Foundation,1937.Print. ThisdocumentexplainedwhyCaliforniapasseditssterilizationlaw.Weusedthe12thpoint, whichstatedthatitwastopreventracialdeterioration,asithelpedusfurtherourunderstandingof eugenicsadvocatesultimategoalofhavingapure,healthy,andwhitesociety. "EugenicsArchive:Buckvs.BellSupremeCourtDecisionBook."EugenicsArchive:Buckvs.Bell SupremeCourtDecisionBook.N.p.,n.d.Web. ThisdocumentprovidedthecourtdecisionofthecaseBuck.Bell,whichupheldthe constitutionalityofsterilizingapersondeemedfeeblemindedagainsttheirwill.Inaddition,weincluded JusticeOliverWendellHolmesJrscourtopinionaspartofthefinalcourtdecisioninourTurning Pointpage. Galton,Francis."Eugenics:ItsDefinition,Scope,andAims."AmericanJournalofSociology10.1 (1904):1.Print.

nt. ThisisajournalbyFrancisGalton,thefatherofeugenics,writtenforTheAmericanJournalof Sociology.Inthisdocument,Galtondiscussesthemeaningbehindeugenics,claimingthatitsforthe goodofthesociety,justasitsnameimplies.WeusedthisinformationinoursectiononSocial Darwinism,asGaltonwasinfluencedbyHerbertSpencer,thefatherofSocialDarwinism. Hadden,W.J.N.p.:MartinandMurray,1925.Print. Thisdocumentshowedtheeugenists'pointofview.Theybelievedthatreproductionisa science,andthatonlythe"fittest"humanbeingsaresuitableforprocreation. HumanSterilizationToday.HumanBettermentFoundation.Pasadena:HumanBetterment Foundation,1938.Print. Thisdocumentstatedthatthehumanraceisdegenerating.The"feebleminded"areover populatingthenationandsterilizationistheonlysolutioninthisdilemma. Plecker,W.A.""TheNewVirginiaLawtoPreserveRacialIntegrity""VirginiaHealthBulletin16 (1924):2.Print. Thisdocumentwasincorporatedintoourexplanationofthespreadofsterilizationlaws throughouttheUnitedStates.Thebulletinspromotionofpreservingapureracewasinessence,the goalofalleugenicallawsinthestateofVirginiaandthroughoutthecountry.

 Robinson,CharlesH.,andMaryRiesMelendy."TheLawsofNatureRevealed."Introduction.The ScienceofEugenicsandSexLife:TheRegenerationoftheHumanRace.ByWalterJ.Hadden. Chicago:W.R.Vansant,1914.6.Print. ThisisabookwrittenbyseveraleugenicistsontheirideasofdevelopingapureAmerican society.Topicslikedevelopingtheperfectchildtothesciencebehinddegeneratepeoplearediscussed throughoutthenovel,butwefoundtheintroductiontobethebestsummaryofthegoalsofeugenics advocates. Rose,Cynthia.AmericanDecadesPrimarySources.Detroit:Gale,2004.Print. ThisisabookthatonememberinourgroupcheckedoutfromtheMSUlibrarythatprovided primarysourceinformationsuchastestimoniesandquotesofthoseinvolvedintheeugenicsmovement aroundthe1930s.Theinformationprovidedwasusefulinhelpingussetthesceneofthemovementand itslawsinourhomepage. "StateCriteriaforLegalEugenicalSterilization"TrumanStateUniversity.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag. DNALCBlogs.Web.13Apr.2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/10927Statecriteriaforlegaleugenicalsterilization.html>. Thisisadocumentcontainingachartshowing28statesindividualcriteriasforlegallysterilizing citizens.Thefeeblemindedwerethemaintargetsofstategovernmentstosterilize,alongwithothers withcertainflawsanddisabilities.Weusedthisinformationtohelpusunderstandthespecificminorities thatweretargetedforsterilizationprocedures,emphasizingthethestrongdesireofeugenicsadvocates tohaveapure,wellmindedutopia. U.S.MapsShowingtheStatesHavingSterilizationLawsin1910,1920,1930,1940."Princeton: Birthright,1947.N.pag.NorthCarolinaDigitalCollections.Web. <http://www.digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll37/id/14961> Thisisadocumentcontainingmapsandasmallchartshowingthedatesofwhenstatespassed sterilizationlawsandthenumberofsterilizationsdonebetween1930and1945.Itwasveryhelpfulin understandingthemagnitudeandeffecttheeugenicsmovementandsterilizationlawshadontheentire countrywiththestatisticsincluded.Theimagewasusedtoshowtheimpactofsterilizationlawsonthe populationintheImpactpage. PrimaryPhotographs Boggs,Belle."Salon."SaloncomRSS.N.p.,n.d.Web. ThisphotographisofWilliamLynchandhisorderfromtheNorthCarolinasstategovernment togetsterilize.ItslocatedintheImpact:AtHomepage. CharlesF.DightofMinneapolis.Digitalimage.CollectionsOnline.MinnesotaHistoricalSociety,

n.d.Web. <http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/web5/media.php?irn=10147500&width=640&height=640> ThisisaphotographofCharlesFremontDight,whowasthephysicianthatintroducedeugenics andsterilizationtoMinnesota.Weusedhisimagetogowithoursectionontheimpactofeugenicsat homeinthestateofMinnesotaandDightseffortstodrawattentiontothemovement. EugenicsRecordOfficeadvertisement.Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web. <http://content.dnalc.org/content/c10/10008/10008.jpg> ThisisanadvertisementusedbytheEROadvertisingtheissueofmanyindividualsbornas burdensontherestofsociety.WeincludedthisonthebannerofourpagecoveringtheAmerican EugenicsSociety. FitterFamiliesMedal(1920s).Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web. ThisisanimageofanawardgiventowinnersofFitterFamilycontests.Thebackofthemedal saysYea,IHaveaGoodlyHeritage!andthebackshowssponsorshipfromtheAmericanEugenics Society.WeincludedthisinourslideshowoftheAEStoshowtheirfavoritismtowardsthegenetically KansasEugenics,1920.Digitalimage.Eugenics:CompulsorySterilizationin50AmericanState. UniversityofVermont,n.d.Web.<http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/KS/KS1a.jpg> ThisisanimageofaKansaseugenic&healthexhibitsponsoredbytheAmericanEugenics Society.WeusedthisimageonthehomepageandourAmericanEugenicsSocietytovisuallyshow thepopularizationoftheeugenicsmovement. "MediumFamily"FitterFamiliesWinner,1927.Digitalimage.DNALearningCenter,n.d.Web. <http://content.dnalc.org/content/c10/10032/10032.jpg> ThisisaphotographfromtheKansasStateFreeFair(1927)ofafamilywhohadwonaFitter FamilycontestsponsoredbytheAmericanEugenicsSociety.Thiswasincludedinourpageaboutthe AESbecausethesecontestswereusedtopopularizeeugenicsandtodisplaygeneticallysuperior individuals. MinnesotaEugenicsSociety&FounderCharlesFremontDight,1933.Digitalimage.Minnesota HistoricalSociety,n.d.Web.<http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/images/117aimage.jpg>. ThisisanimageofaclippingfromaMinneapolisnewspaperrevealingCharlesF.Dights supportforHitlerseugenicprograminGermany,courtesyoftheMinnesotaHistoricalSocietysonline eugenicspage.WeaddedthistoourImpact:Abroadpage,asHitlerwaswellinspiredbytheUSin establishingsterilizationprograms. OliverWendellHolmesJr,1902.Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg/

474pxOliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg>. ThisisanimageofJusticeOliverWendellHolmesJr.,whowasinvolvedinthecaseBuckv. Bell.Weincludedhisimagetopairwithhisfamousquotethatwasgivenasthecourtsopinionduring therulingofthecase. ParticipantsinthefitterFamiliesContestattheGeorgiaStateFairin1924.Digitalimage. AdoptionHistory:Eugenics.UniversityofOregon,n.d.Web. <http://pages.uoregon.edu/adoption/images/pgillus/fitterfamilies.jpg>. ThisisanimageofagroupoffamiliesparticipatinginaFitterFamilycontestinGeorgia.We includedthisimagebecausetheAmericanEugenicsSocietysponsoredthesecontestsasawayto informthepublicofeugenicsanddisplaygeneticallysuperiorfamilies,soitwasaddedtoourslideshow ontheAES. TheEugenicsTree,LogobytheEugenicsRecordOffice,1921.Digitalimage.Metapedia,n.d.Web. <http://en.metapedia.org/m/images/a/ad/Eugenics_congress_logo.png>. Thisisapopularemblemusedtodrawattentiontotheeugenics.Weuseditthroughoutthe websiteasabanner. "DecisionHeld:StepTowardASuperRace."JusticeforSterilizationVictimsProject.N.p.,n.d. Web.24Apr.2014.<http://www.forcedsterilization.org/decisionheldsteptowardasuperrace/>. ThisnewspaperclippingisuseintheTurningPointpage.ItshowsthereactionofAmericans towardtherulingofBuckv.Bell. SecondarySources Wolfe,Brendan."Buckv.Bell(1927)."EncyclopediaVirginia:.N.p.,15Apr.2014.Web.24Apr. 2014.<http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Buck_v_Bell_1927#start_entry>. ThisarticleprovidedfurtherexplanationonBuckv.Bell,anditsimpacts. "SupremeCourtProcedures."USCOURTSGOVRSS.N.p.,n.d.Web.24Apr.2014. <http://www.uscourts.gov/educationalresources/getinformed/supremecourt/supremecourtprocedur es.aspx>. ThiswebsiteprovidedadeeperunderstandingofhowcourtcasesreachtheSupremeCourt.It alsoprovidedaclearercomprehensionforcourtproceeding. Antonios,Natalie."TheEmbryoProjectEncyclopedia."Buckv.Bell(1927).N.p.,n.d.Web. ThisarticleprovidedessentialbackgroundinformationonBuckv.Bell.Itexplainedwhythe casewastakingplaceandhowWhitebearddefendedhisplaintiff.ItsusedintheTurningPointpage. Black,Edwin."Hitler'sDebttoAmerica."TheGuardian.GuardianNewsandMedia,06Feb.2004.

Web. ThisarticlebyEdwinexplainedthatHitlerseugenicpolicieswereduetotheU.Sinfluence.The articlestatedthatHitlerwatchedtheU.Seugenicmovementandcopyitspoliciestowardtheunfit. Carlson,Jessie."EugenicSterilization:TheFinalSolutionforAmerica|Carlson|URJUCCS: UndergraduateResearchJournalatUCCS:UndergraduateResearchJournalatUCCS.Dept.of History,UniversityofColorado,n.d.Web.<http://ojs.uccs.edu/index.php/urj/article/view/56/64>. ThisresearchjournalbytheUniversityofColoradoprovideduswithalotofinsightinregards totheDightpapers,writtenbyCharlesF.Dight,thefounderoftheMinnesotaEugenicsSociety.His ideasspokevolumesabouttheeugenicalideasofcreatingaperfectsociety.Wewantedtoincludehim inourwebsiteasawaytoshowtheeugenicsmovementsprofoundinfluenceathome. "EliminatingtheInferior:AmericanandNaziSterilizationPrograms:InstitutefortheStudyofAcademic RacismFerrisStateUniversity."EliminatingtheInferior:AmericanandNaziSterilization Programs:InstitutefortheStudyofAcademicRacismFerrisStateUniversity.N.p.,n.d.Web. ThisarticlewasusedintheImpact:Abroadpage.Itshowsallthecountrythatpassed sterilizationlawsbetween1928to1936.Itshowstheimpactoftheeugenicsmovementandthe importanceofBuckv.Bell(1927). Johnson,CoreyG."FemaleInmatesSterilizedinCaliforniaPrisonsWithoutApproval."NBCBay Area.N.p.,9July2013.Web. ThisarticleexplainedtherecentexposureofCaliforniaprisonsthatforcefullysterilizedfemale inmatesfrom1997to2010afteraninvestigationendedthepractice.Althoughsterilizationlawsinnearly allstateswererepealedinthe70s,weincludedthisbitofshockinginformationtotheMoving Forwardpageasawaytorevealthatsterilizationisstillinthiscountrytoday. Kaelber,Luz."Minnesota."Eugenics:CompulsorySterilizationin50AmericanStates.Universityof Vermont,n.d.Web. Thewebpageispartofadatabaseoftheinfluenceofeugenicsmovementinall50statesofthe US.WefoundtheMinnesotapagetobefittingforoursectionofthesterilizationlawsimpactathome. Inaddition,thepageprovidedagraphtoshowthenumberofsterilizationvictimsoveraspanof20+ years,andthiswasaddedtotheimpactpageaswell. Lombardo,PaulA.,andPeterL.Hardin."CompensateEugenicSterilizationVictims:Column."USA Today.Gannett,21Aug.2013.Web. ThisarticleprovidedextensivebackgroundinformationonthecurrentissueofNorthCarolina compensatingitsvictimsofsterilizationlawsthatwereputforthdecadesback.Weincorporatedthis intotheMovingFowardpageasawaytodemonstrateeffortstoapologizeforhorrificlegislation duringtheeugenicsmovement.

Lombardo,Paul."SocialOriginsofEugenics."SocialOriginsofEugenics.NationGenomeResearch Institute,n.d.Web. Thiswebsitewasveryhelpfulastogivingabackgroundontheeugenicsmovementandits origins,tracingbacktoDarwinstheoryofevolution.Withthis,wecreatedasectiononthescientific originstocouplewiththesocialandlegaloriginsoftheeugenicsmovement. Ness,Immanuel.EncyclopediaofAmericanSocialMovements.Armonk,NY:SharpeReference, 2004.61719.Print. Thisbookssectiononeugenicsandsterilizationprovidedasmall,yetinformativesummaryof themovement,inwhichdetailsofitshistorywasmentionedthroughoutthewebsite.Wefoundthe describedtiesbetweenCarrieBuckandhercasewiththeentireeugenicsmovementtobeimpelling enoughtomakeBuckv.Belltheturningpointofourproject. Piotrowski,Christa."DarkChapterofAmericanHistory:U.S.CourtBattleOverForcedSterilization." DarkChapterofAmericanHistory:U.S.CourtBattleOverForcedSterilization.N.p.,21July 2000.Web. ThisisaninternetarticlebyChristaPiotrowskithatexplainedthemajoreventsandinfluenceof theeugenicsmovement.WefoundthelistednumbersofpeoplesterilizedintheUnitesStatesandbythe NazisparticularlyusefulintheImpactsectionofourwebsite. SecondaryPhotographs 1907IndianaEugenicsLaw.Digitalimage.IndianaHistoricalBureau,n.d.Web. <http://cdn.grumpyelder.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/1907IndianaEugenicsLaw150x150.pn> ThisisanimageofaplaqueinIndianacommemoratingthepassingofitsfirsteugenicslaw.We includedthisimageinthelegaloriginssectionbecauseIndianawasthefirststatetopassalaw permittingsterilizationsforminorities,inspiringotherstatestojointheeugenicsmovement. JusticeforSterilizationVictimsLogo.Digitalimage.N.p.,n.d.Web. <http://www.sterilizationvictims.nc.gov/images/jfsv.png> ThisisthelogoforanorganizationcreatedbythestateofNorthCarolinaasawaytoprovide justiceandcompensationforvictimsofsterilization.WeincludedthisintheMovingForwardsection aboutcompensationbyNorthCarolina WomenPrisonersSterilizedinCA.Digitalimage.RYOTNews,21Apr.2014.Web. <http://d3819ii77zvwic.cloudfront.net/wpcontent/uploads/2014/04/prisoner.jpg>.

ThisisanimageofseveralfemaleinmatesfromaCaliforniaprisondistraughtafterrealizingthey havebeenstrippedoftheirrighttoproducechildren.WeincludedthisimageonourMovingFoward pagetoshowthatforcedorpressuredsterilizationsarestillpresenttoday. VideoClips EUGENICS:ForcedSterilizationVictimsRightlysoStillSeekJusticeinUS.RTUS,n.d. ThisisanewsspecialdonebyRTwhotraveledtoNorthCarolinatoconductaninterviewwith VirginiaBrooks,awomanwhowassterilizedwithoutherknowingbythestatewhenshewas14years old.Shediscussedthegriefandsufferingshehasencounteredfromlosingherabilitytoproduceand talkedaboutseekingcompensation.WeincludedthisinourMovingForwardpagetoshowtheefforts ofvictimsofsterilizationlawstofindclosure,alongwiththeeffortsofstateswitheugenicsprogramsto compensatetheirvictims. Lombardo,Paul."PhotoofCarrieBuckandHerMother."Interview.DNALearningCenter.N.p., n.d.Web. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/15222PhotoofCarrieBuckandhermotherPaulLombardo.html>. ThisvideoclipcontainsashortinterviewwithbioethicalissuesexpertPaulLombardoandhis analysisoftheonlypictureofCarrieBuckandhermotherbeforetheBuckv.Bellcase.Lombardo describedthefearinBuckseyes,assheknewthatshewouldbeultimatelysterilizedandweusedthis clipasadramatictouchtoourTurningPointpage. ScientificRacism:TheEugenicsofSocialDarwinism.BBC,n.d.Web. Thisisadocumentaryabouteugenicsanditsimpactacrosstheglobe.Wespecificallychosea clipaboutsterilizationandeugenicprogramsinEuropetoincludeinourImpact:Abroadpage,in additiontoanotherclipdiscussingthegoaloftheeugenicsmovementinouropeningsectiononSocial Darwinism. EugenicsinAmericaWithForcedSterilization.Perf.ElizabethCohen.CNN,2012. ThisisashortCNNspecialcoveringtheaspectsoftheAmericaneugenicsmovementand sterilizationlaws,alongwithinterviewswithvictimsofsterilization.Theopeningofthedocumentary perfectlydescribedthemotivesanddesireofAmericansocietyforaperfectutopia,soweincludedthis intoourhomepagetogowithourthesisandintroduction. Music "SongFromASecretGardenSecretGarden|320Lyrics."ZingMP3.N.p.,n.d.Web.24Apr. 2014.<http://mp3.zing.vn/baihat/songfromasecretgardensecretgarden/zwz9abec.html>. AclippingofthispiecewasuseforourConclusionpage.