KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

EE303 ELECTRICAL MEASRMENT & INSTRMENT

SPRING 2013

EXPERIMENT # 6 Series Type Ohmmeter

GROUP # 4
Team Member Fahad Mohammad Al-Jdanni Faisal Alawi Baroom Mazen Almuqati Abdulaziz Hammouda Group ID 1008538 1007396 1007539 1007055 Section DA DA DA DA

Lab. Instructor: Mohammad Mottahir

Experiment Date: 2. April. 2013 Lab. Time: Sunday 11:00 1:00

Experiment No.6 Introduction

This lab will be about design ohmmeter. The ohmmeter is an instrument used to measure resistance and check the continuity of electrical circuits and component. Two types of schemes are used to design an ohmmeter series type and shunt type. The series type of ohmmeter is used for measuring relatively high values of resistance, while the shunt type is used for measuring low values of the resistance. The type of ohmmeter we will design in this lab is series type ohmmeter.

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to construct an elementary series-type ohmmeter.

Theory
Ohmmeter Two instruments are commonly used to check the continuity or to measure the resistance of a circuit or circuit element. These instruments are the ohmmeter and the megger, or megohmmeter. The ohmmeter is widely used to measure resistance and to check the continuity of electrical circuits and devices. Its range usually extends to a few megohms. The megger is widely used for measuring insulation resistance, such as the resistance between the windings and the frame of electric machinery, and for measuring the insulation resistance of cables, insulators, and bushings. Its range may extend to more than 1,000 megohms. When measuring very high resistances of this nature, it is not necessary to find the exact value of resistance, but rather to know that the insulation is either above or below a certain standard. When precision measurements are required, some type of bridge circuit is used. Ohmmeters may be of the series or shunt type. Series-type Ohmmeters A simplified schematic of an ohmmeter is shown in figure 1. E is a source of EMF; R1 is a variable resistor used to zero the meter; R2 is a fixed resistor used to limit the current in the meter movement; and A and B are test terminals across which the resistance to be measured is placed. If A and B are connected together (short circuited), the meter, the battery, and resistors R1 and R2 form a simple series circuit. With R1 adjusted so that the total resistance in the circuit is 4,500 ohms, the current through the meter is 1 ma. and the needle deflects full scale. Since there is no resistance between A and B, this position of the needle is labeled zero (figure 8-138). If a resistance equal to 4,500 ohms is placed between terminals A and B, the total resistance is 9,000 ohms and the current is 0.5 ma. This causes the needle to deflect half scale. This half scale reading, labeled 4.5 K ohms, is equal to the internal resistance of the meter, in this instance 4,500 ohms. If a resistance of 9,000 ohms is

placed between terminals A and B, the needle deflects one-third scale. Resistances of 13.5 K and 1.5 K placed between terminals A and B will cause a deflection of onefourth and three-fourths scale, respectively. If terminals A and B are not connected (open circuited), no current flows and the needle does not move. The left side of the scale is, therefore, labeled infinity to indicate an infinite resistance. A typical ohmmeter scale is shown in figure 8-138. Note that the scale is not linear and is crowded at the high resistance end. For this reason, it is good practice to use an ohmmeter range in which the readings are not too far from mid scale. A good rule is to use a range in which the reading obtained does not exceed ten times, or is not less than one-tenth, the mid scale reading. The useful range of the scale shown is, by this rule, from 450 ohms to 45,000 ohms. Most ohmmeters have more than one scale. Additional scales are made possible by using various values of limiting resistors and battery voltages. Some ohmmeters have a special scale called a low ohm scale for reading low resistances. A shunt-type ohmmeter circuit is used for this scale.

Figure 1.

ohmmeter circuit

Circuit diagram
Circuit diagram for experiment 6 is shown in figure 2.

Figure2

Lab Safety:
Before moving ahead, we have to take a look at the following instructions that we should follow it during the lab time. General safety instructions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Move carefully in the lab. No eating, no drinking and no smoking in the lab. Use appropriate and available safety precautions and tools. Never use chairs or boxes to reach to high places. Concentrate to your experiment and equipment. Don't keep any liquid close or on-top of any electrical device. While doing experiment , be sure of the followings : Connect circuit wiring carefully, let lab engineer check it. Keep away any wire or equipment not used. If you need to do any change in your circuit, switch power off, do necessary modifications, double check it, then switch power on. Component and hand should be dry while doing the experiment. If you got unexpected results ask assistance of responsible. Never touches or play with denuded wires or cables. After finishing the experiment, switch-OFF the equipment then botches put back all components and wires in their places.

Safety rules of electrical laboratories: 1. Proper the grounding for lab .Power-Supply and equipment. 2. Fire extinguisher fixed in appropriate places. 3. Emergency exit signs for any emergency case. 4. Coincidence of power cables /plugs and current loads regular check of cables and wires insulation. 5. Cables should be in insulated trunks. 6. Warning tags for high voltage or radiating equipment. 7. First aid kit in appropriate place and well equipped.

Equipments:
1mA meter movement DC Power supply Two variable resistor boxes Wires for connection

Steps:
1. Connect the positive terminal of the power supply to the variable resistor box (RB1). 2. Connect the negative terminal from the variable resistor box (RB1) to the positive of the 1mA meter movement. Set the resistor box to be 10K. 3. Connect the circuit by connecting the negative terminal of the 1mA meter movement to the negative terminal of the power supply 4. Adjust the power supply to 10 volts. Note that the meter movement will not give 1mA exactly which means there is internal resistor of meter movement. 5. Decrease the variable resistor box (RB1) until the meter movement reach of full scale deflection (1mA). 6. Connect another variable resistor box (RB2) parallel to the 1mA meter movement. 7. Increase the variable resistor box (RB2) until the pointer of 1mA meter movement become in the half of the full scale deflection (0.5mA). Note the value of the second variable resistor box (RB2) represents the internal resistor value (Rm). 8. Adjust the power supply to 5 volt. 9. Calculate RT (total resistance) by using the law: RT = = 5000.

10. Calculate RR (range resistance) by using the law: RT = RR + Rm. 11. Adjust the variable resistor box (RB1) to value of RR. 12. Connect variable resistor box (RB2) series with variable resistor box (RB1). 13. Calculate Rx (the resistance that to be measured) by using the law: D= , D is

relative deflection and it is given in each row of the result table. 14. Adjust the variable resistor box (RB2) to value of Rx. 15. Measure the relative deflection of series type ohmmeter (that was 1mA meter movement). 16. Calculate the percentage of error by using: % error = .

Result & Calculation

The ammeter resistance was measured by: Rm = (166) RR = 5000- Rm = 5000 - (166) = 4834 Relative deflection (D) was given Deflection % was calculated as : Relative deflection (D) 100 Rx = RT (( ) , where RT : is total resistance error = |

| 100

Example in how the calculation was done when D= 0.2 as shown : Deflection % = (0.2) 100 = 20% Rx= 5000 (( ) = 20000 By observing the meter, the percentage of the deflection measured as 18.5% error = |

| 100 = 7.5%

Then, the following table (Table.1) was completed in the same manner Mentioned above Table.1 : Results of the experiment Relative Deflection% Deflection% RX Error % deflection (D) Measured 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 90% 90% 100% 45000 20000 11667 7500 5000 3333 2143 1250 556 0 0% 10% 18.5% 26% 38% 48.5% 58% 67% 79% 91% 102% 0% 0% 7.5% 6.67% 5% 3% 3.33% 4.29% 1.25% 1.11% 2%

Comment
RR is calculated then used to build the Ohmmeter circuit Rx represent the unknown resistance to be measured. It is clear that the obtained values of the deflection percentage aren't 100% correct, it has some error.

Conclusion
After finishing this experiment, and after we have learned that the internal resistance of any measurement device effects in the readings from the previous experiments, we used in this experiment the internal resistance and variable resistances in order to help us to build a series ohmmeter measurement device. Although in this experiment there are some errors in the readings, it still extremely helpful in order to let students know about manipulating in the devices functions. Finally, we hope that this report gained the acceptance.