HYDRAULICS
Courtesy of
Baker Hughes
Drilling Hydraulics
Bit Hydraulics
Clean the Bit And Hole Bottom
Cool the Bit
Annular Hydraulics
Lift Cuttings and Cavings
Limit Annular Pressure Drop
Limit Hole Erosion
Downhole Tool Hydraulics
Evaluate
Communicate
Recommend
"Optimization"
Actual
Situation
Pump Pressure
Factors which Affect Pump Pressure
Flow Rate
Flow Area
Length of Circulation System
Fluid Properties
Flow Rate
Flow Rate (gpm)
400
41
800
p =
0.1582 L
0.8
1.25
0.2
1.8
Friction loss for Bingham Plastic
Flow Area
Pipe Size
14.4 in.2
41
11.5 in.2
67 (63% more)
400 gpm 10 lb/gal mud 1000 ft of 5" and 4-1/2" drill pipe
p =
0.8
0.1582 L
0.2
1.8
Friction loss for Bingham Plastic
1.25
1000
41
2000
81 (twice as much)
p =
0.1582 L
0.8
1.25
0.2
1.8
Friction loss for Bingham Plastic
Fluid Properties
Mud Weight (lb/gal)
10
41
12
49 (20% more)
0.1582 L
p =
0.8
0.2
1.8
Friction loss for Bingham Plastic
1.25
2,000
1,600
1,200
800
System Losses
400
0
100
200
300
400
500
Flow Rate (gpm)
600
700
800
900
Maximum
Hydraulic Energy
at the Bit
mass = q
velocity =
q
At
Fj=
F j = q p b
100
200
300
400
500
Flow Rate (gpm)
600
700
At
800
System
Maximum Force
at the Bit
900
Maximum HHP
Hydraulic Hp is maximized when
the energy dissipated at the bit is
maximized. This occurs when
65% of pump pressure is
dissipated at the bit.
Max. HHP
PH=
P H = p b q
100
200
300
HHP (hp)
q
At
400
500
Flow Rate (gpm)
600
700
800
Hydraulic Horsepower
2800
System
Maximum Energy
at the Bit
900
2,400
2,000
Impact Force
1,600
1,200
HHP
System Losses
800
52%
35%
400
0
100
200
300
400
500
Flow Rate (gpm)
600
700
800
900
2,400
48%
2,000
65%
1,600
Impact Force
1,200
HHP
800
52%
35%
400
0
System Losses
100
200
300
400
500
Flow Rate (gpm)
600
700
800
900
IF,HHP
2,800
Max. HHP
2,400
System Losses
Bit Loss
2,000
1,600
1,200
800
400
0
100
200
300
400
500
Flow Rate (gpm)
600
700
800
900
100%
93%
92%
100%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Max. HHP
HHP
IF, HHP
Design Pump Pressure
Max. HHP
2,400
2,000
System Losses
Bit Loss
1,600
1,200
800
400
0
20% Higher
0
100
200
300
400
500
Flow Rate (gpm)
600
700
800
900
IF, HHP
2,800
Max. HHP
2,400
System Losses
35% Higher
2,000
1,600
1,200
Bit Loss
800
400
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Flow Rate (gpm)
700
800
900
Shallow
Larger Diameter Hole
Deeper
Smaller Diameter Hole
% of Maximum HHP
Hydraulic Horsepower
14% Higher Jet Exit Velocities
35% Higher Pressures
120%
100%
90%
80%
60%
40%
65%
20%
0%
0.2
0.4
0.6
Fraction of Surface Pressure across Bit
0.8
Rules of Thumb
Flow Rate
Flow rate should be maintained at 30 to 60 gpm per inch of bit diameter
Hydraulic Hp
Aim at 2.5 to 5 hydraulic Hp per square inch of bit diameter.
Bit Pressure drop
Design for 48% to 65% Pressure drop across bit
If system losses are greater than 48% of pump pressure then optimize for
jet velocity.
Jet Velocity
Maintain jet velocity above 250 feet per second
Flowrate Limits
Annulus
Hole Erosion
Hole Cleaning
Loss of Circulation
Downhole Tools
PDM
Turbine
MWD
Pump
SPM
Liner Size
Cuttings Analysis
Erosion vs. chip formation
Roller Cone
Bit Hydraulics
Formation
High ROP
APPROXIMATELY 20 TO 30 FT/HR
Low ROP
Crushed Formation
The process continues, forming a pocket of crushed, permeable material until the
stress level is sufficiently high to propagate cracks and generate major chips.
As the high stress is released, the large chips are removed leaving behind a
pocket of crushed formation.
MUD PRESSURE
WELL
BORE
FILTER CAKE
PERMEABLE
CRUSHED ZONE
FORMATION
IMPERMEABLE FORMATION
Jet Flow
POTENTIAL CORE
100% EXIT VELOCITY AND PRESSURE
TURBULENCE
CREATED BY ENTRAINING
SURROUNDING FLUID
2D
Larger
Potential
Core
Potential Core
2X
Asymmetrical Arrangement
1 Large Nozzle with 2 Smaller Nozzles
X/D Ratio
Velocity
Pressure
7.7
10
100%
77%
100%
59%
15
51%
26%
20
38%
15%
X/D Ratio
7.7-15
Increasing Increasing
Hydrostatic
Hydraulic
Horsepower Pressure
Face Volume
Nozzle Orientation
FLOW
VECTOR
OFFSET
OFFSET
TILT
Ports
Ports are used when space limitations prevent
the use of nozzles.
Ports help to distribute hydraulic energy to
areas of the bit that may not be adequately
covered by nozzles.
Ports provide a larger potential TFA in high flow
rate or low standpipe pressure applications.
Ports can be specified in any equivalent nozzle
size.
Original Concept
Refined Version
Notes:
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