Legendre Polynomials

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Overview Solving the Legendre Equation Application

Legendre Polynomials
Bernd Schr oder
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
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Why are Legendre Polynomials Important?
1. The generalized Legendre equation
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+
_

m
2
1x
2
_
y = 0 arises when the
equation u = f ()u is solved with separation of variables
in spherical coordinates. (QM: hydrogen atom!) The
function y
_
cos()
_
describes the polar part of the solution
of u = f ()u.
2. The Legendre equation
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0 is the
special case with m = 0, which turns out to be the key to
the generalized Legendre equation.
3. The solutions of both equations must be nite on [1, 1].
4. Because 0 is an ordinary point of the equation, it is natural
to attempt a series solution.
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_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+
_

m
2
1x
2
_
function y
_
cos()
_
of u = f ()u.
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0 is the
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_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+
_

m
2
1x
2
_
function y
_
cos()
_
of u = f ()u.
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0 is the
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_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+
_

m
2
1x
2
_
function y
_
cos()
_
of u = f ()u.
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0 is the
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_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+
_

m
2
1x
2
_
function y
_
cos()
_
of u = f ()u.
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0 is the
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
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Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
_
1x
2
_
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
2x
n=1
c
n
nx
n1
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n2
n=2
c
n
n(n1)x
n
n=1
2c
n
nx
n
+
n=0
c
n
x
n
= 0
k=0
c
k+2
(k +2)(k +1)x
k
k=2
c
k
k(k 1)x
k
k=1
2c
k
kx
k
+
k=0
c
k
x
k
= 0
2c
2
+c
0
+6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x +
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
(2c
2
+c
0
) +(6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x)+
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
Matching coefcients leads to c
2
=
2
c
0
, c
3
=
2
6
c
1
,
and for k 2
c
k+2
=
k(k 1) +2k
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
.
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
(2c
2
+c
0
) +(6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x)+
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
2
=
2
c
0
, c
3
=
2
6
c
1
,
and for k 2
c
k+2
=
k(k 1) +2k
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
.
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
(2c
2
+c
0
) +(6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x)+
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
2
=
2
c
0
,
c
3
=
2
6
c
1
,
and for k 2
c
k+2
=
k(k 1) +2k
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
.
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
(2c
2
+c
0
) +(6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x)+
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
2
=
2
c
0
, c
3
=
2
6
c
1
,
and for k 2
c
k+2
=
k(k 1) +2k
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
.
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
(2c
2
+c
0
) +(6c
3
x 2c
1
x +c
1
x)+
k=2
_
(k +2)(k +1)c
k+2
k(k 1)c
k
2kc
k
+c
k
x
k
= 0
2
=
2
c
0
, c
3
=
2
6
c
1
,
and for k 2
c
k+2
=
k(k 1) +2k
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
.
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
1. From here, we can produce a mathematical solution for
any .
2. But it can be shown that all true innite series solutions
of this equation will go to or at x = 1 or at x = 1 or
both.
3. Therefore, these solutions are not physically feasible,
because the polar part y
_
cos()
_
of the solution of
u = f ()u should not go to innity as we approach the
z-axis. (For QM, the explanation involves integrability
issues.)
4. Thus the only series solutions of interest are those that
terminate after nitely many steps. Or, in simpler
language, those solutions that happen to be polynomials.
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
any .
both.
_
cos()
_
of the solution of
issues.)
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
any .
both.
_
cos()
_
of the solution of
issues.)
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
any .
both.
_
cos()
_
of the solution of
issues.)
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
any .
both.
_
cos()
_
of the solution of
issues.)
terminate after nitely many steps.
Or, in simpler
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
any .
both.
_
cos()
_
of the solution of
issues.)
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
5. The series expansion will stop when the sequence of
coefcients terminates in repeating zeros.
6. The recurrence relation c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
when is of the form l(l +1), where l is a nonnegative
integer, then c
l+2
= 0 and all entries c
l+2k
= 0. (Otherwise
no such thing happens, so we need = l(l +1).)
7. But the entries c
l+(2k+1)
may still not be zero.
8. By choosing one of c
0
(or c
1
) equal to zero, we can make
all even-numbered coefcients (or all odd-numbered
coefcients) equal to zero.
9. So the solutions we are interested in will be polynomials
with even powers (for = l(l +1) and l even) or
polynomials with odd powers (for = l(l +1) and l odd).
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
integer, then c
l+2
l+2k
= 0. (Otherwise
l+(2k+1)
0
(or c
1
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
integer, then c
l+2
= 0
and all entries c
l+2k
= 0. (Otherwise
l+(2k+1)
0
(or c
1
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
integer, then c
l+2
l+2k
= 0.
(Otherwise
l+(2k+1)
0
(or c
1
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
integer, then c
l+2
l+2k
= 0. (Otherwise
l+(2k+1)
0
(or c
1
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
integer, then c
l+2
l+2k
= 0. (Otherwise
l+(2k+1)
0
(or c
1
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
integer, then c
l+2
l+2k
= 0. (Otherwise
l+(2k+1)
0
(or c
1
logo1
Series Solution of
_
1x
2
_
y
2xy
+y = 0
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
shows that
integer, then c
l+2
l+2k
= 0. (Otherwise
l+(2k+1)
0
(or c
1
logo1
= l(l +1), Simplifying the Recurrence Relation
c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1) l(l +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k
2
+k l
2
l
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l)(k l) +(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l +1)(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
logo1
c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1) l(l +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k
2
+k l
2
l
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l)(k l) +(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l +1)(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
logo1
c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1) l(l +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k
2
+k l
2
l
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l)(k l) +(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l +1)(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
logo1
c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1) l(l +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k
2
+k l
2
l
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l)(k l) +(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l +1)(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
logo1
c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1) l(l +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k
2
+k l
2
l
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l)(k l) +(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l +1)(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
logo1
c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1) l(l +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k
2
+k l
2
l
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l)(k l) +(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l +1)(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
logo1
c
k+2
=
k(k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k(k +1) l(l +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
k
2
+k l
2
l
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l)(k l) +(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(k +l +1)(k l)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
logo1
Even-Numbered Coefcients, l Even,
c
k+2
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
c
2
=
l(l +1)
2
c
0
c
4
=
(l 2)(l +2+1)
(2+2)(2+1)
c
2
=
l(l 2) (l +3)(l +1)
4!
c
0
c
6
=
(l4)(l+4+1)
(4+2)(4+1)
c
4
=
l(l2)(l4) (l+5)(l+3)(l+1)
6!
c
0
.
.
.
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
c
0
logo1
c
k+2
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
c
2
=
l(l +1)
2
c
0
c
4
=
(l 2)(l +2+1)
(2+2)(2+1)
c
2
=
l(l 2) (l +3)(l +1)
4!
c
0
c
6
=
(l4)(l+4+1)
(4+2)(4+1)
c
4
=
l(l2)(l4) (l+5)(l+3)(l+1)
6!
c
0
.
.
.
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
c
0
logo1
c
k+2
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
c
2
=
l(l +1)
2
c
0
c
4
=
(l 2)(l +2+1)
(2+2)(2+1)
c
2
=
l(l 2) (l +3)(l +1)
4!
c
0
c
6
=
(l4)(l+4+1)
(4+2)(4+1)
c
4
=
l(l2)(l4) (l+5)(l+3)(l+1)
6!
c
0
.
.
.
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
c
0
logo1
c
k+2
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
c
2
=
l(l +1)
2
c
0
c
4
=
(l 2)(l +2+1)
(2+2)(2+1)
c
2
=
l(l 2) (l +3)(l +1)
4!
c
0
c
6
=
(l4)(l+4+1)
(4+2)(4+1)
c
4
=
l(l2)(l4) (l+5)(l+3)(l+1)
6!
c
0
.
.
.
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
c
0
logo1
c
k+2
=
(l k)(l +k +1)
(k +2)(k +1)
c
k
c
2
=
l(l +1)
2
c
0
c
4
=
(l 2)(l +2+1)
(2+2)(2+1)
c
2
=
l(l 2) (l +3)(l +1)
4!
c
0
c
6
=
(l4)(l+4+1)
(4+2)(4+1)
c
4
=
l(l2)(l4) (l+5)(l+3)(l+1)
6!
c
0
.
.
.
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
c
0
logo1
Even-Numbered Coefcients: Closed Formula
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
logo1
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
logo1
c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
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c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
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c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
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c
2n
= (1)
n
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
l(l2)
_
l2(n1)
_
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l+2n1)(l+2n3) (l+1)
(2n)!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
l!2
l
2
+n
_
l
2
+n
_
!
2
l
2
_
l
2
_
!
2
l
2
n
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
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Even-Numbered Coefcients: Re-scaling
c
2n
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
c
l2k
= (1)
l2k
2
(l +l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+
l2k
2
_
!
_
l
2

l2k
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
l
2
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
(l k)!k!
c
0
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
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c
2n
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
c
l2k
= (1)
l2k
2
(l +l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+
l2k
2
_
!
_
l
2

l2k
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
l
2
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
(l k)!k!
c
0
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
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c
2n
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
c
l2k
= (1)
l2k
2
(l +l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+
l2k
2
_
!
_
l
2

l2k
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
l
2
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
(l k)!k!
c
0
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
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c
2n
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
c
l2k
= (1)
l2k
2
(l +l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+
l2k
2
_
!
_
l
2

l2k
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
l
2
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
(l k)!k!
c
0
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
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c
2n
= (1)
n
(l +2n)!
(2n)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+n
_
!
_
l
2
n
_
!
c
0
c
l2k
= (1)
l2k
2
(l +l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
_
l
2
+
l2k
2
_
!
_
l
2

l2k
2
_
!
c
0
= (1)
l
2
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
(l 2k)!l!
__
l
2
_
!
2
(l k)!k!
c
0
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
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c
l2k
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
Choosing c
0
= (1)
l
2
l!
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
gives
P
l
(x) =
l
2
k=0
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
k!(l k)!(l 2k)!
x
l2k
,
which is the customary way the Legendre polynomials are
stated.
(The generalized Legendre equation is good reading.)
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c
l2k
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
Choosing c
0
= (1)
l
2
l!
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
gives
P
l
(x) =
l
2
k=0
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
k!(l k)!(l 2k)!
x
l2k
,
stated.
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c
l2k
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
Choosing c
0
= (1)
l
2
l!
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
gives
P
l
(x) =
l
2
k=0
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
k!(l k)!(l 2k)!
x
l2k
,
stated.
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c
l2k
= (1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
(l 2k)! (l k)!k!
(1)
l
2
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
l!
c
0
Choosing c
0
= (1)
l
2
l!
2
l
__
l
2
_
!
2
gives
P
l
(x) =
l
2
k=0
(1)
k
(2l 2k)!
2
l
k!(l k)!(l 2k)!
x
l2k
,
stated.
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Electron Orbitals
1. As noted earlier, the Legendre equation arises in the
quantum mechanical analysis of the hydrogen atom.
2. y
_
cos()
_
describes how the wave function of the electron
depends on the polar angle .
3. The absolute value of the wave function does not depend
on the azimuthal angle .
4. The dependence on the radius only scales the orbital. It
does not truly affect the shape.
5. So = P
n
_
cos()
_
should give the shapes of the
orbitals when P
n
is a Legendre polynomial.
6. Shape must be carefully interpreted. Large values for
() = P
n
() in the picture indicate a large probability
(density) that the electrons locations polar angle is around
the angle .
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Electron Orbitals
2. y
_
cos()
_
5. So = P
n
_
cos()
_
orbitals when P
n
() = P
n
the angle .
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Electron Orbitals
2. y
_
cos()
_
5. So = P
n
_
cos()
_
orbitals when P
n
() = P
n
the angle .
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Electron Orbitals
2. y
_
cos()
_
5. So = P
n
_
cos()
_
orbitals when P
n
() = P
n
the angle .
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Electron Orbitals
2. y
_
cos()
_
5. So = P
n
_
cos()
_
orbitals when P
n
() = P
n
the angle .
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Electron Orbitals
2. y
_
cos()
_
5. So = P
n
_
cos()
_
orbitals when P
n
() = P
n
the angle .
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Electron Orbitals
2. y
_
cos()
_
5. So = P
n
_
cos()
_
orbitals when P
n
() = P
n
the angle .
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=

P
0
(cos())
: 1s Orbital
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=

P
1
(cos())
: 2p Orbital
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=

P
2
(cos())
: 3d Orbital
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=

P
3
(cos())
: 4f Orbital

Legendre Polynomials

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