Natural Gas: Mixture of gases (Methane) Found in crude oil deposits Pressurized to make LNG Gas is burned off

urned off as waste product in oil industry Synthetic Natural gas created from coal by coal gasification Russia reseves are 20% of world Middle east contains large amount Advantages: large reserves remain, less air pollutant, high energy net Disadvantages; low net energy when LNG, release of CO2, difficult to transport

Coal: Solid fossil fuel Formed by buried remains of plants Older coal, higher carbon content Higher carbon content, higher potential energy stored Peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite Reserves 50%: USA, Russia, China, and India Coal consumption: China, US, India, Russia Advantages: abundant, inexpensive, easy to transport, extract from surface mines Disadvantages: greenhouse gases, SO2 contributes to acid rain, waste ash in holding ponds Strip mining, mountaintop removal, room and pillar mining, and longwall coal mining Hazardous work for miners, acid mine drainage, subsidence, and land disruption(loss of habitat) Shale and Tar: Deposits of rock containing kerogen Hydrocarbons=kerogen Extracted from rock by crushing and heating 70% shale oil is in US

 Oil:

Advantages: large domestic reserves, existing oil infrastructure, easy transport Disadvantages: low net energy, high disturbance to land, Co2, NOx, and Sox Tar sands- mixture of sand, clay, water, and Bitumen Strip mining Bitumen converted to synthetic crude oil Advantages of Tar Sands: large potential reserves, easy transport, oil infrastructure Disadvantages: low net energy, water volumes high, land disruption

Fossil fuel produced when heat and pressure act on decayed organic matter Hydrocarbons with sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen Geologic conditions required for oil to be formed and accumulated Fractional distillation Advantages: high net energy, oil infrastructure, domestically available Disadvantages: dependent on oil imports, potential for oil spills, net energy Oil reserves depleted 80% between 2050 to 2100 Peak oil Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) Controls 60% crude oil reserves Saudi Arabia controls 20%

Charcoal: Biomass fuel created by partially burning wood to remove moisture and increase energy content Used for cooking and heating in developing countries Advantages: inexpensive, higher energy content/unit of mass than wood or dung, easy transport, available, renewable Disadvantages: deforestation, charcoal production hazardous, charcoal produces smoke that unhealthy Deforestation in Haiti