Lectues 11 ano 12

1|e Systems Leve|ooment locess

8omney & SLelnbarL (2012)
ChapLers 20 Lo 22
uescrlbe how organlzaLlons selecL vendors for sofLware purchase
Lxplaln how lnformaLlon sysLem deparLmenLs develop cusLom
sofLware
Lxplaln whaL end-user compuLlng ls, and lLs appllcaLlon Lo
buslnesses
Lxplaln ouLsourclng of lS and lLs pros and cons for buslnesses
Lxplaln buslness process managemenL
uescrlbe Lhe use of proLoLypes ln developlng AlS
uescrlbe Lhe use of compuLer-alded sofLware englneerlng
ulscuss Lhe processes and acLlvlLles of Lhese SuLC processes:
concepLual sysLems deslgn
physlcal sysLems deslgn
sysLems lmplemenLaLlon and converslon
sysLems operaLlon and malnLenance
Systems Leve|ooment L|e Cyc|e
(SLLC)
SysLem Analysls
ConcepLual
ueslgn
hyslcal ueslgn
lmplemenLaLlon
& Converslon
CperaLlons &
MalnLenance
Leve|ooment: Cbta|n|ng An AlS
1hree meLhods:
______________ Lhe sofLware
______________sofLware ln-house
________________: Plre a company Lo
develop and malnLaln new sofLware
nLvL8 1PL 8uSlnLSS Cl CnL? A
u8CPASlnC MAnACL8, 8u1 ALWA?S
1PL 8uSlnLSS Cl
____________________!
luc|as|ng Sotwae
Cff Lhe Shelf (C1S), Canned SofLware
SysLem capablllLles for users wlLh slmllar requlremenLs
1urnkey SysLem
Pardware and sofLware sold as a package
AppllcaLlon Servlce rovlder (AS)
SofLware ls provlded Lo user vla Lhe lnLerneL
AuLomaLes sofLware upgrades
8uslnesses are able Lo focus on core compeLencles
raLher Lhan on Lhe sysLem or sofLware
luc|as|ng Sotwae venoo Se|ect|on
Word of MouLh / 8eferral
8equesL for roposal
LvaluaLe roposals
SelecL a sysLem / vendor
Leve|oo Sotwae |n-|ouse
!"#$#
SlgnlflcanL Llme requlred
ComplexlLy
oor requlremenLs deflned
lnsufflclenL plannlng
lnadequaLe communlcaLlon
and cooperaLlon
Lack of quallfled sLaff
oor Lop managemenL
supporL
%&'()&* (,- .)&/-##
SelecL vendor wlLh
rellable Lrack records
8lgorous conLracL Lerms
and condlLlons
ueLalled plannlng and
frequenL monlLorlng
lrequenL and effecLlve
communlcaLlon
LffecLlve cosL conLrolllng
We only develop software when there is significant
competitive advantage to do so
Lno-bse Comout|ng (LbC)
user-creaLlon, conLrol
and lmplemenLaLlon
More llkely Lo meeL
user needs
1lmellness
lrees up sysLem
resources
versaLlllLy, flexlblllLy
and ease of use
Loglc and developmenL
errors
lnadequaLely LesLed
appllcaLlons
lnefflclenL sysLems: mosL
oorly conLrolled and
documenLed
lncompaLlble sysLems
8edundanL daLa
WasLed resources
lncreased cosLs
Users = Programmers
Lno-bse Comout|ng (LbC)
ueflne approprlaLe uses wlLhln Lhe buslness:
Slmple daLa reLrleval and daLa reporLs
Cne-Llme daLa needs
erformlng whaL-lf / senslLlvlLy analysls
use of sofLware appllcaLlons
reparlng schedules (such as flxed asseL or depreclaLlon
schedules)
users = rogrammers
Inappropriate: complex systems that are
required to process data and do frequent
database update, such as payroll
processing, AR, AP, GL updates.
Cutsouce AlS
AdvanLages:
ConcenLraLe on core
compeLencles
lmproved cash
poslLlon and reduced
expenses
Access Lo greaLer
experLlse and beLLer
Lechnology
Lower cosLs
Less developmenL Llme
LllmlnaLlon of peaks-
and-valleys
laclllLaLes downslzlng
ulsadvanLages:
lnflexlblllLy
Loss of conLrol
8educed
compeLlLlve
advanLage
unfulfllled goals
oor servlce
lncreased rlsk
Met|oos to Leve|oo an AlS
8uslness rocess 8edeslgn / ManagemenL
roLoLyplng
CompuLer-Alded SofLware Lnglneerlng (CASL) 1ools
uus|ness locess 8eoes|gn / Management
88: urasLlc, one-Llme-evenL approach Lo
lmprovlng and auLomaLlng buslness processes
Lvolved lnLo:
00000000000000000000000000000000000000
SysLemaLlc approach Lo conLlnuously lmprovlng and
optimizing an organizations business processes and
lnLroducLlon of Lechnology
use of 8uslness rocess ManagemenL SysLem for
lnLernal conLrols purposes
+%",*#"" -./0#"" 12*23#4#*5 6+-17
It is not advisable to force changes down employees throats. BPM is
preferred for its systematic, bite-sized changes where one can move in
tandem with market conditions and ease into the changes.
lototyo|ng
000000000000000000001
user needs are
uncerLaln or cannoL be
ascerLalned wlLh Lhe
rlghL quesLlons
AlS cannoL be clearly
vlsuallzed
Plgh llkellhood for
fallure
!"#$%& ()#*
Need to work based on a model to ensure
concerns are addressed
lototyo|ng
2345'(56-#
8eLLer deflnlLlon of user
needs
Plgher user lnvolvemenL
and saLlsfacLlon
lasLer developmenL Llme
lewer errors
More opporLunlLy for
changes
Less cosLly
7"#5345'(56-#
SlgnlflcanL Llme from user
requlred
Less efflclenL use of
sysLem resources
1esLlng and
documenLaLlon may be
shorLchanged as users
conducL Lhe LesLlng
negaLlve behavloral
reacLlons from users
MulLlple lLeraLlons and
user requesLs - never-
endlng developmenL
Comoute-A|oeo Sotwae Lng|nee|ng (CASL)
SofLware Lo help plan, analyze, deslgn, program,
and malnLaln an lnformaLlon sysLem
SLraLeglc plannlng
ro[ecL and sysLem managemenL
uaLabase deslgn
Screen and reporL layouL
AuLomaLlc code generaLlon
lmproved producLlvlLy
lmproved program quallLy
CosL savlngs
lmproved conLrol procedures
Slmpllfled documenLaLlon
lncompaLlblllLy
CosL
unmeL expecLaLlons
very expensive, only huge
organizations can afford it at times
Systems Leve|ooment L|e Cyc|e
(SLLC)
SysLem Analysls
ConcepLual
ueslgn
hyslcal ueslgn
lmplemenLaLlon
& Converslon
CperaLlons &
MalnLenance
Conceotua| Les|gn
LvaluaLe ueslgn
AlLernaLlves
CrganlzaLlonal and
sysLem ob[ecLlves
Lo be meL
user needs Lo be
meL
Lconomlcally
feaslble
AdvanLages vs.
dlsadvanLages
Conceotua| Les|gn: leoa|ng ano
8eoot|ng Les|gn Soec||cat|ons
CuLpuL
Pow ofLen?
WhaL should reporLs conLaln?
WhaL should reporLs look llke?
Should reporLs be onllne or hard copy or boLh?
uaLa SLorage
WhaL daLa elemenLs musL be sLored Lo produce a reporL?
Pow Lhey should be sLored?
WhaL Lype of flle or daLabase should be used?
lnpuL
Where, when, and how Lo collecL Lhe daLa?
rocesslng rocedures and CperaLlons
8eporLlng: Cb[ecLlves, flndlngs, recommendaLlons
Systems Leve|ooment L|e Cyc|e (SLLC)
SysLem Analysls
ConcepLual
ueslgn
hyslcal ueslgn
lmplemenLaLlon
& Converslon
CperaLlons &
MalnLenance
l|ys|ca| Les|gn
l|ys|ca| Les|gn: Cutout, l||e ano
Latabase Les|gn
CuLpuL: deLermlne Lhe
naLure, formaL, conLenL,
and Llmlng of reporLs,
documenLs, and screen
dlsplays.
1ypes of CuLpuL:
Scheduled reporLs
Speclal-purpose analysls
reporLs
1rlggered excepLlon
reporLs
uemand reporLs
users Lo verlfy samples
and conflrm accepLable
llle and daLabase deslgn:
SLorage medlum
rocesslng mode
uaLa malnLenance
8ecord slze
AcLlvlLy level
l|ys|ca| Les|gn: lnout Les|gn
ConslderaLlons:
Medlum how ls lL enLered
uaLa source
CapLure formaL
uaLa Lype
volume of daLa enLry
Who enLers Lhe daLa and how ofLen
ls Lralnlng requlred for daLa
Pow much cosL ls lncurred and ls Lhere a way Lo
mlnlmlze cosL
Pow can error be deLecLed and correcLed?
l|ys|ca| Les|gn: lnout Les|gn
lorms ueslgn rlnclples (lnclude Lhose we
learnL ln lS conLrols)
CompuLer screen deslgn promoLe efflclency
and effecLlveness ln daLa enLry
Screen organlzaLlon
Loglcal grouplng of relaLed daLa
Loglcal organlzaLlon accordlng Lo eye movemenLs
LefL-8lghL, 1op-8oLLom
Avold cluLLer on screen opLlons
Lase of errors correcLlon vla error messages and
onllne asslsLance
l|ys|ca| Les|gn: logam Les|gn
1. ueLermlne user needs <- SLarLs aL sysLem analysls
2. CreaLe and documenL developmenL plan <- sLarLs aL
concepLual sysLems deslgn
3. WrlLe program lnsLrucLlons (code Lhe sysLem).
4. 1esL Lhe program (debug for errors).
3. uocumenL Lhe program.
6. 1raln Lhe users.
7. lnsLall Lhe sysLem. <- sLreLches lnLo sysLem
lmplemenLaLlon and converslon
8. use and modlfy Lhe sysLem. <- sLreLches lnLo operaLlon
and malnLenance
MCS1 1lML CCnSuMlnC PASL ln SuLC, Lakes place across SuLC
phases
sLreLches lnLo sysLem
lmplemenLaLlon
l|ys|ca| Les|gn: loceoues ano Conto|s
rocedures for who,
whaL, where, why, when:
lnpuL preparaLlon
1ransacLlon processlng
Lrror deLecLlon and
correcLlon
ConLrols
8econclllaLlon of
balances
uaLabase access
CuLpuL preparaLlon and
dlsLrlbuLlon
CompuLer operaLor
lnsLrucLlons
ConLrol conslderaLlons:
valldlLy
AuLhorlzaLlon
Accuracy
SecurlLy
numerlcal conLrol
AvallablllLy
MalnLalnablllLy
lnLegrlLy
AudlL conLrol
lmo|ementat|on ano Conves|on
0000000000000000000
8mplemenLaLlon Lask
expecLed
compleLlon daLe
roles &
responslblllLles
00000000000000000000
Scheduled ln
advance,
employees Lo be
Lralned on hardware,
sofLware, new
pollcles and
procedures,
varlous opLlons such
as manual, onllne
Lralnlng, classroom
Lralnlng
One layer training another
layer better than having
expensive training for all
employees
lmo|ementat|on 8 Conves|on: 1yoes o
Locumentat|on
uevelopmenL uocumenLaLlon
AlS sysLem descrlpLlon, coples of ouLpuL, lnpuL, and
flle and daLabase layouLs, program flowcharLs, LesL
resulLs, and user accepLance forms
CperaLlons uocumenLaLlon
lncludes operaLlng schedules, flles and daLabases
accessed, and equlpmenL, securlLy, and flle-
reLenLlon requlremenLs
user uocumenLaLlon
user-focused: how Lo operaLe Lhe AlS, lL lncludes a
procedures manual and Lralnlng maLerlals
lmo|ementat|on 8 Conves|on: System
1est|ng 1yoes
95*$:;,)&<6,
SLep-by-sLep revlews of procedures or program
loglc Lo flnd lncorrecL loglc, errors, omlsslons, or
oLher problems
=)&/-##"'6 ;-#( 75(5
uslng boLh valld LransacLlons and all posslble error
condlLlons
2//-.(5'/- ;-#(#
8eal LransacLlons and flles raLher Lhan hypoLheLlcal
ones
users develop Lhe crlLerla Lo declde accepLance
Conves|on: lom C|o to lLv
7")-/(
1ermlnaLes Lhe old AlS when Lhe new one ls lnLroduced
=5)5**-*
CperaLes Lhe old and new sysLems slmulLaneously for a
perlod before Lhe old one ls phased ouL
=,5#-:"'
Cradually replaces elemenLs of Lhe old AlS wlLh Lhe new
one
="*&(
lmplemenLs a sysLem ln one parL of Lhe organlzaLlon, such
as a branch locaLlon
Locallzes converslon problems and allows Lralnlng ln a llve
envlronmenL
Running both systems simultaneously before phasing one of them out
Good for large-scale (worldwide) changes
Test out changes before implementation to discover and fine-tune
Systems Leve|ooment L|e Cyc|e
(SLLC)
SysLem Analysls
ConcepLual
ueslgn
hyslcal ueslgn
lmplemenLaLlon
& Converslon
CperaLlons &
MalnLenance
Coeat|ons ano Ma|ntenance
osL-lmplemenLaLlon 8evlew: wheLher Lhe sysLem
meeLs lLs planned ob[ecLlves
Areas Lo be revlewed: ________________________
____________________________________________
lacLors Lo lnvesLlgaLe
Coals & Cb[ecLlves
SaLlsfacLlon
8eneflLs and CosLs
8ellablllLy, Accuracy, 1lmellness
CompaLlblllLy
ConLrols and securlLy
Lrrors
1ralnlng & CommunlcaLlons
CrganlzaLlonal changes
uocumenLaLlon
()#.# 29;%"54#*5"<0)2*3#"
02* 8# 429# 5/ 299.#"" ,""%#" 5)25 2.# %*0/:#.#9
ln SbMMA8?
SysLem Analysls
ConcepLual
ueslgn
hyslcal ueslgn
lmplemenLaLlon
& Converslon
CperaLlons &
MalnLenance
1ransacLlonal cycles:
8evenue
LxpendlLure
ayroll
llxed AsseL
Converslon (roducLlon)
hyslcal conLrols
l1 / lS conLrols