Unit Three The Rise (and fall) of American Nationalism Part 7: The Age of Jefferson (1800-181 ) (Reading !

"180-#1$)
A" The Jefferson Presidenc%: &e tried to 'in the allegiance of the (eds )% maintaining the *an+ and &amilton,s de)t-re!a%ment !lan and carried on the ne-tralit% !olic% of Adams and ./ (des!ite his earlier criticism and resignation o0er it)" &o'e0er1 he did attem!t to stic+ to his idea of limited central go0ernment" &e red-ced militar% si2e1 eliminated federal 3o)s1 re!ealed e4cise ta4es1 lo'ered national de)t" &e onl% !-t Re!s on his ca)inet (as this 'o-ld ho!ef-ll% get rid of the )ic+ering that had ta+en !lace -nder ./") *" Jefferson,s (irst Term: Relati0el% free of tro-)le" a" The 5o-isiana P-rchase: 1800 (rance forced 6!ain to gi0e this h-ge tract )ac+ to (rance" Na!oleon,s goal 'as to restore the (rench em!ire in North America" *% 18071 this goal 'as lost for t'o reasons: i" Needed to concentrate (rench forces on fighting 8ngland ii" To-ssaint l,9-0ert-re,s re0olt on 6anto :omingo (:om" Re!";&aiti) res-lted in hea0% (rench losses" )" /h% the U"6 )o-ght the Territor%: 6ettlers in the 'est -sed the ri0er1 and the !ort of Ne' 9rleans1 thro-gh Pinc+ne%,s Treat%" &o'e0er1 the 6!anish re0o+ed the Treat% in 180# (the% had gi0en )ac+ 5o-isiana1 )-t still controlled Ne' 9rleans") The% re0o+ed the right of de!osit1 and the American frontier fol+ 'anted go0ernment action< TJ 'as concerned that as long as a foreign !o'er held Ne' 9rleans1 the U6 'o-ld )e entangled in 8-ro affairs" i" Negotiations: TJ sent ministers to (rance 'ith instr-ctions to offer -! to =10 million for Ne' 9rleans ('hich 'as no' -nder control of (rance)" >f this fails1 the ministers 'ere to go to *ritain and see+ a U"6" *ritish alliance to get the !ort )ac+" Na!oleon decided to sell the 'hole territor% for =1? million" ii. @onstit-tional Pinch for TJ: Strict vs. loose interpretation (TJs basic reason for being was his insistence that if its not listed, the federal government cant do itvery hypocritical.) is e!c"se for doing it, he said, fell "nder the presidents power to ma#e treaties. The $ederalists critici%ed (only in &merica) b"t the 'ep"blican Senate ("ic#ly ratified the p"rchase. iii. @onseA-ences: )ore than do"bles si%e of *S, removed a foreign presence ($rance), and spread the frontier beyond the )ississippi. +t also strengthened TJs assertion that the f"t"re of the co"ntry was agric"lt"re. ,olitically, it made TJ very pop"lar and made the $eds loo# li#e a b"nch of -ostonian whiners. iv. 5e'is and @lar+: .!pedition was approved before the p"rchase. Set o"t in /012 from St. 3o"is, crossed 'oc#ies, and ended "p on the 4ol"mbia 'iver in 5regon Territory. 'et"rned in /016 with the following benefits: scientific #nowledge of "ne!plored territory, improved native relations, developed land ro"tes and maps for f"r traders. ow important is it to have a frontier in &merica7 c. The John )arshall 4o"rt: The $ederalists still controlled the co"rt system, as these men co"ld not be removed witho"t impeachment. They, especially )arshall, act as a real pain in the ass for the 'ep"blicans. i. John )arshall: & 8irginian co"sin of TJ, he was appointed in the final months of &dams presidency. Served for 92 years, and e!erted as m"ch power as :;. is decisions strengthened the central government, at the e!pense of states rights. /. )arb"ry v. )adison: (/019) TJ ordered SecState )adison not to deliver the commissions to those federalist <"dges that &dams had appointed in his last days in office. ;illiam )arb"ry, one of the =midnight appointments,> s"ed for his commission as <"stice of the

peace. ;ent before the 4o"rt in /019, where )arshall r"led that )arb"ry had the right to his commission, according to the J"diciary &ct of /?0@. owever, )arshall also r"led that the J"diciary &ct of /?0@ was itself "nconstit"tional beca"se it had given more power to the 4o"rt than the 4onstit"tion allowed. ;hat7 -asically, one branch cannot force another branch to do something, this wo"ld give one branch too m"ch power. This establishes the concept of J"dicial 'eview. $rom this point on, the S"preme 4o"rt had the power to r"le acts of 4ongress or ,residential orders "nconstit"tional. A. J"dicial +mpeachments: TJ wants to get rid of some of these $ederalist <"dges. e began a campaign of impeachment, and act"ally had two <"stices impeached and one of those removed from office. a. John ,ic#ering (district <"dge) was impeached and remo0ed (insanit%1 )-t a A-estiona)le case)1 )-t 6am-el @hase (6-!reme @o-rt) 'as im!eached (too federalist1 there)% slo'ing do'n !rogress of go0ernment) )-t not remo0ed1 6enate fo-nd not eno-gh 0otes (#;7) to o-st him) this sets the 0al-a)le !recedent of not -sing im!eachment merel% as a !olitical 'ea!on" >magine the !ossi)ilities 'ith that< b. owever, this =h"nt> led to the $ederalist <"dges becoming m"ch more moderate and nonpartisan. &lso, TJ s"spended the &lien and Sedition &cts, and freed those who were <ailed by them (he co"ld have "sed those &cts for his own gain, b"t chose not to.) 4. Jeffersons Second Term: (/012) e won all b"t /2 of the /?6 electoral votes. This term had some tro"bles. i. &aron -"rr: The 'ep"blicans chose not to r"n -"rr as 8, again. -"rr, having some free time, chose to become one of the bigger assholes in &merican history. /. ,residentB8ice-President @haos: 8lection of 1800Bgoes to the &o-se 'here Ale4ander &amilton !ers-ades (eds to )rea+ a deadloc+ and 0ote for TJ on 7 th )allot" A. $ederalist 4onspiracy: -"rr secretly formed an alliance with some Cew .ngland $ederalists in /012. e wo"ld r"n for :overnor of CD, "nite CD with the Cew .ngland states, and then p"ll the whole region o"t of the *nion. ;hat a geni"sE -"rr, than#s to that meddling amilton, lost the election and the conspiracy disappeared. 9. The F"el: amilton allegedly made an ins"lting remar# abo"t -"rr at a dinner. -"rr fo"nd o"t and challenged amilton to a d"el in ;eehaw#en, CJ in /012. amilton fired into the air, -"rr fired into amiltons chest. -"rr was now on the r"n. 2. Trial for Treason: (/016) -"rr was now plotting to ta#e )e!ico from Spain, <oin it with 3o"isiana, then r"le the whole thing himself. +diot. TJ ordered the arrest of -"rr. )arshall was the <"dge at the trial, the <"ry ac("itted -"rr beca"se )arshall had instr"cted them that treason had to be proven thro"gh several witnesses, which the prosec"tion did not have. 5.J. did it. ii. Fiffic"lties &broad: TJ fights to maintain *S ne"trality, despite the p"ll from both .ngland and $rance to fight. 1" *ar)ar% Pirates: ./ and Adams had !aid off these Tri!olitan menaces 'ith tri)-te" *asicall%1 'e !aid the go0ernments of the Tri!olitan states and1 in e4change1 the% 'o-ld not attac+ o-r shi!s" C-ite mafia-li+e" TJ ta+es office and the Pasha of Tri!oli 'ants to do-)le the tri)-te" >nstead of !a%ing1 TJ sends a small U6 na0al fleet to the Ded" The fighting lasted $ %ears (1801-180?)" U6 did not achie0e decisi0e 0ictor%1 )-t did achie0e some res!ect and the shi!s 'ere -sed to !rotect American merchants on the Ded" &o'e0er1

after the *ar)ar% /ars1 the U"6" 'ent )ac+ to !a%ing the tri)-te -ntil the *rits came in and hel!ed" #" U"6" ne-tralit% challenged: (rance and *ritain 'ere engaged in the Na!oleonic /ars" /e 'ere tr%ing to trade 'ith )oth sides1 therefore each na0% 'as )loc+ading !orts" 6hi!s and cargo 'ere sei2ed1 )-t the *rits 'ere 'orse )eca-se the% im!ressed sailors into ser0ice" 9. @hesa!ea+eG3eopard &ffair: (/01?) $ew miles off coast of 8irginia, the -rit 3eopard fired on &merican warship 3eopard. Three &mericans #illed, 2 others impressed. &mericans called for war, b"t TJ remained ne"tral and "sed diplomacy. 2. 8m)argo Act of 1807: ,rohibited &merican merchant ships from traveling to any foreign port. :eni"s. The idea was that the -rits co"ld not s"rvive witho"t "s as a trade partner. They simply s"bbed s"pplies from So"th &merica. The effect on the *.S. economy was devastating, especially to the shipb"ilding fol#s in Cew .ngland and 8irginia. )any in Cew .ngland ("ietly tal#ed of secession. H. NonG+nterco"rse &ct: (/01@) TJ repealed the .mbargo &ct in his last days of presidency, b"t this &ct said *.S. ships co"ld trade with all nations e!cept -ritain and $rance. F. The James )adison ,residency: a" The 8lection of 1808: Dadison defeats @harles Pinc+ne%1 )-t in @ongress the (ederalists gain seats than+s to the insi!id 8m)argo Act" Dadison 'as not a great s!ea+er1 he 'as a !hiloso!her t%!e" 6o in the election he act-all% defeated t'o other Re!-)lican candidates as 'ell as the (ed" /h% did Dadison go from a-thoring the @onstit-tion to )ecoming a states, rights g-%E )" @ommercial /elfare: Dadison tried to sta% ne-tral in 8-ro!e1 )-t certain things )-ild -! to finall% get the U6 in0ol0ed in 181#" i" Noninterco-rse Act of 180F: :-m) idea" The% are o-r t'o )iggest trade !artners" >t,s li+e going to Dc:onald,s )-t the% are not ser0ing )eef or @o+e" ii" Dacon,s *ill No" # (1810): This )ill restored U6 trade 'ith *rits and (renchies" *-t1 it said that if one of these !o'ers 'o-ld formall% res!ect U"6" ne-tral rights at sea1 then 'e 'o-ld )an trade 'ith that co-ntr%,s enem%" iii" Na!oleon,s :ece!tion: Na!oleon said he recogni2ed o-t ne-tralit%1 'e in0o+ed Dacon,s *ill No" #1 (an em)argo on *rit goods commenced in 1811)" The (rench +e!t right on sei2ing o-r shi!s" /hat a dic+" c. The ;ar of /0/A: Ceither side wanted war, b"t both got it anywayE i. 4a"ses of the ;ar: A basic ca"ses from &merican point of view: /. $ree Seas and Trade: -oth $rance and -ritain were violating o"r rights, b"t the -rits were impressing and they controlled the &tlantic, which meant we saw and heard a lot more abo"t them. )ost &mericans s"pported the $rench beca"se they had <"st #ic#ed o"t their own monarch. ;e wanted to trade, and these two assholes did not care what we wanted, they <"st tho"ght they were the most important things in the world. Selfishness ca"sed this problem. A. $rontier ,ress"res: $rontiersmen wanted -ritish 4anada and Spanish $lorida, and standing in their way were the -rits, the Spanish, and their native allies. a. .!ample, in /0// Tec"mseh and the ,rophet, Shawnee twins, attempted to set "p an alliance with all native tribes east of the )ississippi. ;hite settlers grew s"spicio"s, so the governor of +ndiana Territory, ;illiam enry arrison, too# aggressive action. &t the -attle of Tippecanoe arrison destroyed the Shawnee I and ended the +ndian confederacy. -"t, the -rits

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had given some s"pplies to these +ndians, and the frontiersmen were pissed. ,rophet (Tens#watawa) was #illedJc"rse on arrison. ;ar aw#s: /0/1 midGterm election bro"ght in a b"nch of new, aggressive 'ep"blicans to the o"se (many from the frontier states.) They were called war haw#s beca"se they s"pported war with -ritain (this had won many of them their elections). enry 4lay, John 4. 4alho"n and others advocated war as a way of defending &merican honor, gaining 4anada, and destroying native resistance. Feclaration of ;ar: -rits were trying to get a bill thro"gh ,arliament g"aranteeing *S ne"trality rights, b"t they were too slow. 4ongress declares war days after ,arliament passed a bill s"spended its naval bloc#ade. Too late, -rits have a b"ttG#ic#ing comingE owever, voting against the ;ar were CD, CJ, C.. 8lection of 181#: :es!ite northern o!!osition1 Dadison 'on reelection (defeating :e'itt @linton of NG1 he 'as the (ederalist;Anti-/ar Re!-)lican candidate") 9!!osition to the /ar: HDr" Dadison,s /ar1I as it 'as +no' to o!!onents1 'as not real !o!-lar" Three gro-! in !artic-lar o!!osed the 'ar: a" Ne' 8ngland Derchants: The% 'ere ma+ing lots of mone% after re!eal of 8m)argo and the% sa' im!ressments as a minor incon0enience" Also1 the area 'as !rimaril% Protestant1 and *ritain 'as a Protestant all% in their minds against a @atholic (rance" )" (ederalist Politicians: Jie'ed the 'ar as a Re!-)lican scheme to conA-er @anada and (lorida1 'ith -ltimate aim to increase Re!-)lican 0oting strength" c" HC-idsI: These Hold Re!-)licansI said the 'ar 0iolated the classic Re!-)lican commitment to limited federal !o'er and to the maintenance of the !eace" Dilitar% :efeats and Na0al Jictories: American 0ictor% 'as )ased -!on Na!oleon,s contin-ed s-ccess in 8-ro!e and a U"6" land cam!aign against @anada" a" >n0asion of @anada: Not s-ccessf-l1 easil% re!-lsed )% the *rits" Americans raided and )-rned the go0ernment )-ildings in Gor+ (Toronto) onl% ser0ing to !iss off the *rits and see+ retaliation in :@" )" Na0al *attles: U"6"6" @onstit-tion s-n+ a *rit shi! off No0a 6cotia1 !ri0ateers 'ere s-ccessf-l in attac+ing *rit merchant shi!s1 'hile the *rit na0% com!letel% )loc+aded the eastern sea)oard" Dost im!ortant na0al )attle of 'ar 'as *attle of 5a+e 8rie1 'here #8-%ear-old 9li0er &a2ard Perr% 'on" /o'1 a )attle on a la+e" 5ater1 at the )attle of Thames Ri0er1 &arrison,s men +illed Tec-mseh" *eca-se of these and other 0ictories on the 5a+es1 the *rits 'ere forced to a)andon their !lan of in0ading NG and NG in 181$" c. @hesa!ea+e @am!aign: /0/2, Capoleon is defeated, allowing -rits to send more forces to &merica. S"mmer /0/2, -rits b"rned F4 (;hite o"se, 4apitol, etc.) b"t $t. )c enry held o"t in -altimore. d. 6o-thern @am!aign: &ndy Jac#son was #ic#ing ass in the So"th. -attle of orseshoe -end in &labama, Jac#son destroyed the fighting spirit of the -rits best native ally, the 4ree#s. This also opened new lands to white settlers. The

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-attle of Cew 5rleans (Jan. 0, /0/H) was the first time the *S defeated the -rits first team witho"t ."ro assistance, even tho"gh it too# place after the Treaty of :hent. The Treat% of .hent: -elgi"m, 4hristmas .ve, /0/2. i" *rits 'ere tired1 fighting Na!oleon for 10 %ears1 no' 'ere ser0ing as !eace+ee!ers in 8-ro!e1 :on,t 'ant to s!read too thin" ii" Terms of Peace: /. alt to fighting. A. 'et"rn of all con("ered territory to preGwar conditions. 9. 'ecognition of the prewar bo"ndary between 4anada and *S. 2. 'atified by Senate in /0/H. The treaty did nothing abo"t those things that ca"sed the war, b"t -rit war with $rance was over, and those conditions were now gone. The artford 4onvention: eld in Fec. /0/2, the $ed states wanted o"t (or at least to amend the 4onstit"tion.) 5ne thing they wanted (and got) was a AB9 vote by 4ongress in f"t"re war declarations. owever, news ("ic#ly came (<"st after the 4onvention wrapped) abo"t the Treaty and Cew 5rleans, ma#ing the $eds loo# li#e a party of "nG&merican wimps. This was the final nail in the coffin for the $ederalist ,arty. The /ar,s 5egac%: i" The U6 had no' s-r0i0ed t'o 'ars against a ma3or 8-ro !o'er1 granting the ne' nation res!ect" ii" U6 recogni2es @anada as a neigh)or and !art of the *rit em!ire" iii" (ederalist Part% declined1 e0en in Ne' 8ngland" i0" Tal+ of n-llification and secession set a !recedent that 'o-ld later )e -sed )% the 6o-th" 0" Nati0es in /est 'ere forced to s-rrender lots of their land as soon as the *rits sold them o-t" 0i" U"6" )-ilt more factories (d-e to )loc+ade) and U6 )ecomes more ind-striall% self s-fficient" 0ii" A ne' generation of leaders 'as emerging1 incl-ding Jac+son and &arrison" 0iii" American nationalism soared as a res-lt of 'inning the 'ar" There 'as a gro'ing )elief that the f-t-re of America la% in the /est1 and a'a% from 8-ro!e"

Readings from .arrat%:

HDar)-r% 0" DadisonI !" 1 # HJefferson1 Adams1 and the American :ialog-eI !" 17#

Term 5ist1 Part 7

Thomas Jefferson Jeffersonian Jision Noah /e)ster /ashington >r0ing Dason /eems

:eism T-rn!i+e 8ra 5o-isiana P-rchase Na!oleon *ona!arte To-ssaint l,9-0ert-re 6trict 0s" 5oose @onstr-ction 5e'is and @lar+ e4!edition Ke)-lon Pi+e John Darshall J-dicial re0ie' Dar)-r% 0" Dadison 6am-el @hase Aaron *-rr *-rr @ons!irac% HC-idsI *ar)ar% !irates *ar)ar% /ars Ne-tralit% >m!ressment Unitarianism The 6econd .reat A'a+ening John /esle% @am! Deetings 6am-el 6later 8li /hitne% >nterchangea)le Parts @hesa!ea+e-5eo!ard Affair 8m)argo Act James Dadison Noninterco-rse Act Dacon,s *ill No" # Tec-mseh The Pro!het /illiam &enr% &arrison *attle of Ti!!ecanoe /ar ha'+s &enr% @la% John @" @alho-n /ar of 181# HR-le of 17? I H9ld >ronsidesI *attle of 5a+e 8rie 9li0er &a2ard Perr% *attle of Thames Ri0er Thomas Dacdono-gh *attle of 5a+e @ham!lain (rancis 6cott Le% H6tar 6!angled *annerI Andre' Jac+son *attle of &orseshoe *end @ree+ Nation *attle of Ne' 9rleans Treat% of .hent &artford @on0ention The 5egac% of the /ar of 181#

Part 8: Nationalism and 8conomic :e0elo!ment (!" #1 -##F)

A" The 8ra of .ood (eelings: James Donroe,s t'o terms in office (1817-18#?) The !erce!tion is that the co-ntr% 'as -nified for the first time1 (ederalist Part% 'as d%ing1 and Re!-)licans had s-!!ort thro-gho-t the co-ntr%" &o'e0er1 this !erce!tion 'as o0ersim!lified" :e)ates raged o0er tariffs1 the national )an+1 internal im!ro0ements1 and !-)lic land sales" 6ectionalist arg-ments o0er sla0er% 'ere starting1 and the Re!-)licans themsel0es 'ere getting read% to )rea+ -!" The act-al 8ra of .ood (eelings lasted onl% from 181 -181F (Panic of 181F)" a" James Donroe: &ad )een !art of ./,s arm% at Jalle% (orge" &ad ser0ed as Dadison,s 6ec6tate (a !rominent !lace from 'hich to )ecome !resident)" And he contin-ed the Jirginia d%nast% ($ o-t of first ?)" Prominent legac%E The acA-isition of (lorida1 the Disso-ri @om!romise1 and the Donroe :octrine" )" @-lt-ral Nationalism: The nation 'as gro'ing %o-nger (in 0oting age1 an%'a%) and these %o-nger Americans 'anted to loo+ 'est'ard instead of )ac+ to'ard 8-ro!e" These !eo!le 'ere )ecoming nationalists" Patriotism !la%ed a large role (Parson Dason /eems, fictional )io of ./M the !aintings of @harles /ilson Peale (nat-ralist !ainter)1 .il)ert 6t-art ('hose !ainting of ./ 'as co!ied for the one dollar )ill) and John Tr-m)allM Noah /e)ster,s )l-e )ac+ed s!eller1 'hich !romoted !atriotism )% t%ing reading to histor% and /e)ster,s dictionar%" This era tied nationalism and !atriotism in 'ith ed-cation" Also1 6econd .reat A'a+ening +ic+ed in 18011 it 'as )ased on Dethodism and )a!tism" This one stressed sal0ation thro-gh good deeds and tolerance for all !rotestant sects" This re0i0al attracted 'omen1 )lac+s and nati0es to the ch-rches" c" 8conomic Nationalism: United 6tates 'ants to accom!lish t'o )asic things in this time !eriod1 someho' s-)sidi2e internal im!ro0ements and !rotect the )-dding U"6" ind-str% from stiff 8-ro com!etition" i" Tariff of 181 : The first !rotecti0e tariff in U6 histor%" /h% did 'e need itE To !rotect the ne'l% )orn in the 'ar ind-str% in the northeast" Dan% of these factories 'ere !rod-cing things !re0io-sl% im!orted from .*" There 'as fear that *rit goods 'o-ld flood the mar+et and dri0e American man-fact-ring to r-in" >ronicall%1 the Ne' 8ngland 'as the onl% section of the co-ntr% to o!!ose this tariff1 the 6o-th and /est )oth s-!!orted it as something America needed for national !ros!erit%" ii" &enr% @la%,s American 6%stem: &as an interest in national office1 comes -! 'ith an idea to ad0ance America,s economic gro'th" 1" Protecti0e Tariffs: 'o-ld !romote American man-fact-ring and raise re0en-e 'ith 'hich %o- co-ld !a% for internal im!ro0ements" #" A National *an+: /o-ld +ee! this s%stem r-nning smoothl% )% !ro0iding a national c-rrenc%" 7" >nternal >m!ro0ements : *-ild a national federall% f-nded and constr-cted roads and canals" $" *enefits: tariffs 'o-ld )enefit the 8ast1 internal im!ro0ements 'o-ld )enefit gro'th in the /est and 6o-th1 and the *an+ 'o-ld hel! e0er%)od%" T'o of these 'ere alread% in o!eration )% 181 1 the !rotecti0e tariff of 181 and the chartering of the 6econd *an+ of the U6 (the first *an+,s charter had )een allo'ed to e4!ire )% TJ in 1811)" ?" Pro)lems: Dadison and Donroe )oth agreed that the @onstit-tion did not allo' for federal s!ending for internal im!ro0ements" *oth tho-ght this 'as a state iss-e" Donroe contin-all% 0etoed canal and road )-ilding )ills !assed )% @ongress" iii" The Panic of 181F: @a-sed 'hen the *an+ of the U6 tightened credit in an effort to control inflation" 5eads to deflation1 -nem!lo%ment1 )an+ closings1 )an+r-!tcies1 and men sent to de)tors, !rison" The de!ression 'as most

se0ere in the /est 'here land 'as )o-ght on credit" *an+s 'ere foreclosing on !eo!le,s farms1 ca-sing man% 'esterners to call for the end of the *an+ and de)tors, !risons" i0" Political @hanges: The Re!-)licans 'ere changing" 1" 6ome1 li+e John Randol!h1 'anted the old Re!-)lican !art% of limited national go0ernment" &o'e0er1 most Re!-)licans ado!ted the old (ederalist !rogram of a large standing arm%1 a national )an+1 etc (all the old things that &amilton had de0ised") #" 6ome made !olitical statements that the% 'o-ld later regret" (84: :aniel /e)ster 0oted against the Tariffs of 181 and 18#$1 onl% to go for a m-ch higher one in 18#8 (sectionalism") @alho-n started o-t as a nationalist Re!-)lican 'ho 'o-ld radicall% change those 0ie's" ) 7" The #-term tradition ended Donroe,s !residenc%1 and the 8lection of 18#$ tore the Re!-)licans a!art" 0" Darshall @o-rt decisions: Altho-gh Re!-)lican !resident,s had a!!ointed Re!-)lican 3-stices to the 6-!reme @o-rt1 'hen the% got to the co-rt the% gre' to -nderstand that the central go0ernment m-st )e so0ereign o0er the states" 1" (letcher 0" Pec+: (1810)-.eorgia-a state co-ld not !ass legislation in0alidating a contract" This is the first time a state la' had )een fo-nd -nconstit-tional )% the 6@" #" Dartin 0" &-nter,s 5essee: (181 )- 6@ has 3-risdiction o0er state co-rts in cases in0ol0ing constit-tional rights" 7" :artmo-th @ollege 0" /ood'ard: (181F)-Ne' &am!shire tried to change :artmo-th from a !ri0ate college into a !-)lic one" Darshall said a state co-ld not alter the contract of a !ri0ate cor!oration" $" Dc@-lloch 0" Dar%land: (181F)-:oes @ongress ha0e the !o'er to create a *an+1 e0en tho-gh @onstit-tion did not mention itE And1 co-ld a state !lace a ta4 on a federall% created )an+E Dar%land 'anted to ta4 the 6econd *an+ of the U6" Darshall said the federal go0ernment had the im!lied !o'er to create a )an+1 )-t a state co-ld not ta4 a federal instit-tion )eca-se the H!o'er to ta4 is the !o'er to destro%I and federal la's are s-!reme o0er state la's" ?" @ohens 0" Jirginia: (18#1)- The @ohens 'ere con0icted of selling /ashington :"@" lotter% tic+ets 'hich 'ere a-thori2ed )% @ongress" Darshall -!held the con0iction1 the ma3or !oint )eing that the 6@ co-ld re0ie' a state co-rt,s decision in0ol0ing an% !o'ers of the federal go0ernment (in this case1 the selling of the ti4") " .i))ons 0" 9gden: (18#1)-(ederal control of interstate commerce" NG had tried to grant a mono!ol% to a steam)oat com!an%" 6ince this traffic as not 3-st limited to NG1 the federal go0ernment declared the mono!ol% -nconstit-tional" 0i" /estern 6ettlement and the Disso-ri @om!romise: )% 18#1 the !o!-lation in the /est had do-)led" 1" Reasons for /est'ard Do0ement: a" Ta+ing of nati0e lands (&arrison and Jac+son1 etc") )" 8conomic Press-res: To-gh economic conditions in the 8ast )ro-ght on )% em)argo and 'ar ca-sed man% to mo0e 'est for fresh start" c" >m!ro0ed Trans!ortation: Roads1 canals1 steam)oats and railroad" 8rie @anal 'as o!ened in 18#? connecting NG 'ith the .reat 5a+es" >t1 along 'ith the @-m)erland Road (a+a the National Road1 constr-cted 1811-18?01 first

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7"

high'a% )-ilt )% the national go0ernment1 stretched from Dar%land to >llinois" 90erland shi!!ing )rings the 'est and north closer together")1 hel!ed to connect the North and the /est1 lea0ing the 6o-th o-t in the cold" d" >mmigrants: 9ffers of chea! land in the .reat 5a+es1 @-m)erland1 and Dississi!!i Ri0er areas attracted them" *% 18#01 minim-m 80 acre lots 'ere selling for =1"#? !er acre" This is not as chea! as )ac+ in 17F 'hen %o- co-ld get -! to minim-m $0 acres at =#"00 an acre" 9f co-rse1 Ne' 8nglanders o!!osed this chea! land gi0ea'a% )eca-se the% 'ere not seeing the mone% from the sales1 nor 'ere the% attached to an% of this -ne4!lored acreage" Ne' C-estions and >ss-es: a" /estern >nterests: Three )asic things !eo!le in the /est 'anted: i" H@hea! mone%I-meaning1 the% 'anted eas% credit from state )an+s instead of the National *an+" ii" 5o' land !rices1 co-rtes% of the go0ernment" iii" >m!ro0ed trans!ortation i0" 6la0er%-'esterners disagreed on it" 6o-therners s-!!orted it for cotton la)or" Disso-ri,s a!!lication for statehood in 181F heated -! the iss-e" The Disso-ri @om!romise: 6ince 17F1 the @ongress had attem!ted a sectional )alance (North and 6o-th") &o'e0er1 )% 1818 the North had a !o!-lation ad0antage o0er the 6o-th1 leading to a 10?-81 ad0antage in the &o-se" The 6enate 'as e0en at 11 states each" This 'a%1 so-thern senators co-ld still )loc+ la's that 'ere disad0antageo-s to them" a" Disso-ri had sla0er%" North o)0io-sl% o!!osed this" >t 'as also the first of the 5o-isiana P-rchase territories to a!!l%" /hat the% decide here co-ld esta)lish sla0er% or nonsla0er% in the 'hole territor%" )" Tallmadge amendment: NG,s James Tallmadge introd-ced this )ill in &o-se" >t 'o-ld do t'o things: i" Prohi)ited f-t-re introd-ction of sla0es into Disso-ri" ii" ReA-ired the children of Disso-ri sla0es to )e emanci!ated at age #?" This 'o-ld lead to the grad-al ending of sla0er% in Disso-ri" iii" The )ill 'as defeated in 6enate1 and it ca-sed sectionalism to )-rst )eca-se it sho'ed 6o-therners 'hat the tr-e aim of the North 'as" This )ill ca-sed s-ch a stir that &enr% @la% had to ste! in 'ith a com!romise to hold off a dee!er crisis" c" &enr% @la%,s Pro!osal: (the com!romise)i" Disso-ri 'o-ld )e a sla0e state ii" Daine a free state iii" 6la0er% !rohi)ited north of 7 , 70I in rest of 5o-isiana Territor%" i0" The aftermath: This com!romise !laced sectionalism on the )ac+)-rner for the ne4t ?0 %ears1 allo'ing the co-ntr% to mat-re and esta)lish its legitimac%" &o'e0er1 after this the 8ra of .ood (eelings 'as o0er1 and man%

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(es!eciall% in the 6o-th)1 felt more lo%alt% to their state than to their co-ntr%" (oreign Affairs: Donroe 'as 0er% aggressi0e in asserting a strong American foreign !olic%" (or e4am!le1 in 181? he sent 6te!hen :ecat-r to force the r-lers of North Africa to sto! the *ar)ar% Pirate cra! for good" a" @anada: i" R-sh-*agot Treat% of 1817: agreement )et'een the U6 and .* o0er @anada" >t disarmed )oth co-ntries along the )order1 es!eciall% on the .reat 5a+es1 leading to the )order )et'een those t'o co-ntries )eing the longest -nfortified )order in the 'orld" ii" Treat% of 1818: another U"6";.* treat%1 'hich !ro0es that these t'o co-ntries are finall% starting to maintain health% relations" >t said three )asic things: 1" 6hared fishing rights off coast of Ne'fo-ndland #" 3oint occ-!ation of 9regon territor% for ten %ears" 7" 8sta)lished the $Fth !arallel as the )order )et'een U6 and @anada1 s!ecificall% in 5o-isiana Territor%" )" (lorida: (ollo'ing the /ar of 181#1 the 6!anish gri! on (lorida loosened )eca-se the 6!anish troo!s there 'ere called to 6o-th America to A-ell re)ellions" This led to (lorida )ecoming a ha0en for 6eminoles1 r-na'a% sla0es1 and o-tla' Americans 'ho 'o-ld attac+ 'hite settlements in the U"6" and then r-n )ac+ o0er the )order 'here the% 'ere H-nto-cha)le"I Not 'ith AJ aro-nd< i" >n late 18171 Donroe a-thori2ed .eneral Jac+son to sto! the attac+ers1 and !-rs-e them into (lorida if necessar%" 1818 Jac+son led a militia into (lorida1 destro%ed 6eminole 0illages1 hanged t'o chiefs1 dro0e the 6!anish go0ernor o-t of Pensacola1 and e4ec-ted t'o *rit traders acc-sed of hel!ing the 6eminoles" Dan% in @ongress 'ere afraid this 'o-ld ca-se a 'ar 'ith *ritain or 6!ain1 )-t 'hen Donroe came o-t in s-!!ort of Jac+son,s doings1 )oth co-ntries decided not to inter0ene" /hat is a general,s )o-ndar% (&6T;Dac1 etc")E ii" (lorida P-rchase Treat% (181F): (earing the% 'ere going to lose (lorida an%'a%1 6!ain decided to get the )est deal !ossi)le 'hile the% co-ld" U6 gets (lorida1 !l-s all 6!anish interest in 9regon1 in e4change for U6 ass-m!tion of =? million de)t that 6!ain o'ed and U6 ga0e -! all territorial claims to 6!anish Te4as" c" @a-ses of the Donroe :octrine: (ollo'ing the defeat of Na!oleon1 democrac% 'as o-t of st%le in 8-ro!e1 as monarchies 'ere s!ringing -! again ((rance1 6!ain1 .*1 R-ssia)" Those co-ntries e0en got together and s-!!ressed democratic leanings in >tal% and 6!ain" (6ort of a containment !olic% for the 1Fth cent-r%<<) Dean'hile1

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se0eral of 6!ain,s holdings in 6o-th America had recentl% declared their inde!endence and set -! their o'n democracies" The U6 did not 'ant more 8-ro!ean !o'ers in this hemis!here1 and the *rits id not li+e the R-ssian e4!ansion from Alas+a do'n to a small )ase in 6an (rancisco" i" *ritish >nitiati0e: The :octrine 'as act-all% a *ritish idea" &ere 'as the !lan: The *rits did not 'ant 6!ain to gain more !o'er again in 6o-th America )eca-se the *rits 'ere no' trading 'ith these inde!endent co-ntries" Done% mone% mone%< 6o the *rit foreign secretar% .eorge @anning s-ggested to American minister to 5ondon Richard R-sh that the U"6" and .* sho-ld iss-e a 3oint 'arning to sta% o-t1 'ith the com!lete )ac+ing of the *rit na0%" ii" American Res!onse: Dost of Donroe,s ca)inet agreed1 e4ce!t for 6ec6tae JC Adams1 'ho said three )asic things: 1" >f the U6 iss-es s-ch a !roclamation on its o'n1 the *rits 'o-ld s-rel% )ac+ it an%'a% #" >f 'e iss-e it 'ith *ritain as a co-a-thor1 it 'o-ld limit o-r o'n e4!ansion" 7" No 8-ro !o'er 'o-ld ris+ going to 'ar o0er 6o-th America1 es!eciall% if the *rit na0% is in0ol0ed" >n short1 Adams 'as co-nting on *ritish agreement" $" Adams 'rote the doc-ment1 and the *rits 'ent along 'ith it" iii" The Donroe :octrine: anno-nced in his state of the -nion t%!e address in :ec"1 18#7" 1" *asicall% said that the American continents are no longer to e seen or -sed as s-)3ects of coloni2ation of 8-ro!ean !o'ers" #" U6 'as o!!osed to an% 8-ro interference in an% re!-)lic in the hemis!here" 7" 8ffect: 8-ro!ean monarchs 'ere !issed1 )-t co-ld do nothing d-e to the *rit na0%" The *rits1 es!eciall% @anning1 'ere !issed )eca-se the% 'ere no' on the list of Hnot 'elcome"I *-t1 the% still had 0ast trade interests here and 'o-ld -se the na0% to !rotect them" At the time1 the 'ords 'ere a )it hollo'1 )-t the% 'o-ld gro'1 es!eciall% as America )egins to )ecome more in0ol0ed in international affairs" A National 8conom%: The ind-strial re0ol-tion of the mid 1800s !rett% m-ch s'e!t a'a% TJ,s ho!es for an agrarian )ased societ%" As the national econom% 'as gro'ing1 the maid items of the da% 'ere the National *an+1 tariffs1 and internal im!ro0ements" a" Po!-lation .ro'th: !o!-lation do-)led from 1800-18#?1 do-)led again from 18#?-18?0" &igh )irthrate and megaimmigration (!artic-larl% .* and .ermans") *lac+s and nati0es gained as 'ell1 )-t o0erall their !o!-lation 'as

red-ced from #0N of total !o!-lation in 17F0 to 1?N )% 18?0" (>m!ortation of sla0es had )een )anned after 1808") *% 1870s1 1;7 of !o!-lation li0ed 'est of the Alleghen% Do-ntains" 9ld and ne' -r)an areas 'ere gro'ing ra!idl%" )" Trans!ortation: >n order to )e an ind-strial giant1 %oha0e to ha0e trans!ortation for goods1 ra' materials1 and !eo!le" i" Roads: 5ancaster T-rn!i+e (17F0s-Penns%l0ania)connected Phill% 'ith the rich farmlands aro-nd 5ancaster" >ts s-ccess led to similar short toll roads aro-nd the co-ntr%" Jer% !rofita)le and good for )-siness" &o'e0er1 states, rights !eo!le )loc+ed the idea of federal s!ending on federal roads" 6o1 roads that crossed state lines 'ere -n-s-al" The National Road 'as an e4ce!tion" >t 'as a !a0ed high'a% from Dar%land to >llinois" *eg-n in 1811 and finished in the 18?0s1 -sing state and federal mone%1 'ith each state o'ning its o'n section of the high'a%" ii" @anals: 8rie @anal com!leted in 18#?" 6ignificant )eca-se it )anded the 'estern farmers together 'ith the eastern man-fact-rers" >ts s-ccess led to a fren2% of canal )-ilding1 in the coming decade1 all the ma3or ri0ers and la+es east of the Dississi!!i 'ere connected )% canals" This led to lo'er food !rices in the east1 as trans!ortation )ecame easier" >t also meant that there 'ere more immigrants settling in the 'est1 as 'estern farming )ecame more !rofita)le" >t also tied together the northeast and 'est" iii" 6team)oats: 8ra )egan in 1807 'ith the 0o%age of the @lermont -! the &-dson Ri0er" This 'as a !rod-ct of Ro)ert (-lton" These shi!s made ro-nd tri! trans!ortation of !eo!le and good m-ch chea!er and m-ch easier" i0" Railroads: *egan in the U6 in the late 18#0s1 e0en more economicall% 0ia)le than roads and canals" Unsafe at first1 )% the 1870s the% 'ere com!eting 'ith canals" @anals1 railroads1 and steam)oats made )ig cities o-t of 'hat had )een small frontier to'ns (@le0eland1 @incinnati1 :etroit1 and @hicago") c" .ro'th of >nd-str%: At start of 1Fth cent-r%1 America had hardl% an% man-fact-ring" *% mid-cent-r%1 it had s-r!assed agric-lt-re" *% cent-ries end1 the U"6" 'as the largest man-fact-ring co-ntr% in the 'orld" &o' 'as this accom!lishedE 6e0eral factors com)ined: i" Dechanical in0entions: Patent la's allo'ed !eo!le to get rich thro-gh in0ention" .reat moti0ation< 8li /hitne% in0ented not onl% the cotton gin (in 17F71 for 'hich he got 0er% little )-t created a cotton +ingdom)1 he also in0ented a s%stem for ma+ing rifles o-t of interchangea)le !arts d-ring /ar of 181#" This )ecame the )asis

for mass !rod-ction methods in the northern factories" ii" @or!orations for Raising @a!ital: An 1811 NG la' made it easier for a )-siness to incor!orate and raise mone% for itself )% selling stoc+s" 9ther states follo'ed1 no' the o'ners of a cor!oration ris+ed onl% the amo-nt of mone% that the% in0ested" iii" (actor% 6%stem: 6am-el 6later came from 8ngland and )-ilt America,s first factor% in 17F1 (he +e!t his ideas all in his head") /ith the em)argo act1 the /ar1 and the tariffs1 factories flo-rish" *% 18#0s1 Ne' 8ngland 'as the leading man-fact-ring center" /h%E The% had 'ater!o'er reA-ired and sea!orts to e4!ort" Also1 na0al constr-ction 'as falling o-t of )-siness1 'hich meant !eo!le had some mone% that the% 'anted to in0est else'here" 5ast1 farming in the region 'as declining1 'hich means there is !lent% of la)or in s-!!l%" As the factor% s%stem gro's and s!reads in the Northeast1 )an+ing and ins-rance follo'" i0" 5a)or: At first it 'as hard to find 'or+ers )eca-se the factories 'ere com!eting 'ith chea! land in the /est" 5o'ell (Dassach-setts) 6%stem (recr-iting %o-ng farm 'omen and ho-sing them in com!an% dormsBte4tile mills) started to s!read aro-nd in the 1870s" @hild la)or also -sed1 as %o-ng as 7" >mmigrants didn,t get factor% 3o)s in large n-m)ers -ntil mid-cent-r%" 0" Unions: 6tarted in 17F0s and gre' as factories gre'" 6+illed 'or+ers had to get factor% 3o)s )eca-se their o'n !ri0atel% o'ned sho!s had )een r-n o-t of )-siness )% the lo'er-!riced1 mass!rod-cing factories" 5o' !a%1 long ho-rs and )ad conditions led to more -nion mem)ershi!" 9)stacles to -nion s-ccess: immigrant re!lacement 'or+ers1 state la's o-tla'ing -nions and freA-ent economic de!ressions 'ith high -nem!lo%ment" d" @ommercial Agric-lt-re: *ecomes more commercial in earl% 1800s and less s-)sistence" >n other 'ords1 it 'as all a)o-t the cash cro!s" /h%E i" @hea! land and eas% credit: 'estern land 'as chea! and a0aila)le1 state )an+s !ro0ided lo' interest rates on loans" ii" Dar+ets: @anals and railroads ga0e farmers ne' mar+ets" @an send cro!s to east1 not 3-st do'nstream to the 6o-th li+e in the old da%s" e" @otton and the 6o-th: @otton .in in 17F7 changed e0er%thing" @an no' se!arate seeds from cotton1 'hich ma+es cotton more !rofita)le" @otton 'as !rimaril% shi!!ed off to .*" An% e4tra mone% 'as -sed to )-% more land in Ala)ama or Dississi!!i1 on 'hich to gro' more cotton" The ca!ital that comes in 'as in0ested in sla0es1 'hich 'o-ld )ring in more ca!ital" Pro)lem here is that the so-therners tie a lot of their mone% into sla0er% and not factories or stoc+s" This is one of the ma3or reasons 'h% the 6o-th does not 'ant to get rid of sla0er%" Their in0estments 'o-ld sim!l% 'al+ a'a%" f" 6ociet%: All of these things (gro'th of cities1 ind-striali2ation1 etc") lead to the end of self-s-fficient ho-seholds and mo0es to'ard !eo!le de!ending on others" (armers

fed the cities1 cities !ro0ided farmers 'ith needed eA-i!ment and mass-!rod-ced goods" 6tandard of li0ing increased for most Americans" i" /omen: No longer 'or+ing ne4t to h-))% on famil% farm" >n the cities1 'omen had t'o )asic o!tions: the% co-ld teach or )e a maid" 5o'ell t%!e 3o)s 'ere -ncommon1 and most 'or+ing 'omen 'ere single" /hen the% married the% A-it 'or+ing and )ecame ho-se'i0es" 9n the other hand1 arranged marriages 'ere more -ncommon1 as 'omen 'ere )eginning to ma+e their o'n decisions" &o'e0er1 the% still co-ldn,t 0ote or hold certain 3o)s" ii" 8conomic and social mo)ilit%: /ages 'ere increasing1 )-t the ga! )et'een rich and !oor 'idened" &o'e0er1 social mo)ilit% (mo0ing -! in economic le0el and social stat-s) 'as m-ch more !ossi)le in America than 8-ro!e" &o'e0er1 0er%1 0er% fe' 'ent from rags to riches" iii" 6la0er%: The idea at the t-rn of the cent-r% 'as that sla0er% 'o-ld grad-all% disa!!ear" /h%E *eca-se the land in the 6o-th 'as )eing o0er-sed and de!leted and the )an on im!ortation in 1808" &o'e0er1 these ho!es died 'ith the cotton gin and the s!read 'est'ard" This 'o-ld )e the one to-gh iss-e that left !eo!le on either one side or the other"

6-ggested Readings: .arrat%

HReligion on the (rontierI !" 1F$ HThe 8d-cation of /omenI !" #0? HPrison Reform >n AmericaI !" ##8 H*lac+ 6la0eo'nersI !" #7 H80er%da% 5ife *efore the @i0il /arI !" #1

Term 5ist1 Part 8

8ra of .ood (eelings Nationalism 6ectionalism James Donroe Nationalism (c-lt-ral and economic) Tariff of 181 Protecti0e tariff &enr% @la%,s American 6%stem 6econd *an+ of the U6 Panic of 181F John @" @alho-n 9ld North'est John Darshall (letcher 0" Pec+ Dc@-lloch 0" Dar%land :artmo-th @ollege 0" /ood'ard .i))ons 0" 9gden >m!lied !o'ers Tallmadge Amendment Disso-ri @om!romise 6te!hen :ecat-r R-sh-*agot Treat% Treat% of 1818 John C-inc% Adams Adams-9nis Treat% Andre' Jac+son

(lorida P-rchase Treat% Donroe :octrine 5ancaster T-rn!i+e National (@-m)erland) Road 8rie @anal Ro)ert (-lton 6team)oats Railroads 8li /hitne% >nterchangea)le !arts @or!orations 6am-el 6later (actor% s%stem 5o'ell 6%stem Te4tile mills >nd-striali2ation 6!eciali2ation Unions @otton gin Plantation 6%stem 6anta (e Trail (-r Trade Transcontinental Treat% @hero+ee Nation 0" .eorgia HNe' t'o-!art% s%stemI Tariff of A)ominations @orr-!t *argain

Part F: 6ectionalism 18#0-18?0 (read !" # 0-#F?)

A" The North: T'o sections in the North1 the Northeast (Pa-N8) and the North'est (9h-DN)" These areas 'ere tied together )% roads1 canals1 t-rn!i+es1 RR1 economicall%1 commercial farming1 and ind-strial inno0ation" Da3orit% of northerners still in0ol0ed in ag" &igh )irthrate and high immigration led to North ha0ing a larger !o!-lation" a" >nd-strial Northeast: *% the 1870s the >nd-strial re0ol-tion had mo0ed from te4tile ind-str% to farm eA-i!ment1 cloc+s1 shoes1 etc" (see ta)le on !" 1 7-AD6@9) i" 5a)or: Peo!le 'ho -sed to )e inde!endent farmers 'ere no' 'age earners" 5o' !a%1 long ho-rs1 )ad conditions led to the organi2ation of 0ario-s local -nions and local !olitical !arties" America,s first la)or !art% s!ro-ted -! in Phill% in 18#81 electing a fe' men to the local cit% co-ncil" 1" @ommon'ealth 0" &-nt: (18$#)-a 0ictor% for -nions-said H!eacef-l -nionsI had right to negotiate la)or contracts 'ith em!lo%ers" Dost states !assed 10-ho-r 'or+da%s in 18$0s and ?0s1 )-t Three conditions still led to tro-)le for 'or+ers: Periodic de!ressions1 @o-rt hostilit% to -nions1 and an a)-ndant s-!!l% of chea! la)or" ii" Ur)an 5ife: Ur)an !o!-lation in north gre' from ?N in 1800 to 1?N )% 18?01 leading to gro'ing sl-ms1 !oor sanitation1 disease1 high crime rates1 and cro'ded ho-ses" Peo!le still +e!t coming1 tho-gh1 )eca-se there 'ere 3o)s" iii" *lac+s: >n 18 01 #?01000 )lac+s li0ed in North1 ma+ing -! 1N of the !o!-lation there" *-t that n-m)er re!resented ?0N of all the free )lac+s in the U6" The% 'ere not allo'ed to 0ote1 o'n land1 or hold s+illed 3o)s" >mmigrants too+ their 3o)s1 leading )lac+s to )e -sed as stri+e)rea+ers on man% occasions"

)" Agric-lt-ral North'est: (The 9ld North'est)-si4 states 'est of the Alleghenies !re18 0 (9&1 DN1 >N1 >51 D>1 />)" These states 'ere settled in accordance 'ith the North'est 9rdinance of 1787" Prior to the 18?0s1 these states had large -nsettled frontiers1 )-t )% mid-cent-r% the region 'as closel% tied to the Northeast )eca-se of t'o )asic reasons: (irst1 militar% cam!aigns )% the federal troo!s that dro0e o-t Nati0es and1 secondl%1 the )-ilding of canals and railroads that created common mar+ets )et'een the 8ast @oast and the .reat 5a+es" i" Agric-lt-re: 9ld North'est feat-red !rofita)le 'heat and corn" The% -sed ne'l% in0ented steel !lo's and mechanical rea!ers1 'hich led to more acreage )eing -sed !l-s a larger s-r!l-s of grains" The grain 'as then A-ic+l% shi!!ed to -r)an centers for sale" 84tra grain 'as -sed to feed li0estoc+1 or ma+e 'his+e% or )eer" c" >mmigration: *et'een 1870s and 18?0s nearl% $ million !eo!le came to America from Northern 8-ro!e" Arri0ing in *oston1 NG1 and Phill%1 the% either sta%ed there or tra0eled to the 9ld North'est and started -! small farms" 6o-th 'as off limits d-e to sla0er% (no need for 'or+ers) and the !lantation econom% limited the need for free la)or" i" /h% this s-rge in immigrationE >ne4!ensi0e and ra!id ocean trans!ortation1 famines and re0ol-tions in 8-ro!e1 and the U6 'as de0elo!ing a re!-tation as a co-ntr% offering economic o!!ort-nities and !olitical freedom" These immigrants hel! the U6 in t'o ma3or 'a%s: the% !ro0ide chea! la)or for an econom% that needs it1 and the% !ro0ided a mar+et for the mass-!rod-ced cons-mer goods of the Northeast" ii" >rish: &alf of the immigrants from this time (aro-nd # million) came from >reland" Potato famine of the 18$0s1 the% had limited farming s+ills1 no mone%1 and no other s+ills" :iscriminated against -!on arri0al (Roman @atholic)1 the% com!eted 'ith )lac+s for the most -ns+illed 3o)s a0aila)le" Also -sed as stri+e)rea+ers1 'hich endeared them to no one" The% li0ed 'here the% landed1 and -s-all% in their o'n neigh)orhoods (NG1 *oston1 etc)" 9nl% 'hen the% entered local !olitics (almost al'a%s :emocrats) did the% e0ent-all% get a fair sha+e" (or e4am!le1 the% 'ere sh-t o-t of 3oining Tamman% &all in the 1870s1 )-t )% the 1880s the% controlled this organi2ation" iii" .ermans: 90er a million .ermans came to America d-ring this time" /h%E *eca-se of the !olitical re0ol-tions and economic hardshi!s in that area at that time" Dost .ermans had a little mone%1 and had some farming or artisan s+ills" Dost settled as farmers in the 9ld North'est" Dost e0ent-all% )ecame 0er% strong s-!!orters of !-)lic ed-cation and sta-nch anti-sla0er%" i0" Nati0ists: Peo!le 'ho 'ere afraid that these immigrants 'o-ld ta+e 3o)s and 'ea+en the !o'er of the Anglo ma3orit% in America" The nati0ists 'ere !rotestants 'ho distr-sted the Roman @atholics (>rish and most of the .ermans)" Rioting in )ig cities 'as not -ncommon in the $0s1 and the fo-nding of the 6-!reme 9rder of the 6tar 6!angled *anner 'hich t-rned into a !olitical !art% in the 18?0s (Lno' Nothings1 American Part%)" This Nati0ism died o-t 'ith the @i0il /ar and its ca-ses1 )-t res-rfaces 'hene0er America attracts high n-m)ers of immigrants" *" The 6o-th: (those states that !ermitted sla0er% a" Agric-lt-re and Ling @otton: Ag 'as the )asis of the so-thern econom%" &o'e0er1 )% 18?0s 1?N of the nation,s man-fact-red goods 'ere coming from the region" @ash cro!s incl-ded rice1 to)acco and s-garcane1 )-t these 'ere far o-tdone )% cotton" /h% cottonE The de0elo!ment of mechani2ed te4tile mills in 8ngland and 8li /hitne%,s cotton gin made cotton cloth afforda)le and cotton !rofita)le" *efore 18 01 the 'orld de!ended on *ritish !rod-ction of cotton clothing1 and *ritain de!ended on so-thern cotton" 6tarting in 6@ and .eorgia1 the cotton Lingdom s!read to Ala)ama1 Diss"1 5a"1 and TO" @otton de!leted the soil1 so more land 'as

al'a%s needed" *% 18?0s1 cotton !ro0ided #;7 of all U6 e4!orts and tied the 6o-th to .reat *ritain" /h% is sla0er% reA-iredE )" 6la0er%: HThe Pec-liar >nstit-tionI-/ealth in the 6o-th 'as determined )% land and sla0e o'nershi!" 6la0es 'ere !ro!ert%1 altho-gh most so-therners did treat the sla0es li+e h-mans" The% gre' 'ear% of constantl% defending sla0er%1 gro'ing e0en defensi0e a)o-t it" 6o-therners e0en tried to con0ince critics that sla0er% 'as good for )oth sla0e and master1 )ased on historic e0idence" i" Po!-lation: 6la0e !o!" /ent from 1 million in 1800 to $ million )% 18 0" /h%E @otton" Than+s1 8li< Dost of this 'as accom!lished )% nat-ral re!rod-ction1 )-t there 'as some sm-ggling as 'ell (0iolation of the @ongressional Agreement of 1808") >n man% !arts of the :ee! 6o-th1 sla0es made -! 7?N of the !o!-lation" This led to a fear of sla0e re0olts and increases in restrictions" ii" 8conomics: Dost sla0es la)ored in fields1 )-t man% )ecame s+illed 'or+ers or ho-se ser0ants" Dan% sla0es 'ere sold Hdo'n the ri0erI to the cotton fields of the :ee! 6o-th1 'ith their 0al-e -! to =#1000 )% 18 0" This hea0% in0estment in sla0er% led to the 6o-th ha0ing no mone% to in0est in man-fact-ring1 etc" iii" 6la0e 5ife: *lac+s )ecame 0er% close to each other1 as a res-lt of going thro-gh this tra-matic e4!erience" i0" Resistance: /or+ slo'do'ns1 sa)otage1 esca!e and re0olt" A fe' ma3or ones1 incl-ding :enmar+ Jese% in 18## and Nat T-rner in 1871" The% ended A-ic+l% and ended -! ma+ing conditions m-ch 'orse for )lac+s left )ehind" 6trict sla0e codes de0elo!ed1 'hile -! North !eo!le gre' o!!osed to this cr-el treatment of sla0es" 0" (ree *lac+s: *% 18 0 there 'ere #?01000 free )lac+s in 6o-th" Dan% 'on emanci!ation for fighting in Re0ol-tion1 m-latto children 'ere freed )% 'hite fathers1 others !-rchased their freedom (got !aid from e4tra 'or+ or thro-gh s+illed 'or+") Dan% li0ed in cities and o'ned !ro!ert%1 )-t not eA-al to 'hites" @o-ld not 0ote or hold certain 3o)s1 had to sho' legal !a!ers and 'ere sometimes +idna!!ed )% sla0e catchers" /h% sta% in the 6o-thE That,s 'here famil% 'as1 and 'ho 'as to sa% the North 'o-ld !ro0ide a 3o) for themE 0i" /hite 6ociet%: The &ierarch% in the 6o-th: 1" Aristocrac%: The elite gro-! of 'ealth% !lanters1 had to o'n at least 100 sla0es and o!erate at least 11000 acres" This H!lanter aristocrac%I maintained !o'er )% dominating the state legislat-res1 and enacting la's that fa0ored their economic interests" #" (armers: &ad fe'er than #0 sla0es" These g-%s 'or+ed alongside their sla0es in the cotton fields and li0ed A-ite modestl%" 7" Poor /hites: Dade -! P of the so-th,s !o!-lation" The% o'ned no sla0es1 li0ed in the hills and 'ere s-)sistence farmers" H&ill)illiesI or H!oor 'hite trash1I the% 'ere called )% the higher -!s" Altho-gh the s%stem did not allo' them to mo0e -! easil%1 the% still em)raced sla0er% )eca-se it made them s-!erior to something on the social scale" $" Do-ntain Peo!le: 6mall farmers 'ho li0ed in isolation from the rest of the 6o-th" A!!alachian and 92ar+ mo-ntains" :isli+ed !lanters and the idea of sla0es1 d-ring the @/ man% fo-ght for the Union (incl-ding Andre' Johnson of Tennessee" ?" @ities: 5imited n-m)er of ma3or cities1 d-e to the 6o-th )eing !rimaril% an agrarian region" 9nl% Ne' 9rleans 'as in the to! 1? U6 cities in 18 0" 80en Atlanta and Atlanta 'ere considered small 'hen com!ared 'ith northern cities"

0ii" 6o-thern Tho-ght: As 8-ro!ean nations 'ere )anning sla0er%1 and as Northerners )egan to attac+ it1 the 6o-thern mindset 'as to st-))ornl% defend it" *ecame a 0er% defensi0e sit-ation" 1" @ode of chi0alr%: The 6o-th 'as almost li+e fe-dalism1 'here the aristocratic 'hite males defended 'omen1 had high !ersonal honor1 and a !aternalistic treatment of all 'ho 'ere inferior1 incl-ding sla0es" #" 8d-cation: U!!er class 0al-ed higher ed-cation more than northerners" Acce!ta)le !rofessions for -!!er cr-st so-thern )o%s 'ere limited to farming1 la'1 ministr% and the militar%" (or lo'er classes1 ed-cation )e%ond the )asics 'as rare" 6la0es 'ere restricted com!letel% from ed-cation (lingering conditionB'hite man,s )-rdenE) 7" Religion: Dethodists and *a!tists gre'1 mainl% d-e to the fact that )oth enco-raged sla0er%" @atholics and 8!isco!alians 'ere ne-tral on sla0er%1 and their enrollments declined" @" The /est: )% the mid 1800s1 the /est 'as the area )e%ond the Dississi!!i to @alifornia and 9regon" a" Nati0es: the% 'eren,t real hot on mo0ing /est" i" 84od-s: )% 18?01 0ast ma3orit% of nati0es 'ere li0ing 'est of Dississi!!i1 on the .reat Plains" This 'o-ld )e tem!orar%" ii" 5ife on the Plains: The 6!anish )ro-ght horses to America in the 1?00s1 and )% this time the nati0es 'ere -sing them religio-sl%" Dan% tri)es 'ere nomadic and follo'ed the )-ffalo ('hich is easier 'ith horses") 9thers )ecame farmers" *oth st%les learned to defend themsel0es against encroachment" )" The frontier: The conce!t of the frontier 'as the same1 altho-gh the act-al frontier 'as constantl% changing" The /est re!resented a do-o0er1 for those 'ho had the g-ts to go" The /est !romised greater freedom and eA-alit%" There 'as no aristocrac% o-t there %et" 80en minorit% gro-!s co-ld get a ne' start" i" Do-ntain Den: .-ides and !athfinders 'ho had follo'ed 5e'is and @lar+ into the region" The% hel!ed !ioneers cross the Roc+ies1 and occasionall% ate them" The% 'ere also tra!!ers and traders1 and oftentimes had !ositi0e relations 'ith nati0es" ii" /hite settlers on the 'estern frontier: :a% started at s-nrise and ended at s-nset1 m-ch li+e earl% colonial life" 5og ca)ins or 'orse1 most died earl% from disease1 maln-trition or nati0e attac+" iii" /omen: 9n the frontier the% 'ere doctors1 teachers1 seamstresses1 coo+s1 assisted their h-s)ands in the fields1 )ore children and died %o-ng" (-n< i0" 8n0ironmental :amage: /hite settlers cleared forests and destro%ed the soil thro-gh o0er-se" *-ffalo and )ea0er 'ere decimated )% o0er+ill as 'ell" >diots"

Term 5ist1 Part F:

6ectionalism :aniel /e)ster >nd-strial Re0ol-tion Unions Ur)ani2ation Ur)an life Ne' cities >rish Potato famine .ermans

9ld North'est >mmigration Nati0ists American Part% 6-!reme 9rder of the 6tar-6!angled *anner Ling @otton H!ec-liar instit-tionI :enmar+ Jese% Nat T-rner 6la0er% (ree *lac+s Planters Poor 'hites Do-ntain !eo!le Aristocrac% The /est The (rontier Nati0e Remo0al .reat Plains /hite settlers 8n0ironmental damage Dercantile 8conom% Agrarian 8conom% Dar+et 8conom% (ree 5a)or (actor% 6%stem 8rie @anal Nati0e American Part% (ederal land grants 6am-el ("*" Dorse &orace .reele%,s Tri)-ne @or!orations The factor% s%stem Derchant ca!italists 6+illed artisans;-ns+illed 'or+ers T-rn!i+e 8ra 6team)oats :e'itt @linton &-dson Ri0er *altimore and 9hio >nterstate &igh'a%s

Part 10: Jac+sonian America (18#$-18$0) (!" # 0-#F?)

A" The 8ra of the @ommon Dan: a" Rise of a :emocratic 6ociet% i" Ale4is de TocA-e0ille-0isited America in the 1870s and 'rote a )oo+ a)o-t his tra0els (Democracy In America)Bhe noticed the American Plan1 'here !eo!le of all different classes ate together in resta-rants1 hotels1 etc" America did not ha0e the class s%stem of 8-ro!e and it 'as e0ident in all 'al+s of life" This did not a!!l% to minorities1 of co-rse" &o'e0er1 the idea of the Hself-made manI 'as )orn in the U"6" ii" Politics of the common man: state s-ffrage la' 'ere changing from 18#$18$0Qmore 'hite males 'ere allo'ed to 0ote (from 7?01000 in ,#$ to #"$ million in ,$0)" Also contri)-ting to this change 'as changes in !olitical

!arties1 ne' cam!aign methods1 gro'th in ne's!a!er circ-lation and ed-cation" iii" Uni0ersal Dale 6-ffrage: 'estern states 'ere allo'ing all 'hite males to 0ote" 8astern states follo'ed (ro-ghl% in the 18#0s and 70s)" 9ffice co-ld also )e held at this time )% more !eo!le" i0" Part% Nominating @on0entions: >n the old da%s1 !olitical leaders nominated candidates either )% state legislat-res or in a HLing @a-c-sI (a )ehind closed doors meeting in @ongress)" @ommon man had no role" This changes in the 1870s" Nominating con0entions )ecome the norm" The Anti-Dasons started this trend" Dore o!en to !o!-lar !artici!ation1 th-s getting more in0ol0ed" 0" Po!-lar 8lection of the President: Peo!le 0oted for the electors ('ith the e4ce!tion of 6o-th @arolina) 0i" T'o !art% s%stem: @am!aigns mo0e to a national scale1 ma+ing the t'o !arties )igger and more !o'erf-l" 0ii" Rise of the third Part%: /higs and :emocrats d-ring Jac+son !eriod1 )-t third !arties emerge" Anti-Dasonic !art% (attac+ed the secret societ% of the Dasons1 said the% )elonged to a !ri0ileged antidemocratic elite)1 /or+ingmen,s Part% reached o-t to !eo!le 'ho !re0io-sl% 'ere not interested in !olitics" 0iii" Dore elected offices: Dore elected1 fe'er a!!ointed d-ring Jac+sonian !eriod" .a0e 0oters more 0oice and more interest in !artici!ation" i4" Po!-lar @am!aigning: @am!aigns are aimed at the normal g-%1 'ith !arades1 floats1 )ands1 rallies1 free food and drin+" And negati0e attac+s as 'ell" 4" 6!oils 6%stem and rotation of officeholders: Jac+son )elie0ed in re'arding those mem)ers of the :emocratic !art% 'ho had s-!!orted him" @alled s!oils s%stem )eca-se it !romoted !olitical corr-!tion" &e also )elie0ed in a rotation s%stem1 so that he co-ld get the ma4im-m n-m)er of :emocrats into officeQser0e a fe' %ears and rotate" Jac+son said this 'as a reform1 )-t he 'o-ld onl% a!!oint :emocrats" /hat,s the differenceE Jac+son also )elie0ed that ordinar% Americans 'ere ca!a)le of holding an% go0t" office" These t'o areas hel! to solidif% the t'o-!art% s%stem" *" Jac+son 0s" Adams (18#$) a" Jac+sonian 8ra act-all% )egins )efore Jac+son,s election" &is !ress-re on the Adams !residenc% forces man% changes that he 'as res!onsi)le for (s!ecificall%1 0oting rights") )" The 8lection of 18#$: $ candidates for the Re!-)lican Part% (JCA1 Ja41 /illiam @ra'ford1 and @la%)Beach candidate re!resenting a different section of the co-ntr%1 'ith the e4ce!tion of Jac+son 'ho 'as the common man,s choice" i" Jac+son 'on the most !o!-lar 0otes1 )-t the $-'a% s!lit ca-sed no ma3orit% in electoral 0otes" To! three candidates go to &o-se" @la% is e4c-sed and @ra'ford s-ffers a stro+e" @la% offers his s-!!ort to JCA in e4change for the 6ec6tate !osition" JCA 'ins and Ja4 is !issed" H@orr-!t *argain"I c" President Adams: 'anted mone% for internal im!ro0ements1 aid to man-fact-ring1 national -ni0ersit% and an o)ser0ator%" Ja4 calls this a 'aste of mone% and against the constit-tion" >n 18#81 Adams @ongress !-t together a ne' tariff 'hich !issed off so-thern !lantation o'ners1 'ho called it the Htariff of a)ominations"I d" Re0ol-tion of 18#8: :irt% cam!aigning (Ja4 said Adams 'ife 'as )orn o-t of 'edloc+1 Adams co-ntered 'ith calling Jac+son,s 'ife an ad-lterer" &is 'ife1 Rachel1 died d-ring the cam!aign1 lea0ing Ja4 )itter and !issed at Adams") These tactics )ro-ght o-t the 0oters1 as three times the n-m)er of !eo!le 0oted in this election than in 18#$ (also d-e to rela4ed 0oting reA-irements for 'hite males") Ja4 'on easil% )ased on !o!-larit%1 not his stand on an% iss-es" @" Andre' Jac+son Presidenc% (18#F-1877) :ifferent from his !redecessors in that he dominated !olitics for eight %ears and )ecame a s%m)ol of the 'or+ing man Hcommon man"I

*ecame a 'ealth% !lanter and sla0e o'ner in Tennessee after his militar% s-ccess1 che'ed to)acco1 fo-ght se0eral d-els1 had a 0iolent tem!er" (irst !re2 since ./ to not ha0e a college ed-cation" &e 'as Han e4traordinar% ordinar% man"I &e 'as also a Hself-made man"I a" @hanging Role of the President: &e !resented himself as the !rotector of the common man against a)-ses of !o'er )% the rich and !ri0ileged" &e 'as a fr-gal Jeffersonian 'ho o!!osed increasing national s!ending and the national de)t" Narro' inter!reter of the !o'ers of @ongress1 0etoed more )ills (1#) than the total 0etoes )% the !re0io-s si4" Jetoed mone% for the Da%s0ille Road )eca-se it 'as 'holl% 'ithin one state1 Lent-c+% (home of his ri0al1 &enr% @la%BcoincidenceE) )" Pegg% 8aton Affair: Pegg% 9,Neale 8aton 'as the 'ife of his 6ec/ar1 John 8aton" 8aton,s 'ife had once )een in0ol0ed 'ith se0eral %o-ng @ongressmen in :@1 and the other ca)inet 'i0es 'o-ld not associate 'ith her at galas1 etc" Remem)ering the death of his 'ife1 he 'as determined to defend 8aton" Ja4 forced the ca)inet to get their 'i0es acce!t her1 and the ca)inet resigned in !rotest" John @" @alho-n1 his JP1 'o-ld resign a %ear later o0er the iss-e" Dartin 0an *-ren1 'ho remained lo%al to Ja4 d-ring this time1 'as re'arded as the ne' JP" c" >ndian Remo0al Act (1870): &e s-!!orted 'hites ta+ing >ndian land" &e felt it 'as h-mane to com!el the >ndians to remo0e themsel0es to the /est" >ndian Remo0al Act of 1870 forced this remo0al to 'est of the Dississi!!i1 affecting tho-sands" *% 187?1 most eastern tri)es had mo0ed 'est" The *-rea- of >ndian Affairs 'as created in 187 to assist 'ith this resettlement" d" .eorgia and the >ndians: .eorgia !assed la's reA-iring the remo0al of the @hero+ee" @hero+ee s-ed1 the% had Americani2ed themsel0es and had )asicall% 3-m!ed thro-gh e0er% hoo! the% 'ere s-!!osed to 3-m! thro-gh" &o'e0er1 in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1871)1 the U6 6-!reme @o-rt r-led that the @hero+ee 'ere not a nation that had the right to s-e in federal co-rt" *-t1 in a second case the follo'ing %ear1 (Worcester v. Georgia) the U6 6@ r-led that the la's of .eorgia had no force 'ithin the )o-ndaries of the @hero+ee territor% (meaning: .eorgia co-ld not force them to mo0e as technicall% the% 'ere not li0ing in .eorgia1 )-t as !art of H@hero+ee Nation"I) A clear clash )et'een state,s la's and the federal co-rts1 Ja4 sides 'ith the states1 sa%ing HJohn Darshall has made his decision1 no' let him enforce it"I The 6ettlement of 187?1 'hich granted the @hero+ee land in the /est1 'as re!-diated )% most @hero+ee" Not -ntil 18781 'ith Ja4 o-t of office1 did the federal go0ernment come thro-gh and force the @hero+ee on the Trail of Tears (north .eorgia to 9+lahoma-a)o-t F00 miles)1 +illing o0er $1000 of the 1?1000 'ho started the tre+" e" The N-llification @risis: Ja4 fa0ored states, rights1 )-t not if it 'o-ld lead to dis-nion" >n 18#81 6o-th @arolina declared the tariff of a)ominations to )e -nconstit-tional" @alho-n is )ehind it1 -sing his n-llification theor% ()ased on Jirginia and LG Resol-tions d-ring Adams !re2) i" /e)ster-&a%ne :e)ate (1870)- :aniel /e)ster of Dass" and Ro)ert &a%ne of 6@ in 6enate de)ated on nat-re of federal -nion -nder @onstit-tion" /e)ster attac+ed the n-llification theor% and secession" Jac+son1 at a !olitical dinner later1 anno-nced his !osition )% sa%ing1 H9-r federal -nion1 it m-st )e !reser0ed"I @alho-n res!onded 'ith HThe Union1 ne4t to o-r li)erties1 most dear"I An omino-s !rel-de to the @i0il /ar" ii" N-llification @risis: @alho-n t-rns -! the heat in 187# 'hen he not onl% tries to n-llif% the tariffs of ,#8 and ,7#" *asicall%1 6o-th @arolina,s legislat-re !assed a resol-tion for)idding the collection of tariffs 'ithin the state" Ja4 reacted A-ic+l%1 telling 6ec/ar to !re!are for in0asion" @ongress is !ers-aded )% Ja4 to !ass a (orce *ill 'hich 'o-ld gi0e the !re2 a-thorit% to go into 6@" Ja4 iss-ed a Proclamation to the Peo!le of 6o-th @arolina1 'hich stated that n-llification and dis-nion 'ere treason" Ja4 (and @la%) left the door o!en for di!lomac% )% calling for a red-ced tariff" 6@ reacted )% !ost!oning mollification and then rescinding1 after @ongress !assed a ne' tariff that 'o-ld red-ce o0er time" (ederal 0ictor% o0er states, rights"

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iii" Jac+son ga0e in to the 6o-th ho'e0er 'hen it came to a)olition" &e for)ade a)olitionists from -sing the federal !ostal s%stem to send their literat-re" :emocrac% did not e4tend to sla0es" f" *an+ Jeto: The )an+ 'as !ri0atel% o'ned )-t the go0ernment,s mone% 'as stored there" >t attem!ted to !ro0ide a c-shion from the -!s and do'ns of the national econom%" Nicolas *iddle1 the )an+ !resident1 'as a 0er% effecti0e manager" &o'e0er1 his arrogance contri)-ted to the s-s!icion that the )an+ a)-sed its !o'ers and ser0ed the interests of the 'ealth%" Jac+son hated *iddle and the *an+" &e tho-ght the *an+ -nconstit-tional" @la% fa0ored the *an+" >n 187#1 an election %ear1 @la% !ers-aded !als in @ongress to recharter the *an+ earl%1 ma+ing it a cam!aign iss-e" @la% clearl% mis3-dged the American !-)lic" Jac+son 0etoed the )ill1 deno-ncing the )an+ as a !ri0ate mono!ol% that enriched the 'ealth% and foreign in0estors 'hile h-rting the common man" &e called it the H&%dra of @orr-!tion"I Jac+son 'on the election 'ith more than P of the national 0ote" g" The T'o-Part% 6%stem: 6-!!orters of Jac+son 'ere no' +no'n as :emocrats1 ending the one-!art% era -nder Donroe" &enr% @la% led the /higs (o!!onents of Jac+son)" The :emocratic Part% had a lot in common 'ith the old Jeffersonians1 'hile the /higs 'ere the old (ederalists" h" :emocrats: Position on >ss-es: Favored local r-le1 limited go0t"1 free trade1 eA-al economic o!!ort-nit% (for 'hite males)" Opposed: National *an+1 mono!olies1 high tariffs1 high land !rices" Base of Voter !pport: 6o-therners1 'esterners1 small farmers1 -r)an 'or+ers" i" /higs: Favored: @la%,s American 6%stem" Opposed: immoralit%1 0ice and crime 'hich man% )lamed on immigrants" Base of Voter !pport: Ne' 8nglanders and residents of Did-Atlantic and -!!er Did'est states1 Protestants of old 8nglish stoc+1 middle class -r)an !rofessionals" Jac+son,s 6econd Term: No' Ja4 has to deal 'ith his o!!osition to the *an+ a" Pet *an+s: Jetoed the charter of the National *an+ and then 'ithdre' all federal f-nds" 6ecTreas Roger Tane% hel!ed him transfer f-nds into state )an+s1 'hich his critics called H!et )an+s"I )" 6!ecie @irc-lar: *eca-se of Jac+son,s 0ario-s financial !olicies AN: fe0erish land s!ec-lation in the 'estern lands1 !rices for land and 0ario-s good )ecame inflated" To fight this trend1 Jac+son iss-ed the 6!ecie @irc-lar (a !residential1 or e4ec-ti0e1 order") >t reA-ired that all f-t-re !-rchases of federal land )e made in gold and sil0er rather than !a!er )an+notes" As )an+notes )egin to lose their 0al-e and land sales !l-mmet1 a financial crisis ens-es (Panic of 1877)" The nation falls into de!ression" .ood going1 Ja4" *-t he hands it o0er to Dartin 0an R-in" 8lection of 187 : Ja4 hand!ic+s 0an *-ren1 a master of !ractical !olitics )-t 'al+ing into a maelstrom" a" /higs are afraid the% 'ill lose1 so the% nominate three candidates from three sections1 ho!ing to thro' the election to the &o-se 'here each state had one 0ote for the election" Jan *-ren ta+es ?8N< Jan *-ren Presidenc%: >nherits the Panic of 1877" *an+ after )an+ 'as closed do'n" /higs )lamed Jac+son,s laisse2 faire economics and the lac+ of control the federal go0ernment had o0er the econom%" @o-ld ha0e learned a lesson for the 1F#0s here< 8lection of 18$0: Joters 'ere !issed a)o-t the econom% and )lamed the :ems" /higs nominate /illiam &enr% &arrison1 'ar hero1 and John T%ler" The /higs !laced log ca)ins on 'heels and !araded them do'n streets to sho' &arrison,s h-m)le )eginnings1 and !assed o-t hard cider and )-ttons" &ence1 the nic+name gi0en to this /hig cam!aign Hthe log ca)in and hard cider cam!aign"I /higs 0icio-sl% attac+ed Dartin H0an R-inI as an aristocrat 'ho li+ed foreign 'ines" a" 78N 0oter t-rno-t1 !o!-lar 0ote 'as e0en1 )-t electoral 0ote 'ent to &arrison in all three section of the co-ntr%" /higs )ecome a tr-e national !art%" )" &arrison ta+es ill shortl% after ina-g-ration and dies in a month" T%ler re!laces and inf-riates his o'n !art%"

Terms Part 10 @ommon man Uni0ersal male s-ffrage Part% nominating con0ention HLing @a-c-sI !o!-lar election of !resident Anti-Dasonic Part% /or+ingmen,s Part% 6!oils 6%stem John C-inc% Adams H@orr-!t *argainI &enr% @la% Tariff of 18#8 HTariff of A)ominationsI Andre' Jac+son Po!-lar cam!aigning Re0ol-tion of 18#8 Role of the !resident Rotation in office Pegg% 8aton Affair >ndian Remo0al Act (1870) @hero+ee Nation 0" .eorgia /orchester 0" .eorgia Trail of Tears 6tates, rights N-llification crisis /e)ster-&a%ne :e)ate John @" @alho-n Proclamation to the Peo!le of 6o-th @arolina *an+ of the United 6tates Nicolas *iddle T'o !art% s%stem :emocrats /higs Roger Tane% H!et )an+sI 6!ecie @irc-lar Panic of 1877 Dartin 0an *-ren Hlog ca)in and hard ciderI cam!aign egalitarian Hdemocrati2ationI Ale4is de TocA-e0ille Hmass !oliticsI Ling Hmo)I :aniel /e)ster :oorites Political *osses *lac+ha'+ /ar Darshall @o-rt H(i0e @i0ili2ed Tri)esI Dar%0ille Road Jeto Hsoft mone%I;Ihard mone%I @harles Ri0er)ridge 0" /arren *ridge @a-c-s

The 6o-th @arolina 84!osition and Protest 6enator Thomas &art *enton HNo)le 6a0agesI HLing Andre' >I @onstit-encies The .reat Tri-m0irate (rederic+ Jac+son T-rner H9ld Ti!!ecanoeI The @aroline and @reole Affairs The Aroostoo+ /ar /e)ster-Ash)-rton Treat% @ale) @-shing The Treat% of /ang &%