656.

07=111

DESIGN TECHNOLOGY OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CAR S.I. Tolstyak, graduate stude t, !"ark#$ Nat#o al Auto%o&#le A d H#g"'ay ( #$ers#ty
Abstract. The paper discusses a present-day approach to design and development of hybrid power plant and electric cars. Attention is focused on the types of batteries and their properties. Key words: hybrid power plant, engine, batteries, electric car, generator, electric power, efficiency.

)*+,-.-/01 23-*4)567,,8 /093:;,:+ *.*4)3-<-90.06 =. 0. )>?@ABC, D@E#FDGA, +DFC#H@ICJK GDL#>GD?IGJK DHA>M>N#?IG>OP>F>QG#K RG#HSF@JASA
7G>ADL#B. !"#$%& %'()%*+, -i./i. . -!01$' )**& $) !)2!1+ i!+.*3/ %i4 +/ '%$)* 1 $) 0401$!5i4i . %4 ) ' )) -!+.i4&#$%& $+-)5 )11'5'4&$!*+/ )$)!0, $) 6/ 2.i*%$&5. 4?TU>H# @?>HDV i!+.*) %i4 ) '%$)* 1), . +'*, 0401$!5i47, 0*0!)$!, 0401$! 0*0!8& , 0901$+ *ic$7. )11'5'4&$!*i )$)!06,

Battery electric vehicles Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are powered by either a large electric motor connected to a transmission, or smaller electric motors housed within the wheel hubs. The energy used to power these motors comes exclusively from battery packs housed within the vehicles that must be charged from an external source of electricity (for smaller vehicles a household socket is a sufficient source) [3].

Fig. 1.1. BEV Central motor

Fig. 1.2. BEV Hub motor !"e t#o t$%e o& BEV are illu trate' abo(e )&ig. 1.1 an' 1.2*. + ,an be een t"e t#o t$%e are (er$ imilar- t"e .e$ 'i&&eren,e i t"e %o itioning an' i/e o& t"e ele,tri, motor . !"e ,entral motor t$%e i ,urrentl$ more ,ommon a it #or. on trie' an' te te' %rin,i%le o& ,ar 'e ign. 0t i al o more uite' to larger (e"i,le in #"i," t"e motor mu t be 1uite %o#er&ul. Ho#e(er- t"e re1uirement to tran &er %o#er &rom t"e motor to t"e #"eel 'oe in(ol(e ome lo e in e&&i,ien,$ t"roug" &ri,tion. !"e "ub motor t$%e- "o#e(er- ,an a(oi' man$ o& t"e tran mi ion lo e e2%erien,e' in t"e ,entral motor t$%e but- at t"e ,urrent time- i more uite' to maller (e"i,le 'ue to t"e %o#er re1uirement o& larger (e"i,le an' a u," i a le regularl$ u e' te,"nolog$. BEV al o- u uall$- in,or%orate ot"er te,"nologie #"i," re'u,e energ$. Hy&r#d eleWtr#W $e"#Wles H$bri' ele,tri, (e"i,le are %o#ere' b$ a ,ombination o& ele,tri,it$ an' eit"er %etrol or 'ie el. !"e ele,tri,it$ i u e' onl$ a an interme'iate energ$ torage me'ium to im%ro(e t"e o(erall e&&i,ien,$ o& t"e (e"i,le. !"e$ t"ere&ore 34 54! nee' to be %lugge' in to re,"arge t"e batter$. !"i ,ut 'o#n on t"e amount o& &uel nee'e'- %ro'u,ing &e#er emi ion an' lo#ering o(erall &uel ,o t . 6o t "$bri' al o u e 7regenerati(e bra.ing8- #"i," ,a%ture energ$ &rom bra.ing to be %ut ba,. into t"e batter$ 9 t"i im%ro(e energ$ e&&i,ien,$ an' re'u,e bra.e #ear :1;. + "ort ummar$ o& t"e main a'(antage an' 'i a'(antage o& "$bri' te,"nolog$ in,lu'e< +'(antage < = >igni&i,antl$ im%ro(e' &uel ,on um%tion an' re'u,e' running ,o t .

= ?e'u,e' in9u e ,arbon 'io2i'e an' ot"er "arm&ul emi ion - %arti,ularl$ in urban 'ri(ing ,on'ition . 3i a'(antage < = >igni&i,antl$ "ig"er ,a%ital ,o t 'ue to a''itional ,om%onent an' ,urrentl$ e2%en i(e batter$ te,"nolog$. = Hig"er %ro'u,tion an' 'i %o al emi ion t"an ,on(entional (e"i,le . !"ere are e entiall$ t#o t$%e o& "$bri' ,on&iguration - illu trate' in t"e &igure belo#.

Fig. 2.1. @arallel H$bri'

Fig. 2.2 >erie H$bri' 0n a %arallel "$bri'- bot" t"e ele,tri, an' ,ombu tion engine ,an %ro(i'e %o#er 'ire,tl$ to t"e #"eel o& t"e (e"i,le. A"en t"e %o#er u%%lie' b$ t"e ,ombu tion engine i ur%lu to re1uirement - t"e ele,tri, engine i u e' in re(er e a a generator to tore a''itional energ$ in t"e ele,tri,al torage. !"e ele,tri, engine ,an %ro(i'e a''itional %o#er #"en t"e loa' i greater t"an ,an be %ro(i'e' b$ t"e maller ,ombu tion engine alone. 0n &ullB trong "$bri' u," a t"e !o$ota @riu - t"e (e"i,le ,an be %o#ere' &or "ort 'i tan,e b$ t"e ele,tri, engine alone. 6il' "$bri' u," a t"e Hon'a Ci(i, 06+

"a(e maller ele,tri, engine an' "a(e to o%erate t"e regular engine ,ontinuou l$ to %ro(i'e %o#er to t"e #"eel . + "$bri' "a a mu," bigger an' more %o#er&ul ele,tri, engine t"at %ro(i'e all t"e %o#er to t"e #"eel o& t"e (e"i,le. !"e ,ombu tion engine %ro(i'e energ$ in'ire,tl$- o%erating ,ontinuou l$ at %ea. e&&i,ien,$ to %ro(i'e ele,tri,al %o#er (ia a generator to t"e ele,tri, energ$ an' to t"e ele,tri,al torage. )Fig. 2.1 an' 2.2* TyXes oY &atter#es used Cea' a,i' )@b9a,i'* Cea'9a,i' batterie are t"e ol'e t t$%e o& re,"argeable batter$ an' "a(e a (er$ lo# energ$9to9#eig"t an' energ$9to9(olume ratio. !"e e &a,tor mean t"at lea' a,i' batterie ta.e u% igni&i,ant amount o& %a,e #it"in (e"i,le an' a'' igni&i,ant amount o& #eig"t. Ho#e(er- t"e$ ,an maintain a relati(el$ large %o#er9to9#eig"t ratio an' are lo# ,o t ma.ing t"em i'eal &or u e in roa' (e"i,le . 5i,.el Ca'mium )5iC'* 5i,.el Ca'mium gi(e t"e longe t ,$,le li&e o& an$ ,urrentl$ a(ailable batter$ )o(er 1-500 ,$,le * but "a lo# energ$ 'en it$ ,om%are' to ome ot"er batter$ t$%e . Ca'mium i al o to2i, a "a/ar' to bot" "uman an' animal - o it u e mainl$ in 'ome ti, a%%li,ation - i being u%er e'e' b$ Ci9ion an' 5i6H t$%e - in %art &or,e' b$ ED legi lation. 5i,.el96etal9H$'ri'e )5i6H* !"e 5i,.el 6etal H$'ri'e batter$ te,"nolog$ i imilar to a 5iC' batter$ in 'e ign- e2,e%t ,a'mium i re%la,e' ma.ing it le 'etrimental to t"e en(ironment. 5i6H batterie ,an al o "a(e 29E time t"e ,a%a,it$ o& an e1ui(alent i/e 5iC'#it" mu," le igni&i,ant memor$ e&&e,t. Com%are' to lit"ium ion batterie energ$ ,a%a,it$ i lo#er an' el&9'i ,"arge i "ig"er. Cit"ium9ion )Ci9ion* !"e relati(el$ mo'ern lit"ium9ion batter$ te,"nolog$ "a a (er$ "ig" ,"arge 'en it$ )i.e. a lig"t batter$ #"i," tore a lot o& energ$*. Current limitation in,lu'e (olatilit$- t"e %otential &or o(er"eating- "ig" ,o t- an' limite' "el& an' ,$,le li&e. !"e te,"nolog$ ,urrentl$ "a #i'e %rea' u e in ,on umer ele,troni, )e.g. mobile %"one * but "a onl$ re,entl$ begun to be u e' in tran %ort a%%li,ation )e.g. t"e !e la ?oa' ter ele,tri, ,ar an' in @riu ,on(er ion to a %lug9 in "$bri'*. Feneral motor an' !o$ota are no# al o mo(ing to#ar' u ing more Cit"ium9ion batterie . Ci9ion %ol$mer !"i i a imilar te,"nolog$ to Ci9ion- but t$%i,all$ "a lig"tl$ lo#er ,"arge 'en it$- greater li&e ,$,le an' an ultra9 lim 'e ign )a little a 1 mm t"i,.*. 3i a'(antage in,lu'e t"e "ig" in tabilit$ o& o(er,"arge' batterie an' i& t"e batter$ 'i ,"arge belo# a ,ertain (oltage it ma$ ne(er be able to "ol' a ,"arge again. >o'ium 5i,.el C"lori'e )5a5iCl*

>o'ium 5i,.el C"lori'e- al o .no#n a t"e Gebra batter$- belong to t"e ,la o& molten alt batterie . !"e e u e molten alt a an ele,trol$te- o&&ering bot" a "ig"er energ$ 'en it$- a #ell a a "ig"er %o#er 'en it$ ma.ing re,"argeable molten alt batterie a %romi ing te,"nolog$ &or %o#ering ele,tri, (e"i,le . Ho#e(er- t"e normal o%erating tem%erature range i 270E50 oC- #"i," %la,e more tringent re1uirement on t"e re t o& t"e batter$ ,om%onent an' ,an bring %roblem o& t"ermal management an' a&et$. Furt"ermore- t"ere are al o igni&i,ant t"ermal lo e #"en t"e batter$ i not in u e :2;. Batterie in BEV mu t be %erio'i,all$ re,"arge' u ing ele,tri,it$ eit"er in t"e "ome or at bu ine %remi e - #"ere a%%li,able. +n alternati(e to re,"arging batterie i to e2,"ange 'raine' batterie #it" &ull$ ,"arge' batterie - #"ere t"i &a,ilit$ e2i t . !"e time ta.en to ,"arge a batter$ i limite' %rimaril$ b$ t"e ,a%a,it$ o& t"e ,onne,tion- rat"er t"an t"e batter$ ,"ara,teri ti, . !"e main ,onne,tion to a "ou e mig"t be able to u tain 10 .ilo#att i& mo'i&i,ation are ma'e. + uming no energ$ lo in t"e ,"arger- a ten9"our ,"arge &rom an a(erage "ou e"ol' outlet #ill %ut a ma2imum o& E0 HA" o& energ$ into a batter$. !"e ,"arger "a t"ree .e$ &un,tion < = Fetting t"e ,"arge into t"e batter$ ),"arging* = 4%timi/ing t"e ,"arging rate ) tabili/ing* = Hno#ing #"en to to% )terminating* 4n,e a batter$ i &ull$ ,"arge'- t"e ,"arging ,urrent "a to be 'i i%ate'. !"i re ult in "eat an' ga e - #"i," are ba' &or batterie . !"e aim i to 'ete,t #"en t"e batter$ i &ull$ ,"arge' an' to to% t"e ,"arging %ro,e be&ore an$ 'amage i 'one. 3ete,ting t"i ,ut o&& %oint an' terminating t"e ,"arge i ,riti,al in %re er(ing batter$ li&e. 0n im%le ,"arger - t"i i #"en a %re'etermine' u%%er (oltage limit i rea,"e'. !"i i %arti,ularl$ im%ortant &or &a t ,"arger #"ere t"e 'anger o& o(er,"arging i greater. ReYere Wes 1. H$bri' Ele,tri, Ve"i,le < @rin,i%le an' +%%li,ation #it" @ra,ti,al @er %e,ti(e - C"ri 6i- 6. +bul 6a rur- 3a(i' Aen/"ong Fao- Io"n Aille$ an' >on - 2011 2. Full li&e ,$,le anal$ i o& mar.et %enetration o& ele,tri,it$9ba e' (e"i,le @atri,ia Ba%ti ta- Carla >il(a- FonJalo FonJal(e - !iago Faria - :orld ;lectric <ehicle =ournal- E- 200K- 196 E. Ele,tri, L H$bri' Ele,tri, Ve"i,le - o%en le,ture %re entation b$ 3a(i' !imone$ an' Ailliam >mit"- >,"ool o& Ele,tri,al- Ele,troni, L 6e,"ani,al Engineering- Dni(er it$ College 3ublin- 200M