MM 222 Strength of Materials Lecture 2 Spring 2014

Atif Rasheed
Research Associate, FMSE GIKI

E-mail: atif@giki.edu.pk Contact: +92-3324459510

(Preferably SMS with name and reg. #)

Grading policy Assignments Quizzes Mid Term Final Term Grading will be relative and lenient Book Mechanics of Materials by Beer and Johnston 6th edition References Strength of Materials and Structures by JOHN CASE, 4th Ed. Mechanics of Solid Materials by J. Lemaitre and J. L. Chaboche Applied Mechanics of Solids by Allan F. Bower (available online at http://solidmechanics.org/contents.htm) Related ASM Volumes E Journals Introduction to 10% 20% 30% 40%

Mechanics/Strength of Materials

Material Which of the following images in not the representation of a material???

Ans: (b) As it represents imagination which is not a material (a) (b) (c)

Types of deformation Elastic deformation

The deformation that is recovered at the removal of load is called elastic deformation

Types of deformation Plastic deformation

The deformation that cannot be recovered at the removal of load is called plastic deformation Permanent deformation

Fracture

Separation or fragmentation of a solid body into two or more parts under the action of stress

Axial loading
A load applied along or parallel to primary axis, e.g. tension and compression

Figure: Soil compression test

Figure: Bolt under tension

Normal stress
Force normal to the object. = P/A = MPa

Figure: Soil compression test

Figure: Bolt under tension

Shearing stress
Stress parallel to the surface of the material it acts. = P/A = MPa

Normal/Shearing stress

Normal/Shearing stress

Stress at a point

= lim

F A0 A

ave =

P A

Why Stress at a point?

Gray Cast Iron

o Ferrite (Bright phase with black graphite flakes) o Pearlite (+Fe3C, dark phase)

A B

20 m (200X)

A B

Stress at a point

Figure: Stress distribution is different at different points of the cross-section

Stress at a point
In general, stress is taken as uniform.

Uniform normal stress passes through the centroid (C) of the section.

Centroid
The center of mass of a geometric object of uniform density.

Uniform stress through centroid

Centric loading
A load that passes through the centroid of the section

In centric loading, stress distribution is uniform

Eccentric loading
A load parallel to the primary axis of the section but not passing through centroid of the section

In eccentric loading, stress distribution is not uniform

Shear
The magnitude of resultant of shearing forces is called as shear and is denoted by P Average shear stress = = P/A

Single shear
Tendency to slide on one plane

P=F

Average shear stress = = P/A = F/A

Double shear
Tendency to slide on two planes

Two force member

Weight (Gravity) = W Reaction force = W/2 Reaction force = W/2

Double shear
Tendency to slide on two planes

F = 2P P = F/2 avg = P/A = F/2A

Single/Double shear

Single shear

Double shear

Bearing stress in connection

P P b = = A td

Chapter # 1 (Beer and Johnston, 6th ed.)

Introduction Concept of stress Forces in the members of a simple structure

Can the structure bear 30 kN load?

AB is a boom with a rectangular cross-section of 30*50 mm)

Boom

Chapter # 1 (Beer and Johnston, 6th ed.)

Introduction Concept of stress Forces in the members of a simple structure

BC is a circular rod with 20 mm diameter

Can the structure bear 30 kN load?

AB is a boom with a rectangular cross-section of 30*50 mm)

Rods

Chapter # 1 (Beer and Johnston, 6th ed.)

Introduction Concept of stress Forces in the members of a simple structure

BC is a circular rod with 20 mm diameter

Boom and rod connected through pins and brackets

Can the structure bear 30 kN load?

AB is a boom with a rectangular cross-section of 30*50 mm)

Pins and brackets

Figure: Pin and bracket

Chapter # 1 (Beer and Johnston, 6th ed.)

Introduction Concept of stress Forces in the members of a simple structure

To calculate forces in the structural members, well draw free body diagram Boom and rod connected through pins and brackets BC is a circular rod with 20 mm diameter

Can the structure bear 30 kN load?

AB is a boom with a rectangular cross-section of 30*50 mm)