International Islamic University Islamabad

Term Project

Great Wall of China

By Akkasha Irfan 3151-FMS/BBA/F10 Reema Mehmood 3128- FMS/BBA/F10 Sidra Yaqoob 3104-FMS/BBA/F10 Sajida Batool 3095-FMS/BBA/F10

2014

Dedication

This Project is dedicated to my mother, who taught me that the educated and well manner person is the one who help and give guidance to others in their dark times and to father also, who taught me that even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done one step at a time.

Acknowledgement

We are thankful to our teachers and our parents who helped and supported us at every moment. We are also thankful to those persons who helped us while doing this project. We think that:
Allah helps those who help themselves!!!!

As we see this sentence is very small but it carries vast meaning. It means that when a person started a work with good intentions Allah also supports him for doing the work.

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 6 The History of Walls in China ...................................................................................................................... 6 The Great Wall of China ........................................................................................................................... 7 Erection of Walls .................................................................................................................................. 8 Basic Need for the Great Wall of China ..................................................................................................... 10 Scope of Great wall of China ...................................................................................................................... 10 Scope in term of Geographies ................................................................................................................. 10 Scope in terms of Market Affected ......................................................................................................... 11 Trade ................................................................................................................................................... 11 Greatest tourist Attraction in the World .............................................................................................. 11 Real estate and performance circles ............................................................................................................ 11

Shoulder to shoulder, a coordinated movement of the people, their blood no longer confined in the limited circulation of the body but rolling sweetly and yet still returning through the infinite extent of China. Kafka, Franz

Introduction
The Great Wall of China is an internationally identifiable emblem and is a pervasive parable that is used to demarcate modern Chinas national character, political attitudes, history and culture. The Great Wall is an immense man-made structure that has stood the test of time and much like the centuries old Chinese culture. It has also come to symbolize the rich history of the Chinese people and indication of their strength and ability as a nation. The Wall inspires admiration from other nations and also functions as a basis of national pride for the Chinese, as demonstrated by President Obamas quote; Its magical. It reminds you of the sweep of history and our time here on Earth is not that long and we better make the best of it. The Great Wall has come to signify archetypal Chinese attributes in modern-day society and is central to how China characterizes itself. However, it is not a single Great Wall rather it is a set of walls, built intermittently over thousands of years by different dynasties for varying purposes. The idea of a singular Great Wall is a misnomer which developed after centuries of different cultural elucidations. The history of the Great Wall is a history of cultural encounters that have shaped modern ideas about China within the country itself as well as outside. Though walls were built for defense and territorial claim prior to the seventeenth century but they were of no real worth as a tool for governance or as a cultural testament. In addition to this, the historical sentiments towards building walls resulted in negative mythology and historical texts. The Jesuits paved the walls as a geographic feature of China in the popular European outlook and in the way the Ming dynasty saw their own kingdom. Using their cartographic skills, the Jesuits communicated their idea of statehood and boundaries and transformed the walls into a distinct and instantly recognizable feature of the Chinese landscape which also helped them to ingratiate themselves with the Ming court.

The History of Walls in China

Walls were a functional construction in Ancient China but they were not a significant feature in the rule of the different dynasties. Far from the nationally symbolic icon of Chinese landscape and identities, walls in Ancient China were memorized negatively. Walls have a long history in China as practical tools of defense and territorial claims as in many other cultures. The families of the Warring States (Qin, Zhou, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qin) constructed walls since the middle of the seventh century BC. Walls were built to guard the nomadic tribes across the steppe as well as against other family states. Conflict was common between the barbarians from the steppe and arid terrain as the Chinese culture is defined by farmer and colonist societies. During the reign of the First Emperor, the main emperor of the short-lived Qin dynasty, the first major wall was built. This wall was not built as a single endeavor, but was created by joining the several regional walls built by the Warring States. It was situated much further north than the contemporary Great Wall, and very little remains of it. Several dynasties at different times in

Chinese history built and maintained a defensive wall on the northern border. The Great Wall that can still be seen today on a much larger scale and with longer lasting materials (solid stone used for the sides and the top of the Wall) than any wall that had been built before was built during the Ming Dynasty. The primary purpose of the wall was to insure that semi-nomadic people on the outside of the wall could not cross with their horses or return easily with steal property rather to keep out people, who could scale the wall. Actually, China is not the single country in history that built wall along its periphery. Athens, the Roman Empire, Denmark and Korea all built walls at certain time in the past. The Hadrian's Wall in northern England extended 117 kilometers from Wallsend-on-Tyne in the east to Bowness-on-Solway in the west was built "to detach the Romans from the barbarians". The primary purpose of all the walls was military defense, and the Great Wall of China was no exclusion. Four major walls: 208 BC (the Qin Dynasty) 1st century BC (the Han Dynasty) 1138 - 1198 (the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period) 1368-1620 (from Hongwu Emperor until Wanli Emperor of the Ming Dynasty) The Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in that were built, rebuilt, and retained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century for the protection of the northern borders of the Chinese Empire during the rule of successive dynasties. Several walls that were referred to as the Great Wall of China were built since the 5th century BC. The most famous is the wall built by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang between 220 BC and 200 BC but little of it remains. It was much farther north than the contemporary wall, which was built during the Ming Dynasty. The great wall is approximately 2232 years old. The Great Wall is the world's longest man-made structure, extending over approximately 6,400 km (4,000 miles) from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly demarcates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia, but stretches to over 6,700 km (4,160 miles) in total. It is also the biggest human-made structure ever built in terms of surface area and mass. The Ming Wall was guarded by more than one million men at its peak. As part of the centurieslong project of building the wall, it has been estimated that somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died. Personnel: When Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered construction of the Great Wall around 221 B.C., the labor force that built the wall was made up largely of soldiers and convicts. It is said that as many as 400,000 people died during the wall's construction; many of these workers were buried with the wall itself.

Erection of Walls Built to its existing form by multiple dynasties, it stood the test of time and had kept China safe from assault, and these dynasties work on wall construction in differed time periods. Such as;
1. 5th century BC to 221 BC 2. 221 BC 3. 1368-1644 CE 4. 1644 CE 1. 5th century BC to 221 BC

The states of Qi, Yan, and Zhao constructed widespread fortifications to defend their borders, during the warring states' period from the 5th century BC to 221 BC. These walls were made mostly by stamping gravel and earth between board frames to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears.

2. 221 BC

Emperor Qin in order to strengthen his rule and defend the Huns in the north ordered to connect the walls built by other states and also to add sections under his expense to strengthen the boundary. The long Qin's wall thus started taking its shape. It was constructed from the east which is today's Liaoning Province and ended at Lintao, Gansu Province. After conquering and uniting China from the seven warring states, the emperor linked and extended four old walls that originated from 700 B.C along the north of China. In order to defend the invading nomadic Hsiung Nu tribes north of China armies were stationed along the wall. Modifications continued over the next millennium but the main construction of the 'modern' wall initiated in the Ming Dynasty and continued during their rule from 1368-1644 CE.

3. 1368-1644 CE

The Great Wall notion was revitalized again during the Ming Dynasty following the Ming armys overpowering Oirats in the Battle of Tumu in 1449. The Ming had failed to gain a clear victory over the Mongolian and Manchurian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn disagreement was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy of constructing walls along the northern border of China to keep the nomadic tribes out. Conceding the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall instead of incorporating the bend of the HuangHe followed the desert's southern edge. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the Great Wall was enlarged to 6,400 kilometers with watchtowers and cannons added.

4. 1644 CE

Construction and repairs of the wall were suspended. A wall was built in the south to protect the Chinese from the nomads and barbarians. The wall as we see today is after taking up a huge renovation of which the most important phase took place after it was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO. The restoration and preservation initiatives are being taken up by the government and other non-governmental bodies like the International Friends of the Great Wall and The China Great Wall Society who clean the areas surrounding the most frequently visited areas of the wall and keep a close check on the structural maintenance.

Basic Need for the Great Wall of China

The intimidations of nomadic people in the north were constant throughout Chinese history. They were constantly prowling the Chinese northern borders. With every new ruler, came continual debates in the court on how to deal with barbarians. So, Chinese are left with four options: Initiate abhorrent operations to drive them out of the neighborhood. Create defensive regiment Make diplomatic and economic ties with them. Build a wall to keep them out. Experience showed offensive campaigns are too costly and risky, defensive regiments respond too slowly to counter lightning attacks on a long border. The third option would be a very rational one; it was in fact tried and successful in couple of occasions, but generally the Chinese held themselves in a very high opinion, or the so-called Middle Kingdom Complex. They looked down upon the nomads as people with animal heart who live on the edge of the world. Any notion of them as an equal state would be unthinkable. Thus wall building would be the most favored option. Emperors wanted to protect their boundary. The attempt was costly in materials and manpower. The walls had to be kept well-guarded at the expense of the emperor. It is said that over 1 million persons died in its construction. Another reason for the wall construction was the use of it as a barrier when a battle was fought at the border. It was used to prevent northern bandit tribes from crossing the border, it was also a border point for the emperor's soldiers to congregate and defend. It was also an obstacle during battle skirmishes. . Therefore, more than one motive caused the building of the wall.

Scope of Great wall of China

Scope in term of Geographies The Great Wall was not merely a wall but instead a complete and rigorous defense project that was composed of countless passes watchtowers, garrison towns, beacon towers and blockhouses. The Great Wall would look like a dragon winding over the mountains. The Great Wall of China was not positioned in any one given city but instead it crossed Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Jilin, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, and Gansu provinces; Beijing and Tianjin municipalities; Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Autonomous Regions.

Scope in terms of Market Affected Trade The Great Walls significance to the protection and evolution of the Silk Road helped to preserve Chinese presence throughout the region. It also helped to serve the transmigration of art, ideas and religion. From Gandhara, Buddhism came to China along the Silk Road. The Silk Road trade routes tied together thought art and novelty of the East and the West. It helped generate the European age of exploration and the development of Chinese culture. The trade on the Silk Road also saw the immense construction of the Great Wall. The purpose of the Great Wall of China was also to help protect trade along the Silk Road in addition, to holding back invasions. The wall is beneficial in terms of trade, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration. Greatest tourist Attraction in the World The Great Wall was assigned one of the most important historical sites to be repaired after the foundation of the People's Republic of China. After renovation of many of its important sections, the Great Wall has resumed its imposing manner; it is now an important tourist attraction for people all over the world. It is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. The Great Wall is not only a pried of China, but also a treasure of the world civilization and a link between peoples on this planet! Its twisting path over rugged country and steep mountains takes in some great scenery. The income from admission tickets brings the administration authorities funds enough to invest in its preservation and more efficient management. Real estate and performance circles In addition to the tourism industry, real estate and performance circles have also taken benefit of the Great Wall's business promotion potential. An example is the architectural cluster designed by 12 outstanding Asian architects at the foot of the Shuiguan Great Wall north of downtown Beijing. Known as the "Commune at the Foot of the Great Wall," its breathtaking backdrop and ultramodern architectural styles have won it several architectural awards. It is now a characteristic hotel and a venue for media events, fashion shows and celebrity press conferences.