AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

NOTE: Questions with an * are NOT required by the HKDSE syllabus. They are included so as to enrich your knowledge and broaden your understanding in chemistry.

1997-AL-CHEM 1
6. (a) (i) Vegetable oils (e.g. peanut oil) can undergo the following chemical reactions to give useful solid products P and Q.

excess H2/pt vegetable oil NaOH(aq) heat

P Q

Give one use each for P and Q. *(ii)

Suggest a possible structure for P.

What is meant by the iodine value of a fat/oil? (3 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (a) (i) P is a hardened oil, e.g. margarine (or butter substitute). Q is a soap. Possible structure of P:
CH2 O COC9H19 CH O COC11H23 CH2 O COC11H23

(Any correct structure of a saturated triglyceride) 1 [3]

(ii)

Iodine value: The no. of grams of iodine that reacts with 100 g of the fat/oil.

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------6. (b) Saponification of 1 mol of fat G with NaOH(aq) produces 1 mol of a triol C3H8O3, 2 mol of CH3(CH2)16CO2-Na+ and 1 mol of CH3(CH2)14CO2-Na+. (i) (ii) (iii) If G is optically active, suggest its structure. Explain. If G is optically inactive, suggest its structure. What is the minimum number of moles of base required for the complete saponification of 1 mol of G? (4 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (b) (i)

O CH2 O C O (CH2)16CH3

*CH O C (CH2)16CH3 O CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3

, 1

Because G contains an asymmetric / chiral / stereogenic centre, indicated by *. (ii)

O CH2 O C O (CH2)16CH3

CH O C (CH2)14CH3 O CH2 O C
(iii)

(CH2)16CH3
1 1 [4]

three moles of base (e.g. NaOH / KOH) because hydrolysis of 1 ester group requires 1 mole of OH-

Exam Practice

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly

1998-AL-CHEM 1
6. (a) Most natural fats and oils are mixed glycerides, and may be characterised by their iodine value, two examples of which are shown below: Fat/oil Butter fat Corn oil (i) *(ii) Draw the structure of a typical natural fat or oil. Assuming that butter fat and corn oil glycerides have similar relative molecular masses, suggest what information about their chemical structures may be deduced from the iodine values in the above table. (3 marks) Iodine value 30 120

6.

(b)

With the help of formulae, outline the chemical reaction involved in each of the following processes: (i) (ii) saponification of an animal fat hardening of a vegetable oil (2 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (a) (i)

CH2 OCOC15H31 CH OCOC15H29

(many possible answers, including shorter chains of fatty acids)

CH2 OCOC15H27
(ii)

The iodine value provides relative information on the degree of unsaturation / number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chains. In this case, corn oil fatty acid chains have more unsaturated centers than butter.

1 1 [3]

(b)

(i)

fat / oil

NaOH(aq) reflux

sodium salt of fatty acid (soap) + glycerol

CH2OH

RCO 2Na
(ii)

CHOH CH2OH

C7H15CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CO2R

H2/Pt

C13H27CO2R

1 [2]

1998-AL-CHEM 2 5. (b) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 have been used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and blowing agents in foam plastic manufacturing. There is evidence showing that the release of CFCs into the atmosphere is a major cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere. (i) State the beneficial function of ozone in the stratosphere.

(ii)

With the help of equations, show how CFCs, like CF2Cl2, can cause ozone depletion in the stratosphere.

(iii)

Why is ozone a pollutant in the atmosphere?

(5 marks)

AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

Marking Scheme 5. (b) (i) acts as a filter for harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun (ii) In the stratosphere, CFCs absorb UV radiation to give Cl.

Mark 1/0

CF2Cl2

hv CF2Cl + Cl or UV The following free radical chain reaction then occurs and each Cl produced can cause the removal of a large no. of O3.

Can you draw the Lewis structure of O3?

Cl + O3 ClO + O2 ClO + O3 Cl + 2O2 or, Cl + O3 ClO + O2 O3 O2 + O ClO + O Cl + O2

or,

O3 reacts with unburnt HCs and NO2 (from automobile exhaust) giving rise to the formation of photochemical smog. , O3 is toxic / has adverse effects on the respiratory system. (1) 5 marks

-------------------------------------------------- Next Question ---------------------------------------------------6. (a) Consider the structures of the two synthetic polymers shown below:

CH2CH2 n poly(ethene)
(i) (ii)

HN(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO n nylon-6,6

Suggest an explanation for the fact that nylon-6,6 has a higher tensile strength than poly(ethene). Briefly explain why aqueous acids can more readily attack nylon-6,6 than poly(ethene) inducing degradation. Apart from acidic conditions, state one other condition under which nylon-6,6 degrades more readily than poly(ethene). (5 marks) The installation of catalytic converters onto car exhaust systems can reduce the emission of three major classes of air pollutants. Name the three classes of pollutants. With the help of equations, briefly describe how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these pollutants. (4 marks) The interaction between polymer chain of PE is van der Waals forces while that between Nylon 6.6 is hydrogen bond. 1

(iii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (a) (i)

The higher tensile strength of nylon is due to its stronger intermolecular attraction. (ii) CC linkage in PE is non-polar. not readily attacked by acids/has no reaction with acids. The amide linkage in nylon hydrolyse in acids to give NH3+ and COOH groups causing shortening of the chain. (iii) alkaline conditions / enzyme

, 1 5 marks

Exam Practice 6. (b) (i) (ii)

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly 3

nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, (unburnt) hydrocarbons The converter contains the metal catalysts Rh/Pt/Pd which catalyse the following reactions. Air is introduced into the converter to oxidize CO and unburnt HCs to CO2. 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g) 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) C7H16(g) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) [catalysed by Rh] [catalysed by Pt /Pd] [catalysed by Pt /Pd]

(Accept any equation showing the oxidation of an alkane with 6 to 10 carbons.) 4 marks

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------7. (b) Sucrose is a disaccharide found in sugar cane. Upon treatment with dilute mineral acids, sucrose gives two monosaccharides, both of which have the formula C6H12O6.
CH2OH O OH OH OH O OH sucrose CH2OH O

HO

CH2OH

(i) *(ii)

Name the two monosaccharides and give a ring structure for each. Name the linkage between the two monosaccharide units in sucrose. (3 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

7. (b) (i) 21

(ii)

glycosidic linkage

1 3 marks

1999-AL-CHEM 1
6. (b) (i) Briefly explain why car exhaust contains carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.

(ii)

The installation of catalytic converters onto car exhaust systems can reduce the concentrations of pollutants in car exhaust. With the help of equations, briefly describe the function of a catalytic converter.

(iii)

Explain why leaded petrol is not used in cars equipped with catalytic converters.

(iv)

Ozone is a pollutant derived from nitrogen dioxide. With the help of equations, account for the formation of ozone from nitrogen dioxide.

(8 marks)
4

AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

Marking Scheme 6. (b) (i) (I) (II)

CO: NO:

1999-AL-CHEM 1 incomplete combustion of petrol combination of N2 and O2 at high temperature

high temp.

Mark 1 ()

N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) NO2: air oxidation of NO 2NO + O2 2NO2

(ii)

In the catalytic converter, Rh catalyses the reaction 2NO + 2CO N2 + 2CO2 Air is introduced to the converter and acts as an oxidizing agent. Pt/Pd catalyses the reactions: 2CO + O2 2CO2 C7H16 + 11O2 7CO2 + 8H2O lead/lead compounds can poison the catalysts Pt/Pd. Upon absorption of UV radiation /sunlight, NO2 breaks down to give NO and O atom.

, 1
8 marks

(iii) (iv)

NO2

UV

NO + O

O atom reacts with O2 in air to form O2. O + O2 O3

1999-AL-CHEM 2
6. (b) (i) Draw the structure, showing two repeating units, for each of the following polymeric materials: (I) (II) (ii) poly(chloroethene), and cellulose

6.

(d)

Large quantities of poly(chloroethene) and cellulose are used in daily life. Suggest, with explanation, an appropriate waste disposal method for each material. (5 marks) In an experiment to determine the SO2 level in air, 200 dm3 of an air sample, measure at 298 K and 101 kPa pressure, was bubbled into excess H2O2(aq) which converts the SO2 to SO42-(aq). The resulting solution was then treated with excess BaCl2(aq) to give 0.0583 g of BaSO4(s). (i) Assuming that the air sample behaves ideally, calculate the concentration of SO2 in the sample, expressing your answer (I) *(II) (ii) (I) (II) in g m-3 , and in ppm by volume. (1 kPa = 1 103 N m-2)

Explain why power stations burning fossil fuels produce a considerable amount of SO2. Suggest TWO measures to reduce the emission of SO2 from such power stations. 1999-AL-CHEM 2 (6 marks) Mark 1

6.

Marking Scheme (b) (i)

(I)

H H H H C C C C H Cl H Cl

(II)

HO HO O OH OH O OH -glucose unit O O

OH -glucose unit

(Award marks for the glucose unit; marks for the -glycosidic linkage. Correct configuration at the C atoms are not required.)

Exam Practice 6. (b) (ii)

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly 1 () (1)
5 marks

(I)

or,

PVC: Incineration and treat flue gas in wet scrubber / with Na2CO3(aq) or an appropriate alkali. Because incineration of PVC produces HCl which is an acidic gas. Cellulose: Incineration Burning cellulose gives CO2 and H2O which are not air pollutants. Land-filling Cellulose can be degraded by micro-organisms. SO2 BaSO4 (in terms of mole)

(d)

(i)

(I)

conc. of SO2 in air sample =

0.0583 5 (for 1 m3) = 1.249 10-3 mol m-3 (137.3 + 32.06 + 16 4)

2

= 80020 g m-3 (Also accept 80000 g m-3) *(II) pV = nRT

n partial pressure of SO2 = ( ) RT = 1.249 10-3 8.31 298 = 3.093 Pa V 3.093 conc. of SO2 = 106 = 30.6 ppm 101 10 3 (For (I) and (II), 1 mark for steps and 1 mark for answer.)
Treat this type of exercise as unit conversion or dimensional analysis, so you can do it as follows: 80020 g m-3 i.e. 80020 10-6 g m-3 80020 g SO2 in 106 m3 air sample Now what you need to do is to convert the unit g to m3. m From pV = nRT = RT, M 80020 g 8.31 N m mol -1 K -1 298 K m RT = 30.6 m3 V= = -1 3 -2 M p 64.06 g mol 101 10 N m There are 30.6 m3 of SO2 in 106 m3 air, i.e. the concentration of SO2 is 30.6 ppm.

NOTE: 1 atm = 1.01 105 Pa = 101 103 Pa = 101 kPa = 101 103 N m-2 R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1 = 8.31 N m mol-1 K-1 (= 0.08206 atm L mol-1 K-1) (ii) (I) Sulphur-containing compounds are present in fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. These compounds give SO2 upon burning. Use low sulphur content coal /fuel Install flue gas desulphurization system /wash flue gas with alkali.
6 marks

(II)

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------7. (d) Fats and oils are triglycerides which undergo hydrolysis during digestion. (i) Which compounds among N, P, Q, R and S below could be produced by the hydrolysis of a triglyceride?

C17H35CH2OH N

C17H35CO2H P

H3NCH2CO 2 Q

C8H17CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H R
(ii)

CH2 OH

CH CH2 OH OH S

Draw a possible structure of a triglyceride which can give all the hydrolysed products that you have chosen in (i). (I) When oils are converted to hardened fats, what would happen to the structures of triglyceride molecules? Such a hardening process can give a product with a longer shelf life. Explain. (5 marks)
6

(iii)

(II)

AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

Marking Scheme 7. (d) (i) (ii)

1999-AL-CHEM 2 P, R and S

Mark 1 1

CH2O COC17H35 CHO COC7H14CH=CHC8H17 CH2O COC17H35 (Accept correct structure of triglyceride derived from glycerin and fatty acid(s) chosen in (i).)
(iii) (I) The unsaturated carboxylic acid chains in triglyceride undergo catalytic hydrogenation to give the corresponding saturated counterparts.

(II)

Fats and oils having a high degree of unsaturation are more susceptible to oxidation / 1 oxidative rancidity which causes deterioration. Hardening reduces the no. of unsaturated centers and therefore can increase the shelf life of the substances.

2000-AL-CHEM 1
6. (c) CCl3F (Freon-11) is being replaced by CF3CH2F as a commonly-used refrigerant because CCl3F caused depletion of the stratospheric ozone. (i) With the help of equations, explain why CCl3F causes depletion of the stratospheric ozone.

(ii)

Explain why CF3CH2F would not cause ozone depletion.

6.

Marking Scheme 2000-AL-CHEM 1 (c) (i) In the stratosphere, CCl3F undergoes photodecomposition by absorption of UV radiation. CCl3F UV CCl2F + Cl

(4 marks) Mark 1

The Cl radical initiate the following chain reactions: Cl + O3 ClO + O2 ClO + O3 Cl + 2O2 one Cl can destroy a vast no. of ozone molecules. (ii) CF bonds are much stronger than CCl bonds The UV radiation is not energetic enough to break the CF bonds to give F radicals.

4 marks

2000-AL-CHEM 2
5. (a) (i) State the two main air pollutants formed by burning sulphur-containing coal in power stations.

(ii)

For each pollutant, (I) state one of its environmental consequences, and

(II)

suggest one measure to reduce its emission into the atmosphere.

(4 marks) *(b) With the help of equations, outline the chemistry of smog formation from car exhaust.

(4 marks)
7

Exam Practice

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly Mark () () () 1 1 (1) (1) (1)

Marking Scheme 2000-AL-CHEM 2 5. (a) Only the first two answers to be marked (i) sulphur dioxide (compulsory answer) + suspended particulates /nitrogen oxides /hydrocarbons /carbon monoxide (ii) (I) sulphur dioxide: acid rain/attack respiratory system suspended particulates: attack respiratory system/ reduce visibility/smog nitrogen oxides: acid rain/attack respiratory system/irritating hydrocarbons: carcinogenic /smog carbon monoxide: poisonous/toxic sulphur dioxide: installation of scrubber/ desulphurisation system particulates: bag filtration/electrostatic precipitator nitrogen oxides: installation of scrubber/low nitrogen oxide burner/catalytic converter hydrocarbons: catalytic converter carbon monoxide: catalytic converter

(II)

4 marks

5.

(b)

Car exhaust contains NO2 which, upon absorption of UV radiation (from sunlight), undergoes photodecomposition: UV NO2 NO + O The O atom reacts with other components of car exhaust (e.g. unburnt hydrocarbons) and those of the atmosphere to give a variety of lachrymatory and toxic chemicals / PAN O + O2 O3 O + HCs aldehydes / acids HCs aldehydes / acids or, O3 HCs + O2 + NO2 PAN / lachrymatory substances (Accept HCs with 5 to 12 carbons.)

, 1 ()
4 marks

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------6. (a) Sodium stearate CH3(CH2)16CO2-Na+ , the most common soap, can be made by heating a triglyceride with sodium hydroxide solution. (i) (ii) (iii) (b) Draw the structure of the triglyceride. With the help of equation(s), describe the chemistry when soap is added to hard water. Explain why washing soda, Na2CO3 10H2O, can help to reduce the hardness of water. (4 marks) Product J, from the transformation below, is a commonly-used household detergent.

(i) (ii) (iii) (c)

Draw the structure of J. State one advantage of using J as a detergent. State one environmental problem associated with the use of J. (3 marks)

Dodecyl glucoside is a new detergent.

(i) (ii)

Explain why dodecyl glucoside can be used in the cleansing of oily dirts. Suggest how dodecyl glucoside can be degraded in the environment. (4 marks)
8

AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

Marking Scheme 6. (a) (i)

2000-AL-CHEM 2

CH2OCO(CH2)mCH3 CHOCO(CH2)nCH3 CH2OCO(CH2)pCH3

(m, n, p = 12-24, even number and one of them must be 16.)

Mark 1

(ii)

or, (iii)

Hard water contains Ca2+/Mg2+ ions. These ions react with stearate ions to form scum/precipitate. 2CH3(CH2)16COO- + Ca2+ [CH3(CH2)16COO]2Ca(s) 2CH3(CH2)16COO- + Mg2+ [CH3(CH2)16COO]2Mg(s)

1 (1)

carbonate reacts with Ca2+/Mg2+ to form MgCO3(s)/CaCO3(s) and reduces the hardness of water. 1
4 marks

CH3(CH2)11

SO3 Na

(b)

(i) (ii) (iii)

does not form precipitate /scum with hard water or, does not work well in acid medium not readily biodegraded in the environment The long hydrocarbon carbon (tail) is hydrophobic/non-polar and can dissolve oily residue (due to like dissolves like)

1 1 (1) 1
3 marks

(c)

(i)

The glucose/sugar part is hydrophilic /polar /water soluble /can form H-bond with water 1 and can bring the oily residue into aqueous solution /cause the formation of water soluble micelles (ii) hydrolysis of the glycosidic/glucosidic/sugar linkage by enzymes/acids/bacteria/micro-organisms , 1
4 marks

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------7. (b) Aspartame, a sweetener, has the structure below:

(i) (ii) *(iii)

Name all functional groups in aspartame. Upon hydrolysis, aspartame gives two amino acids. Draw their structures. Two electrodes are dipped into an aqueous solution containing the two amino acids in a pH 12 buffer, and are connected to the two poles of a battery. Which species derived from these amino acids will move faster towards the anode? Explain your answer. (7 marks) 2000-AL-CHEM 2 Mark amine/amino carboxylic acid/carboxyl/alkanoic acid amide/peptide (link) ester/alkyl alkanoate (max. 4 guessing, phenyl group not counted as a guess) COOH
H2N COOH

Marking Scheme 7. (b) (i)

(ii) (iii)

H2N

COOH

(accept structures in form of Zwitterion.)

1+1

At pH 12, the amino acids exist as anions: COO H2N

H2N

COO

COO -

1+1 ,
7 marks

(I) (II) (I) is doubly (more highly) charged, and will moves faster towards the anode.
9

Exam Practice

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly

2001-AL-CHEM 2
6. (a) The table below lists some information about five compounds, two of which are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) :

Name
CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-152 (i) (ii) (iii)

Structure
CCl3F CCl2F2 CHClF2 CHCl2CF3 CH3CHF2

Flammability
No No No No Yes

Lifetime/years
75 108 22 2 2

Give two uses of CFCs in daily life. Explain why the use of CFCs poses a problem to our environment. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are possible replacements for CFCs. Which compound in the above table is the best choice? Explain your answer. (7 marks) 2001-AL-CHEM 2 Mark Any TWO of the following: 1 refrigerant aerosol propellant solvent to clean microchips and electronic parts blowing agent in foam plastics manufacture fire extinguishing material ( marks each) CFCs are chemically unreactive compounds / have long life time and will not undergo reaction in the lower atmosphere. 1 In the stratosphere, CFC molecules, upon absorption of UV radiation from sun, undergoes homolytic cleavage to give Cl free radical 1 Cl free radicals react with ozone in the stratosphere: Cl + O3 ClO + O2 ClO + O3 Cl + 2O2 / ClO + O Cl + O2 The reaction is a chain reaction / Cl is regenerated in the reaction () one Cl radical can destroy a large no. of ozone molecules () 1 HCFC-123 because it has a short life time and is not flammable HFC-152 because it has no Cl () and has a short life time () 1 , (1) (1)

6.

Marking Scheme (a) (i)

(ii)

(iii) or,

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------7. (c) Compound W is an artificial sweetener and has the structure shown below.

(i) (ii)

Identify four functional groups in W. Upon treatment with dilute mineral acids, W gives two monosaccharides. each monosaccharide. Suggest two reasons for using artificial sweeteners as substitutes for sugar. (6 marks)
10

Draw a ring structure for

(iii)

AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

Marking Scheme 7. (c) (i)

2001-AL-CHEM 2 Any FOUR of the following: phenol carbonyl / ketone ether / alkoxy alcohol / hydroxyl acetal

Mark 4

(ii)

(Accept ring structures in or forms) (iii) Any TWO of the following diabetics cannot tolerate sugar noncaloric sweeteners facilitate weight loss artificial sweeteners do not promote tooth decay artificial sweeteners are hundred / thousand times sweeter than sugar 1+1

2002-AL-CHEM 1
6. (b) Under suitable conditions, sucrose undergoes hydrolysis to give glucose and fructose.
CH2OH O OH OH OH O OH CH2OH O OH CH2OH

sucrose
(i) *(ii)

Draw a ring structure for glucose and one for fructose. When treated with Fehlings reagent, sucrose and glucose demonstrate different behaviour. (I) (II) What are the major chemical components of Fehlings reagent? Explain why sucrose and glucose demonstrate different behaviour when treated with Fehlings reagent. (5 marks) 2002-AL-CHEM 1 Mark

Marking Scheme
6. (b) (i)

(ii)

(I) (II)

CuSO4(aq), NaOH(aq) and sodium potassium tartrate In aqueous solutions, the cyclic and non-cyclic forms of glucose are in equilibrium.
The CHO group in the non-cyclic forms can reduce Cu in Fehlings reagent to Cu2O(s).
2+

1 [5]

The rings in sucrose are locked (by the acetal function).

Sucrose is non-reducing.

11

Exam Practice

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly

2002-AL-CHEM 2
6. (c) Both compounds K and L are natural fats that exist in human body.

(i) (ii)

Draw structures of all products formed from the complete hydrolysis of K. Suggest, with explanation, whether infra-red spectroscopy can be used to differentiate the products formed from the complete hydrolysis of K. Which compound, K or L, has the greater iodine value? Explain.

(iii)

Marking Scheme

2002-AL-CHEM 2

(6 marks) Mark

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------7. (a) Catalytic converters incorporated in car exhaust systems can reduce the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere. The catalysts commonly used are platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh). (i) (ii) With the help of equations, briefly describe the reactions inside a catalytic converter. The table below lists the relative levels of Pt and Rh in uncontaminated underground ice samples, and in surface snow samples collected from 1973 to 1976 in central Greenland. Samples Pt uncontaminated underground ice samples surface snow samples collected during 1973 surface snow samples collected during 1974 surface snow samples collected during 1975 surface snow samples collected during 1976 1 6 5 40 45 Relative level Rh 0.04 1.5 1.8 5 7

Source: Chemistry in Britain, April 2001 (I) (II) (iii) Suggest a possible kind of human activity that was responsible for the medium-high levels of Pt and Rh in snow in central Greenland prior to 1975. Suggest why there was a sudden increase in levels of Pt and Rh in snow in central Greenland after 1975. (8 marks)
12

Suggest one measure that can help reduce the levels of Pt and Rh contamination.

AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

Marking Scheme
7. (a) (i)

2002-AL-CHEM 2
The catalysts catalyse the reduction of NO : 2 NO(g) + 2 CO(g) N2(g) + 2 CO2(g) and the oxidation of CO and of unburnt hydrocarbons (by air which is injected into the converter): 2 CO(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g) C7H16(g) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(g) (Accept equations for the oxidation of alkanes with carbon no. from C5 to C9.

Mark
1 1 1

(ii)

(I) (II)

mining / chemical industry The use of catalytic converters in cars was introduced in 1975 (in mid 1970s). Particles containing Pt and Rh may be emitted from the catalytic converters. (Accept other reasonable answers.)

1 1 1 1 [8]

(iii)

Use electric car / Use other catalysts in the converter

2003-AL-CHEM 2
5. (c) (i) (ii) (iii) Hardening of vegetable oils can be done by hydrogenation. Explain. Which substance, vegetable oil or margarine, will turn rancid more readily? Explain. The fumes from the two processes below were collected and analysed using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy. The table below lists the wavenumbers of the major absorption peaks. Process Heating molten margarine Frying potatoes with margarine Wavenumbers of major IR absorption peaks / cm-1 2950 and 1750 3100 (broad peak), 2959 and 1740

With the help of equation(s), suggest why the fumes from the two processes resulted in different IR absorptions. (7 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

13

Exam Practice

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------6. (a) *(i) Inside level-one air quality office buildings, the concentration of carbon dioxide should not exceed 800 ppm. Express this concentration in g m-3 units at 298 K and 1.01 105 N m-2 pressure. (You may assume that air behaves as an ideal gas.) Ozone is commonly found in office buildings. (I) (II) (iii) Suggest a source of ozone in office buildings and write equations for its formation. A certain level of ozone in office buildings is beneficial to the indoor environment. Explain.

(ii)

Methanal is one of the volatile organic compounds found in office buildings. methanal.

Suggest a source of the (7 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (a) (i)

pV = nRT =

m RT Mr

Concentration of CO2 =
5 6

m pM r = V RT

1 1 1 1

(ii)

1.01 10 800 10 106 g m-3 8.31 298 = 1.44 106 g m-3 (I) Ozone is formed in photocopying machines and in laser printers by the electric discharge of oxygen.
= O2 O (II)

O O2

O O3

Ozone can help kill bacteria in the office environment.

1 1 [7]

(iii)

Polymers used in insulation foam and furniture stuffing are commonly made from methanal.

2004-AL-CHEM 1
5. (c) What is the main chemical ingredient of rubbing alcohol for disinfection ? industrial synthesis of this chemical. Write an equation to show the (2 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

5. (c) propan-2-ol / 2-propanol / isopropanol 1 1

catalyst CH3CH CH2

+

H2O

( H+ )

CH3CHCH3 OH
[2]

2004-AL-CHEM 2
5. (a) The active ingredient of household bleach is sodium chlorate(I), which is manufactured from chlorine. (i) (ii) With the help of a chemical equation, suggest how sodium chlorate(I) can be obtained from chlorine. Household bleach diluted by a volume ratio of 1:99 is widely used as an effective and inexpensive disinfectant during the recent SARS epidemic outbreak. A certain brand of household bleach contains 6.0 g of sodium chlorate(I) per 100 cm3 of the bleach. Calculate the concentration of sodium chlorate(I), in mol dm-3, in the diluted bleach. (iii) With the help of chemical equation(s), suggest why household should not be used together with (I) *(II) toilet cleaner which contains sodium hydrogensulphate(VI), nail vanish remover which contains propanone. (8 marks)
14

AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------6. (a) The exhaust of heavy-duty diesel engines contains a significant amount of particulate matter (PM) and harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides. A Continuously Regenerating Trap (CRT) is a device which is designed for use in exhaust systems of buses and lorries running on diesel with low sulphur content to remove PM and some of the harmful gases. The diagram below shows how a CRT works:

(i)

(I) (II)

With the help of chemical equations, explain why NOx are present in the engine exhaust. State one harmful effect of nitrogen oxides on the environment.

(ii)

Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are two other harmful gases present in the engine exhaust. Use chemical equations to show how these two gases can be removed in the catalytic chamber of a CRT.

(iii)

A CRT is an automated, self-regenerating device which does not require cleaning of the filter. In a CRT, PM is trapped onto the filter and is then oxidised by one of the harmful gases to less harmful products. (I) (II) Which elements is most abundant in PM? With the help of chemical equation(s), describe how PM trapped on the filter of a CRT can be removed. Hence, explain why the filter need not be cleaned.

(iv)

Suggest why buses and lorries equipped with CRT should not run on diesel with high sulphur content. (9 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (a) (i) (I) At high temperatures, N2(g) reacts with O2(g) to give NO(g). N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) 2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g) (II) acid rain / photochemical smog 1 1

15

Exam Practice
6. (a) (ii) or,

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly
1 (1) (n is an integer) 1 1 1 1

2 CO(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + 2 NO(g) 2 CO2(g) + N2(g) CnH2n+2(g) +

3n + 1 O2(g) nCO2(g) + (n+1)H2O(g) 2

(iii)

(I) (II)

Carbon Nitrogen dioxide oxidises C in PM to CO2(g) / gaseous products 2NO2(g) + C(s) CO2(g) + 2 NO(g) C(s) + 2 NO(g) CO2(g) + N2(g)

(iv)

SO2 (or other sulphur compound) would poison the catalyst.

1 [9]

-------------------------------------------------- Take a break ----------------------------------------------------7. (c) You are provided with four unlabelled bottles each containing one of the following white solids: starch, sucrose, lactose and methyl -2,3,4,6-O-mthyl-D-glucoside

Suggest how you would carry out tests to distinguish the four substances from one another.

Hint:

The structures of sucrose, lactose and methyl -2,3,4,6-O-mthyl-D-glucoside are shown below:

(6 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

7.

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AS/AL-CHEM (1997-2006)

Chemistry and Society

2005-AL-CHEM 2
5. (b) Aspartame is a commonly used artificial sweetener.

(i) (ii) (iii)

Copy the structure of aspartame into your answer book, and mark each chiral carbon atom with an asterisk. With reference to its structure, explain why aspartame is unstable in cooking. In a coffee shop, a packet of sweetener contains about 5% of aspartame and 95% of silicon dioxide. Suggest a reason for including silicon dioxide in the packet. (4 marks) 1

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

5. (b) (i)

(ii)

Aspartame contains peptide links / ester groups. They can undergo hydrolysis. The high temperatures of cooking process can speed up the hydrolysis. SiO2 acts as a filler / increases the bulk mass of the sweetener.

1 1 1 [4]

(iii)

6.

(a)

Formaldehyde (methanal) is one of the commonly found organic indoor air pollutants.
(i) (ii) Suggest a source of household formaldehyde. The indoor air quality (IAQ) standard for formaldehyde has been set at 0.10 ppm by volume. Calculate the maximum allowable quantity of formaldehyde, in gram, in a room of volume 200 m3 at 298 K and 1.01 105 N m-2. (You may assume that formaldehyde behaves as an ideal gas.) (iii) Some indoor air purifiers remove formaldehyde by chemical means. Suggest one chemical for the removal of formaldehyde with the formation of less harmful products. Name one other organic indoor air pollutant and suggest its source. (7 marks)

(iv)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (a) (i) (ii) foam for insulation/ furniture stuffing/carpet/plywood 1 1 1 1 1 2

pV = nRT =

m RT Mr

m =
(iii) (iv)

pVM r 1.01 105 0.1 106 200 30 = = 24.5 mg RT 8.31 298

KMnO4 on Al2O3 HCHO is oxidised to less harmful and less volatile product (HCO2H). pollutant benzene/toluene/ethylbenzene/xylene chlorinated hydrocarbons chloroform source paint/paint strippers/thinners/gasoline garments after dry cleaning chlorine-treated water

[7]
17

Exam Practice

Functional groups

Do Brilliantly

2006-AL-CHEM 1
6. (b) The graph below shows a 24-hour variation of ozone concentration in the atmosphere of a city with heavy traffic:

With reference to the above graph, explain how ozone is formed and account for its overall concentration variation.

(4 marks)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

6. (b) The formation of ozone in the atmosphere involves the reactions: UV NO NO + O
2

1 1 1

O2

O3

In a city, the NOx are mainly derived from car exhaust. After 8 am, the traffic becomes heavy. NOx accumulates in the atmosphere. The formation of O requires UV radiation, NOx and hydrocarbons. From 8 a.m. to 12 noon, there is a high intensity of sunshine. Concentration of O3 builds up in the atmosphere. When the sun sets in the evening, the O3 concentration decreases.

1 [4]

2006-AL-CHEM 2
7. (c) (i) Cooking oils are unsaturated triglycerides. They are susceptible to oxidative rancidity, which involves the formation of peroxide. Draw the structure of a cooking oil, and write an equation to show the formation of peroxide. The extent of oxidation of an oil can be determined by iodometric analysis. In a typical experiment, 4.85 g of a sample of oil is treated with excess KI(aq) and H2SO4(aq). The iodine liberated requires 21.20 cm3 of 0.012 mol dm-3 Na2S2O3(aq) for complete reaction. Given that when treated with acidified KI(aq), 1 mol of peroxide liberates 1 mol of I2, calculate the number of moles of O2 absorbed per kg of the oil. (5 marks)
(The fatty acid in the structure should have an even number of C atoms and contain at least one C=C bond.)

(ii)

Mark Scheme ..............................................................................................................................................

7. (c) (i)
CH2O CO(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3 CHO COR CH2O COR'

1
...

... H

...

O O HO O ...

(ii)

ROOH + 2I- + 2H+ ROH + H2O + I2 I2 + 2 S2O32- 2I- + S4O62O2 2 S2O32No. of moles of S2O32- used = 0.012 21.2 10-3 = 2.54 10-4 mol No. of moles of O2 absorbed per kg of oil = (2.54 10-4) mol (4.85 10-3 kg) = 26.2 10
-2

1 1 1

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