6.5.

5 &lement Types

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4.1.1 Element Types

A comprehensive library of finite elements is available in NISA. This includes structural and heat transfer elements. Structural elements may be used in linear static (STATIC), nonlinear static (NLSTATIC), buc lin! ("#C$LIN%), dynamic analyses (&I%&N'AL#&, T(ANSI&NT, )(&*#&NC+, (AN,-. and S/-C$), direct transient dynamic analysis (LT(ANSI&NT) and direct fre0uency response analysis (,)(&*). /eat transfer elements may be used in steady state and transient heat transfer analyses (S/&AT and T/&AT). ,escriptions of structural elements be!in in Section 4.2 , 1ith heat transfer elements be!innin! in Section 4.39 . )or easier reco!nition, the numbers assi!ned to sections, fi!ures and tables in this chapter correspond to the element type desi!nation number (N$T2). &ach element in the library is identified by t1o variables, N$T2 and N-(,(. The variable N$T2 specifies the element type 1hereas the variable N-(,( specifies the element shape and number of nodes. )or e3ample, N$T2 4 5 and N-(,( 4 5 desi!nate a plane stress, 67node 0uadrilateral element, 1hereas N$T2 4 5 and N-(,( 4 8 desi!nate a plane stress, 97node 0uadrilateral element. Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 list all structural and heat transfer elements available in the library, in ascendin! order of the element type number (N$T2). )or easier identification, the elements are !rouped into different cate!ories accordin! to their usa!e in Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 1hich also sho1 the element shapes, de!rees of freedom per node and element features. Any admissible combination of element types may be used to ma e up the finite element model. The t1o7dimensional elements must lie in the !lobal :+ plane, 1hereas the three7dimensional elements may be oriented any1here in space. A3isymmetric elements are considered to be t1o7dimensional and must lie in the ri!ht half of the !lobal :+ plane (1here : is the radial direction and + is the a3is of revolution). The number of de!rees of freedom at a typical node in the model is the union of the de!rees of freedom of the elements connected to it. The available N-(,( values for each element type are !iven in the detailed description of each element. N-(,( controls both the element shape functions (linear throu!h cubic) and the !eometry of the element (0uadrilateral or trian!ular, 1ith strai!ht or curved sides). Considerin! all available combinations of N$T2 and N-(,(, more than one hundred different elements are available in NISA element library. #nless noted to the contrary, the elements are isoparametric, 1hich means that the same shape functions are used to represent both the element !eometry and the displacement (temperature) variation 1ithin an element. &lements 1ith mid7side nodes can have curved sides. )or e3ample, N-(,( 4 8 elements use three nodes to define each side. Since a parabolic curve can e3actly fit throu!h three points, the side of these elements can e3actly match a parabolically curved boundary. Similarly, N-(,( 4 ; elements provide a cubic fit to curved boundaries. In !eneral, it is recommended to use parabolic elements (N-(,( 4 8 and 55) for most problems. %enerally, these elements !ive results of hi!h accuracy and the discreti<ation may involve fe1er elements. Some linear elements (N-(,( 4 5 or 58, see detailed element description) use additional shape functions, associated 1ith nodeless de!rees of freedom, in the displacement field 1ithin an element to enhance the element response. These elements !ive results of comparable accuracy to the correspondin! parabolic elements at a lesser cost. These elements, ho1ever, cannot e3actly represent curved ed!es or surfaces. *uadrilateral (he3ahedronal) elements !enerally !ive more accurate results and conver!e more rapidly than trian!les (1ed!es). The transition elements (N-(,( 4 6 to =) should be avoided or restricted in use to small re!ions of the model transitionin! from, say, parabolic elements (N-(,( 4 8) to linear elements (N-(,( 4 5 or 58). The latter may be used to reduce the computational e3pense in parts of the model 1here hi!h accuracy is not needed. Appendi3 A includes some !eneral !uidelines for modelin!. 5. Summary of Structural &lements Analysis Types

Element Type No.

No. of Nodes

DOF per

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46161 Element Ty(es

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(NKTP)
1See 2-D Plane Stress Element (NKTP = 1) 2 3 4 " & ) , 1! 11 12 13 14 1" 1& 1) 2!

Element Description
2-D Plane Stress 2-D Plane Strain Axisymmetric Solid 3-D Solid 3-D T#ic$ S#ell 3-D Solid Pie%oeletric 3-D 'om(osite Solid 3-D *em+rane Pie%oelectric 3-D -y+rid Solid 3-D *em+rane 3-D Ta(ered /eam 3-D /eam 2-D /eam 3-D S(ar 2-D S(ar 3-D Translational S(rin0 2-D Translational S(rin0 3-D 1eneral S#ell

ST DY BU NL/NT/DF (NORDR) Node

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x.x x x ) 4 ) 1! 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 to 12 2 2 1 1 1 1 + 3 3 2 3 3 3 to 12 3 to 12 3 to 12 to 2! to 1 to 2! 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 3

21 22 2" 2 2& 2)

3-D Torsional S(rin0 2-D Torsional S(rin0 2-D Point *ass 3-D Point *ass 2-D 1eneral Point *ass 3-D 1eneral Point *ass 2-D Point *ass 2it# 3otary 4nertia 3-D Point *ass 2it# 3otary 4nertia 3-D 5aminated 'om(osite 1eneral S#ell 3-D Sand2ic# S#ell Axisym6 Solid 2it# 1eneral 5oadin0 Axisymmetric S#ell Axisym6 S#ell 2it# 1eneral 5oadin0 3-D 1eneral S(rin0 3-D 1eneral /eam

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x

3 2 2 3 2 3

2, 3! 32

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

1 1 3-12 +

33 34 3 3& 3) 3,

x x x x x x

x x x x

x x x x

3 to 12 3 to 12 2 to 4 2 to 4 2 2 3 3

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4.1.1 Element Ty"es

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40 41 4% 43 4' 46 4, 4$ 4.

3-D Thin Shell 3-D Mixe !nter"olation #eneral Shell %-D or &xisymmetric #a" 3-D #a" 3-D (a)le element 3-D Strai*ht +i"e Element 3-D El)o- Element 3-D Dam"er %-D #a"/0riction Element

x x x x x x -

x x x x -

x x -

x** x x* x**

3 or 4 $ % % % % % % %

6 6 % 3 3 6 6 3 %

ST 2 Static3 45 2 D9 2 Dynamic :ei*en;alue< transient< fre=uency res"onse< ran 1 7T 2 7onlinear Transient D0 2 x 2 &;aila)le analysis ty"e3 -2 * &;aila)le only for irect transient ynamic analysis + Some 7@?D? may not )e a;aila)le in 78

4uc6lin*3 78 2 7onlinear static3 om ;i)ration< shoc6 s"ectrum an transient ynamic analysis>. Direct 0re=uency ?es"onse &nalysis ty"e not a;aila)le

1. Summary of Heat Transfer Elements Element Type No. (NKTP) Element Description
101 10% 103 104 10' 11% 1%0 14. 1'0 %-D +lanar Element for Heat Transfer &xisymmetric Soli Element for Heat Transfer 3-D Soli Element for Heat Transfer 3-D Thic6 Shell Element for Heat Transfer 3-D 4ar Element for Heat Transfer 3-D (ur;e Thin Shell Element 3-D (on;ection 8in6 Element 3-D ?a iation 8in6 Element

No. of DOF per Nodes Nodes

3 to 1% 3 to 1% 6 to %0 6 to 16 % 3 to 1% % % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

%-D +lanar Element of unit thic6ness for Heat Transfer 3 to 1%

3. Structural element classification Shape, DOF / NKTP and Feat!res node NO D

1 no e u" to 6 D@0 +oint mass 7AT+ 2 %'-30 7@?D? 2 1 (oncentrate mass at a "oint -ith or -ithout rotary inertia (an )e use in nonlinear analysis

%-D or 3-D line element 5" to 6 in e"en ent s"rin* rates 7o es may )e coinci ent :s"rin*s only> S"ar< 7AT+ 2 14< 1'< !nitial tension an no com"ression ca"a)ilities

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4.1.1 Element Ty"es

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s"rin* an ca)le elements

1,< 1$< %1< %%< 3$<4' 7@?D? 2 1

:ca)les only> 7o tension ca"a)ilities for 7AT+ 2 4' #eometric an material nonlinearities for 7AT+ 2 14< 1,< 4'

% no e %< 3 or 6 D@0

7AT+21, an 7AT+2%1 can ha;e "ro"erties that are fre=uency e"en ent. %-D or 3-D )eam Stretchin*< )en in* an torsional ca"a)ilities. Ta"ere )eam

4eam elements % no e 3 or 6 D@0

7AT+ 2 11< 1%< 13< 3. 7@?D? 2 1

Shear center eccentricity< offset< en release Trans;erse shear effect Stan ar an *eneral sections for 7AT+ 2 3. #eometric an material nonlinearities for 7AT+ 2 3. +lane stress< "lane strain< axisymmetric soli

%-D an axisymmetric soli elements

7AT+ 2 1< %< 3< 34 7@?D? 2 1-1%

4u))le function for lo- or er elements &xisymmetric soli -ith non-axisymmetric loa in* #eometric an material nonlinearities

3-D soli < thic6 shell 3-D soli elements $-%0 no e 3 D@0 6 or 1'no e 3 D@0 7AT+ 2 4< '< ,< . 7@?D? 2 1-%< ,-1% 3-D layere com"osite soli . Hy)ri soli :7AT+ 2 .> can mo el thin shells 4u))le function for lo- or er elements #eometric an material nonlinearities :7AT+ 2 4>

Mo erately thic6 to thin shells 8aminate com"osite an san -ich shells 7AT+ 2 %0< 3%< 33<40< 41 7@?D? 2 1 - 11 7AT+ 2 36< 3, 7@?D? 2 1-3 &xisymmetric shell -ith axisymmetric or nonaxisymmetric loa in* Mem)rane< )en in* an trans;erse shear effects #eometric an material nonlinearities for 7AT+ 2 %0< 3% S"ecial treatment for mem)rane an shear loc6in* in linear an nonlinear analyses 7AT+ 2 4%< 43< 4.< '0 7@?D? 2 1 %-D< axisymmetric or 3-D *a" Tension-only or com"ression-only mem)er 7o es may )e coinci ent :%-D only> Dash "ot elements 7AT+ 2 4$ 7@?D? 2 1 3-D< am"in* element @ne am"in* coefficient 7o es may )e coinci ent

+late an shell elements

#a" elements

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4.1.1 Element Ty"es

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Mem)rane elements 3 node 3 D@0 +ieFoelectric elements

7AT+ 2 10 7@?D? 210

Mem)rane effect #eometric nonlinearities

7AT+ 2 6< $ 7@?D? 2 1-%< ,-1%

+ieFoelectric effect

'. Heat transfer element classification S"#PE, NKTP and (one DOF/node, NO D temp$) Feat!res
Stea y state an ca"a)ilities 3-D )ar element % no e 7AT+ 2 11% 7@?D? 2 1 transient heat transfer -ith nonlinear iffusion< see"a*e<

&nalo*ous fiel "ro)lems< e.*.< ma*netostatics< an torsion @rthotro"ic material "ro"erties

Tem"erature e"en ent material "ro"erties 7onlinear ra iation an con;ection )oun ary con itions -ith tem"erature e"en ent emissi;ity an film coefficients Time e"en ent heat flux an heat *eneration rates %-D an axisymmetric soli elements 7AT+ 2 101< 10%< 103 7@?D? 2 1-11 Time e"en ent film coefficient an emissi;ity Time e"en ent am)ient tem"erature +hase chan*e 7AT+ 2 104< 10' 7@?D? 2 1-%< ,-11

3-D soli elements

+late an shell elements

7AT+ 2 1%0 7@?D? 2 1-11

3-D con;ection an ra iation lin6 elements

7AT+ 2 14.< 1'0 7@?D? 2 1

To"

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