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Describe the solar radiation and Explain the classification of collectors?

Solar radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun. Almost all known physical and biological cycles in the Earth system are driven by the solar radiation reaching the Earth. Solar radiation is also the cause of climate change that is truly exterior to the Earth system. Economics of Geothermal Energy Geothermal power plants can produce electricity as cheaply as some conventional power plants. It costs 4.5 to seven cents per kWh to produce electricity from hydrothermal systems. In comparison, new coal-fired plants produce electricity at about four cents per kWh. Initial construction costs for geothermal power plants are high because geothermal wells and power plants must be constructed at the same time. But the cost of producing electricity over time is lower because the price and availability of the fuel is stable and predictable. The fuel does not have to be imported or transported to the power plant. The power plant literally sits on top of its fuel source. Geothermal power plants are also excellent sources of baseload power. Baseload power is power that electric utility companies must deliver all day long. Baseload geothermal plants sell electricity all the time, not only during peakuse times when the demand for electricity is high. Until recently, utilities were required to buy the least-cost electricity, without regard to environmental impacts. Federal and state energy and environmental agencies are studying ways to give preference to nonpolluting energy sources such as geothermal energy.

Geothermal Energy and the Environment Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that does little damage to the environment. Geothermal steam and hot water do contain naturally occurring traces of hydrogen sulfide (a gas that smells like rotten eggs) and other gases and chemicals that can be harmful in high concentrations. Geothermal power plants use "scrubber" systems to clean the air of hydrogen sulfide and the other gases. Sometimes the gases are converted into marketable products, such as liquid fertilizer. Newer geothermal power plants can even inject these gases back into the geothermal wells. Geothermal power plants do not burn fuels to generate electricity as do fossil fuel plants. Geothermal power plants release less than one to four percent of the amount of carbon dioxide (C02) emitted by coal plants. Emissions of sulfur compounds from motor vehicles and fossil fuel plants are also major contributors to acid rain. Geothermal power plants, on the other hand, emit only about one to three percent of the sulfur compounds that coal and oil-fired power plants do. Well-designed binary cycle power plants have no emissions at all. Geothermal power plants are compatible with many environments. They have been built in deserts, in the middle of crops, and in mountain forests. Geothermal development is often allowed on federal lands because it does not significantly harm the environment. Before permission is granted, however, studies must be made to determine what effect a plant may have on the environment. Geothermal features in national parks, such as the geysers and fumaroles in Yellowstone and Lassen National Parks, are protected by law, so geothermal energy is not tapped in these areas. What Is Geothermal Energy? Geothermal energy comes from the heat within the earth. The word "geothermal" comes from the Greek words geo, meaning earth," and therme, meaning "heat." People around the world use geothermal energy to produce electricity, to heat buildings and greenhouses, and for other purposes. The earth's core lies almost 4,000 miles beneath the earth's surface. The double-layered core is made up of very hot molten iron surrounding a solid iron center. Estimates of the temperature of the core range from 5,000 to 11,000 degrees Fahrenheit (F). Heat is continuously produced within the earth by the slow decay of radioactive particles that is natural in all rocks.

Surrounding the earth's core is the mantle, thought to be partly rock and partly magma. The mantle is about 1,800 miles thick. The outermost layer of the earth, the insulating crust, is not one continuous sheet of rock, like the shell of an egg, but is broken into pieces called plates. These slabs of continents and ocean floor drift apart and push against each other at the rate of about one inch per year in a process called continental drift. Magma (molten rock) may come quite close to the surface where the crust has been thinned, faulted, or fractured by plate tectonics. When this near-surface heat is transferred to water, a usable form of geotherenergy is created. Geothermal energy is called a renewable energy source because the water is replenished by rainfall, and the heat is continuously produced by the earth.

Wave and tidal energy:


As non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, are being tapped out, new and innovative ways of creating energy for our needs are being explored. Capturing energy from the water is not a novel idea (I.e.dams), doing it with less of an impact on the environment is. This is where tidal and wave energy comes in. In recent years there has been an increase in exploring ways to harness the energy of the movement of water off shore in ways that allow fish and boats to continue using the same area of water. Although tidal and wave energy both come from the ocean, there is a distinction between the two forms of technology in both how it is captured and how it is produced

what is wave energy:


Wave power refers to the energy of the ocean surface waves and the capture of energy to do useful work including electricity generation, desalination and the pumping of water into reservoirs. Wave power is distinct from Tidal power in that tidal power fluctuates daily. Although wave power is not widely used only having a handful of test sites in the world it is more consistent than tidal power.

Tidal energy:
Tidal Power is the power of electricity generation achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water mass due to tides. Two types of tidal energycan be extracted: Kinetic energy of currents between ebbing and surgingtides and potential energy from the difference in height between high and low tides.

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