Transmission Planning

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Module objectives
At the end of this module you will be able to

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION PLANNING NETWORK TOPOLOGIES LIST THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROWAVE LINKS DESCRIBE THE TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES

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Content of Transmission Planning

PLANNING AND TOPOLOGIES LINK PLANNING FIXED LINE PLANNING

NOKIA

6-60728/ TRANSMISSION PLANNING/ v 2.0

Transmission Planning

PLANNING AND TOPOLOGIES LINK PLANNING FIXED LINE PLANNING

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Transmission Planning
Basics

Cost for transmission lines accounts for a great portion of network operational costs per year design a network that meets the design criteria with minimum overall costs!
Radio part design
BTS BSS

Fixed part design

BTS MSC BSS BSC BTS Hub BTS

BTS BTS

BTS BTS

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Differences of RNP and TNP Viewpoints

Transmission Planning

Transmission capacity must be planned for the final phase of the network, not phase by phase. Suitability of a site for transmission can change from ideal to useless when choosing between two neighbouring candidates Site changes can cause major changes in the transmission network topology

No LOS in the new candidate change topology Interference problems re-planning of MW frequencies

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Transmission Planning
Input Data

Customer input

Allowed unavailability and performance figures Transmission media requirements: own network / leased line Blocking probabilities Protection level and type Existing transmission infrastructure Growth estimate and/or required spare capacity Number of BTSs Number of TRXs / BTS Nominal site locations

Radio Network Planning input

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Network Topologies
Basics

Transmission topologies are chosen based on availability and protection requirements and availability of existing lines Costs vs. fail safety (redundancy) Real networks usually hybrid solutions

POINT-TO-POINT

STAR (CONCENTRATION POINTS)

MULTIDROP CHAIN
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LOOP

Network Topologies
Different Philosophies

High Transmission costs

BSC used as a transmission concentrator Small BSCs TRS capacity gain on A-ter Transmission costs gain BSC used as a transmission concentrator has a low influence on total cost High capacity BSCs

BTS MSC

BTS BSC BTS BTS

Low Transmission costs

BTS

BSC/ MSC

BTS

BTS BTS

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Transmission Planning

PLANNING AND TOPOLOGIES LINK PLANNING FIXED LINE PLANNING

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Microwave Links
Basics

The preferred media when building new access network links High capacity transmission links from 2x2Mbps to 16x2Mbps, 34Mbps and STM-1 (155 Mbps)
Pro: low operating costs easy to install flexible quick & reliable solution Contra: needs frequency license environment dependant link quality (e.g. rainfall) LOS not always available

Repeater station Terminal station A

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Terminal station B

Microwave Links
Types of MW

Long Haul Radios: ~ 30 - 80 km 2 GHz, 7 GHz Medium Haul Radios: ~ 25 - 45 km 10 GHz, 13 GHz, 15 GHz Short Haul Radios: ~ 5 - 30 km 18 GHz, 23 GHz, 26 GHz, 38 GHz, Nokia Metrohopper: < 1 km 57 GHz (uses oxygen absorption in air to limit range)

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Microwave Links
Modulation Methods

PSK - Phase Shift Keying

There are several levels of PSK (2-PSK, 4-PSK, ) Fixed frequency for 0s and another one for 1s A mixture of phase and amplitude modulation

FSK - Frequency Shift Keying

QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

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Microwave Links
Microwave outages

Radio Link Availability

Equipment failures

use protected equipment hot / warm / cold -standby temporary failures self-recovery use protected connections

Caused by nature

Examples of natural outages:

Heavy rainfall zones:

most severe in upper bands (2..3dB/km) significant above 10 GHz problem with lower bands

Multipath fading

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Microwave Links
How to Avoid Interference

Use the highest available frequency band Attenuate the Tx power to a minimum just to meet the required availability Locate dishes as low as possible with maintaining the required LOS Use big dishes Use different polarisation Select your channel(s) carefully Maintain High-Low -rule on hub sites Try to get similar received signal levels at hub sites

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Microwave Links
High End & Low End

High-End f1 > f2
Tx Freq.= f1 Rx Freq.= f2

Low-End

Tx Freq.= f2 Rx Freq.= f1

HI

LO

HI LO

HI

Simple rule: keep all links in a site "high" or "low"

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Microwave Links
LOS Check

To verify LOS between two planned sites

Possibility to use a microwave link Site locations Planned antenna height Direction to the other end of link Restrictions to cherry-picker, etc. LOS/NLOS Minimum antenna height Exact antenna location (rooftop) Panorama picture with landmarks and their directions Extra observations (forests,building sites etc.)

Input

Output

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Microwave Links
Fresnel Zone

Line-of-sight path needed between both nodes of a microwave link Keep 1st Fresnel zone clear of obstacles nth Fresnel zone: Ellipse around direct path, where path difference to direct line is n*/2.
1st Fresnel zone 2nd 3rd

d b

b = 274
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d [ km ] f [ MHz ]

[m]

Radius for n-th zone = b * sqrt(n)

Transmission Planning

PLANNING AND TOPOLOGIES LINK PLANNING FIXED LINE PLANNING

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Leased Lines
Transmission lines rented from a 3rd party operator Leased line provider is usually also a competitor Pro

Contra
No implementation effort for buyer No extra infrastructure to buy Long distances are uncritical

High operating costs Unpredictable lead times (installation) Difficult to deploy (may include digging, groundwork..) No control over the physical route or the quality of the link

Analyse cost structure of Leased Line tariffs to decide whether LL or microwave links are more economical

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Leased Lines
Cost Examples
Leased Line Tariffs (Europe)
30000

Leased Line Tariff

2000

28000 26000

1500 ECU per month

USD per month

24000 22000 20000 18000 16000 14000

1000

3km 30km 300km

500 300km 30km 3km Netherlands Switzerland Germany Norway Denmark Portugal Belgium Sweden Ireland Greece Finland France Italy Austria Spain UK

12000 10000 0 50 100 150 200 250

km length

Leased Line costs vary greatly depending on country, link length, capacity, LL provider and the customer

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2 Mbit Frame Allocation (Abis)

BTS1

Leased Lines
Air Interface

bits

A Interface
MSC TC

Ater Interface

Ater Interface

Abis Interface

SM

BSC

BTS2

BTS 1 1+1+1

BTS 2 1+1+1

BTS 3 2+2+2

Max 12 TRX per 2 Mbit frame

GENERAL RULE for TS allocation 0 : Synchronization 1 - 24 : TCH 25 - 30 : TRX/BCF SIG 31 : Loop control

TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Synchronisation BTS 1 TRX 1 BTS 1 TRX 2 BTS 1 TRX 3 BTS 2 TRX 1 BTS 2 TRX 2 BTS 2 TRX 3 BTS 3 TRX 1 BTS 3 TRX 2 BTS 3 TRX 3 BTS 3 TRX 4 BTS 3 TRX 5 BTS 3 TRX 6
BTS 1 TRX1 S IG BTS 1 TRX3 S IG BTS 2 TRX2 S IG BTS 3 TRX1 S IG BTS 3 TRX3 S IG BTS 3 TRX5 S IG BTS 3 BCF S IG BTS 1 BCF S IG BTS 1 TRX2 S IG BTS 2 TRX1 S IG BTS 2 TRX3 S IG BTS 3 TRX2 S IG BTS 3 TRX4 S IG BTS 3 TRX6 S IG BTS 2 BCF S IG

Loop bits / LCB / MCB

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Cross-Connects
Transmission equipment to branch data streams between different link sets Non-blocking stage

Each input stream is routed to an output stream Switching between link sets Switching between timeslots of a PCM trunk Dropping & inserting timeslots

Tasks

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Cross-Connects
Concentration
64 kbit/s channels n 3 x 2 Mbit/s m links k BSC i < n+m+k 1 x 2 Mbit/s link i = number of channels

Total Traffic (Erl) Blocking Prob.

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Cross-Connects
Grooming

BSC full 2 Mbit/s frames

not full 2 Mbit/s frames

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Transmission Techniques
Transmission methods
ent

CATV PCM

ISDN HDSL

ATM
Tra nsm

eq u

ip m

Transmission techniques
PDH SDH

iss

io n

io n

is s

eq u

n sm

T ra

Transmission media
Fibre Coaxial cable Copper cable Microwave radio
Terrestrial/satellite

ip m en t

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Transmission Techniques
Multiplexing

ITU- Standard:

8000 samples per sec @ 8bit = 64 kbit/s 32 * 64 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s line 8Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140Mbit/s etc...

Lines can be de-/ multiplexed into lines of higher data rates

1 sec

1 sec MUX/ deMUX MUX/ deMUX

1 sec

2 Mbit/s .... MUX 32 * 64 kbit/s

8 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s MUX .... 32 * 64 kbit/s

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Transmission Techniques
PDH

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

Voice spectrum ~ 4kHz Sampling rate 8 kHz 8 bits per sample Divided into 32 TS (TDM) USA : 24 timeslots

Europe : 2.048 Mb/s USA : 1.554 Mb/s

Higher Order PDH Bitrates

34 M 140 M M U X 34 M 34 M 34 M M U X 8M 8M 8M 8M M U X
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2M 2M 2M 2 M

Transmission Techniques
SDH

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

All network elements are synchronized to Primary Rate Clock (PRC) Worldwide standard : interfacing to USA possible STM- 1c STM- 1 STM- 4 STM-16 STM-64

Europe

(51.7 Mb/s) (155.52 Mb/s) (622.08 Mb/s) (2488.32 Mb/s) (9953.28 Mb/s)

= = = = =

USA

STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192

STM-4

STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

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Exercises / Questions

What would be the most appropriate network topology to use? When should a leased line be used instead of a microwave link?

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References
1. Trevor Manning Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide ISBN 158053-031-1.

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