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MiDori Evans

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | ENGL 202 C

The Tota Station

HIGHLIGHTING THE M!ST ESSENTIAL T!!LS "!R SURVEYING THE LANDSCAPE

A#$ien%e an$ S%o&e


The purpose of this document is to inform landscape contracting students or anyone interested in field surveying about the essential parts of a Total Station. The first manual transit was the Gurley transit (Figure 1), invented in 1 !". The manual transit could be used to survey slopes but the surveyor had to mar# distances by hand. $ver the centuries transits evolved into Total Stations, where every point and distance in the field is recorded and saved electronically. The intended audiences for this technical document are "i*#re + landscape contracting students and students wanting to e%plore the possibility of becoming a field surveyor. Gurley Manual Transit

'hat is a Tota Station(

So#r%e, S#rve- Anti.#es

& total station is an electronic machine used in land surveying and construction. The total station operates as a transit with built in electronic distance meter to read slopes distances from a particular point bac# to the instrument. This instrument, along with the reflector prism, can gather coordinates of hori'ontal angles and vertical angles, and distances from any point on the earth(s surface. Total Stations are used to map a field of interest for landscape construction, building construction, and even mapping out the utilities and hardscape on an e%isting property.

Parts o) a Tota Station


There are many different #inds of Total Stations out there to choose from. The most common is the So##ia Total Station. This e)uipment comes with many parts, which allows the surveyor to gather information about a site in various ways. The surveyor can choose to catalog the data in a boo#let by hand or the surveyor can use the hand held device that electronically stores the data, which can later be transferred to a computer. The most important parts that ma#e up a Total Station are the laser scope, scope focusing ring, plumb bob, tripod, reflector prism, hori'ontal and vertical clamps, circular plate levels, base plate, and the display. &ll of these basic parts of the total station wor# together to gather information about a landscape site.

Tripod
/ase P ate

The tripod (Figure *) consists of three legs and on the tips of the three legs are sharp steel points. &ll tripods aren(t the same. Some have a small step in order to anchor the tripod in the ground. The basic function of this part is to secure the total station into the ground on a level plane, on the base plate, which is located on the tripod head. The tripod also functions as the first leveling mechanism for the total station. +f the leveling of the tripod is off, it could ta#e more time to level the total station, so securing this piece is essential.
"i*#re 2

Centerin* S%re3 Hoo0 )or P #12 /o2 Tri&o$ Le*s

Tripod
So#r%e, DH Reso#r%es

Tri&o$ se%#rin* ste&s Tri&o$ se%#rin* sta0es

MiDori Evans

Te%hni%a De)inition

ENGL202C

Base Plate
The base plate (Figure ,) is on the top of the tripod head. +t is a steel plate used to secure the total station on to the tripod. The base plate has a centering screw that is below it which is used to then screw and center the total station into place. This base plate allows the total station to stay in place while surveying. +f the total station is not properly secured on the base plate, the e)uipment can fall or the data that is collected can be wrong.
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/ase P ate

Centerin* S%re3 Hoo0 )or P #12 /o2

Tripod Head
So#r%e, DH Reso#r%es

Plumb Bob
The plumb bob (Figure !) is a heavy piece of brass, on a string, in a shape of a conical triangle that attaches to the tripod. This brass piece is used to obtain a precise point, chosen by the surveyor, in which to survey the landscape. The plumb bob is attached to the tripod by a hoo# on the bottom of the centering screw. +t then dangles from the tripod over the point that the landscape will be surveyed from.

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Plumb Bob
So#r%e, Ets- Stati%

REM Display
The -./ display (Figure ") is a screen on the total station that displays the vertical and hori'ontal distances as well as the northern and southern coordinates of the point. The display is used to operate the total station if a hand held is not used. +t has options to obtain the points, record and store the points as well as edit different variables that affect the data collected. The display can also be used to level the total station digitally, which is the most efficient way to level this piece of e)uipment.
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Total Station Rem Display Screen

MiDori Evans

Te%hni%a De)inition

ENGL202C

Circular Plate Levels

"i*#re 7

The circular plate levels (Figure 0) are on the bottom Total Station Circular Plate Level of the total station itself. There are three circular So#r%e, S#rve-ors E8%han*e plates. The plate that is in the front (not shown in picture) of the total station controls the forward motion and bac# motion, the second controls the left motion and the last plate controls the right motion of the total station. &ny two plates are turned simultaneously to perfectly level the total station parallel to the point on the ground. Le)t Cir%# ar P ate Leve Ri*ht Cir%# ar +t can ta#e a while to ad1ust these P ate Leve levels but if done with patience the total station can operate correctly.

Horizontal and Vertical Clamps


The hori'ontal and vertical clamps (Figure 2) are #nobs on the sides of the total station that locates a precise item being surveyed. The hori'ontal clamps are used to hori'ontally locate the sub1ect3 they are used to electronically move the total station from left to right. The vertical clamps are used to vertically orient the total station up and down. The clamps primary use is to halt the rotating mechanism of the total station so the surveyor can focus on the sub1ect. +f the sub1ect being surveyed isn(t e%actly right on, these clamps are most often used to fine tune the total station onto the point of interest. The clamps are used only to rotate the total station only a few degrees, they are not useful for fully rotating the total station.

Verti%a C a1&

"i*#re :

Hori9onta C a1&

Showin Total Station Hori!ontal and "ertical Clamp #d$ustment

Scope ocusin! Rin!


The Scope focusing ring (Figure ) is used to focus the scope on the point of interest. +t is located on the bac# of the laser scope. +t is a turning mechanism that the surveyor can use to focus on the sub1ect. +f the scope isn(t in focus the surveyors readings can be off. The scope can be turn left or right depending how far or near the sub1ect is.

Scope %ocusin Rin

"i*#re ;

Total Station Scope %ocusin Rin


So#r%e, S#rve-ors E8%han*e

MiDori Evans

Te%hni%a De)inition

ENGL202C

Laser Scope
The laser scope (Figure 4) is the most important part of the total station. The scope on the total station is used to locate the point that is being surveyed. +nside of that scope is a laser. The laser is used to pinpoint the e%act distance and location of the surveying point. 5sing the lens focusing ring, the point is put into focus and the transit is now ready to collect information. The surveyor obtains the data due to the laser shooting a red light from the total station to the reflector prism. The red light, which contains distance information, and vertical and hori'ontal coordinates then shoots bac# to the total station and is displayed on the -./ screen. The total station calculates how long it too# for the beam of light to reach the reflector prism and to come bac# again to obtain the distance from the station to the prism. The vertical and hori'ontal distances are captured by the angle and rotation of the scope on the total station.

Laser Scope

"i*#re <

Total Station Laser Scope

Re"lector Prism
The reflector prism (Figure 16) is a separate entity from the total station. +ts primary Re&lective use is to capture and reflect the Mirrors shooting beam bac# to the total '#im Laser station. This piece of e)uipment is in Middle( made up of many reflective mirrors in a small bo%. +t can also be used to obtain the height of the total station, which is essential in collecting the correct site data. The prism is used li#e a sta#e to mar# a point in the landscape. The reflector prism is essential because it deflects the red beam bac# to the total station. +f the total station isn(t centered on the reflector prism the site data can be incorrect.

"i*#re +0

Total Station Re&lector Prism

Con% #sion
The Total Station is truly a phenomenal piece of e)uipment. +t can collect data for a site more than !66 feet away at any hori'ontal or vertical distance. +t can be used on any site in any weather. The total station has revolutioni'ed the way landscape designers, architects, and contractors gather information. The transit

MiDori Evans

Te%hni%a De)inition

ENGL202C

can be used to place corners of a building, or locate where a tree will be place. This e)uipment has made building a landscape more feasible. The evolution of the transit has allowed collection of site data easier and efficient.

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MiDori Evans

Te%hni%a De)inition

ENGL202C

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