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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Pile Analysis Methods Pile User Interface Pile Capacity Analysis Pile Settlement Analysis
p1 p2 p3 p4 p1
p1 Section 1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Pile is a program which calculates the vertical load carrying capacities and vertical settlements of a range of individual piles in a layered soil deposit. The theory is based on both conventional and new methods for drained (frictional) and undrained (cohesive) soils. Settlements are calculated for solid circular sections without under-ream. Pile capacities may be calculated for a range of pile lengths and a range of cross-section types such as circular s!uare and "-section. The circular and s!uare cross-sections may be hollow or solid whereas the "-section is only solid. #nder-reams or enlarged bases may be specified. Pile settlements may be calculated for a range of pile lengths and a range of solid circular crosssections without under-ream. There are two approaches available to calculate the capacity of the pile - wor$ing load approach and limit-state approach. The calculation itself is based on verified and robust numerical methods. The simplicity of calculation enables new users to set up and run a pile analysis problem within hours of training. The tutorial e%amples deal with a simple pile analysis but this Tutorial &anual is intended to familiarise the user with Pile. The e%amples should therefore not be used as a basis for practical pro'ects. #sers are e%pected to have an understanding of soil mechanics and geotechnical theory and should be able to wor$ in a (indows environment. The tutorial lessons are also available in the e%amples folder and can be used to chec$ you results. It is important to realise that Pile is an advanced program analysing a comple% problem and the user must be fully aware of the various methods of analysis re!uirements and limitations discussed in the #ser &anual before use. The Tutorial &anual will not provide theoretical bac$ground information on the analysis method nor does it e%plain the details of various methods of analysis available in the program. These details can be found in the #ser &anual for Slope. This also contains detailed information on the available program features. Short courses are also regularly organised and should you be interested in more hands-on e%perience you can contact oasys)arup.com for dates and program content.
Pile capacities may be calculated for a range of pile lengths and a range of cross-section types such as circular s!uare and "-section. The circular and s!uare cross-sections may be hollow or solid whereas the "-section is only solid. #nder-reams or enlarged bases may be specified. There are two approaches available to calculate the capacity of the pile - wor$ing load approach and limit-state approach. Settlement Analysis Pile settlements may be calculated for a range of pile lengths and a range of solid circular crosssections without under-ream. Settlement analysis calculates the settlement of a range of piles with different lengths and crosssections and of the surrounding soil. Pile soil slip is modelled together with the effects of soil heave inducing tension or settlement causing compression and negative s$in friction. Settlement calculation is based on theoretical analyses of the settlement of single compressible piles which are based on linear elastic theory. The analysis uses the integral method adopted by &attes and Poulos and is in the #ser &anual. -imiting shaft s$in friction is calculated from the material properties.
p1 Section 1.
3.
The principal components of the user interface are illustrated below and these will be referred to in the tutorial manual.
Standard #ool$ar
Slope #ool$ar
%utput #ool$ar
#a$le &ie"
#a$ular %utput
("int2 (hen using the 3ateway clic$ 454 to e%pand an item. /ouble clic$ on the item to open the corresponding window)
("int2 Should the user need to change the #nits they should do so at this point by double clic$ing on Units in the 3ateway)
p> Section 6.1 7reating the input *. /ouble clic$ on Analysis Options in the 3ateway. Select 7apacity and the following options2
p? Section 6.1 7reating the input 1. /ouble clic$ on Capacity 'ata in the 3ateway Select the (or$ing -oad 7alculation ðod and clic$ .@ 7hoose the following options2
6. /ouble clic$ on Pile Properties in the 3ateway Select a Solid Pile without under-ream + A *B BBB BBB $Pa Select the inputs to calculate the Pile 7apacity between <m and 1<m below ground level calculating the values every metre Input Pile /iameters of >BBmm and ?BBmm. ("int2 &ove onto the ne%t line in the input table to store the previous values inputted)
pC Section 6.1 7reating the input <. /ouble clic$ on Material Properties in the 3ateway /efine materials which ma$e up the soil profile around the pile.
("int2 See the #ser &anual for instructions on how to set the limiting value of end bearing to 4unlimited=.)
>. /ouble clic$ on Soil Profiles in the 3ateway /efine layers constituting the soil profile around the pile2 o top of -ayer 1 at Cm./ o top of -ayer * at Bm./ o top of -ayer 1 at -*<m./
(:ote2 The tab at the bottom of the table shown below allows the user to enter more than one soil profile should they wish to compare the impact of different soil properties or stratigraphy boundaries)
p1B Section 6.1 7reating the input ?. /ouble clic$ on !round"ater in the 3ateway
To define a hydrostatic pore-water distribution 'ust define the level of the phreatic surface. 9or this e%ample input the two phreatic surfaces for the soil profile to compare the impact of dewatering around the pile2 3roundwater Profile 12 3roundwater Profile * 2 > m./ B m./
("int2 #se the tab at the bottom of the table to input two different groundwater profiles)
C. /ouble clic$ on Soil Profile ( !round"ater Map in the 3ateway. 8ssign the inputted soil profile to 3roundwater Profile 1. (:ote2 This feature allows the user to analyse the impact of different groundwater levels on the soil stratigraphy in one file. .nce the analysis has been run for one profile the file can be reanalysed to compare results)
p1* Section 6.* 8nalysis and .utputs *. The tabular outputs enable the user to loo$ at stress profiles and specific values for the pile as shown below2
The user can determine which limiting criterion applies to different lengths of pile by using the $ey provided in the Tabular .utput2
p11 Section 6.* 8nalysis and .utputs !"porting Ta ular #esults 1. Select 9ile F +%port ;esults
Save the file as #utorial 1 )*ercise 1.cs+ to e%port the results to +%cel
6. 7ompare the results for a >BBmm and ?BBmm diameter pile <. ;e-run the analysis to view the impact of the other groundwater profile (phreatic surface at Bm./) to the pile capacity
p1? Section 6.* 8nalysis and .utputs Printing $raphical Outputs 1. 3o to #ools , Preferences in the menu bar
Select appropriate options for the print output including company information and logos. *. Select -ile , Print Pre+ie" in the menu bar to chec$ the output for printing (:ote2 The user can also print the tabular output in this format)
.nce opened create a new file by clic$ing the 4:ew 9ile= icon on the top left of the program or clic$ing 7trl 5 : 9ill the Titles and Units dialog bo% outlining the Program is carrying out a Pile Settlement 8nalysis. 1. /ouble clic$ on Settlement Data in the 3ateway. Input the following2
(:ote2 the e%cerpt from the manual outlines the definition for the different inputs and the user must read these before moving on)
*. +nter the same data for the following as Section 6 (7apacity 8nalysis)2 o Pile Properties o &aterial Properties o Soil Profile o 3roundwater /ata (:ote2 Gou can copy and paste between tables in different pile analysis files) 1. /ouble clic$ on Applied loads and displacements in the 3ateway &enu Input a 1<BB$: load (Huestion2 8t what loads will the pile stresses be presented in the outputI)
6. /ouble clic$ on /isplacement ;adii in the 3ateway &enu Input displacement radii at2 B.1m 1m *m (Huestion2 (hy has a radii of B.1m been chosenI)
1. *.
Pile displacement and Soil displacement at B.1m for a *Bm long pile with <BB$: load acting -imiting shaft s$in friction shaft s$in friction and pile stress for a *<m long pile with ?BB$: load acting
p** Section <.* 8nalysis and .utputs The e%pected outputs are shown below2