A Seminar Report On

Automotive air-conditioning system

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement For the award of the egree of !achelor of "echnology

#nder the supervision of

$r% Susheel Surana

Submitted by
&imanshu 'atara ()*S'$*)+,

Department of Mechanical Engineering SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNO O!"# MANA!EMENT $ !%AMOTHAN

.*R"-F-.A"*

"his is to certify that $r% &imanshu 'atara/ a student of !%"ech%0$echanical *ngineering1 2--- semester has submitted &is3her Seminar entitled Automotive air-conditioning system under my3our guidance%

$r% Susheel Surana 4rofessor $echanical eptt% S'-"/ 5aipur

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Ac&no'le(gement

- would li6e to ta6e this opportunity to e7press our than6s and gratitude to all the persons who have directly or indirectly availed us in guiding my seminar entitled Automotive air-conditioning system% "he assiduous help presumed by my guide Mr)S*+heel S*rana was an inevitable part of the successful consummation of my seminar% - than6 my college authorities for permitting me to ma6e use of the facilities available in the department to carry out the seminar successfully% - than6 my parents and friends for all their support during the ma6ing of the seminar% - also than6 all other seen as well as unseen members who made me available all the hardware resources as well as other inevitable help for the successful completion of the Seminar%

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S"NO,SIS

$a8or commercial refrigerant chloro fluoro carbons 0.F.s1 are going to be phase out shortly as part of $ontreal 4rotocol since they caused the phenomenon called green house effect and depletion of o9one layer% !eing very environment friendly amoniya water combination is the most suitable wor6ing fluid pair for vapour absorption refrigeration system% *nergy from the e7haust gas of an internal combustion engine is used to power an absorption refrigeration system to air-condition an ordinary passenger car% According to a cautious estimate/ appro7imately (): of the energy available at the cran6shaft in a diesel operated vehicle is used for operating the compressor of the vehicle;s air-conditioning system% "his is a huge loss if one ta6es into account the fact that the thermal efficiencies of most diesel operated vehicles range from <)-=): when in pristine condition% "he bottom line is that a great deal of diesel is consumed to generate electricity% -n addition to this/ alternating current via an alternator is necessary for the operation of the conventional a3c system% "he refrigerant/ usually R(< or R<< lea6s easily% !eing a secondary refrigerant/ it is also harmful to the environment% A new driving scheme is put forward in this report/ in which primary e7haust heat sources is used to drive the air conditioner% "here requires quite a few moving parts in this new scheme% -f the low power engine is mounted in the car/ additional solar energy can be combined to drive the air conditioner% "he principle of the new air- conditioning system and its structure are illustrated in this report% "he automatic control system for this new Aircondition System driven by of *7haust &eat of *ngine and Solar *nergy is described in detail as well% "his new system is energy conserving/ environment-protective/ low-carbon/ and high efficient% -t has a promising application prospect% "his seminar report presents a revolutionary ammonia water absorption system for air conditioning in automobiles% "he cooling effect is achieved by recovering waste thermal energy from the e7haust gases% "he system is cheap and easy to fabricate% "he refrigerant/ being water/ is environment friendly%

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i+t of fig*re+

Sr No (% <% =% +% ,% @% >%

Fig No <%( <%< <%= <%+ =%( +%( +%<

Caption .ompressor .ondenser *7pansion 2alve *vaporator Schematic diagram of vapour absorption refrigeration system .omponents of Absorption A3.A<B Schematic diagram of three fluid vapor absorption systemA>B

,age > ? () (( (+ << <+

i+t of Ta-le+

C ( <

"able Do "able =%( "able =%<

"abe Dame 4roperties of Ammonia 0R>(>1%

page (<

*nthalpy values on different points (+ on enthalpy entropy chart of Ammonia 0R>(>1%

2-

Content+
.ertificate Ac6nowledgement Synopsis Eist of figures Eist of tables ----2 2

Content

Sr) No 1.

Chapter name
Introduction

,age no)
1

0)

2)

.). Hi+tor/ of air con(itioning .)0 De1elopment Con1entional Vehicle air con(itioning 0). Nee( for Air Con(itioning 0)0 C/cle 0)2 Wor&ing 0)5 So*rce+ Of Heat To The car 0)3 Component+ 0)4 A(1antage+ 0)6 Dra'-ac&+ 0)7 Alternati1e+ Vapo*r A-+orption %efrigeration S/+tem 2).VA%S 2)0 Metho(olog/ 2)2Theoretical Calc*lation of the S/+tem 2)5 Concl*+ion+ Vapo*r A-+orption %efrigeration S/+tem In A*tomo-ile+ 5). Metho(+ Of Implementation In An A*tomo-ile 5)0 Component+ of VA%S 5)2 Wor&ing Of The S/+tem Compari+on -et'een VC%S an( VA%S 3). A(1antage+ of A-+orption %efrigeration o1er Compre++ion %efrigeration C/cle 3)0 Di+a(1antage+ of A-+orption %efrigeration o1er Vapor Compre++ion %efrigeration C/cle

. 2 3 3 3 4 4 6 .. .. .0 .2 .2 .5 .3 .8 09 09 00 05 03 04 07

5)

3)

2--

4) 6) 7)

In(ian Scenario Worl( Scenario Concl*+ion %EF%ENCES :I: IO!%A,H" ANNE;U%ES

29 20 25 24 50 27 28

.hapter-( Intro(*ction
.). Hi+tor/
Fith the invention of the R-(< in (G<? by H$ researchers/ the dawn of the automotive air-conditioning started% "he first prototype self-contained system was installed in a (G=G .adillac% 4ac6ard $otor .ompany in (G=G was the first company to offer complete auto air-conditioning system for cooling in summer and heating in winter using R(< refrigerant% "he first bus A3. proto developed in (G=+ by a 8oint venture between &oude *ngineering .orporation of !uffalo/ DI and .areer *ngineering .orporation of Dewar6/ D5 and others followed% -nitial air- conditioners had a number of problems as well as Second Forld Far hampered the production3progress% -n the (G,= model year/ many of the problems had been resolved and Heneral $otors and .hrysler came bac6 with improved air conditioning and that lu7ury became the necessity now for a common car owner for ever #ntil then most of the A3. parts were placed in the trun6 and too6 up whole space of trun6% -n (G,=/ &arrison Radiator ivision of Heneral $otors came up with a revolutionary air conditioner that was totally spaced in the underhood and dashboard 0eliminating it from the trun61% "he use of desiccant material to absorb moisture in refrigerant line started in (G,=% "he following were the milestones of the development in the succeeding years% J -n (G,,/ H$ developed the first A3. and heating unit that was front mounted/ totally pre-assembled and pre-tested% !y (G,>/ all car ma6ers followed this design approach% J "o provide the evaporator free9e protection/ a hot gas bypass valve was introduced in the A3. system in (G,@% J -n (G,>/ air conditioning became a standard item in .adillac *ldorado !roughams% "he average price of all air conditioners sold in (G,> was K+=,% J "he popularity of auto A3. soared and the number of installed A3. systems on the
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vehicle tripled from (G@( to (G@+% uring (G@=/ Ford set A3. unit price at K<=<% J -n August (G@,/ H$ crossed the five million A3. unit production mar6% H$ also introduced first the .limate .ontrol system on .adillac% -ndustry wide penetration of A3. reached >): by (G?)% J ue to oil embargo in (G>=/ the emphasis was placed on the fuel economy% &arrison Radiator ivision of Heneral $otors developed a cycling clutch orifice

tube 0..O"1 system replacing Frigidaire 2alve-in Receiver 02-R1 system that resulted in the compressor off for (3= of the time rather than continuously running/ thus improving fuel economy% !y (G>G all H$ vehicles used this ..O" system% J -n (G>+/ world came to 6now the o9one depletion in stratosphere due to R(< use% &arrison Radiator analy9ed nine refrigerants and by (G>@ arrived at R(=+a as the replacement of R(< eliminating chlorine% &owever/ there was no commercial availability of R(=+a thenL Allied .hemicals/ the ma8or company conducting research on R(=+a then/ would supply about ( lb of refrigerant per wee6 and the need was about ())) lb per wee6 for A3. system development wor6 at &arrison in those days% Although the viability of R(=+a was proven by &arrison through wind tunnel tests on (G>? .hevrolet/ the development of A3. system with R(=+a was discontinued due to the lac6 of availability of R(=+a till the $ontreal 4rotocol was adopted by #nited Dations in September% (G?>% J "he first ma8or revolution in the A3. system thus came starting (GG)s by replacement of R-(< to R-(=+a to eliminate the o9one depletion in stratosphere by introducing a refrigerant having chlorine replaced by fluorine in its composition% "he commercial production of R(=+a started with u4ont and -.- in (GG)% J "he changeover of R(< to R(=+a necessitated the following changes in the A3. systemM about <): higher condensing capacity condenser 0to maintain the same operating pressure so that new compressor is not needed1/ and change of lubricant from mineral oil to synthetic polyal6ylene glycol 04AH1 oil% J .onversion from R(< to R(=+a in the #SA/ *urope and 5apan too6 place during (GG(-(GG+% "he rest of the world has changed to R(=+a as the refrigerant for the A3. system during late (GG)s and early <)))s% J Hlobal warming potential 0HF41 was not an issue when changeover from
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R(< to R(=+a too6 place% J although the global warming potential of R(=+a was significantly lower than R(</ (=)) vs >?))L carbon dio7ide is the basis for global warming potential yardstic6 having HF4 of (% According to the *uropean #nion F-gas regulation/ the refrigerant in all new A3. systems introduced in *# must have HF4 of (,) or less starting <)((%

.)0 De1elopment
Automotive air-conditioning system has played an important role in human comfort and to some e7tent safety during vehicle driving in varied atmospheric conditions% -t has become an essential part of the vehicles of all categories worldwide% *ven in -ndia/ G@: of all new cars manufactured in <)), had factory-built air conditioning% After discussing the basic operation of the A3. system/ in this report/ a brief summary is provided on historical development of the vehicular A3. system/ refrigerant history from the inception of the A3. system to future systemsM R-(</ R-(=+a/ enhanced A3. system to ne7t generation refrigerants having no o9one layer depletion potential and negligible global warming potential% "he discussion also includes the direct and indirect emissions from vehicles due to the use of the A3. system% "his would e7plain why we continue to change the refrigerants in the automotive A3. system in spite of billions of dollars of the previous refrigerant change cost%

"he system design considerations are then outlined for minimi9ing the impact of A3. operation on the vehicle fuel consumption% Finally/ new concept design of A3. system and vehicle heat load reduction ideas are discussed to further minimi9e the impact of A3. system operation on the environment without impacting the human comfort% -t is anticipated that this report will provide the overall and detailed prospective of the A3. system developments and provide an opportunity to the researchers to accelerate RN refrigerant changeover% for the

According to the AS&RA*/ air conditioning is the science of controlling the temperature/ humidity/ motion and cleanliness of the air within an enclosure% -n a passenger3driver cabin of a vehicle/ air conditioning means controlled and comfortable environment in the passenger cabin during summer and winter/ i%e%/ control of temperature 0for cooling or heating1/ control of humidity 0decrease or increase1/
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control of air circulation and ventilation 0amount of air flow and fresh inta6e vs% partial or full recirculation1/ and cleaning of the air from odor/ pollutants/ dust/ pollen/ etc% before entering the cabin% Fhile the A3. system provides comfort to the passengers in a vehicle/ its operation in a vehicle has twofold impact on fuel consumptionM 0(1 burning e7tra fuel to power compressor for A3. operation/ and 0<1 carrying e7tra A3. component load in the vehicle all the time% -n addition/ the A3. running depends on the climatic condition of the concerned geographical region and the time of the year% "he most important impact on the fuel economy is when the A3. is running% .lodic et al% 0<)),1 report the additional fuel consumption due to $A. operation as <%, to >%,: 0in #SA3*urope1 considering the climatic conditions/ engine type 0diesel or gasoline1 and user profile% .orresponding .O< emission due to $A. operation is between ,+%> and <<(%, 6g .O< per year per vehicle% Of course/ the impact on the fuel consumption is more significant when the A3. is installed in compact and sub-compact vehicles%

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.hapter -< Con1entional Vehicle air con(itioning

Intro(*ction
"he use of refrigeration and air conditioning for transporting purpose proves to be very advantageous% Air conditioning is very much used in cars i%e% Automobiles/ railways and ships% "he use of air conditioning in automobiles is a lu7ury in -ndia but it is commonly used in western countries to provide better human comfort% "oday automobile air conditioning has acquired a growing mar6et% "he A. in automobiles is a need of persons who are suffering from the hot climate in -ndia which may be carry about ? to () months per year% "he new cars are so designed as to accommodate A%.% in its cabin% 4remier ((?D* .ontessa .lassic/ "ata -nstat%/ "ata Siera/ Opel Astra/ Ford and $ercedes !ens are some of the models which are having A%.% system%

0).Nee( for Air Con(itioning

Automobile air conditioning system wor6s on the principle of vapour compression refrigeration cycle and employees R(< as refrigerant to run the system% "he following factors are controlled by A%.% which leads to human comfort% (1 &eating of cabin/ <1 .ooling/ =1 .irculation of air/ +1 .leaning and filtering/ ,1 &umidity control% As per the standards the temperature at <, . and humidity of ,): R%&% is maintained to provide better comfort% "his can be achieved very easily in a room or office but it is very difficult to maintain such temperature and R%&% factor because of different sources of heat addition to the automobile system% "his heat sources are stated later%
)

0)0 C/cle
2apour compression refrigeration cycle is used in the car air conditioning system%
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2apour 0fairly dry vapour1 leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at point (% "he vapour is compressed is entropically to point <% uring compression/ the pressure and temperature increases% "he temperature at point < should be greater than the temperature of the .ondenser cooling medium% "he vapour leaves the compressor in dry saturated state and enters the condenser at <% "he vapour is condensed and latent heat of condensation is removed in condenser% "he high pressure saturated liquid leaves the condenser and enters the throttle valve at =% "hus the flow through valve causes decrease in pressure and temperature of refrigerant and causes it to evaporate partly% "his refrigerant liquid at every low temperature enters the evaporator where it absorbs heat from the space to be cooled thus producing refrigerating effect% "his increases its pressure and temperature and the refrigerant is now dry vapour / which is supplied to compressor% "his completes the cycle%

0)2 Wor&ing
.ool refrigerant gas is drawn into the compressor from the evaporator and pumped from the compressor to the condenser under high pressure and temperature due to compression/ As this gas passes through the condenser/ high pressure/ high temperature gas re8ects etc% &eat to the outside air as the air passes over the surface of condenser% "he coding of the gas causes it to condense into a liquid refrigerant% "he liquid refrigerant still in high pressure passes to receiver drier 0dehydrator1/ "he receiver acts as a reservoir for refrigerant% "he liquid refrigerant flows from the receiver dehydrator to the thermostat e7pansion valve refrigerant will loses its pressure and temperature%"his low pressure low temperature liquid enters the evaporator% "he evaporator coil is mounted below front dash board% As the temperature of refrigerant passing through evaporator is lowO it absorbs heat and continues to boil/ drawing heat from the surface of the evaporator core warmed by the rush of air passing over the surface of the evaporator core% -n addition to the warm air passing overthe evaporator re8ecting its heat to the cooler surfaces of the evaporator core/ any moisture in the air condenses on the cool surface of the core resulting in cool dehydrated air passing into the compartment of the car% !y the time the gas leaves the evaporator/ it gets completely vapourised and is slightly superheated% "he pressure in evaporator is controlled by suction throttle valve% R(< vapour passing through the evaporator flows through the suction throttle valve and is returned to compressor where refrigeration cycle is repeated%

0)5 So*rce+ Of Heat To The Car

"he cooling load is affected by many factors% Some of them are listed below
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(1 Faster the car moves/ the greater amount of infiltration into the car and better rate of heat transfer % <1 "he sun ba6ing down on the blan6 road will raise the temp% up to ,) . to @) . and thus increases the amount of heat transferred into the car through the floor% =1 !ecause of the relatively large glass areas/ metal construction and the flow of air around the moving vehicle 0automobile1 is very large/ so the air conditioning capacity is also large in comparison with A% .% installed at home% +1 Puantity of fresh air in% ,1 Dumber of occupants% @1 Puantity of heat directly re8ected by sun on car% For all the above sources/ it is necessary that capacity of automobile A%.% should be large/ be capable to ta6e overloads and operate for relatively long periods% "he cooling capacity of automobile A%.% system ranges from ( to + tones/ which is the amount of refrigeration needed to cool a small house%
) )

0)3 Component+
.< Compre++or =.ompressor is a driver of the system% "he construction is much rigid and the unit is semi sealed% i%e% the power to drive the compressor is directly ta6en from the cran6 shaft by means of v-belt pulley and electromagnetic clutch% "he heavy-duty gas6ets are provided at 8oint to prevent vibration/ noise and lea6age% A typical value arrangement is provided to suit the requirements% "he high and high pressure refrigerant enters in compressor which further gets compressed causing hot vapour e7it from the compressor unit/ "he compressor can start or stop by means of thermostat arrangements which engages or disengages the electromagnetic clutch so as to run compressor as per requirements% Eubrication oil is placed inside the chamber% "he noise of compressor is very least as compared to that of engine% "he vibration of compressor creats problem in iesel air conditioning system%

Fig <%(

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.ompressor

0< Electromagnetic Cl*tch => "he pulley assembly contains an electrically controlled magneticM clutch/ permitting the compressor to operate only when air conditioning is actually desired% All automobile A%.% systems employs the clutch to drive the compressor on demand from the thermostat inside the car 0i%e% the 6nob1% Fhen the compressor clutch is not engaged/ the compressor shaft does not rotate/ although the pulley is being rotated by belt from the engine% "he clutch armature plate/ which is movable member of the drive plate assembly is attached to the thrive hub through drive springs and is riveted to both driver and armature plate% "he hub of this assembly is pressed over the compressor shaft is aligned with a square drive 6ey located in the 6ey way on the compressor shaft% "he pulley assembly consist of pulley rim/ pulley hub and power element ring% 2< Con(en+er A condenser is similar to an ordinary automobile radiator but are designed to withstand much high pressure/ -t contains a fan to provide forced circulation of air% "his whole assembly is fitted in front of the car radiator so that it receives high volume of air% "he high temperature and high pressure refrigerant vapour loses its heat to forced air flowing through it causing change of this phase into high pressure liquid% "he fan and electromagnetic clutch are electrically coupled% Rapid condensation of refrigerant can be done by fan%

Fig <%< condenser

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5< %ecei1er=> "he purpose of receiver is to ensure a solid column of liquid refrigerant to the thermostatic e7pansion valve% Automobile A%.% units are more susceptible to lea6s than units because of vibration% Over a period of time/ small lea6s will occur/ which may requires addition of refrigerant// Also the evaporator requirements vary because of the changing heat load% A small receiver is used in the system to compensate all the above variables/ Refrigerant is stored in the unit untitled it is needed by the evaporator% A liquid Automobile Air .onditioning indicator or slight glass is provided at outloo6 pipe of receiver unit% "he appearance of bubbles or foam in the slight glass indicates the shortage of refrigerant in the system% rier part of this unit consists of sillicagel to absorb moisture if any in the system/ also it traps foreign material which may have entered the system during assembly% -t is temporary storage and purifying unit% 3< E?pan+ion Val1e=> "he e7pansion valve fulfils the following two functions% a% "he temperature and pressure of refrigerant is reduced to such a low-level due to sudden e7pansion by throttling process% "his is helpful to create low temperature than the evaporator% b% According to cooling load/ the quantity of refrigerant supplied to evaporator can be controlled% -t automatically regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant% "he valve is located at the inlet to evaporator core% -t consists of a 0capillary bulb and tube/ which are connected to an operating diaphragm 0sealed within the valve1% Fhen the cooling load increases/ the refrigerant evaporates at a faster rate in evaporator than the compressor can suc6% As a result%/ the degree of superheat and pressure in evaporator increases which cause the valve to open more allowing more refrigerant to enter into the evaporator% At/ the same time the increases in suction pressure also enables the compressor to deliver increased refrigerating capacity% Fhen cooling load decreasesL the refrigerant evaporates at a slower rate than the compressor can suc6/ As a result the evaporator pressure drops and the degree of superheat will decrease%/ "he valve tenets to close and the compressor delivers less refrigerant capacity% "hus this valve is capable of meeting the varying load requirements% "his valve 6eeps the evaporator full of refrigerant/ thus ensures safety to compressor%
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Fig <%= *7pansion 2alve

4< E1aporator=> *vaporator is a place where the refrigerant evaporates and absorbs heat from the air passed over it% Air is forced to flow over the evaporator with the help of blower/ which is installed in the evaporator itself and cooled before distributing in seating compartment% "he design of evaporator is more critical as the space limitations are very severe and worse than compact room conditioners% "he evaporator is placed under dashboard of car% Fe can provide more ducts if the car seating capacity is more% "he purpose of evaporator is to cool and dehumidify the air passing over it into passengerQs cabin% "he refrigerant in cooled liquid state boils immediately in evaporator when air loses its heat and moisture to it% &eat from the core surface is lost to boiling and vapouri9ing refrigerant/ which is cooler than the core/ thereby cooling the core% "he moisture collected is then drained of as it may reduce the cooling effect% irt or other foreign matter on the core surface or in evaporator housing will restrict the airflow% A crac6ed or bro6en housing can result in insufficient air-or warm air supply to passenger;s compartment% "he dirt can be removed by forcing dry air on it under pressure%

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Fig <%+ *vaporator

6< Control+=> "hese units ensures safe operation of air conditioner% "he thermostat is used to prevent the formation of frost on the evaporator coil% "he cabin air temperature is also controlled to the desired level% Once the evaporator fins temperature approaches near free9ing point/ the thermostat sends signals to the thermo amplifier which in turn cuts all power supply to electromagnetic clutch/ thereby A%.% operation stops temporarily%

0)4 A(1antage+
"he main advantage of this system is to travel with comfort for a long distance in any type of atmospheric conditions without tired% conditions% "here may be more advantages rather than this% uring summer the temperature inside the car can he maintained low and this is very necessary for comfort

0)6 Dra'-ac&+
(1 $oving parts are in the compressor% "herefore/ more wear/ tear and noise% <1 -t uses high grade energy li6e $echanical wor6% *ngine speed/ average and power will reduce due to power supplied to run A%.% system% =1 &igh operating cost/ since fuel economy is affected/ high maintenance cost/ costly refrigeration% A loss in economy level of the order of ( to (%, 6m3liter can occur due to the use A3.%
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+1 .F.;s 0.hlorofluorocarbon1 if lea6s out of the system causes great damage to the o9one layer% ,1 -f the car;s reserve power is less/ it can affect its acceleration% @1 $aintenance and initial cost of unit is high%

0)7 Alternati1e+>
Adsorption3Absorption Air-.onditioning #sing Faste &eat M- -n this system the compressor is replaced by the combination of Absorber/ Henerator and 4ump that uses a waste heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system% A(+orption - Adsorption is the phenomenon in which/ the liquid or gas 0refrigerant1 molecules in the adsorbing pair gets deposited on the solid 0adsorbent1 surface without any chemical change %"his is an e7othermic process% For e7M the silica gel acts as an adsorbent/ which adsorbs the water molecules on its surface% A-+orption- "he phenomenon of absorption is the mi7ture of a gas in a liquid/ the two fluid present strong affinity/ to form a solution 0upta6e of molecules into the interior of another substance1%

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.hapter-= Vapo*r A-+orption %efrigeration S/+tem

Intro(*ction
"he vapour absorption system uses heat energy/ instead of mechanical energy as in vapour compression system/ in order to change the condition of the refrigerant required for the operation of the refrigeration cycle% -n this system/ the compressor is replaced by an absorber/ a pump/ a generator/ and a pressure reducing valve% "his complete chapter discuss about the theoretical calculations are made of different components of the systems li6e evaporator/ absorber/ condenser and pump of vapour absorption system for a capacity of ( "R and e7perimentally developed and run system to validated for reducing the temperature for the free of cost of operation%

2).VA%S
-n the vapour absorption refrigeration 02AR1 system/ a physicochemical process replaces the mechanical process of the vapour compression refrigeration 02.R1 system by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical wor6% "he main advantage of this system lies in the possibility of utili9ing waste heat energy from industrial plants or other sources and solar energy as the energy input% "he 2AR systems have many favourable characteristics% "ypically a much smaller electrical input is required to drive the solution pump/ compared to the power requirements of the compressor in the 2.R systems/ also/ fewer moving parts means lower noise levels/ higher reliability/ and improved durability in the 2AR systems% A vapour absorption refrigeration system is a heat operated unit which uses refrigerant 0D&=1 that is alternately absorbed by and liberated from the absorbent 0water1% "he vapour absorption system uses heat energy/ instead of mechanical energy as in vapour compression system/ in order to change the condition of the refrigerant required for the operation of the refrigeration cycle% -n this system/ the compressor is replaced by an absorber/ a pump/ a generator/ and a pressure reducing valve% "hese components in the system perform the same function as that of compressor in vapour
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compression system% "he vapour refrigerant from evaporator is drawn into an absorber where it is absorbed by the wea6 solution of refrigerant forming a strong solution% "his strong solution is pumped to the generator where it is heated by utili9ing solar energy% uring the heating process/ the vapour refrigerant is driven off by the solution and enters into the condenser where it is liquefied ) "he liquid refrigerant then flows into the evaporator and thus the cycle is completed%

2)0 Metho(olog/
Fig%( shows the schematic diagram of a vapour absorption system% Ammonia vapour is produced in the generator at high pressure from the strong solution of D&= by an e7ternal heating source% A solar coo6er will produce the heat and generate ammonia gas% Ammonia gas then enters into the condenser% &igh pressure D&= vapour is condensed in the condenser% "he cooled D&= solution is passed through a throttle valve and the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant are reduced below the temperature to be maintained in the evaporator% "he low temperature refrigerant enters the evaporator and absorbs the required heat from the evaporator and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapour% Slightly superheated/ low pressure D&= vapour is absorbed by the wea6 solution of D&= which is sprayed in the absorber%

Fig%=%( Schematic diagram of vapour absorption refrigeration system A(B

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"able =%( 4roperties of Ammonia0R>(>1%

2)2 Theoretical Calc*lation of the S/+tem

"he following specific parameters are assumed for theoretical calculation of the complete system designM .ondenser pressureM , bar/ *vaporator pressureM < bar/ .apacity of refrigerationM )%<, "R/

i1 &eat removed in condenser 0Pc1M "he amount of heat removed in the condenser is given byM
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Qc = (h2-h1) 6536g

of D&=%

0(1

Fhere h is enthalpy at different points on chart% As D&= saturated vapour enters in and D&= saturated liquid comes out% ii1 &eat absorbed in the evaporator 0Pe1M "he amount of heat absorbed in the evaporator is given byM Pe R 0h+-h=1 6536g of D&=% 0<1

where h4 is the heat of saturated vapour at 4c and h3 is the heat of mi7ture of D&= liquid and vapour at 4e or heat of D&= liquid at points S<; as <-= is constant enthalpy throttling process% iii1 &eat removed from the absorber 0Pa1M Fhen D&= vapour at point + and aqua at point () are mi7ed/ the resulting condition of the mi7ture in the absorber is represented by >;; and after losing the heat in the absorber 0as it is cooled1/ the aqua comes out at condition ,% "herefore/ the heat removed in the absorber is given byM Qa = (h7-h5) 6536g of aqua% iv1 &eat given in the generator 0Pg1M Pg is the heat supplied in the generator and Pd is the heat removed from the water vapour/ then the heat removed per 6g of aqua is given byM 0Pg-Pd1 R 0h>;-h>1 6536g of aqua% 0+1 0=1

As the aqua goes in at point > and comes out at condition ? and ( which can be considered a combined condition at >;% !y e7tending the triangle ?->->; towards right till ?->; cuts at ( and ?-> cuts at Sa; on y-a7is then/ the heat removed per 6g of D&= is given byM 0Pg- Pd1 R h(-ha 6536g of D&=% 0,1
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For finding out Pd separately/ e7tend the vertical line >->; till it cuts the au7illary 4c line and mar6 the point Sb;% "hen draw hori9ontal line through Sb; which cuts the 4c line in 0in vapour region1 at point ((% "hen 8oin the points > and (( and e7tend that line till it cuts y-a7is at (<% "herefore/ Pd is given byM Pd R 0h(<-h(1 6536g of D&=% 0@1

"he table < shows the values obtained on enthalpies based on enthalpy concentration chart of Ammonia 0R>(>1% "able =%< *nthalpy values on different points on enthalpy entropy chart of Ammonia 0R>(>1%

!ased on above enthalpies calculation values the following results are obtained for the design load of different component of the system% i1 $ass flow rate of D&= through evaporator 0m f1M
Page | 17

mf R .ooling load3 h+ - h= R 0)%<,7)%=,130(@=<%+@<-=>@%><<1 mf R @%G@?T()-+6g3sR<%,(6g3h% ii1 &eat re8ected in absorber 0Pa1M Pa R mrT 7T 0h+-ha1 R @%G@? 7 ()-+ 7 0(@=<%+@<-0-==+%?@+11 Pa R(%=>(6F% iii1 &eat removed in condenser 0P.1M P. R mr T7T 0h(- h<1 R @%G@? 7 ()U-+ 7 0(@=<%+@<-=>@%><<1 P. R )%?>,6F% iv1 $ass of strong solution handled by pump per second 0ms1M *nthalpy balance across heat e7changer is/ &eat lost by wea6 solution R heat gained by strong solution/ mw T 0h?-hG1 R 0mw V ( 1T0h>-h@1 mwT 0<)G%G<-G<%)?>@1 R 0mwV(1T 0(==%G+,@-+(%?,?1 mF R =%@@@>6g36g of D&=% &ence/ mass of strong solution handled by pump 0ms1/ ms R mr T 0mw V(1 R @%G@? 7 ()-+T 0=%@@@>V(1 "herefore/ msR =%<,(>T()-= 6g3s% v1 &eat supplied to generator temperature R >,W.% Pg R mr 7 0h(< X ha1 R @%G@? 7 ()-+ 7 0(?<)%?<=-0-==+%?@+11 "herefore/ Pg R (%,)<6F%
Page | 18

vi1 esign of pressure vessel for generatorM At pressure ,bar/ with diameter 0d1 R<))mm/ and assuming ==: overload/ the design pressure/04d1 obtained @%@,bar% esign pressure 04d1 R(%== 74 R @%@,bar% "herefore/ thic6ness of pressure vessel as thin cylinder/ A04d 7 d13< 7tB R==)D3mm< 0==)D3mm< assuming .+) as a material for pressure vessel from 4SH data boo61% "herefore/ tR?mm% vii1 esign of air cooled condenserM .alculations are made and obtained E$" +<%+,W./ and length of coilR(%?>m% 0Eog $ean "emperature ifference1 R

2)5Concl*+ion+
After designing/ manufacturing and run the system the achieved temperature drop of =%,o. below ambient temperature with the time period of =<%,s as shown in Fig%=% Although the system was designed for a capacity of )%<,"R the desired capacity was not completely achieved% "his was due to fact that certain parameters could not be achieved during the practical design as compared to the theoretical design as stated below% ( Eess number of turns of condenserN tube length resulted in inefficient heat re8ection% "his caused the hot vapour from the generator to enter the evaporator coil without changing its phase completely and thus reduced the cooling effect% < "he system couldn;t sustain desired pressure range% "he pressure capacity of the fle7ible hoses used in the system limited the system pressure and thus the design pressure could not be achieved due to fear of failure% = .oncentration of ammonia in the system design was for ,): concentration of ammonia but in the ammonia commercially available is of <,: concentration% "his was also a limitation%

Page | 19

.hapter-+ Vapo*r A-+orption %efrigeration S/+tem In A*tomo-ile+

Intro(*ction

$uch of an internal combustion engine;s heat from combustion is discarded out of the e7haust or carried away via the engine cooling water% All this wasted energy could be useful% "he common automobile/ truc6 or bus air conditioner uses shaft wor6 of the engine to turn a mechanical compressor% Operating the mechanical compressor increases the load on the engine and therefore increases fuel consumption/ emissions and engine operating temperature% Fith an absorption refrigeration system/ we can utili9e the e7haust heat and the heat absorbed by the engine;s cooling water% "his heat/ which could be considered as free energy/ would be enough to drive an adsorption refrigeration% -t is well 6nown that an -. engine has an efficiency of about =,-+):/ which means that only one-third of the energy in the fuel is converted into useful wor6 and about @)-@,: is wasted to environment% -n which about <?-=): is lost by cooling water and lubrication losses/ around =)-=<: is lost in the form of e7haust gases and remainder by radiation/ etc% -n a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System/ a physicochemical process replaces the mechanical process of the 2apour .ompression Refrigeration System by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical wor6% "he heat required for running of a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System can be obtained from the e7haust of any vehicle wor6ing with an -. engine/ which would otherwise be e7hausted into the atmosphere% &ence using a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System will not only prevent the loss of power from the vehicles engine but will also produce refrigeration using the low grade energy 0i/e% e7haust1 from the engine% "he use of a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System will also reduce pollution by reducing the amount of fuel burned while wor6ing the conventional vapour compression refrigerating unit%

5). Metho(+ Of Implementation In An A*tomo-ile

For a road transport utili9ing 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System heat energy
Page | 20

can be supplied in two waysM (% #sing heat of combustion of a separate fuel- !y using a separate fuel for wor6ing the refrigeration system i/e% a fuel for e7ample natural gas can be used for the wor6ing of a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System% "his can be achieved by burning the fuel in a separate combustion chamber and then/ supplying the Henerator of a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System with the products of its combustion to produce the required refrigerating effect% &owever this prospect is eliminated since it requires a separate fuel and a separate combustion chamber which ma6es it uneconomical and the system becomes inefficient% <% #sing waste heat of the -. engine- Another method is by utili9ing the heat of combustion which is wasted into the atmosphere% !y designing a generator capable of e7tracting the waste heat of an -. engine without any decrease in engine efficiency/ a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System can be brought to wor6% Since this arrangement does not require any e7tra wor6 e7pect a small amount of wor6 required for the pump/ which can be derived from the battery/ this system can be used in automobiles where engine efficiency is the primary consideration% -n an -. engine/ fuel 0usually petrol or diesel1 is combusted inside the cylinder due to which the piston moves outward and rotates the cran6/ and hence the engine produces wor6% -n -. engines the combustion of the fuel produces heat/ which is converted to mechanical wor6 using the piston and cran6 arrangement% From the heat produced from combustion of fuel only =): 0appro71 of heat is converted into useful mechanical wor6% "he remaining heat energy is wasted into the atmosphere in the form ofM 0i1 heat carried away by the cooling water/ 0ii1 heat ta6en away by the e7haust gases/ 0iii1 heat carried away by the lubricating oil/ 0iv1 and/ heat lost by radiation% "he cooling water and e7haust gases carry away the ma7imum amount of heat from the engine/ ie around @): 0appro71% "his heat is called the low grade energy of the engine%

Page | 21

5)0 Component+ of VA%S

Figure +%( .omponents of Absorption A3. A<B

5)0). !enerator -t is basically a container where the solution is maintained at constant level% "he e7haust pipe is passed through it and its heat is e7tracted in the generator% -t has two e7its and an inlet% From the two e7its/ one is for the flow of refrigerant to the condenser and the other for the flow of solution bac6 to absorber% "he e7haust pipe passing through the generator is made of copper while the other components are made of steel% 5)0)0 Con(en+er #sually the condenser of an automobile is of an oval cross-section% -t is made of aluminum to have easy transfer of heat from the refrigerant coming from generator to the atmosphere% A large number of fins are provided to increase the surface area and thereby increase the heat transferred from the refrigerant to the atmosphere%
Page | 22

5)0)2 E?pan+ion 1al1e A needle valve is used to drop the pressure of the refrigerant from high pressure to low pressure side% A needle valve can be easily ad8usted to obtain the required pressure within the system% 5)0)5 E1aporator "he refrigerant from the e7pansion valve enters the evaporator where the cold refrigerant absorbs heat from the surroundings% "o have ma7imum heat transfer from surroundings to the refrigerant the evaporator is made of copper tubes% 5)0)3 A-+or-er "his is the container which has two inlets/ one for the refrigerant coming from the evaporator while the other for the wea6 solution coming from the generator% "he one e7it is for pumping the solution to the generator% -t has a perforated sheet to strain the solution coming from the generator to have a proper mi7ing of the wea6 solution with the refrigerant coming from the evaporator% Fins are provided around the container to increase the surface area/ to remove the heat developed during the mi7ing of the refrigerant and the wea6 solution% 5)0)4 ,*mp Since the system is small the flow rate required is also small% &ence a fuel pump is used to pump solution from the absorber to the generator% "he power to run the pump is derived from the engine battery% 5)0)6 Control 1al1e "his is placed in between the generator and the absorber to bring the solution pressure from high pressure to low pressure% "he control valve may be another needle valve which could also be used to control the flow rate of the wea6 solution bac6 to the absorber% 5)0)7 ,re>heater "his is a container containing coiled tubes through which the solution passes% -t is
Page | 23

placed in between the generator and the pump of the absorber% .ooling water is passed through the container/ ie it is placed in the path way of hot water flowing from the engine 8ac6et to the radiator% "he quantity of cooling water inside the pre-heater is always fi7ed% "he coils for the flow of solution are made of copper to have ma7imum heat transfer fro the cooling water to the solution and the remaining parts are of cast iron%

5)2 Wor&ing Of The S/+tem

Figure +%< Schematic diagram of three fluid vapor absorption system A>B

"he strong solution at =,W. is pumped from the absorber to the pre-heater where the solution of the strong solution is increased to >,W. from the cooling water at ?)W.% "his solution then enters the generator where the refrigerant/ ie water at +)W. gets vapouri9es and is passed through the condenser/ where the latent heat is removed from the refrigerant% "his refrigerant is then passed through the e7pansion valve to bring the temperature to around ()W./ after which it is passed through the evaporator coil to absorb the latent heat of the refrigerant at ()W.% "he vapouri9ed refrigerant then enters the absorber where the wea6 solution coming from the generator gets mi7ed liberating heat% "his formed solution is again pumped to the generator using the pump and the cycle is repeated again%
Page | 24

.hapter-, Compari+on -et'een VC%S an( VA%S

3). A(1antage+ of A-+orption %efrigeration o1er Vapor Compre++ion %efrigeration C/cle
.< Metho( of compre++ion of the refrigerantM One of the most important parts of any refrigeration cycle is the compression of the refrigerant since all the further operations depend on it% -n the vapor compression refrigeration system the compression of the refrigerant is done by compressor which can be of reciprocating/ rotating or centrifugal type% -n the vapor absorption refrigeration system/ the compression of the refrigerant is done by absorption of the refrigerant by the absorbent% As the refrigerant is absorbed/ it gets converted from the vapor state to liquid state so its volume reduces% 0< ,o'er con+*mption (e1ice+M -n the vapor compression cycle the compressor is the ma8or power consuming device while in the vapor absorption cycle the pump used for pumping refrigerant-absorbent solution is the ma8or power consuming device% 2< The amo*nt of po'er re@*ire(M "he compressor of the vapor compression cycle requires large quantities of power for its operation and it increases as the si9e of the refrigeration system increases% -n case of the vapor absorption refrigeration system/ the pump requires very small amount of power and it remains almost the same 0or may increase slightly1 even for higher capacities of refrigeration% "hus the power consumed by the vapor absorption refrigeration system is much more than that required by the vapor compression system% 5< T/pe of energ/ re@*ire(M "he vapor absorption system runs mainly on the waste or the e7tra heat in the plant% "hus one can utili9e the e7tra steam from the boiler/ or generate e7tra steam for the purpose and also use the hot available water% Similarly the waste heat from the diesel engine/ hot water from the solar water heater/ etc% can also be utili9ed% -n case of the vapor compression refrigeration system/ the compressor can be run by electric power supply onlyL no other types of energy can be utili9ed in these systems% 3< %*nning co+tM "he vapor compression refrigeration system can run only on electric power/ and they require large amount of power% "hese days the electric power has become very e7pensive/ hence the running cost of the vapor compression refrigeration system is very high% -n case of the absorption refrigeration system only small pump requires electric power and it is quite low% -n most of the process
Page | 25

industries/ where the absorption refrigeration is used/ there is some e7tra steam available from the boiler/ which can be used for running the system% "hus in absorption refrigeration system no e7tra power in the pure electric form is required and the energy that would have otherwise gone wasted is utili9ed in the plant% "hus the running cost of the absorption refrigeration system is much lesser than the vapor compression system% 4< Fo*n(ation+ re@*ire( an( noi+eM "he compressor of the vapor compression system is operated at very high speeds and it ma6es lots of vibrations and noise% -t also requires very strong foundation so that it can remain intact under vibrations and high pressures of the refrigerant% -n the absorption refrigeration system there are no ma8or moving parts hence they don;t vibrate/ don;t ma6e noise and also don;t require heavy foundations% "he absorption refrigeration systems operate silently% 6< MaintenanceM .ompressor is the crucial part of the vapor compression cycle/ and it has number of moving parts% -t is very important to do the thorough lubrication of the compressor and also 6eep chec6ing it regularly for any defects% "he compressor also requires changing of the piston/ piston rings/ cylinder liner etc% from time-to- time% "hus the vapor compression system requires lots of maintenance% Failure of compressor can be very e7pensive at times as the suction and the discharge valve of the compressor are very e7pensive% *ven the motor of the compressor is very heavy and e7pensive% "he compressor also requires cooling/ for which special pump is required to pump the water from the cooling tower to the compressor% Since there are number of moving parts of the compressor that move at very fast speed some or the other failure occurs regularly% -n the absorption refrigeration system the only moving part is the small pump that fails rarely% "hus the maintenance required by the vapor compression system is much more than that required by the vapor absorption system% 7< Capacit/ control of the +/+temM -n the vapor compression cycle the capacity control of the system is done from the compressor and in most of the cases stepwise capacity control is obtained% -n case of the absorption refrigeration system it is possible to obtain stepless capacity control and 9ero capacity when there is no load on the system% "hough these days compressors with stepless capacity control are available/ but they will consume lots of power even if there is 9ero load on the refrigeration system% -n absorption system/ when there is 9ero load the power consumption is almost 9ero% 8< T/pe of refrigerant *+e( an( it+ co+tM -n ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system/ ammonia is used as the refrigerant/ which is easily and cheaply available% -n lithium bromide system/ water is used as the refrigerant/ which is also available
Page | 26

cheaply

and

easily%

-n

case

of

the

vapor

compression

refrigeration

system

halocarbons are used as the refrigerants/ which are very e7pensive% .9< ea&age of the refrigerantM -n the absorption refrigeration system there are no 0or very few1 lea6ages of the refrigerant and the refrigerant itself is very cheap% "hus there are almost 9ero refrigerant recharging costs% -n case of the vapor compression systems there are lots of lea6ages of the refrigerant thus regular recharge of the refrigerant is required which is very e7pensive% ..< !reenho*+e effectM $ost of the halocarbon refrigerants used in the compression refrigeration system produces greenhouse effect% As per the $ontreal 4rotocol/ their use has to stop completely by the year <)<)% -n the absorption refrigeration system no refrigerant produces the greenhouse effect/ so their use won;t be stopped in future%

3)0 Di+a(1antage+ of A-+orption %efrigeration o1er Vapor Compre++ion %efrigeration C/cle

.< Initial capital co+tM "hough the running cost of the absorption refrigeration system is much lesser than the vapor compression system/ its initial capital cost is much higher%
2) Corrosive nature of lithium bromideM -n the lithium bromide absorption refrigeration

system/ lithium bromide is corrosive in nature/ which reduces the overall life of the system% -n case of the ammonia system/ ammonia is corrosive to copper% -n the vapor compression system copper is used with the halocarbon refrigerants and they are quite safe thus ensuring long life of the refrigeration system% As such the vapor compression system with reciprocating or centrifugal compressor has longer life than the lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system% 2< o' 'or&ing pre++*re+M "he wor6ing pressures of the absorption refrigeration cycle are very low% -n case of the lithium bromide system these pressures are so low that even the e7pansion valve is not required since the drop in pressure of the refrigerant due to its flow is good enough to produce its e7pansion% ue to this the refrigeration system should be sealed thoroughly so that no atmospheric gases would enter the refrigeration system% As such the system of the compression refrigeration should also be pac6ed tightly/ but this is to prevent the lea6age of the refrigerant to the atmosphere%
Page | 27

5< Coefficient of ,erformance ACO,<M "he coefficient of performance of the absorption refrigeration systems is very low compared to the vapor compression systems% For instance/ the .O4 of the two stage lithium bromide system is about (%(/ while that of the vapor compression system used for the air conditioning applications it is about + to ,% "hus the absorption refrigeration system becomes competitive only if the ratio of the electricity to fuel 0oil/ gas or coal used to generate the steam in the boiler1 becomes more than four% -f this ratio is lesser there are chances that e7cess fuel would be required to generate the steam% &owever/ if there is e7cess steam in the industry/ this ratio may not be given importance% 3< Higher heat reBectionM -n the absorption refrigeration heat has to be re8ected from number of parts li6e condenser/ absorber/ analy9er/ rectifier etc% thus heat re8ection factor for absorption refrigeration system is high and it can be around <%,% -n the compression refrigeration system the heat is given up only from the condenser/ so it heat re8ection factor is small/ which is about (%<% "hus the cooling tower and pump capacities for pumping the cooling water have to be higher in case of the absorption refrigeration system/ which leads to increase in the running cost of the system%

Page | 28

chapter-@

In(ian Scenario

-n air conditioning of automobile the vapour compression refrigeration system causes the loss in economy level of the order of ( to (%, 6m3liter can occur due to the use A3.% -n -ndia there are no automobile absorption refrigeration system which is wor6ing on the e7haust heat of the engine because following reasons% (% -nitial capital cost -"hough the running cost of the absorption refrigeration system is much lesser than the vapor compression system/ its initial capital cost is much higher% <% Si9e -"he si9e of this system is more than vcrs% $ainly in -ndia there is small si9e of cars% "he space occupied by generator is main limiting factor% =% .oefficient of 4erformance 0.O41- "he coefficient of performance of the absorption refrigeration systems is very low compared to the vapor compression systems% +% Eac6 of cooling potential in the e7haust gases at low and idling speeds%
-n -ndia there is laboratory test done on this system in automobile air conditioning at S2D-" Surat by A% .% eshpande which is currently wor6ing as a 5r% Research Fellow at S2D-"/ Surat under !AR.% Another college where laboratory test is done is 5awaharlal arda -nstitute Of *ngineering N "echnology/ Iavatmal%

"hese factors affect the use of this system in automobile but in other areas li6e power plants and other industries where waste heat can be utili9ed by installing vapour absorption refrigeration system%

-n -ndia "herma7 Etd wor6ing on these systems% "his uses waste heat from steam/ solar power/ flue gases/ and hot water%"his serving for !hilai steel plant Raur6ela steel plant Reliance industries ltd Has authority of -ndia ltd% 4roducts are Steam riven 2apour Absorption $achine- .apacitiesM From ,) to <))) "R
Page | 29

Steam pressureM From )%@ to =%, 'g3cmY 0g1 .hilled water temperatureM #p to =%,Z. 0)Z. for brine1 &eat sourceM Steam &ot Fater riven 2apour Absorption $achine .apacitiesM From () to <))) "R .hilled water temperatureM #p to =%,Z. 0)Z. for brine1 Fater temperatureM From >,Z. to <))Z. *7haust 2apour Absorption $achineFrom ,) to <))) "R/ chilled water temperature #p to =%,Z. 0)Z. for brine1

Page | 30

.hapter->

Worl( Scenario

2apour absorption refrigeration system based on e7haust heat 0or waste heat from solar1 is not widely used due to its limitations% J Refrigerating effect will be reduced or will be difficult to produce should the vehicle be at rest or in a very slow moving traffic condition% J "he refrigerating effect produced using a 2apour Absorption Refrigeration System is less compared to a 2apour compression Refrigeration System% !ut still "oyota developed solar ac based on absorption refrigeration in his car in <)() in model "oyota 4rius% Dowhere is the greenhouse effect more noticeable than inside a car on a hot day% !ut the new "oyota 4rius comes with new green technologies including cooling fans run by optional solar panels%"he 4rius includes a solar panel on the roof of the car/ which can only provide enough power to run the ventilation system while the car is par6ed/ to 6eep the interior cooler in sunny warm conditions% For the #%S% mar6et only the 4rius "wo/ "hree/ Four and Five were offered% *ven when the car is off and loc6ed/ these fans whir around/ so when you step bac6 into it you donQt need to cran6 up the power-hungry air conditioning% And the air-con system on the <)() 4rius% Dissan developed prototype in <))? Dissan (+)) truc6 and the results indicate a successful prototype and encouraging prospects for future development%"he developed prototype and give following results (% -n the e7haust gases of motor vehicles/ there is enough heat energy that can be utilised to power an air-conditioning system% "herefore/ if air-conditioning is achieved without using the engine;s mechanical output/ there will be a net reduction in fuel consumption and emissions%
Page | 31

<% "he coefficient of performance of the absorption refrigeration systems is very low compared to the vapor compression systems% "he low .O4 value is an indication that improvements to the cycle are necessary% =% Si9e -"he si9e of this system is more than vcrs% "he space occupied by generator is main limiting factor%

Page | 32

.hapter-?

Concl*+ion

*7perimental study of an aqua-ammonia absorption system used for automobile air conditioning system/ this system using the e7haust waste heat of an internal combustion diesel engine as energy source% "he energy availability that can be used in the generator and the effect of the system on engine performance/ e7haust emissions/ auto air conditioning performance and fuel economy are evaluated% !ecause automotive air conditioning is one the most equipment that heavily uses .F. compounds and the lea6age of .F.s from such air conditioners impact on the environment% "he main purpose of this investigation to e7plore the feasibility of using waste energy to design the absorber and generation since these components are the most important components of absorption and they are directly influence the performance of the whole system% -t has been found that the aqua -ammonia concentration effect the cooling capacity% "he estimated cooling load for the automobile found to be within acceptable ranges which are about (%=> ton refrigeration% "he obtained results show that the coefficient of performance 0.O41 values directly proportional with increasing generator and evaporator temperatures but decrease with increasing condenser and absorber temperatures% $easured values for generator/ absorber/ and evaporator and condenser temperature were recorded and the coefficient of performance of the system varied between )%?, and (%)+% "he main components of the absorption cycle were designed and fabricated for optimal performance and could be rapidly transfer to the industry/ "he system was found to be applicable and ready to produce the required conditioning effect without any additional load to the engine% "he proposed system decreases vehicle operating costs and environmental pollution caused by the heating system as well as causing a lower global warming% "he following conclusion can be drawnJ 4erformance of auto air conditioner using e7haust waste energy from diesel engine has been carried out in this investigation% -t is evident that .O4 strongly depends on wor6ing conditions such as generator/ absorber/ condenser and evaporating temperature% "he aqua-ammonia vapour absorption automobile air conditioner is an economically attractive concept for utili9ing e7haust waste heat because most of the energy input comes from the heat available in the e7haust gases/ with only small electric power used to operate the pump% "he engine e7haust gas was confirmed as a potential power source for absorption automobile air conditioner system% -n other words/ the absorption refrigeration system may

Page | 33

J J J

be able to ta6e advantage of the e7haust gas power availability and provide the cooling capacity required for automotive air conditioning% Overall/ carbon mono7ide emission was decreased when the absorption refrigeration system was installed in the e7haust gas% So/ changes in e7haust components concentration were a consequence of the ma8or modifications in the e7haust system% "he absorption cycle has the economic advantage of having few high precision components/ thus reducing manufacturing costs% "he low efficiency/ however/ is a negative economic factor% Ammonia Absorption cycle/ should be considered as a viable alternative to mechanical vapor compression cycle% Appreciable cooling load reduction can be reali9ed by modification on the automobile body and the door and windows design% Fith fle7ibility in operation/ absence of compressor noise/ very low maintenance and high reliability% "he waste heat energy available in e7haust gas is directly proportional to the engine speed and e7haustgas flow rates% Feasibility study should made to decide the unit;s chances to be produced on commercial scales% Also/ applying this pro8ect practically in 5ordan/ because it has many advantages from the pollution and economic point of view%

%eference+

1. International Journal of Engineering Research an !""lications (IJER!) I##$% 224&-'(22 $ational )onference on E*erging +ren s in Engineering , +echnolog- (.$)E+-3/ 0ar112) ..2.3atel 4 !.J.)hau hari4 R.2.Jilte 4 +heoretical an E5"eri*ental E6aluation of .a"our !7sor"tion Refrigeration #-ste*42/12 2. 5ournal of *nergy in Southern Africa/ 8 .icatos4J 8r-9agori is4 ! car aircon itioning s-ste* 7ase on an a7sor"tion refrigeration c-cle using energ- fro* e5haust gas of an internal co*7ustion engine4 2//& -nternational 5ournal of $odern *ngineering Research 0-5$*R1 / 0anu.#4 +.:.)han rashe;ar4 +heoritical 0o el of !7sor7er for 0iniature <i=r->2o .a"or !7sor"tion Refrigeration #-ste* 4 2/12

3.

4. Energ- "roce i4 a:hale !lQ ah 4 #a*eh !lsa?oor 4 !sse* !l-Jarrah 4 2esign an @a7rication of !uto !ir )on itioner 8enerator Atili9ing E5haust Baste Energ- fro* a 2iesel Engine 42/11 5. Second -nternational .onference on *merging "rends in *ngineering and "echnology/ -.*"*"-)G/ ! ) 2esh"an e4 R 0 3illai4! sor"tion !ir)on itioning (! !)) for !uto*o7iles Asing Baste >eat Reco6ere fro* E5haust 8ases 42//' ri6en 7-

(. Chong Ji-Diang4 Research on ! $o6el !ir-con ition #-ste* co*7ination of E5haust >eat of Engine an #olar Energ-42//'

7. +he 2n Joint International )onference on E#ustaina7le Energ- an En6iron*ent (#EE 2//()F4 21-23 $o6e*7er 2//(4 =ang;o;4 +hailan 4 #hah !la*4 ! 3ro"ose 0o el for Atili9ing E5haust >eat to run !uto*o7ile !ircon itioner4 +he 2n Joint International )onference on #EE42//( &. :hale #. !lQ ah +afila +echnical Ani6ersit+afila4 Jor an4 3erfor*ance an E6aluation of !?ua !**onia !uto !ir )on itioner #-ste* Asing E5haust Baste Energ-42/11 '. $ahla =oua9i94 Ri ha =en Iffa an <a;h ar ;airouani4 3erfor*ance of a Gater a**onia a7sor"tion s-ste* o"erating at three "ressure le6els4 2/11

1/. R.>.<. Eichhorn - Ein ho6en Ani6ersit- of +echnolog- 4 Baste Energ2ri6en !ir )on itioning #-ste* (BE2!)#)4 2//'. 11. !#>!RE >an 7oo;4 2//&

:i-liograph/
J -mpact of 2ehicle Air-.onditioning on Fuel *conomy/ "ailpipe *missions/ and *lectric 2ehicle Range httpM33www%nrel%gov3docs3fy))osti3<?G@)%pdf J *co-friendly cooling with absorption chillers httpM33www%therma7india%com3Eive-at-"herma73*co-friendlycooling-with-absorption-chillers%asp7 J -nternational 5ournal Of *nergy Research/ e7ergy calculation of lithium bromideXwater solution and its application in the e7ergetic evaluation of absorption refrigeration systems Ei!r-&<O/ Reynaldo 4alacios-!erec/ <)() J Adsorption Air-.onditioning for .ontainerships and 2ehicles $etrans Report ))->/ .raig .hristy and Re9a "oossi .alifornia State #niversity /Eong !each/August ),/ <))+

Anne?*re+
J Adsorption air conditioning wor6ing httpM33www%youtube%com3watch[vRa$F-S"!(?\o J <)() 4riusM Solar 4owered 2entilation System httpM33www%youtube%com3watch[vR.ch&-y>5gvA J Absorption .hiller Animation httpM33www%youtube%com3watch[vRv&E''d)+hf6