Hydropower (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air)

History of Hydro Power

Early Irrigation Waterwheel

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Early Roman Water Mill

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Early Norse Water Mill

Fourneyrons Turbine

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Hydropower Design

Water Turbine

Terminology (Jargon)

Head

Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head high-head (800 or more feet) medium-head (100 to 800 feet) low-head (less than 100 feet)

Dams: three categories

Power is proportional to the product of head x flow

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http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

SMALL HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS

CLASSIFIED AS MINI, MICRO, AND SMALL DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF PLANT. MATURE TECHNOLOGY HIGHEST PRIME MOVING EFFICIENCY

SPECTACULAR OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

FIRST PLACE AMONG ALL RENEWABLE SOURCES INSTALLED CAPACITY - WORLD 47,000 MW INDIA 500 MW -CLASSIFICATION WORLD NORMS - 5 KW TO 50 MW

UNTIL RECENTLY, SMALL-SCALE HYDRO POWER (SHP) IN INDIA CLASSIFIED AS BELOW (3MW GENERATING CAPACITY NOW INCREASED TO 25 MW)
CLASSIFICATION POWER RATING

MICROHYDRO MINI-HYDRO

< 100 kW

100 kW 3MW

SMALL-SCALE HYDRO

3 MW 25 MW

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CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON THE HEAD ULTRA MEDIUM HIGH BENEFITS: DOES NOT POTENTIALLY CAUSE THE SUBMERGING OF FOREST/AGRICULTURAL LAND, RESERVOIR ENLARGEMENT, RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION OR SEISMOLOGICAL THREATS. GENERATION OF HYDROPOWER PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE, AIR POLLUTANTS OR ANY WASTE PRODUCTS. LOW HEAD HEAD HEAD BELOW 3 METRES FROM 3075 METRES ABOVE 75 METRES

ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS WHERE EXTENSION OF GRID SYSTEM UNECONOMICAL
NON POLLUTING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN WATER SUPPLY

SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION

SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY RICE & OIL MILLS, WOOD INDUSTRIES SAW MILLS LIKELY PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED RIPARIAN OWNERS, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENT AGENCIES, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, LICENCING AUTHORITIES, ELECTRICAL UTILITIES, WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCITIES AND 11 GENERAL PUBLIC

Scale of Hydropower Projects

Large-hydro

More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid

Medium-hydro

Small-hydro

1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid

Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid

Mini-hydro

Micro-hydro

From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid.
From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid.

Pico-hydro

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www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf

Types of Hydroelectric Installation

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Meeting Peak Demands

Hydroelectric plants:

Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads. Save millions of barrels of oil

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