Lecturer : SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH

INDONESIA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BLUE PRINT

Pertimbangan Penggunaan PLTN

KOMPETITIF SECARA EKONOMIS KEHANDALAN TINGGI TINGKAT KESELAMATAN TINGGI PENERIMAAN MASYARAKAT
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KOMPETITIF SECARA EKONOMIS

BIAYA INVESTASI BIAYA BAHAN BAKAR BIAYA O & M
DALAM JANGKA BIAYA PEMBENGKITAN KOMPETITIF DIBANDING PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK JENIS LAIN
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KEHANDALAN TINGGI
PLTN GENERASI BARU MEMILIKI JAM OPERASI TAHUNAN DIATAS 8OOO JAM WAKTU MAINTENANCE PENDEK PENGGANTIAN BAHAN BAKAR NUKLIR LEBIH CEPAT
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TINGKAT KESELAMATAN TINGGI

JAMINAN KESELAMATAN PERSONIL/PEKERJA, MASYARAKAT DAN INVESTASI JAMINAN TERHADAP PERLINDUNGAN LINGKUNGAN JAMINAN TERHADAP KEAMANAN DAN PENYALAHGUNAAN BAHAN NUKLIR DAN RADIOAKTIF

PENERIMAAN MASYARAKAT

MEMILIH PLTN DENGAN TEKNOLOGI YANG MAPAN KINERJA BAIK, ASPEK KESELAMATAN DAN EKONOMI MEMUNGKINKAN PENGGUNAAN KOMPONEN LOKAL PENGGUNAAN PLTN GENERASI III DAN IV
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GENERASI PLTN
PARAMETER
KARAKTERISTIK

GENERASI I

GENERASI II

GENERASI III
ADVANCED DESIGN, SEDERHANA, DAYA BESAR,

GENERASI IV
KOMPETITIF, AMAN, NON PROLIFERASI, LIMBAH <, KOGEN

PROTOTYPE,UKURAN KOMERSIAL, DAYA BERAGAM BESAR, PF >

SISTEM KESELAMATAN

REDUNDANSI

IHERENT SAFETY, REDUNDANSI

SISTEM PASIF, CORE DENSITY <, KEDELAMATAN GANDA SISTEM PASIF, EM. PROT. AREA <

CORE DEMAGE FREQ. <1/10000/REAKTOR. <1/10000/REAKTOR. 1/1000000/REAKTOR.T 1/1000000/REAKTOR. (CDF) TAHUN TAHUN AHUN TAHUN CONTOH MAGNOX PWR, BWR, CANDU ABWR, AP 600, AP 1000 PBMR, VHTR

Top 10 Nuclear Countries (1999)

800 700

727,9

U.S. nuclear electricity generation is:

billion kilowatt-hours

600 500

as large as France and Japan (#2 and #3) combined; and

larger than the other 7 nations in the top 10 combined
Source: IAEA

375
400 300 200 100 0 US France Japan Germany

306,9 160,4

110,9

97,8

91,2

70,4

70,1

67,4

Russia

Korea RP

UK

Canada

Sweden

Ukraine

Safety of Current Nuclear Plants

There has not been a loss of life in the US due to commercial nuclear plants (TMI released a small amount of radiation) Chernobyl accident - a terrible accident with a bad design

These plants are now closed or redesigned for operation Russian nuclear plant operations are being assisted by IAEA

Regional deregulation of the electricity industry introduces challenges to continue & enhance the safety of nuclear plants.
- Upgrades of power plant equipment and reliable replacement schedule

- Risk-informed decision making by the industry should be cost-effective

US nuclear plants are now self-insured via Price-Anderson Act and we should renew Price-Anderson legislation for long-term
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Nuclear Power High Level Waste (HLW)

All nuclear fuel cycle waste (except HLW) has been safely and reliably disposed through DoE and NRC regulations; milling, enrichment, fabrication by-products as LLW Since 1982, US law defines spent nuclear fuel as a HLW, since reprocessing has not occurred since 1976 (Japan & Europe currently reprocess spent nuclear fuel for recycle) Spent fuel is currently stored at ~105 nuclear power plant sites (~ 2000 mt/yr; total ~50,000 mt) & is planned to be stored/buried at one site in the US (Yucca Mtn) All nuclear electricity is taxed at 1mill/kwhre for a HLW fund (~$0.8 billion/yr; total fund ~ $20 billion)

Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of Yucca

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Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems

Generation I Early Prototype Reactors
Generation II Commercial Power Generation III Reactors Advanced LWRs Generation IV
Enhanced Safety Improved Economics Minimized Wastes Proliferation Resistance
Gen IV

Shippingport Dresden,Fermi-I Magnox Gen I

LWR: PWR/BWR CANDU VVER/RBMK Gen II System 80+ AP1000 EPR ABWR Gen III

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

10

2030

PWR Containment

http://www.energy.wisc.edu

Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems

Generation I Early Prototype Reactors
Generation II Commercial Power Generation III Reactors Advanced LWRs Generation IV
Enhanced Safety Improved Economics Minimized Wastes Proliferation Resistance
Gen IV

Shippingport Dresden,Fermi-I Magnox Gen I

LWR: PWR/BWR CANDU VVER/RBMK Gen II System 80+ AP1000 EPR ABWR Gen III

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

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2030

Current nuclear power plants have high levels of safety: i.e., reliable operation, low occupational radioactivity dose to workers and with minimal risk and health effects from severe accidents. Future nuclear reactor systems will meet and exceed safety performance of current reactors. Decay heat removal, minimize transients and allow time for operator actions are the keys to successful safety performance. Advanced LWRs will be simplified, thus more economic and continue to minimize emissions Deploy advanced light-water reactor systems (GenIII)

Nuclear Safety Enhanced

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The Westinghouse AP1000

A compact station 3415 MWt. Primary system 1117 MWe 2-loops, 2 steam generators

Doc.ppt

Slide 14

0144

AP1000/AP600 Reactor Coolant System

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Slide 15

0144

AP1000 Turbine-Generator

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Slide 16

0144

Advanced LWR: AP-1000

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Advanced LWR: ESBWR

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Generation IV Reactor Systems

Safety: must meet and exceed current nuclear power plant reliability, occupational radiation exposure and risk of accident consequences Sustainability: minimize waste streams during spent fuel disposal or reprocessing and recycle Proliferation and Physical Protection of facilities Economics: continue to reduce the total cost of electricity ($/Mwhr-e) to remain competitive with leading technologies (e.g., gas, coal and wind) Develop and demo advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenerationIV)
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Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)

o

Characteristics o High temperature coolant o 900 - 1000C outlet temp. o 600 MWth o Water-cracking cycle Key Benefit o High thermal efficiency o Hydrogen production by water-cracking by HighTemp Electrolysis or Thermo-chemical decomposition

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Process Heat for Hydrogen Production

200 C 1000 C
Hydrogen Carbon Recycle

Aqueous-phase Carbohydrate Reforming (ACR)

H2, CO2

Thermochemical Processes
Nuclear Nuclear Heat Heat
400 C H2
+

Hydrogen Hydrogen
H2

Oxygen Oxygen
1O 2 2 1 2 O2
+ SO 2+H 2O

CATALYST

900 C

2HI

I2

Rejected Rejected Heat Heat 100 100C C

2H I
+

H 2SO 4

AQUEOUS CARBOHYDRATE

Liquid Metal

I (Iodine) Circulation
CxHy I2

H 2SO 4

I2 + H 2O + SO 2+H 2O H 2O

S (Sulfur) Circulation
+ H 2O

SO 2

LM Condensed Phase Reforming (pyrolysis)

Water Water
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Hi-Temp. Electrolysis Process

90 v/o H2 O + 10 v/o H2
4 e-
H2O

10 v/o H2O + 90 v/o H2

Porous Cathode, Nickel -Zirconia cermet 2 H20 + 4 e- 2 H2 + 2 O =

2 O=

H2

Gastight Electrolyte, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 2 O = O2 + 4 e -

O2

Porous Anode, Strontium -doped Lanthanum Manganite

Interconnection H2O + H2 H2O Next Nickel-Zirconia Cermet Cathode H2

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GAS-COOLED REACTOR

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Nuclear Power Fuel Cycle

Mining/Milling
(A) 205mt (B)120mt

[1000 MWe-yr (A) Once Thru (B) U-Pu recycle] IAEA-1997

U3O8 &daughters (A)10 mt (B) 6mt
UF6 &daughters (A) 167mt(B) 0.5mt UO2 & daughters (A) 0.2mt (B) 0.16mt

Milling waste stream

Convert/Enrichment
(A) 37mt (B)11.5mt

Conv/Enrich Waste Tails

Fuel Fabrication

Fuel Fabrication Waste

(A) 36.8mt (B) 36.4mt (U-Pu)

Reactor (1000MWe)
(B) 36mt U, 0.5mt Pu (A) 35.7 mt U, 0.32mt Pu (B) 1.1 mt U, 5kg Pu

Spent Fuel as Waste

Reprocessing Plant

Reprocessing Waste (FP)

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Liquid-Metal Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)

Characteristics Na, Pb or Pb/Bi coolant 550C to 800C outlet temperature 120400 MWe Key Benefit Waste minimization and efficient use of uranium resources

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To Advance the Use of Nuclear Energy:

Ensure energy security with bipartisan initiatives and an executive branch priority on nuclear energy Enact long-term Price-Anderson legislation Demonstrate predictable nuclear plant licensing processes Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of Yucca Mountain Repository Deploy current light-water reactors in the U.S. (Gen-III) Develop/demonstrate advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenIV) Reestablish a vibrant educational infrastructure =>Build public confidence and support for nuclear energy

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