Chapter 12 Forces and Motion 12.

1 Forces (5 Questions and Answers in Complete Sentences) A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. A force can cause a resting object to move, or it can accelerate a moving object by changing the objects speed or direction. Force is measured in newtons (N). ne newton is the force that causes a !"ilogram mass to accelerate at a rate of ! meter per second each second (m#s$). Forces can be combined. Forces in the same direction add together. Forces in opposite directions subtract from one another. %he net force is the overall force acting on an object. &alanced forces are forces that combine to produce a net force of 'ero. (hen the forces on an object are balanced, the net force is 'ero and there is no change in the objects motion. An unbalanced force is a force that results when the net force acting on an object is not e)ual to 'ero. (hen an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object accelerates. All moving objects are subject to friction. Friction is a force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other. Friction acts at the surface where objects are in contact. %here are four main types of friction* static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, and fluid friction. + ,tatic friction is the friction force that acts on objects that are not moving. + ,liding friction is a force that opposes the motion of an object as it slides over a surface. + -olling friction is the friction force that acts on rolling objects. + Fluid friction is the friction force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid. .ravity is a force that acts between any two masses. .ravity is an attractive force, that is, it pulls objects together. /arths gravity acts downward toward the center of /arth. &oth gravity and air resistance affect the motion of a falling object. .ravity causes an object to accelerate downward, whereas air resistance acts in the direction opposite to the motion and reduces acceleration. %erminal velocity is the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance e)uals the force of gravity. 0rojectile motion is the curved path of an object in free fall after it is given an initial forward velocity (for e1ample, a thrown ball). !) 2uestion* (hat is one newton3 Answer* ne newton is the force that causes a !"ilogram mass to accelerate at a rate of ! meter per second each second (m#s$).

$) 2uestion* (hat is a balanced force3 Answer* &alanced forces are forces that combine to produce a net force of 'ero and produce no change in an objects motion. 4) 2uestion* (hat is an unbalanced force3 Answer* An unbalanced force is a force that results when the net force acting on an object is not e)ual to 'ero causing the object to accelerate. 5) 2uestion* (hat two forces affect the motion of a falling object3 Answer* &oth gravity and air resistance affect the motion of a falling object. 6) 2uestion* (hat is the difference between gravity and air resistance3 Answer* .ravity causes an object to accelerate downward, whereas air resistance acts in the direction opposite to the motion and reduces acceleration. 12.2 Newtons First and Second aws o! Motion (5 Questions and Answers in Complete Sentences) %he ancient .ree" philosopher Aristotle incorrectly proposed that force is re)uired to "eep an object moving at constant speed. %he 7talian scientist .alileo concluded that moving objects not subjected to friction or any other force would continue to move indefinitely. %he /nglish scientist 7saac Newton summari'ed his study of force and motion in several laws of motion. According to Newtons first law of motion, the state of motion of an object does not change as long as the net force acting on the object is 'ero. %hus, unless an unbalanced force acts, an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion with the same speed and direction. Newtons first law of motion is sometimes called the law of inertia. 7nertia is the tendency of an object to resist change in its motion. An unbalanced force causes an objects velocity to change. 7n other words, the object accelerates. %he acceleration of an object also depends on its mass. 8ass depends on the amount of matter the object contains. According to Newtons second law of motion, the acceleration of an object is e)ual to the net force acting on it divided by the objects mass. Newton was able to put these ideas into a single formula. Acceleration9Force#8ass or F9am

%he acceleration of an object is always in the same direction as the net force. 7n using the formula for Newtons second law, it is helpful to reali'e that the units N#"g and m#s$ are the same. (eight (() is the force of gravity acting on an object. An objects weight is the product of the objects mass (m) and acceleration due to gravity acting on it (g). (9mg !) 2uestion* (hat does an unbalanced force cause3 Answer* An unbalanced force causes an objects velocity to change, or accelerate. $) 2uestion* (hat does the acceleration of an object depend on3 Answer* %he acceleration of an object depends on its mass. 4) 2uestion* %he acceleration of an object is always in the same as what3 Answer* %he acceleration of an object is always in the same direction as the net force. 5) 2uestion* 7n the formula for Newtons second law, what units are the same3 Answer* 7n using the formula for Newtons second law, it is helpful to reali'e that the units N#"g and m#s$ are the same. 6) 2uestion* (hat are Newtons laws of motion3 Answer* %he law of inertia, the law of force and acceleration, and the law of action#reaction. 12." Newtons #hird aw o! Motion and Momentum ($ Questions and Answers in Complete Sentences) According to Newtons third law of motion, whenever one object e1erts a force on a second object, the second object e1erts an e)ual and opposite force on the first object. %he two forces are called action and reaction forces. 8omentum is the product of an objects mass and its velocity. An object with large momentum is hard to stop. %he momentum for any object at rest is 'ero. :ou can calculate momentum by multiplying an objects mass (in "ilograms) and its velocity (in meters per second). 8omentum98ass 1 ;elocity 8omentum is measured in units of "ilogram<meters per second ("g+m#s).

=nder certain conditions, collisions of objects obey the law of conservation of momentum. 7n physics, the word conservation means that something has constant value. %hat is, conservation of momentum means that momentum does not increase or decrease. According to the law of conservation of momentum, if no net force acts on a system, then the total momentum of the system does not change. 7n a closed system, the loss of momentum of one object e)uals the gain in momentum of another object>momentum is conserved. !) 2uestion* ?ow do you calculate momentum3 Answer* :ou can calculate momentum by multiplying an objects mass (in "ilograms) and its velocity (in meters per second). $) 2uestion* (hat is the unit for momentum3 Answer* 8omentum is measured in units of "ilogram<meters per second ("g+m#s). 4) 2uestion* (hat does the conservation of momentum mean3 Answer* %he conservation of momentum means that momentum does not increase or decrease, it is conserved. 5) 2uestion* (hat is the momentum for an object at rest3 Answer* %he momentum for any object at rest is 'ero.