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Atypicalreinforcedconcretefloorsystemisshowninthesketchesbelow. Thefloorslabissupportedbythebeams,whichinturnaresupportedbythecolumns.Ifthe widthofaconcreteslab(=columnspacingbelow)isgreaterthantwiceitsspan(=beam spacingbelow),thentheslabissaidtobeaonewayslab(bendsinprincipallyinone directiononly). ThebeamsrunlefttorightinthePlanViewbelow.SectionAAbelowindicatesthatthebeams areTshaped:thebeamwebextendsdownbelowthesoffit(underside)oftheslab. Exterior Span Interior Span Exterior Span
Beam Spacing A

Beam Span

tslab

Column Spacing

Column Spacing

Column Spacing

PlanViewofFloorSystem Figure1.PlanView,ElevationViewandCrosssectionoftypicalcastinplaceRCfloorsystem. Isometricviewsofthereinforcedconcretefloorsystemareshownonthefollowingpage.

Column Spacing Ln (clearspan)

beam web column

Column Spacing Ln slab

Column Spacing Ln

ElevationView

SectionAA:Slab&BeamElevation

Beam Spacing

slab span

Beam Spacing

Beam Spacing

slab h bw

Beam Spacing

beam web

Beam Spacing

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Figure2a.IsometricViewofReinforcedConcreteFloorSystem

Figure2b.Cutawayshowingbeamdimensions

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PlacementofReinforcement Concreteisstrongincompressionbutweakintensionandcracksunderrelativelysmalltensile stresses.Thecrackpatternsinathreespancontinuousbeamareshownbelow.Steel reinforcementisplacedinthetensionzonesofreinforcedconcretebeams,asindicatedinthe nextfigure.

-'ve M steel

ElevationView Thesteelreinforcementiscoveredwithaminimumthicknessofconcretetoprotectitfrom moisturewhichcanleadtocorrosion.ReinforcedconcretedesignisgovernedbytheAmerican ConcreteInstitute(ACI).ACIclearcoverrequirementsforcastinplaceconcreteareshown below. ACIClearCoverRequirements:

bar / 2 stirrup

+'ve M steel

Clear Cover,in 3 2 1.5 0.75 1.5

stirrup

Concretecastagainstand permanentlyexposedtoearth Concreteexposedtoearthor weather #6barandlarger #5barandsmaller Concretenotexposedtoearth orweather Slabs,walls,joists Beamsandcolumns

clear cover

BeamCrossSection

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FactoredMomentsduetoDead+LiveLoads(Mu) Becauseconcreteframesarehighlyindeterminate,themomentsduetofactoreddeadandlive loadsaretypicallycalculatedwiththeaidofacomputerprogram.Alternatively,designers oftenusetheAmericanConcreteInstitute(ACI)momentcoefficients(shownbelow)which representtheenvelopeofmomentsduetodeadloadplusvariousliveloadspanloadpatterns. (SeePg.144oftheFEreferenceforthemomentcoefficients.) Ln Ln Ln (clear slab

beam web column

wu L2 n 14
Mu

wu L2 n 16

wu L2 n 16

wu L2 n 10

wu L2 n 11

ACIMomentCoefficients StressandStraininaReinforcedConcreteBeam Beamflexurestrengthisusuallycalculatedconsideringthestressandstraindistributionsacross thesection.Thestressstrainrelationsforsteelandconcreteareshownbelow.

Areinforcedconcretebeammustbeanalyzeddifferentlythanawoodorsteelbeam. Differencesincludethepresenceoftwodifferentmaterials,nonlinearstressstrainbehavior, andtensilecrackingofconcrete.Simplifyingassumptionsexistfortheanalysisofareinforced concretebeamanimminentflexurefailure,asshowninthetablebelow. .

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Complication Concreterupturesunderrelativelysmall tensilestresses. Thesteelstressstraincurveisbilinear Theconcretestressstraincurveisnon linear

Thestrengthoftheconcreteintensionisneglected. Steelreinforcementcarriesallofthetensileforce. Thesteelhasyieldedatfailure Anequivalentrectangularstressdistribution(stress block)isusedtoapproximatethecurvilinearstress distributionatfailure.

Cc Ts f'c c 0.85f'c a=1c a/2 Cc

.003 Neutral Axis d s

fs Beam CrossSection Strain Distribution Actual Stress Distribution

fs Equivalent (Whitney Stress Block) Stress Distribution

Ts Stress Resultants

f'c, psi <= 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 >=8,000

1 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65

0.90

0.48 + 83 s 0.65 0.005 0.002 min for beams = 0.004 s