Deep Foundations

Lesson 9 - Topic 3 Driven Piles - Load Testing (Section 9.9.10)

Learning Outcomes
g At

the end of this session, the participant will be able to:

- Describe types of pile load tests and their application Define advantages of pile load testing

Pile Load Testing

g Pile

Load Testing is the Most Positive Method of Determining Pile Capacity.

Load - Settlement Graph

Load Settlement

Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Types of Load Tests

Routine g Static g Dynamic Other Methods (Discussed in Drilled Shaft Section) g Osterberg Cell g Statnamic

Static Load Test Types ASTM D1143

g Maintained

Load g Quick Load (Texas Quick Test) g Constant Rate of Penetration (CRP)

Static Load Test - Test Setup

Reaction Beam Load Cell Stiffeners Plate Spherical Bearing

Ram
Hydraulic Jack Bourdon Gage Dial Gage

LVDT Mirror Wire Scale Test Pile

Bracket Attached to Pile Grade

Typical Arrangement for Load Testing a Pile or Drilled Shaft

Reaction Beam
Dial Dial Gage Gage Jack Jack

Support Beam

Test Pile or Drilled Shaft

Anchor Pile or Drilled Shaft

Static Load Test - Mechanism

Q1+Q2+Q3, etc. Q1+Q2+Q3 Q1+Q2 Q1 Load (Q)

Telltale B Telltale A Telltale A

Movement

Pile Head

Telltale B

Reaction Beam

Static Load Test Load Application and Monitoring Components

Spherical Bearing Plates Load Cell Hydraulic Jack Reference Beam

Readout Unit

Jack Pressure Gage Jack Pump

Load Test Movement Monitoring Components

Reference Beam

Dial Gage

LVDT

Smooth Surface

Magnetic Base

19-

Failure Criteria
The commonly used failure criteria are based on the elastic pile compression plus an offset. The elastic compression, , is calculated as follows: follows = PL / AE
Where: P = axial load in kips (kN) L = pile length in inches (mm) A = pile cross sectional area in in2 (m2) E = elastic modulus of the pile material in ksf (kPa)

Failure criteria (b < 24 inches)

The recommended offset is based on the pile diameter.
In US Units sf = + (0.15 +b/120)

where: sf = Settlement at failure load in inches b = Pile diameter or width inches = Elastic deformation of total pile length in inches

Failure Criteria (b > 24 inches)

The recommended offset is based on the pile diameter.

sf = + (b / 30)
where: sf = Settlement at failure load in inches b = Pile diameter or width in inches = Elastic deformation of total pile length in inches

QUESTION
g Would

you feel comfortable using a pile that has been tested to geotechnical (plunging) Failure in compression as a production pile? / Why not?

g Why?

LOAD TRANSFER EVALUATIONS

g Determine

relative resistance contributions from shaft and toe. load transfer behavior along shaft (shaft resistance distribution). correlate, and calibrate static analyses, WEAP input, CAPWAP soil resistance distributions. dragload magnitudes.

g Determine

g Confirm,

g Refine

VWSG sister bars for concrete embedment

VWSG with welded anchor blocks and protective channel

Dynamic Pile Testing ASTM D4945

g Measures

strain and pile acceleration to predict capacity g Requires experienced personnel to interpret results g Correlates well with static test results g Used for time-related capacity changes

Osterberg Load Test Concept

Reaction System
Qr

Rs

Rs Qo Qo

Expanding Osterberg Cell

Rt

Conventional

Osterberg

Rt

Osterberg Load Test Setup

Cell Expansion Telltale Dial Gage 2 Friction Collar Dial Gage 1 High Strength Pipe Shaft Compression Telltale Pile Top (Side Shear) Movement Gage Reference Beam Hand Operated Hydraulic Pump with Pressure Gage and Pressure Transducer Pile Shaft Resistance

Prestressed Concrete Pile

Osterberg Cell Cast Into Pile

Osterberg Load Test Mechanism

Deflection Up

Measured Shaft Friction Load Curve

1 2

Extrapolated Friction Curve

3 4 5 6 7

9 8

Deflection Down

Measured End Bearing Load Curve

8 9 10 11

Maximum Load from OCell Test

Load

Statnamic Load Test Concept

Reaction Mass

- FSin Pressure Chamber + FSin Pile

Statnamic Load Test Setup

Concrete or Steel Reaction Mass
Pressure Chamber Load Cell Base Plate Grouted to Foundation

Loose Granular Fill Propellant Launching Cylinder Piston Base Displacement Measuring Means

Pile or Drilled Shaft

Statnamic Load Test Mechanism

0 -1 Displacement (mm) -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 0 1 2 3 Load (MN) 4 5

Examples of Cost Savings From Pile Load Testing

Seattle Freeway - Major Project Design Phase Program g North Carolina DOT - Coordinated Design Phase Programs g Oregon DOT - Routine Project Test Programs
g West

West Seattle Freeway Bridge

West Seattle Freeway Bridge Design

g Friction

- 36 Diameter Open-end Pipe Piles for Main Channel Piers (24,000 LF driven) 24 Octagonal Prestressed Concrete Piles for Approach Piers (172,000 LF driven)

Piles for all Foundations

West Seattle Freeway Bridge

Item Piles Pile cap size Test pile data provided to bidders Estimated Saving $ 9,000,000 $ 1,000,000 ? Remarks Difficult to quantify savings

North Carolina Design Phase Load Test Programs

Projects 1994-1999 Neuse River New River Chowan River Oregon Inlet Croatian Sound
Project Cost $ (Bid) Test Cost $ Estimated (Bid) Savings and (%)

92,998,000 16,457,000 33,923,000

310,000 276,000 375,000

10,500,000 (11) 850,000 (5) 1,357,000 (4) 1,200,000 (1) 1,800,000 (2)

122,800,000 1,155,000 88,963,000 998,000

North Carolina Design Phase Load Test Programs

g Benefits

- Reduction in length - Increase in capacity - Reduced number of piles - Driveability, jetting, and set-up evaluated - Improved special provisions

to Project Design

North Carolina Design Phase Load Test Programs

g Benefits

- Improved special provisions - Restructured pay items - Eliminated unsatisfactory alternates - Established dynamic test criteria - Established pile equipment requirements - Reduced potential claims

to Project Construction

North Carolina Design Phase Load Test Programs

g Benefits

- Pile driving analyser - Osterberg cell axial test - Statnamic axial & lateral test - Integrity test procedures

of new technology verified.

.and applied to reduce the costs of subsequent test programs

Cost Savings for Oregon DOT from Small Project Pile Load Tests
Bridge Location Pile Size & Type Length Reduction

Net Savings $55,000

Piling Saving

Denny Rd. Allen Blvd Airport Rd

12 Sq. Precast Concrete 30 12 Sq. Precast Concrete 30 12 Closed end steel pipe 98

10

26%

10

$60,000

20%

30

$135,000

25%

Student Exercise 10
g Determine

the failure laod for the static load test plot shown below. Plot both the elastic line and Davisson failure line for a 14-inch square prestressed concrete pile 35 ft in length and an fc of 5,000 psi (Modulus of Elasticity of 4,000 ksi)

Student Exercise 10

Student Exercise 10
PL Use = AE to find @ P = 400 tons (800 kips)

800,000 lbs 35 ft 12 in/ft. = = 0.43 in 2 2 196 in 4,000,000 lbs/in

X = 0.15 in + 14/120 = 0.27 in

Student Exercise 10

Learning Outcomes
g At

the end of this session, the participant will be able to:

- Describe types of pile load tests and their application Define advantages of pile load testing

Any Questions?
THE ROAD TO UNDERSTANDING SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

Interstate 0 Apple Freeway Note: Scale shown in Station Form

S.B. Apple Frwy N.B. Apple Frwy

Baseline Baseline Stationing Stationing

90 90

91 91

92 92

93 93

Interstate Interstate 0 0

Proposed Proposed Toe Toe of of Slope Slope Proposed Proposed Final Final Grade Grade
2

Existing Existing Ground Ground Surface Surface

Proposed Proposed Abutment Abutment

Subsurface Explorations

Terrain Reconnaissance
Site Inspection Subsurface Borings

Apple Freeway Exercise

g Appendix

Design Soil Profile Static Analysis Pier Pipe Pile H Pile Static Analysis abutment Pipe Pile H Pile Driving Resistance Abutment Lateral Movement

Basic Soil Properties

Visual Description Classification Tests Soil Profile Po Diagram Test Request Consolidation Results Strength Results Design Soil Profile Circular Arc Analysis Sliding Block Analysis Lateral Squeeze Design Soil Profile Settlement Time Rate Surcharge Vertical Drains Design Soil Profile Pier Bearing Capacity Pier Settlement Abutment Settlement Surcharge Vertical Drains

Laboratory Testing

Slope Stability

- Section A.8

Approach Roadway Settlement

Spread Footing Design

Driven Pile Design

Construction Monitoring

Wave Equation Hammer Approval Embankment Instrumentation

Design Check of Driveability of 12x84 H-pile

Wave Equation Results Over 75ft Depth for ICE 70S Hammer

Diesel Hammer Stroke vs Blow Count at 75-ft

Construction Aspects
g Pile

- Driveability of 12x84 H-pile section verified

for most difficult driving condition

Driveability

g Driveability

- Driveability of 12x84 H-pile section computed for whole 75-ft depth Pile installation time expected to vary between 16 and 20 minutes (no preaugering)

with Depth

Any Questions?
THE ROAD TO UNDERSTANDING SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS