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IN
THE
ROSE GARDEN
.11
DOWNSIDE
INTRODUCTION.
HHRR
shall
be no excuse
for
its
for
the
T
the
The
in
reason
appearance
that
evident
the
is
the
greater
fruition
of
love
of
garden
which
long
had
deep roots
end
of
the
English
mind.
us.
Among
is
the
many
greater
transformations
than
which the
the
truer
in
life.
century has
in
brought
affairs
there
none
the
the
more
encouraging
interest
we take
existence,
the
of
the
country,
feel
in
exhilaration
we have
of of
outdoor
the
its
keener zest we
revenges.
of
left
pursuits
into
and
the
enjoyments
great
a
rural
has
of
worked
After
drawing up
it
centres
population
Time much
intelligence
the shires,
behind.
lias
ended
by creating
The denizen of the town, though he cannot always walk or in scented woodland paths, know the joy of flocks and herds, yet feels "the life of the sunlight upon the world," and has won for himself natural pleasures in greater Wherever we go, be it in country or town, degree than he ever enjoyed them before. we are conscious of the fact that men and women have learned more full)' the enduring The country gentleman takes a greater happiness that love of a garden can bestow.
for
the pleasures
delight
and
a
more personal
interest
in
the gardens
that
surround
hiring
of
him
so
his
it
is
no
longer
with
him
mere
affair
is
of
estate
management,
tended,
and
the
main'
family
men.
are
The
more
suburban garden
more
intelligently
and
the
owner and
more
Here, indeed,
kingdom
to explore,
triumph.
Yet
difficulty will
know w
is
hat to do.
Groping
his
way
realm
of the
INTRODUCTION.
what
part of
to
not
it
attach
himself
in
to,
and
is
at
loss
as
to
how
need
to
proceed!
Even
It
the experienced,
to help
tlie
in
making
efforts
this
new
of a guide.
his
is
home-gardener that
it
Here, whether
garden be
large
or
small,
is
is
confidently
believed
he
will
discover
what he requires.
is
The
in
arrangement
Harden and
simple
in
alphabetical
a
wherever
a
possible
and
information
(
given
the
his
is
manner
and
fruits
that
)ur
gardener
loves
flowe'S
with
of
enjoyment,
for
their
own
salve.
He
those
who
it
" Love not the flower they pluck and know And all their botany is bul Laiin names."
not,
practical,
could
be done.
The
is
illustrations
far
are
a
and hard technical terms are avoided wherever many and beautiful, and will be particularly
picture-booh.
helpful,
fruit,
from being
of the flower,
and vegetable garden has been considered from the very beginning, and the laying-out
of
and draining
the orchard or the hothouses, and of kitchen products from the useful garden beyond.
The
in
that conduce to success, and the dangers and pests that invade
have
all
their
place
this
book.
Again,
of
gardening,
of
it
is
believed, has
been adequately
its
treated according to
importance.
of
The garden
;
varied contents
;
imported
from
every part
the world
water,
rock',
and bog gardens; the fernery and the wall garden; the broad lawns and paths; the garden the trim hedges, the gay parterres, and the radiant mixed trees and flowering bushes
;
INTRODUCTION.
V.
CLIPPED
borders
YEWS AT ELVASTON.
;
the
window garden
others, are
all
also
these,
in
as
interesting as the
treated
these pages.
The
ilower gardener will find that great attention has been paid both to annuals and biennials, to hardy
garden flowers, Roses, ornamental flowering shrubs, Orchids, and everything that he admires.
The
to suggest reflections.
How
has the
for
have ransacked
him
of flowers,
new splendours. What a romance How much do we owe to France for Roses, Pasonies, there is in the history of the Orchid and Gladioli, to Holland for Hyacinths and Tulips, to the East for many of the most gorgeous denizens of our garden The Englishman of old always loved his garden, though it was a different garden from ours. Chaucer singing of the coming in of summer was thinking of
given us
new
of the kindling
green
of
and the
well tufted in
In
arbour,
with
the
simple flowers
the time.
illuminated
we
rigid
and the
still
more
stock.
of
was
grafted
upon
indigenous
The
yew.
by great hedges
To those days we
still
is
noticeable in
many
gardens, and
in particular
Evelyn,
defence
yew
for a
succedaneum
to cypress,
whether
in
vi.
INTRODUCTION.
do again
other shapes.
to
name
stiff
defence,
any plant
have seen."
is
This
still
good
yew hedge
man_\'
Hollyhocks, Dahlias,
and
all
tall-growing flowers.
times,
ioft.
yew hedges of
is
former
still
remain.
At Albury
hedge
Earl of
high,
and
for the
Arundel.
is
At the Palace, Hadham, Hertfordshire, which mice belonged to the Bishops of London,
other side
protected by a
to
yew hedge
at
Bishopsboume,
have been planted by Richard Honker about 1595, and now about 14ft. The yew was, indeed, a great feature of old English gardens, and men
for
the service
it
rendered them.
of its
Dr.
Conan Doyle,
his
" Song
" Ol
of the
Bow," speak
<>f
making
true
wood,
yew wood,
;
old
yew
tree,
And
the land
tree
grows."
But
it
is
worthy
of
tree
was answerable
lent
itself
for
Now
the " topiarius " had been a familiar figure even in Virgil's days, and
did not
like "
was only
of juniper of
his
and
absurdity
of
William
cut,
hedges, cones, and pyramids, but into the shapes of men, beasts, birds,
fish, ships,
and the
our
of cut trees,
command
gardener
respect,
remarkable
in
example
laid
in
gardens
of
Levens
Hall,
Kendal, others at
of
Heslington,
near
York,
garden
out
about
1687
by Beaumont, the
at
Twelve Apostles
worked
in
its
Cleeve
It
Prior.
an extreme
of folly, bitter
in
own remedy.
a
little
attracted
in
The
the
latter
was
his
"Adam
and Eve
yew, Adam
be
shattered by the
flourishing;
of
the tree of
in
;
knowledge
in
great storm;
St.
George,
box, his
by next April
a
divers eminent
modem
up
poets, in
bays,
somewhat
by
its
pennyworth
into a porcupine,
being forgot a
week
in
rainy
weather."
Out
came
destruction.
We
at
still
may
Scotch garden
depicted
so
delightfully
by Scott
Rose Bradwardine.
and Brown, and
But, though
their successors
new spirit had been evoked, and Kent swept away many a garden of the olelen time.
the qualities
of
The landscape
to
of
wild
nature
lakes,
into
the garden,
lawn,
broken
by clumps
trees,
with
creating
simple
landscape effects.
Where
more
cells,
broken columns,
like artificialities.
we owe
the
great fountains
of the
land.
Then came
styles,
all
or
fashions wanting
arose.
These
shall
not
be described here.
striving
upward
to the
kind of gardening
it
we
There are
may
What we
look for
natural delight
in
possibilities.
We
are living
now
INTRODUCTION.
in
vii.
what
is
practically
new
this
it
is
gardening
it
its
character.
We
feel
is
to the
volume
is
directed.
Intelligent
understanding
led
to
new
directions, already
suggested,
successors,
neither
the
formal
gardeners
in
with
restricted
possibilities,
nor
their
early
ever
could
attain distinction
pure
flower
gardening,
or
water,
rock,
or
any
has
other special feature of gardening, outside the large effects they aimed to produce.
But
necessarily
Its
if
the garden has a relation to time and the changing ideals of centuries,
place
in
it
its
art,
is
and therefore
give
its
function as a teacher
and a sweetener
of life.
of
office
in
the
world
to
man
the
opportunity
of
winning Nature
to himself,
in
expressing himself
of
Nature,
in
developing
his
In
ideals
natural beauty.
the garden
over-
Nature responds
tures.
to his
Behind
its
green denilies,
zens primal
Nature
but
with
new
qualities,
and
led to
originals
and
kindred
how has
and
general
glorified
qualities
particular beauties,
how tamed
the
fleet-
the
rugged, strengthened
These
thoughts
may
serve to suggest
able and natural
how
is
reason-
the love of
Beyond
it,
that I
love,"
WISTARIA
it
SINENSIS.
hut,
or character of its
own.
It
may
be large or small,
it
it
tlie
hollows of the
;
may
possess wood,
water, or heath
If
it
it
may have
plot,
it
that
is
light
and
friable, or that
is
be only a suburban
it
and have neither hedgerow nor coppice, there are yet particular
qualities in
if
which
is
the gardener's
It
work
to
may
still
be a kingdom all-sufficient
in itself,
judgment
experience
his
selection
and combination,
and use
to
excellent
it
purpose the
and
for
he has
Better that
large,
varied,
INTRODUCTION.
CLEMATIS-COVERED ARCH
pleasure than a small one, but
in
it
may
is
useful
remember
the
little
cottage gardens of
We may
possibilities
suppose,
however,
that
in
tile
the
gardener
will
have
one
or
more
of
several
open to him.
He
will,
fust place,
may
all
be called a
many
varieties of plants
is
from
sources.
The
find
of course, endless.
may many
possess
the
things
this
book he
will
hints for
of
his
guidance.
He may
to of
better
directions
plants, to
flower gardening,
recognise
high
value
of
seize
of
the once-fashionable
turn
his
bedding, and
to the
make
queen
use of
new
opportunities
the Rose.
new
beauty.
He
will
attention
first of all
of flowers,
Lilies,
Irises,
Dahlias, Cannas,
Hydrangeas,
Delphiniums,
Gladioli,
Honeysuckles,
Clematis,
Marigolds,
Zinnias, Stocks, Asters, and a w hole world of other beautiful things will attract him.
There
will
Rhododendrons,
in
it
many more
planted
for
and
climbing plants
effect
all
great variety
conifers
and evergreens,
for
too,
to
be well
of
harmonious
in
background
a
the
gay flowers
summer-time.
helpful.
Touching
these things,
certainly
to
Our gardener
to tell his
will
have a lawn,
space
will,
of
grass,
and we have
separate
endeavoured
shelter
him how
He
blasts
of
the
north
or
to
his
flower garden from his orchard and kitchen garden, or, at least, to delimit his modest patch
from that
of his neighbour.
It
may
growths
his
of
Ivy, Ampelopsis, or
some Rose
flowering climber.
it,
or sparkles
of
the
swallows
will will
dip. his
Then
Irises
whole realm
of
Water-lilies
claim
attention.
the
and he
seek the
to fringe
and
glorify the
margin
of the
mere.
to find a
Near the
formed,
it
we may expect
rock garden,
may
upon some
The formation
of this
rock
garden
and
its
INTRODUCTION.
maintenance
in
full
ix.
charm, vested with those lovely starry growths which are a lesson
is
in
cheerfulness, so
glorious
their
will
of
sterile
rock, must be a
matter
of
thought.
Here
Blechnum,
won from
Adiantum,
Polypody,
Hartstongue,
a " flower
and others.
in
in
will be
a garden
more
delightful
than
picturesque stone or
wall
brickwork, w
ith
many
The
delights to be
as
the case w
ith
several special branches of our art, such as water and bog gardening.
bookfir
Perhaps
this
may
be consulted again
or
would have a
wood.
all
may
are
informed with
Nature
and strengthened
The
in
pitfalls
have
his stretches of
nodding Daffodils
one part
What
its
influence into the green gloom of the conifers or sun-flecked shade of the
possibilities of gardening.
These thoughts may serve to sugrj;est how very rich and varied are the aspects and Concerning each and all of them much information w be found in
ill
these pages.
The
same
orchard and
for
fruit
in
garden
have been
fully
all
considered,
and
the
various
requirements necessary
receives
the
success
given here.
plants,
The
the
kitchen garden
attention.
all
ith
management
of
Many
how
In
his sanctuary.
The
short,
is
hoped that
in
this Dictionary
may
be
any
difficulty or
any
and management
of gardens.
X.
THE MONKS
WALK, ASHR1DGE
BORDERS
it
is
IN of
short
somewhat
people
in
rare
for
compliment
to
be
of
returned.
building
is
friend
an
house for
real
French
a
Normandy.
walls.
bv white rough-cast
distance from
?
On
these
it
is
proposed to
to
have
shall
at
the
wall idea
be planted
be
The
on
first
two broad borders. Now the question was to make them herbaceous. cannot
1
how
at
they
could
believe
traffic
this
satisfactory
each
side
of
there
might be
any time
in
of the year,
For
a
such
herbaceous
borders
to
be
of
six
beautiful,
they
this
would
have
the
to
be
planted
of
colour,
or
and
earth
more
covered
but
with
manure
for
eight
months
if
year.
This
would
be anything
attractive.
A wide mixed
border,
not are
entirely
on
the
simple dotted
cottage system,
should
good
in
form
and
restful
in
THE
CENTURY
all
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
besides,
colour
the
year round
many
bold
Had
effect
would plant
it
in
masses
of
low-growing,
1
no
Lilacs,
Laburnums, Rhododendrons,
As
or Laurels
and
think an
little
be comparatively
original
years to come
perfection,
while
the
in
choice
shrubs
to
were
still
and
quickergrowing ones
of colour.
might be
used
between,
give
of
Pyrus japonica
and
is
the pink
in
Almond tree;
the
also
larger flowers
earlier
bloom,
double
Almond,
shrub,
Amygdalus
Davidiana,
blossoms
March, and
clusters
of
which
the
is
of
with
double flowers.
The
its
other
is
variety,
Prunus sinensis
lovely
double-flowered
Cherry,
Cerasus
thinning
serrulata.
Prunus
and
japonica
Pissardi,
with
rich
purple foliage,
makes
which
prime
The
last
Kerrias,
;
require
constant
out,
Kerria
and
its
delicate
single
variety
in
the different kinds of Broom, particularly Genista precox and G. alba (these only
their
for
three
or
four
years, and
a
it
is
well
to
of
is
each
kind,
cold
winter
kills
old
plants
plant,
this
especially the
with July
G. astnensis).
;
wild
is
useful
because
it
flowers
so does
G.
astnensis,
ground
under the
larger
kinds.
can
SHRUB
BORDERS
AND
HARDY
FLOWERS.
YUCCA GROUP.
in
pruning
when
left
alone
On warm
also the smaller
soils
in
all
its
varieties
is
Gum
Cistus, C. ladaniferus;
tree Lupins (Lupinus arboreus), the Maidenhair tree (Salisburia adiantifolia), the Fringe tree
in
summer
for a border
(Aralia
if
spinosa),
and
Hulalia
Viburnum plicatum), the shrubby Veronicas, the Angelica japonica, the feathery panicles of which will expand
in
indoors
the
into a
dry vase.
In a
damp
corner the grey-leaved Sea Buckthorn (Hippophas rhamnoides), both male and female kinds;
Buddleia globosa
all
fail
Spiraea Thunbergi,
when
little
in
appears,
its
bare
with
starry
to
white flowers,
time
in
and
its
refined
die
in
summer,
the
when
July,
its
is
leaves
autumn
golden
yellow.
Spiraea
Lindleyana,
which flowers
of
all
taller-growing
the
and so would
green Arbutus, and the handsome shrub Desfontainea spinosa; large masses of Yucca tilamentosa
until
common
it
front of them.
In
favourable
although
groups of the
New
tried,
the winter.
selection
of
the various
or
Andromedas
always
4
on the wall
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
Heath (Erica mediterranea), which flowers in April, and Cotoneaster horizontalis is an evergreen shrub, very
yellow flowers;
in
pretty
in
in
Leycesteria
formosa
damp
places
in
half
shade,
and
flowers
late
the
summer;
Comptonia
no dread of
;
asplenifolia
a quaint
it
is
in
some
in
in
the winter
the
in
low-growing Othonna
cheirifolia
has grey leaves the whole year round, and yellow flowers
winter and support
in
perennial
millefolia,
Convolvulus mauritanicus.
in
would
flourish
and berry
has
All the
tender,
very
handsome
foliage.
t
In
a
h e
north-west border
large
patch
of
the
ally
different
especi-
Bamboos,
japonica,
Arundinaria
Phyllo-
Bambusa palmata;
Philadelphus
grandiflorus,
or
Mock Orange,
w
d
t
1
h
o
g
o
f
oup
b e
w
e
r
i 1
the
i
wa
r f
k nd
1
es pe c a
he
single
P.
flowering
;
microphyllus
Clethra, or Sweet
e p
per- b
u s h
which
July
also
;
flowers
in
;
Kalmias
the different
Azaleas
(Ghent
stellata
and Mollis);
BAMBOOS AT GUNNERSBURY.
and various deciduous
Weigela, which vary
Magnolia
plants
of
Japanese kinds
large
the modern
old
in tint
after a
wood must be
of
Tree Paeonies (Pasonia moutan), which are slow growers, should be planted with plenty
The
first
;
year
many
of the
help to
fill
the
bare spaces
sanguineum and R. aureum, the ordinary Lavender, and the dwarfer variety which flowers earlier, Hydrangea paniculata grandifloia, Rosemary, and the French Cotton Lavender (Santolina), which quickly fills a large space, whilst the common Rue
for instance, Ribes
its
autumn
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
The shrubs for these borders would have to be selected with great care, as the walls in summer would scarcely cast any shade, and many shrubs do not succeed well at all without the half-shade of wood or copse. After making the border, which must be deeply trenched,
each
plant
would require
setting
in
soil
suitable
to
its
best
The fashion of the day is to be very impatient as regards the making of a garden so much can be bought, that those who can afford to buy are under the impression that money will procure everything. This is no more the case in a garden than it is in
lifetime
;
great.
flowery
covering to the
earth
is
quite
hardly to be arrived at
As
in
with
any picturesqueness
AN ARCH OF
of effect
is
ROSES.
of the rarer plants.
This, were
plants.
planting
in
it,
coarse-growing and
weedy
And
these borders
few
of
would drape the walls not only with creepers, but with
vines,
Southern
such
as
figs
and
not
forgetting
the
claret-coloured
vine
and
the
On
the
south-east
wall
must also be
be pruned
Clematis
montana, which,
when
properly
which, after
it
has
flowered, should
its
a vine, so as to
show patches
of bare
branches against it. The common Laburnum, the New Zealand Laburnum (Edwardsin grandiflora), the Judas tree (Cercis Siliquastrum), and the pink false
SHRUB
Acacia
BORDERS
beautiful
in
AND
trained
HARDY
against
l-LOWERS.
wall;
(Robinia
hispida)
its
look
and
so
do
Desmod'.um
ladani-
penduliflorum with
ferus),
purple
blossoms
Both the
September, and
the
Gum
place,
Cistus
(Cistus
officinale)
and the
yellow
have
well
also
is
the
large
localities.
Garrya
;
elliptica
another beautiful
winter-flowering
wall
shrub
ith
and an
its
evergreen
as
so
are
the
common Pyracantha
and the
less
(Crataegus Pyracantha) w
E.
hardy
and
first
macrantha,
the
Choisya
ternata
and
the
Loquat
(Eriobotrya
japonica),
a
Myrtle
at
its
beautiful
glossy leaves,
roots
of
in
slow
It
grower
manuring the
of
a
autumn.
deciduous
its
w ould be well
Magnolia
grandiflora
at
the
back'
group
the
Magnolias.
The
winter-flowering
Chimonanthus
and so would
shoots
are
(Calycanthaceae)
Bignonia radicans
off
in
fragrans,
with
variety
grandiflora,
if
would do
we'll,
(which
also
covers the
the
bright
wall
more quickly
blossoms
the
many
of
the
taken
spring),
golden
of
Forsythia
suspensa.
The
Japanese
Hawthorne
(Raphiolepis
ovata)
and
Mountain
quite hardy.
For those
its
who
cling to
Lamarque, with
well
fine
foliage,
or
White
late
Aimee
It
is
to
in
note
autumn than
Dutch
spring,
light soils
if
the old
wood
is
the
new
its
The north-west
late
wall
Lonicera
Periclymenum, and
its
variety
L.
also
the
Japanese
The Austrian Copper Brier, the white Jasmine, Jasminum nudiflorum, Choisya ternata, and Lamarque Rose would all do as well on the So would the double and single varieties of kerria japonica, the summer shadier wall.
Lonicera
japonica and
variegated
form.
Clematis
of
the Jackmanni
if
much pruned
the
to
up spaces
until
other plants
have grown
large,
such
as
the
flame-coloured
its
Nasturtium, the blue Plumbago capensis, and the purple Maurandia Barclavana, with
foliage, could be planted for the
In
delicate
summer.
by
far
making new
places,
the most
important
thing
to
attend
of trees,
to
is
that
the
or
natural beauties
hedgerow
only
inequalities
of the ground,
growth
on
shrubwood,
in
in
any way be
destroyed,
but
used,
the
of
contrary,
every
laying
In
conceivable
No
artificial
arrangements
planting or
out of ground
beautiful
effects
"
Wood
is
and
close'
Garden"
to her
has an
admirable description
1
piece
of
ground
which
quote, as
so clearly,
of
any other
as well
as to tier
whose planting, wholly done by Nature. I have all my life regarded with On the steeply-rising banks art- large groups of [uniper, sonic some spreading, some laced and wreathed about with tangles of Honeysuckle. Some ol the La.Il, groups "I Thorn and Holly are intermingled, and all show beautiful arrangements ol form and colour, such as
is
"Near my house
reverent
a little valley
.
.
nmsi
admiration.
in
planted places.
ol
trees
have
keen seen
Juniper,
. .
Holly. Thorn, Scotch Fir, and Kirch and vet there has not keen once the
.
least
feeling of
monotony, nor
valley,
artificial
\nu
have
always had the same feeling about any quite wild stretch of forest land.
Such
kind
ii
a bit of w ild
and the
hilly
land
keyond,
are
precious
lessons in
the
best
of tree
No
of moderation
the
and reserve,
'breadth'
ol
Nature; but one may learn from the great lesson ol the importance simplicity of intention and directness ol purpose, and the inestimable value of
that oi
quality called
I
in
painting.
is
painting
landscape with
I
living tilings;
and as
hold
that
fine arts, so
THE
needs an
from
all
r.rtist
CENTURY
And
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
must he right
trees,
of no
mean
all
capacity.
his difficulties arc not slight ones, for his living picture
No
hands,
cannot be trusted
the
result
or the
would be very
ol
likely dull, or
even absurd.
1
It
is
the
man who
uses
it.'"
who
in
necessary part
of
making
in
a garden.
We
language,
perfection,
in
hear
much,
these
days,
of
herbaceous
all
borders,
often
of
described
in
poetical
and which
mentioning
of
are
in
supposed to grow
a
the
flowers
the
year
in
the
utmost
picked
this
is
light
and airy
Violet
way
that the
Christinas
Rose
till
may
be
All
the depth
book-
may
flourish
from November
is
April.
difficult
really
tlie
gardening
in
newspaper gardening.
during eight or
There
nothing so
in
as keeping
same borders
the
perfection
nine months
the
year.
To
obtain
that
result,
enlargement
of
filling
tip
fresh
plants,
they
come
into
bud,
thinning
vigorously
when
bare
tire
necessary,
earth
in
summer
days,
and
covering
with
in
manure
the
But there
is
no
gardening so
difficult
as borders
which things
to
grow and
well
that
of
is
to say,
have some
gardeners
1
distinct
and
marked feature
nearlv
of
the
the best
to say, in
sense
mere mixture
.sun
mass
everv kind
there
in
no repose, no form,
no drawing,
1
no colour
is
apt to
another
think'
a feeling
more
or
less
of
different
flowering
at
different
seasons,
spring-flowering
doing
or
best
if
they
north-west, some
plants at
all
in
tull
in
shade
or
half-shade.
the
great beatifies
in
a fair-sized
garden,
there
is
no reason
rest should
win
as
for
special
such a
way
of
of
most interesting,
but this
of
is
is
planted
with
form
and colour
only
many
less
her autumn
appropriate places.
are
A very
or
perfect herbaceous
may be had in the spring, when most things beautiful Crown Imperials being the great exception
;
more
to
low-growing,
the
but
less
my
ith
its
numerous interesting
a
bulbs,
should
more
or
be a garden
annuals
formless
own, fading
off
into
wood.
Pasonies,
Roses,
real
is,
Carnations,
and
many
its
are
better
of
grown
colour
in
beds
its
apart.
Therefore the
mass
and
be to grow as
am sure, more in place in the kitchen many plants as possible in a healthy state.
garden,
In
where
case
that
beauty
of
occasional effects
beautiful
stiggests
some
in
year
and
the same
way
the
defects
may
be
avoided.
The
in
great secret
is
to
know
some
soils
every
other year
for
Pyrethrum
manv
others
w hich never
If
and
such
in
those
such
as
Delphiniums, Spiraea
size
reach their
full
and perfection
they can be
filled
left
many
have
vears
a
undisturbed.
plants
grow too
large,
spring, or
them
the
hole
in
with
manure
well pressed
down.
SHRUB
To
help
to
BORDERS
bright
in
AND
May,
HARDY
.June,
FLOWERS.
and September
is
get
the border
is
to
it
look-
great difficulty
to
keep
beautiful
Some
of the
the are Anthemis Erigeron Telekia macrophylla, and Centaurea speciosa and the hardy strong-growing Achillea Eupatorium
maintain
this
brightness
the
blue
speciosus,
Alstroemerias,
little
thinned out
the spring.
in
sunny place
at
half-shady
position.
a from seed, and when well established flower best Uutamnus Fraxini lla, and its lovely white variety, flowers can ho made to flower later by putting it in a the end of May; but The tall mauve and white Galega officinalis are invariable, also the
il
it
blue
Anchusa
italica,
\
which
flow el s best in
soil,
w hu h does best
All
the shade.
well
in
these
d e
r
do
fairly
i
bur
wh
c h
an not be
that
watered.
Everyone
the
knows
and
plants
handsomest
of
most
are
effective
Jul)
the
be
uitiful
white Madonna
Lilies
(1. ilium
candidum).
by a fungus which
their
to
attacks
leaves,
and,
w hen allow ed
spread, even
prevents
taken
in
their
flowering;
if
be arrested
by spraying the
The coarseh a
early
g
r
in
i
spring.
n g
b ut
ndsome
Echinops
Ritro
and
E.
ruthenicus with
like
their thistle-
heads,
group of which
Mulleins,
i
the
best b a s c u
of
ch
V
and
phlomoides
the
taller
V. Chaixii, and
in
front of this
of the
Ervngiums,
especi-
Eryngium amethystinum.
The
earlier flowering
is
also
worth growing.
The
scarlet
flow ers of
Monarda
for
ma), give
if
when
it is
so
much wanted,
is
its
amply repay
look well
in
little
extra care.
The
is
coo!
Campanulas
grandiflora,
C. grandis, the
mauve C.
latifolia,
which
not often
bells.
The Japanese
(I
["HE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
which
is
Campanula,
but
is
its
quaint
balloon-like buds,
white
well
blue.
Michauxia
favourable
but
campanuloides
circumstances.
is
biennial
seldom
managed,
is
very
beautiful
to
under
perennial,
supposed
be
seed
hich
Gaura Lindheimeri, w
in
water.
dalmatica,
The dwarf
Linum flavum,
Linaria
and
in
(une
(
No border can be complete without the old double while Rocket He'. peris matronalis), which in light soils dies away unless it is divided and replanted every year immediately after flowering.
Chelone barbata and the
be watered
in
different
Pentstemons prefer a
caarulca
light
but moist
it
soil,
and must
dry weather
is
advisable to sow
The
it
blue Catananche
1
and
its
flowers best
if
grown
sun and
in
poor
and
it
look's
Geranium.
Some
be watered
front of a
broad mass
of
Croccum seen
mass
of
white
planted
in
front of,
its
Gypsophila paniculata
will
stems with
orientalis.
Monarda didyma
screen
off
The grev
Artemesia Stelleriana
it
is
it
is
in
the winter.
who have
fcr
August flowering no
SHRUB
BORDERS
AND
HARDY
FLOWERS.
for
the sake
or
its
when
it
is
groups where
make
left in
it
complete
if
in itself.
Few know
a
resol
in
crowded borders
grown
of
in
if
ve garden, put
the autumn.
place
in
watered, than
All
when
divided
the early
Chrysanthemums,
in
varieties,
can also be
divided
in
moved
as those
is
To
full
border
in
July,
a ureal
help to scatter
some mixed Poppy seed in March, pulling up later on all that are not wanted. The annual Purple Orach (Atriplex hortensis atro-sanguinea), w hich is really a kind
has beautiful claret-coloured foliage,
of
spinach,
or
yellow
sown
in
in
March and the seedlings thinned out or even transplanted. the space of a short article to do more than name a few of
including neither annuals nor bulbs.
that
The
real
thing
of
everyone
plants
remember in making a garden of any kind is All details can be has been amply written about.
to
in
learnt
from
books, but
the
discretion
soil
or
situation
must ever
not
dash
o1
feeling,
is
garden that
of
unmixed with poetry, are absolutely necessary for the success of any more a matter of temperament than It is far the least out of the common.
but, as
sex or age;
is
the next.
love
all-absorbing
occupation.
Many
will
worth while
Who
SHRUBS AGA1NSI
WALi-S
tfun-y-bwlch,
Nuitr.
Wales)
'3
ST.
KINDS.
which the seed
race,
in
is
the year
in
sown.
Some
are
i\
.X
hardy,
but
form
of the
brilliant
which attains
greater
bracing
air
North than
South.
late
The hardy
except
varieties
in
require the
seed to be sown
kinds,
for
March and
more
seeds
out
thinly
April,
the
of
case
of
some
which
soil
autumn
soil.
is
England.
well,
and sow
If
an
important point
in
their culture
and
the
Never overcrowd the seedlings, but thin mere dusting suffices. otherwise it becomes plant must have a space of about 6in. Avoid sowing too early in spring, for, when cold wet weakly and the flowers are poor. Annuals must not be regarded as plants that weather follows, the seeds frequently perish.
are very small, a
vigorously, as
each
will
live
object.
Strong growth and abundance of flowers must be the anywhere and anyhow. Give them, therefore, well-prepared soil, but not too rich, thin out freely, and keep
off.
seed-pods picked
When
whether
seed
is
flower,
hardy
half-hardy, well
deserves to
increase
in
popularity.
when
special
and similar
in
They are flowers that seem adapted who cannot always command tender exotics, or winter gardens The seed, moreover, is reasonable charming attributes of many an English home.
months together, are absent.
way
of
for
those
price,
and
recent
years
beautiful
novelties
have been
raised,
not,
indeed,
always
sufficiently distinct
will
in
which,
the
14
1HE
CENTURY
mingled,
it
BOOK
may
be,
OF
GARDENING.
the
its
grateful
perfume
floats,
with
scent
of
Roses,
is
Jasmine,
and
It
Honeysuckle.
well to
delightful.
is
grow
to
many
in
more
useful
and
thus
avoid
ith
the plants
conspicuous
in
beds.
many
households
flowers
will
are
used
the
notes
the table
and
vases
effective
the
rooms, and
displays.
this
reserve garden
supply
cultural
wants
in
without
marring
outdoor
We
have
given
few
describing each
group, for
the
reason that
very
easily grown.
The
may
short
life,
garden
should
be
clothed
in
richest raiment.
wise plan to
down they and collapse when the grow a few kinds only,
laid
The
in
Peas
than
twenty
in
varieties
where space
a
limited,
and
he
are happier
another.
The "Nasturtium,"
is
poor
soil,
richer
An open
sunny spot
poor colour.
alone promote strong, sturdy growth, without which flowers are few and of
of
A new world
with
flowers
is
revealed
when
this
race of plants
list
is
well selected
and
grown
reasonable
attention.
The
alphabetical
tall,
will
show
that
annual
flowers are
quite
dwarf, others
as the
delightful of the
whole
tribe.
kind
is
as
pretty
years.
The white
taste.
charming as anything raised of recent is pretty, but some of the other colours
though,
perhaps,
t
edgings.
Keep
Height,
lat
is
oin.
Braehycome
pretty kind,
!>
iberidifolia (Swan
with either
liiue
River Daisy).
lingers.
It
may
ojn.
Sin.
or while
used
in
groups
in
borders,
Always sow plenty of the blue form for cutting. Grow the plants as recommended above. Chrysanthemums, Annual. These are showy annual flow ers, very easily grown from seed sown out of doors in April or early May. The seedlings should be thinned freely, as each plant requires ample space for development. The
mailer of
flowers are very decided in colour, in C. Burridgeanum,
for
high.
Caealia COCeinea.
high,
scarlet-flowered
and
less attractive
than
many
kinds.
strongly
example, yellow, deep crimson, and white being shown, and both Carnatum and its variety
C. speeiosa are two The former should have hardv flower- of much interest. a verv sunny position, when the full effect of its rose
Atrococcineum are of rich hues, especially the last-named, which is scarlet. Dunnetti, double white and double golden, are very han isome, and the flowers bold and showy,
kind is the Crown Daisy, C. whilst another useful coronarium, of which there are also double forms, one with white and another with yellow flowers. Seed of these should also be sown early in the yetr under glass, as in the case of half-hardy annuals. C. segetum is the corn Marigold, a plague to the British farmer, but a bright garden flower. There is a larger form than the parent one, named i>Tandiflorum, having rich yellow flowers, showy in the garden and useful for cutting. Stronger plants of this are obtained
colouring
is
gained.
C.
Many prefer the firstment, and has purplish flowers. named. Sow seed out of doors in spring, and the seedlings enjoy warm -soils. Calendula. Vv Marigold. Described under the more familiar name of CalliopsiS.
Coreopsis.
Campanula
Bel/flow,
r).
for the
most
but C. altica and its variety alba are hardy annuals. Ti e first of the two has a violet
flower and the other a white, a pretty
ci
by sowing autumn.
seeds
in
the
Clark ias.
association of
6in.
ilour,
high.
These are very strong growing annuals, the semi-double, but flowers borne freely, and as a rule
Canary Creeper
canariense).
Flowers.
See
(
'/rofceolum
The varieof good colour. ties of C. elegans are effective, esp ecially Salmon Queen, which is of a rosytint, and White Queen, pure
white, whilst of C. integripetala there are rose, pink,
Candytuft.
grown
Very
easily-
annual
forms.
See
Iberis.
The and other colours. magenta purple shades are scarcely so good as the clear
bright colours.
petala grows only C. integriI Sin. high,
is
Centaurea Cyanus
flower).
flowers
Few
more
[Corn-
annual
beautiful
are
but
C.
elegans
taller,
than
this, an:!
the ordinary
CENTAUREA CYANUS
(Cornflower).
sometimes over
2ft.
annual
Climbers.- The annual
Flowers
hardy
yellows
kinds.
i5
climbers arc of great beauty in growth, and covering in a short space screens, arbours, and the like. The most useful
; (
flowers, varying
in
little
in
size,
and minor Japanese Hop Humulus japonicus), remarkably quick in growth, and of a pretty
green colour,
leaves
;
its
Mina
;
variegated variety with brightly-coloured lobata (sow seeds in gentle heat in spring,
Tropaeolum Lobbianum and the Canary Creeper (T. canadensis), Sweet Peas, and Thunbergia alata and varieties (warm soil and sunny position only sow seeds in gentle heat in spring). Except when stated, all may be sown in the open ground in spring. Charming annuals, and seed may be sown Collinsias. in autumn and spring, as then a long succession of flowers is gained. The plants seem quite happy in town gardens, for which, as a rule, annual flowers are not well adapted. Make good groups of them. Bicolor is the best known, its flowers of a lilac and white colour.
soil)
;
warm
groups on a sunny the border are a distinct change from the other plants flowers open wide, and the greyish shoots tumble over the margin, breaking up hard lines, and scattering colour where one often least expects it. Blue is a colour required in moderation, ElltOCa viscida. but rarely got amongst annuals. This, however, is bright Height, ill. blue, very free, and bees seek it. This is a useful race, especially when boldly used. Gilia. It should be sown freely near beehives, as bees appreciate the flowers. Tricolor, white and lavender, and nivalis, white, orange centre, are about i8in. in height,
particular.
Little
;
and minima
It
Poppy). A group of this is nd ti e leaves owers are rich yellow Height, hould not be used too much.
Godetias.
purple,
and
its
the
varieties
Rather a large family, and very showy in summer. In poor land seedlings will stand the winter and flower much earlier than those from spring-sown seed. Godetias transplant well, better indeed than most annuals. Even when a few seeds have been sown in September, a further sowing should be made in March to provide a succession but there w ill be no long continuance of
;
flowers unless the plants are thinned to not less than 6in.
high.
apart as soon
as
enough.
When
dry-
compost, consisting of an admixture of old leaf-mould, charred rubbish, and old potting soil, all blended together and passed Among the best varieties are through a half-inch sieve. Bijou, white with dark red spots, very dwarf, being not more than 6in. high, and effeciive in a bold mass;
weather
Brides m
a id,
.
white, striped
beautifying
trel-
CONVOLVULUS.
like.
lises,
pergolas,
Sow
is
the seed in
May
in rich soil,
series of colours,
Minor
which vary from white to deep purple. dwarf, only reaching ift. in height, and as varied
also
dwarf,
in colour.
Coreopsis,
beautiful
called
Calliopsis,
including
C. grandiflora,
which
will
sown
treat
if
the
it
same
is
year,
although
many
with
lilac,
;
very
as a biennial.
soil
the
the seed in early April, and fairly rich and the plants are not crowded
Sow
together, a glorious display of flowers will result in the autumn. This is one of the brightest and most graceful
pink, a charming
;
flowers
Atrosanguinea is a very deep Other beautiful kinds are Drummondi, rich yellow, brown in the centre; Coronata, yellow and the yellow and brown tinctoria, delightful for their
of the
garden.
Princess
I
brilliant yellow.
unusual colouring.
Wales, ru >v crimson Rosea alba, white with rose centre, very
of
;
Cornflower. See Centaurea. Datura. There are two Daturas that may be treated as hardy annuals, one named Cornucopia and the double D. chlorantha. The first-named has conspicuous flowers,
dwarf; White
Pearl,
a
;
fine
while
in
Gloriosa,
vvav the
CODETTA.
the
-
of
sweet scented, and white and purple in colour it grows less than 2ft. in height, and in full bloom is very distinct
;
When potted, the plants are useiul for greenhouse. D. chlorantha flore-pleno has yellow flowers of trumpet shape and sweet smelling. It is a few inches taller in growth. Delphinium. See Larkspur. Erysimum. Very bright annuals which may be sown i:i autumn are E. Arksanum, which reminds one of the Wallflower, and rich yellow, and the orange, E. Perowskianum, blooming in the spring when sown in autumn. Esehseholtzia. This group should be regarded as annual, as seeds sown in spring produce plants to flower
and pleasing.
the
but of a darker colour, indeed at The white darkest variety in the family. Godetia is the most popular, which is not surprising. Grasses, Annual. Besides the perennial Grasses, there are others of delicate beauty which may be raised from These are seed sown in spring in the open ground. Agrostis pulchella, a delicate and beautiful small Grass ; the fluffy Hair-tail Grass the taller-growing A. nebulosa the (Lagurus ovatus), one of the most popular of all Large Quaking Grass (Briza maxima), and the smaller B. minima the late and graceful Eragrostis elegans and Sow the seed the Barley Grass (Hordeum jubatum). early in April, and in the case of the finer kinds, such as present
Lad)
Albemarle,
the same year. There are several kinds, but none more pleasing than the old yellow Crocea, of which there are
or
sand
liltle
to distribute
it
more evenly.
to
double and while varieties. California is pale vellow, Mandarin is orange and crimson, and Rose Cardinal is of a rosy shade, as its name suggesis but many think the self yellows the best. Sow seeds also in autumn. '1 he Eschscholtzias are about lit. in height and gay
;
sown where
remain,
be
advisable
sowings have been made. Eragrostis elegans is pretty When by water, and will frequently perpetuate itself. the Grasses are required for winter use, gather them
\6
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
is
before they are in any w ay spoilt by heavy rains, and Tie them in choose a bright afternoon for the purpose.
Layia elegans
seen,
small bundles and place in a dry room, window, and in an upright position.
away from
pretty
the
rarelv, however, edging ift. high. Its flowers are yellow, with a distinct, even white edge. In alba they are quite white. This may be used for edging.
charming annual,
little
and makes
a neat
light
LeptOSiphon. A charming
climber of wonderfully quick growth. It will cover soon a pillar, or run over an arbour
or pergola.
varietv
is
group, dwarf, and for that reason suitable for edgings or the rock garden. Sow the seed in autumn in dry soils. It is important not to
Its
delay sowing
until too late for
variegated
not
the seedlings to
very
attractive,
When
Sow
I
in spring.
i
be r
The
annual
tuft is
Candyan
I.
Iberis,
sowing
in
the
soil
called
um-
usual
way.
the
light,
bellata,
has given
and
rise
When
is
to
very
many
den
the
pretty gar-
flowers
of
various
colours,
1BKRIS
and other shades, but many
Annual Candytuft).
autumn sowings always give the best results. Roseus is a very charming kind, bright and fresh
There
in
like the
colour.
the
Tom Thumb
but
1
height,
1
the
5111.
2111.
or
forms are dwarfer than others, being not more than 6in. in taller and Rocket kinds are about The Candytufts are extremely hardy.
strain
in
Some
Aureus, golden colour, roseus, rose, and the snow-white forms are very distinct and fresh in colour.
Leptosyne Stillmani.
new annual
flowers
-Seed should be
freely, as
sown
autumn
in rich soil.
at all
f
Thin out
drawn.
KaillfUSSia amelloides. A pretty annual for edging, only 6in. in height, and represented by several colours, of which white, crimson, and blue are the chief. Larkspurs, Annual. These are graceful flowers so much so, that the taller kinds are effective amongst dwarf shrubs, or by the margins of shrubberies. Not only
lowers."
time to time this is a novelty which we think will lie grown considerably in the future. It flowers very early, so much so that within five weeks of sowing the seed the golden yellow blossoms appear, and continue to do so, if seed-pods are picked oft regularly, for several weeks. This is also a good kind
are
Fortunately from
introduced,
and
for cutting, as
it
grows
l8in. in height,
is
some tall, others branching hence such names as candelabra or rocket-flowered, which have resulted from the crossing of such species as DelThe dwarf rocket phinium Ajacis and D. consolida. forms are about I Sin. in height, but the tall branching forms are as much as 3ft. The colours are very varied, ranging from white to purple, but the deeper shades are the most effective. Seed may be had in separate It colours, and is easily raised in spring out of doors. would be well if flower gardeners were to seek out all the more beautiful forms in this race and grow them strongly, as under these conditions (ew annuals are more interesting or pleasing in colour than these Larkspurs. By shrubbery margins, or in single beds, with a dwarfer plant as a foil, the plants will be effective, and there are sufficient pure colours to obtain bright groups. The Larkspurs are amongst the most graceful of their class, very easily grown, and as varied in growth as in colour. Lavatera trimestris (Tree Mallow). Few annuals are gayer than this the type is rose, and the variety alba white. A group of this in some rough spot in the garden, or in the border, is delightful the plant is free in growth and bloom. Both grow to a height of 3ft.
the growth of the plants also
;
have a considerable length of stem. L. maritima is really a half-hardy annual, and therefore the seed of this must be sown early in iieat, but as soon as possible inured to the air to prevent the growth becoming drawn. This is no less than 3ft. high, and its pale yellow, daisy-like flowers are very charming when cut. But always remember that when an annual is recommended for cutting it is rendered valueless unless the plant is prevented from seeding. One can, of course, understand this, the double burden being too great, and the plant
collapses.
ith
yellow
flowers,
in
autumn
an early display
[
Linaria
group of annual flowers, seeds of which should be sown in March, and successive sowings made to prolong the season of blossom. As a rule, a good sowing in early April suffices, unless the garden is large. Where the climate is unusually favourable, as in the South of lingland, autumn sowing may be practised. Sow in ordinary garden soil in a sunny place, thinning out the seedlings well, so that about 34111. is the distance between the plants. Thin out freely, as Linarias are spoilt utterly when crowded yet
Toadflax).
brilliant
;
in the spring.
It is
and alba splendens, white, are very are about the same height as trimestris, and smothered with flowers for many weeks. Such flowers are precious for cutting, and those of this Mallow remain in beauty from July to September. Sow the seed in spring (late March or early April) where the plants are to grow, and thin out freely. The soil should be rich.
rose, beautiful.
Rosea splendens,
The
plants
only in free colonies that the plants are effective. They grow about I ft. high, as a rule, and are amongst the most beautiful of annual flowers. L. bipartita is violet, with white and yellow spots (its varieties numbering a white one and the rich purple-coloured multipunctata, the violet-coloured L. splendida), L.
that
it
remember
is
Maroccana, and L.
reticulata.
is
The
named
one of the richest in purple with yellow spots, colour of all annual flowers an effective colour. Broad patches of this bright kind
called aureo-purpurea
ANNUAL
Lupines, Annual.
brightening
FLOWERS HARDY
KINDS.
amongst Roses, shrubs,
17
useful
shrubbery
borders,
of garden flowers, and creating pretty, graceful groups in the wild garden. There aiv blue, white, yellow, rose, and other shades, all clear and race
pleasing.
for scattering
etc.,
to
fill
the
Of named
;
kinds,
nW
v'
.
m,
^^Bf
Yj
Hartwegi, blue and white, and its white form Hybridus atrucoccineum, scarlet tipped with white Mutabilis, white, and blue of various shades dwarf Nanus, blue, the useful for bedding Nanus albo-coccineus, crimson and white and the rich blue Subcarnosus. They are all very easily raised from seed sown in April in any soil. It must be a poor garden
; ; ; ;
For pot culture garden with fragrance all the summer. in the greenhouse the Red and Gulden Machet are most suitable, and very useful, too, in 50. and 6in. pots. The seed may be sown either thinly in the pots in which the pots, and moved plants are to flower, or in 3m. Sowings should be made at intervals from the end later. of June until February or March where a succession is required. The early sowings may be outside, but winter sowings should, of course, take place in a warm greenhouse In no case should the plants be ciowded, near the glass. five good seedlings being sufficient for each 5m. or 6in.
pot, or
if
well
grown when
must be good, especially the Old cowloam which forms the bulk of the compost. dung, leaf-mould, a little soot, and a small quantity of old plaster may constitute a third of the whole soil, the
plant will suffice.
soil
The
remainder being loam. Make the soil very This is important. sowing the seed. Nasturtium. See TropEeolum.
fine before
grow Lupines.
species
are
Nemophila.
The
of
perennial
Who does not know the blue Nemophila, Insignis is most precious of annuals, and quite dwarf.
"Hardy and
Bulbous
are the
Flowers."
Marigolds.
three
>
There
groups,
distinct
common,
the
familiar
the
is
French,
the
and
African.
The most
brilliant
orange-yellow
flower
that
seems happy anywhere. This is Calendula officinalis and its varieties, which are not
the kind we know so well, but there are varieties of it, such as alba, rosea, and grandiflora, the names indicating their distinctive characters. Then one can have a'omaria, white with black dots the rich blue variety, atro-crerulea discoidalis, intense purple, edged with while and maculata grandiflora, white with violet spots. Nigella (Love-in-a-Mist). This gets its name fom the flowers being hidden in a veil of green. N. hispanica is its botanical name, and the flowers of the type are light There is a double blue, those of the variety alha white.
; ; ;
kind,
but
many
prefer
the
single,
which
is
less stiff.
Many
made
sufficient
use
will
of in
grow freely in rough places, and ANNUAL LUPINE. beautify spots where few things will succeed. The flowers vary in colour and size. Orange King has immense flowers of handsome form and
gardens.
perfectly double,
They
some striking exceptions, the Rose as an example. Peas, Sweet. Few words are necessary to introduce
this
kinds,
as
known in
whilst there are soft, lemon-coloured various catalogues under distinctive names,
charming annual, queen, indeed, of annual flowers, as sweet in colour as in fragrance, hardy, free, and invaluable to cut for the house. They may be used in many ways to ramble over twiggy sticks and form a flowery screen to hide some unsightly object, as a hedge, or in rows to
a charming flower of and purple colour, and is very pretty used near the margins of borders. The African Marigolds are tall, quite 3ft. high in good soils, and bear very large flowers like balls, in one case deep orange, in another soft lemon. When massed by themselves in beds, or clumps made of them in the border, they are very effective in autumn, when they attain full beaut} do not crowd them. As they are rather tender, do not sow seed until May, when fear of frost isover but, if it is wished, sow earlyunder glass, and transplantwhen early summer comes. TheFrench Marigolds are quitedwarf as a rule, though some are taller, about2fr. high. In this section the flowers are striped or blotched. Legion of Honour is a kind in great favour, but its yellow and brown flowers are not effective, being too striped. It is, however, very bright, only 9m. high, and good for edgings. Malope grandiflora. A well-known kind, with white, rose, and red flowers, of bold form. It grows to a height delicate white
-
Wherever they are placed, few more welcome for their fragrance and beauty. Of late years much good work has been accomplished in extending the list of varieties, and those we give the names of are certainly the finest of the race. Sweet Peas must, however, be well grown to give satisfaction.
give flowers for cutting.
flowers are
Prepare the
either in
thoroughly and incorpoand sow the seed the autumn, from late August to October, or
soil
by digging
it
even
If
November
in
some
years,
in large
of
2ft.
is the well-known nightscented Stock. It is scarcely pretty in the full sun, as the lilac floweis close, but they open in the eveningand exhale a
annual to sow near the house, and may be well used as an edging. Mignonette. This fragrant annual, at least it is an annual in the open air in this country, has branched off into many vaiieties, but for ordinary use only two, or at the most three, need be grown, and the majority of flower gardi-ners are satisfied with one kind. Sow the seed in March, thinly, and the seedlings should be thinned to The soil should be good and from 9in. to I ft. apart. well worked, but Mignonette is most happy in fine ground. The Giant Crimson or Pyramidal Miles" Spiral is an excellent variety for the garden, and bears long spikes for cutting. The common sweet-scented variety is best
gratelul per
ume.
An
as
it
is
only
lit.
high,
it
SWEET
PEA.
i8
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
ground
in
GARDENING.
in M.iy.
Let the soil be sowing, so as to secuie a succession. moderately fine for the seed, and the drills 3m. deep, previously coating the seeds wilh red lead to keep mice and birds at bay, or soak them in paraffin oil for 20min. Do not make the row quite level with the surrounding soil, as the Sweet Pea likes moisture, and a little hollow helps to retain the water given. Make the soil fairly firm, and put stakes to the plants when an inch or so in height, otherwise the results will be unsatisfactory. Never In early wait until the growths sprawl over the ground. summer give a light mulch, such as well-decayed horse manure, or leaf-mould, or spent hops, and when this is done the growth is twice as strong as when no mulch is given, as it acts as a protection agrnst dryness at the roo's. Never allow the flowers to decay until seed-pods are formed, or an end will quickly come to the production of bloom ; the plants cannot withstand this two-fold burden. If one desires to save seed, sei apart a row, or part of one, according to the quantity required, for this purpose. Of varieties, the following maybe selected, but the list of Sweet Peas is of great length. Many kinds are much like one another, too, but those named are quitedistinct Apple Blanche Burpee, white Boreattoti, Blossom, soft rose Captain of the hhies, Captivation, rose and maroon Creole, purple purple ; Cardinal, crimson sc.irlet Countess of hadnor, softest mauve, or heliotrope, a Duke of Clarence, deep lovely flower for decoration purple ; Emily Eckford, mauve and blue Emily Henderson, white ; Jgnea, crimson scarlet Lady Penzance, bright rose Meteor, brilliant carmine rose Orange Prince, and buff; Mrs. Eckford, primrose; Ovid, light rose Peach Blossom, scarlet and orange Primrose, primrose tint Stanley, deep salmon pink and Venus, rosy buff. It is always wise to self maroon see a collection of Sweet Peas in flower, as considerable diversity of taste exists in the matter of colour. Phaeelia eampanularia. A delightful annual flower, bright blue in colour, and shaped like a little bell. It grows scarcely I ft. in height, and is very charming when used as a groundwork plant, but it must have a fairly It is one of the light, warm soil and sunny position. P. tanacetifolia is most decided blue flowers we have. also blue, the flowers being borne in compact heads, but
:
Another method
is
to
sow seed
in April
but the earlier sowing in heat is better. The flowers are preity when cut for the house, and the plants are grown frequently in winter in pots for this purpose. Seed must be sown in summer if winter flowers aie desired, keeping ihe plants strong.
Silene
The annual members of this family are (( atchfly). very brilliant garden flowers, and the compacta forms are useiul as edgings. Sow seed both in spring and au'umn. The flowers are of many colours, and the
group called
compacta
shows
many
is
variations.
S.
ift.
high,
and the
same colours
plants are not
shade in individuals. A good group of this is distinctly This pretty kind was formerly called Ursinia pulchra, but Sphenogyne speciosa is the name under which it is now usually known. There is another Sphenogyne, S. anthemoides, but this is not so attractive as the other, hence it is seldom seen in English gardens.
attractive.
Sunflowers, Annual.
rich effects,
These are invaluable for creating and very easily raised, either by sowing in a close frame or upon a hotbed in April, using pans for
the purpose, or in early May in the open. Put the seeds about i in. deep, and in both cases the seedlings will Never quickly appear, making thinning-out essential. overcrowd Sunflowers, and let the soil be rich. There are many forms, some dwarf, others very tall, and with big double flowers, which differ, too, in colouring. A good kind is named Primrose Perfection, in which the Sunflower is primrose-coloured, and the centre black. flowers are excellent plants to grow in gardens newlymade, where striking colour is required at once to help through the summer months, or indeed in any rough, wild
vigorous plants are well placed. Use the smaller forms for gardens of medium size, not those giant types which require a woodland or wild garden to tone down their oppressi\e colour. It is not always wise to
spot, these
grow the
it
is
dwarf annual
lemon
in colour.
largest type of Sunflower, unless one wishes to obtain huge heads, more interesting for their dimensions than for colour or form. Regard the Sunflower as a plant of some sterling value in the garden, and, well used,
it
Poppies.
These
are
grounds.
Many
fine effects
about perennials
in general.
Sanvitalia
This
procumbens.
Of course,
edgings.
There
it,
form of
pretty
S.
is a doub'e Mexicana.
mav be sown
border,
as
in
the
mixed
as
Saponaria ealabriea.
pink-flowered kind, suitable for autumn sowing. Alba has Six inches high.
they
are
welcome there
annual.
flowers
as any other
Too many
means
is
Sunso
that a strong
colour
overdone,
in
be
use.
modei ale
their
in
colour.
Cucumerifolius,
species
Masses of
are wonderlully
ScabiOUS.
through the summer. There are annual and perennial Scabious, and the former comprise flowers
Sweet
We
in
of varied and pretty colours, fiom pure white to black. know of few classes
from Texas, is very pretty, with yellow flowers and dark centre. Sultan. This charming annual, dear to our ancestors, deserves to
The
which so
present,
many shades
and
the
are
Irom
in
seed
by
heat
to
gentle
in
sowing it March,
the open
ing is pleasing, some being white, others yellow, and there are even shades of blue and purple. This race
has been
much improved
of
and
the
transplanting
seedlings
SAPONARIA CALABRICA
ANNUAL
is
FLOWERS HARDY
exp; sure
KINDS.
Cuttings
Treat as previously recommended, and the reserve ground for cutting from. The flowers are quaint in colour, and their perfume is
precious too.
to
frost.
may be
is
grow a stock
distinct.
in
TropseollimS
colours.
(Nasturlhmis).
These
are
amongst the
in separate
may be had
in distinct
way to raise the plants. Virginian Stock. There are many forms of this, the colours comprising crimson, yellow, red, and wdiite, and there is a freshness about them which is distinctly charming. As Crimson King is a good crimson form.
the quickest
and
easiest
batches, the
seedlings
varieties,
come
true to colour.
may Sow
Of the dwarf
effective
eilher
in
ViSCaria.
brilliant
I
group
in
when massed,
separate
beds,
of annual
flowers,
Sin.
in
or
in
and
or
bold irregular
groups
Empress of
for
its
India, excellent
The clumps in the border. most showy is Cardinabs, which has crimson scarlet
King, bright golden yellow, dark foliage King Theodore, glaucous loliage and velvety crimson flowers, good a bedder; Pearl, creamy white Tom Thumb Beauty, orange
;
shade.
Oculata
variety,
and
its
blush
pretty,
crerulea,
is
are
and there
scarlet
a striped
kind,
streaks,
with
white
but many care less lor these striped flowers than for the self hues.
Whitlavia
dark
foliage
;
and
scarlet
This
grandiflora.
pleasing
in
I
is
he-
Vesuvius, a compact dark-leaved variety, with crimson flowers borne above the foliage. well Liliput is the name given to a
flowers
and
seed may be sown eilher in the spring or autumn. The flowers remind one in shape of those of border,
and
the
Gloxinia,
and
kind
is
new
class of
dwaif Nastur-
named
flower
Gloxinioides
is
so
Tom
and
The
with
is
Thumb,
both
leaves
lavender,
white throat.
violet-coloured
;
The type
alba
is
(Nasturtium).
September).
flowers
earlier in
Many
for
ol
may be sown
the
training over
Lobbi
may
obtained in several shades, It will winter in the conservatory if planted summer, and trained up under in the border early in flower ; the roof to make festoons of growth and but never use it in foggy towns. London fog is fatal. For the garden, the more familiar T. major should be used, and it gives greater variety of colours. The seeds of all the Tropseolums may be sown in March, and the seedlings transplanted anywhere in May. Although the seeds are quite hardy as when self sown they remain safe in the ground all the winter the plants will not bear
be
flower
all
the
All kinds, however, cannot following are available: but the Alyssum, Baitonia aurea, Cacalia coccinea, Calendula verna, CornMangold, Candytufts. Collinsia or
when
be
sown
in
spring.
thus
treated,
flowers,
Erysimum,
Layia
Eschschollzia,
elegans,
Gilia
tricolor,
Douglasi, Limnanthes Linum grandiflorum, Nemophila, Nigella damascena, Sanvitalia procumbens, californicus, Platystemon Saponaria calabrica, Silene pendula. Sweet Peas, Sweet Sultan, Virginian Stock, and other Stocks, save the ten weeks kinds.
Kaulfussia,
20
EVERLASTING
FLOWERS.
in
WHEN
forms,
we
several
the
Immortelles
are
included.
The "Immortelles"
Helichrysum
variety
are
of
are
gathered
and
large
arenarium.
colours
Helichrysum
affords
of
a
all.
very
and
and
is
the
best
and
grow
Then
there
the
Acroclinium,
Ammobium,
and others,
Gomphrena,
of
Stove and
warm
Some,
in
greenhouse plants
from the
list.
As a
will thrive
the
open
unless the
season
is
exceptionally
As
their
wants vary
somewhat,
each species
will be
considered separately.
a large family, containing over
viz.,
H.
Two of these are 250 species. arenarium and H. bracteatum. The first is a hardy
It is
a foot in
a fair share of
in
manure worked
summer.
This
in
is
the
soil,
propagated by
young shoots
varieties give
us
the
more double and globular forms of Everlastings. but it must have no suspicion of stagnant moisture
an annual.
They enjoy
if
a very
rich
is
Sow
in April
if
to
remain
in
where sown,
of
pit,
or early in
If
a little heat
May.
they
pots in
in a
will
One
22
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
among
these.
When
for
hung up
dry.
If
in
downwards,
dull
until
left
Ammobium
globular
alatum
has
H.
much
the
same
in
formed
flowers as
bracteatum, but
smaller, and of
Sow
the
open, during
March
April,
according
to the
each plant.
yellow counterpart
fcetidum,
found
in
Gnaphalium
which
may
be
may
be
classed
together
as
regards
culture
These have a great objection to root disturbance, and should be sown where they are to flower,
whether
border.
in
It
the open or
is
i
in
pots.
If
in
soil
and a
warm
only
ft.
in
Their average
rather thickly.
height
'1
is
from
to lift.,
for
and being
pot
of slight
growth
it is
better to
culture,
especially the
rose
and
white forms of
Rhodanthe
flower
for
Manglesi,
which
of
is
may
the
a
had
year,
red,
in
many
yellow
months
of
R.
Mamalesi
for
atrosanguinea
the
deep
while
a
to
same form
last
we
All
must
are
turn
Helipterum
cutting,
Humboltianum.
well.
sood
for
and
The
last-named,
when fresh upon the when dried. When cultivated in pots, they need a much richer soil, and an excellent compost is made of
although a bright yellow
plant, turns a metallic green
half, the
dash
of
sharp
and
plenty
of
bottom
to
drainage.
Care
the
off close
must be
to the soil.
taken
not
over-water
while
damp
its
varieties
in
give
us
the
"Immortelles"
so freely used
colours.
in
main
They
It is
are good
summer
and
flowers
prick'
Sow
of
boxes or
pans
in April,
out
any
rich
and
by the middle
May.
garden.
The
heat
when
they are
to be bright
and clean.
little
is
dry summer
in a
is
They make
when
treated
similar
way to Gomphrena
W.
may
be treated
the
EVERLASTING
J
FLOWERS
23
,ft.
to 2ft.,
of
Statice
tatarica
perennial,
and quite
hardy,
more
very
than
tout
high,
and
light
any
light
loam.
Everlasting flowers
have, since
in
rich
abundance
the
simple
hardy
little
attention.
of the
welcome.
Many
It
of
in
in
the border.
is
a
in
we
care
little
for
forming
of
and designs
being
bright,
and,
course,
when coated
of
all
The Rhodanthes
Everlastings.
In
are,
of
it
the
gardens
any
hich plants
in
variety are
so that
also
in
grown
in
the green-
much
culture
is
of
considerable
importance.
amateur with
little
convenience
also
may grow
are
so
that
an
of plants.
One must
or
the
its
margaritacea), w hich
border
plant.
is,
rock"
Leontopodium) may
used
in
their dried
blossoms
similar
way
those of
The woollv
associations.
is
with
it,
generally
because the roots are taken from their mountain heights to the
to fail,
garden at home.
Some
in in
variation occurs
others.
The
Notes
finer
cutting,
or
they
a
may
be grouped
in
the
mixed border.
given
in
the following
list of
few
of the principal
Xeranthemums
for the
Catananelie CCerulea. This is an Everlasting, reason that its flowers may be preserved during the
in
Rhodanthes.
winter
their natural
colours.
It
is
a hardy
perennial from
fairly rich
to prefer a
warm,
in
whilst
it
is
easily
is
raised
from seed
the spring.
When
large
in vigour this
the flouers
indicates.
name
is a white form also, but the clear self blue is more charming than either. Helichrysums. These are the most valuable of all (he Everlastings grown usually in the open garden. They possess decorative value out of doors, and when carefully gathered and dried the flowers retain their beauty throughout the winter. The Helichrysums are for the most part natives of the Cape, and the species of greatest importance is H. bracteatum, which is, however, an Australian flower, with a number of varieties. One may obtain several colours, either in mixture or separately, as mentioned above, and named kinds too, whilst there is a dwarf-growing race. When the Helichrysums are grown for winter vases and bouquets, obtain the finest named varieties, such as Orange and Silver Globe and the crimson-coloure Fireball. These are bolder and handsomer than those obtained from an ordinary packet of seed.
The
bicolor
is
If everlasting flowers must be restricted to one kind only, then choice should be made of Rhodanthe Manglesi. One may well supplement the introductory notes to this group by giving ths culture of this delightful half-hardy annual Everlasting and its variety in detail. When the plants are to be grown for the open garden the seed should be sown in March, and the seedlings thinned out until about half-a-dozen plants remain in the pot, which should be Sin., or "forty-eight," in size. Harden
r oft the seedlings thoroughly before trans erring to the open, which should take place in -May. When, however, to be grown in pots, fill a shallow pan or pans with light soil in September, and give a temperature of about 55deg., not less. In the following March prick out the seedlings I in. apart in 5in. pots, and when thoroughly established give a little weak liquid manure. When thus grown a profusion of bloom is the reward in spring.
Throughout
essential.
their
is
Xeranthemums
tions.
been
considered.
an improve-
24
ANNUALS HALF-HARDY.
THIS
box.
of to
group of
many
beautiful
kinds,
For sowing the seed a hot-bed is sown under glass, not in the open. service, but any warm house, if the temperature is not unduly high, is be
suitable,
and
nothing
is
better
is
for to
in
than a
but
to
in
shallow
provide
a
It
pan
or
even a
season
use
The
sow
great
secret
in
not
plants,
or
soil
it
proper
is
growth
by sowing
largelv
late
February,
March,
For
even
April.
of
little
before
the
warm
days.
mix
well,
up
loam,
decayed
manure,
to
sow
maybe, almost
the bottom.
After sowing the seed very thinly, and dusting lightly with
cover
over with glasses, which must be removed directly the seedlings appear above the surface, and
give air
judiciously.
in
Remember
is
essential,
and
this
is
not
obtained
seedlings.
Watch
if
which are
-
partial to
young
When
the seedlings are beginning to crowd each other, prick out into other pans,
and
in
In the case
of choice things, of
course
it
may
Where
in a
artificial
heat
is
not
available, delay
position,
or
sowing
every garden.
of
As a
last resource,
sowings
may
made
in
soil
in
Mav, but
satisfactory.
Let the
May
or earl}' June,
if
when
the
air,
except at night
frost
is
will
As
in
given of the
may
some
plants described as
annual are
26
really perennial,
THE
hut those
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
present
heading.
named
Many
Summer Garden."
Alonsoa.
These
delightful
flowers are
becoming more
welcome
other things, A. Warscewiczi is very bright in colour, the flowers of quite a crimsonscarlet shade, and those of A. linifolia and its variety gracilis are scarlet, the growth very slender and graceful. In both cases the plants are about i8in. in height. AmaranthllS (Love-lies-bleeding). These are quaint but somewhat melancholy-looking plants. Always use them with extreme discretion and moderation, as if too freely planted the garden would have a very spotted appearance. A. caudatus, the true Love-lies-bleeding, is really a hardy annual, and easily known by its long, drooping, deep crimson flower spikes, which have a strange appearance in the border or in front of the shrubbery. The following have distinctive foliage: In the well-known A. melancholicus the leaves are of a rich red colour; in A. salicifolius, touched with an orange shade and in A. tricolor splendens, usually called [oseph's Coal, crimson, green, and yello comb'ne to make an effective group. Let the plants always be fully Sin.
or in small beds by themselves even.
from the time of sowing the seed the plants, it well grown, are fit for the open ground, and before they come into flower, or even when in bloom, they may be potted up lor the greenhouse and conservatory. If no artificial
heat
is
available,
earlier in the
month of
be so rapid. Seed may also be sown in shallow boxes, over which a sheet of glass should be put, and placed under When the seedlings appear, a sunny fence out of doors. remove the glass covering, and transplant the Asters tc the positions they are to adorn. Plant in groups 01
clumps of one
richer than
is
distinct
colour,
when
wise,
where space
for
and the effect will be mixed together. It available, to sow seed to give
I
setting apart a bit of he kitchen garden, or a bed in the reserve garden, for this China Asters are useful flowers to cut for the purpose. A rich soil is necessary, and plenty of water house. whilst growth is icing made, not afterwards, as the
cutting,
I
flowers merely
damp when
the ground
The
flowers are
of wonderful colours,
diversity
quilled,
apart.
reminding one of a Chrysanthemum, others with flat florets, whilst of most of the types there are
tall
varieties ceerulea,
blue,
and
are
dwarf
the
kinds.
reflexed
There
Victoria,
flowered,
ChrysanthemumComet, Mignon,
Truftauts,
Paeony-flowered,
Hedgehog,
Pompon,
and
for
Arctotis.
is
A.
calendulacea
flower of an
Bedding,
others
;
Bouquet,
but
brilliant
cutting,
kinds
for
CelOSiaS
are
useful
Argemone
very be regarded as a n n u a 1, CHINA ASTER, as seed sown in heat early in the year will give seedlings that will flower in the ensuing summer. Select for them a warm, sunny place, rather dry soil, and let each plant stand apart from its neighbour to display its poppy-like character. The flowers are large and white, relieved by golden-coloured stamens. A. Mexicana is as pleasing as any, but a
a
(Prickly
may
PYRAMIDAL.
bedding or for pots. They belong to the same race as the Cockscomh, and bear tall, feathery plumes, so to say, of
effective
colours.
Sow
seed thinly in a pan or shallow box about the end of February. Cover with a square of glass, and place in a warm greenhouse or upon a gentle hot-bed. When the seedlings appear, remove the glass and place the pan or
may
is
Asters, China.
These
When a few rough become drawn. leaves have been made, pot the seedlings into 3m. or 4m. pots, using for soil a compost made up of loam three parts mixed with about two parts leaf-mould. Add sharp
seedlings
will
they constitute a brilliant race of garden flowers, making strong masses of colour in the early autumn, and being raised with ease in the spring from seed. Flower gardeners, however, are puzzled generally to know the types to select from the bewildering lists in catalogues. Many of the kinds are much alike, and all are tender, as might be supposed, from the native country of the species China. Callistephus chinensis is the botanical name of this useful flower. The seed is very reasonable in price, but it should be good. Poor seed will produce poor
flowers.
sand to lighten it. For future repottings use rougher Always keep the adding also well-decayed manure. plants near the light, and when young a temperature of Before they get root-bound about 5_sdeg. will suffice. Cease giving artificial warmth as shift into 5m. pots.
silver
soil,
Sow
using
heat.
The plants will flower well in the 51'n. soon as possible. pots, but liquid manure is necessary to sustain growth. In I une they may be planted out in the flower garden and used as relief plants in beds filled with dwarf bedders. Cockscomb. See Celosia for culture. Cosmos bipinnatUS. This is a very graceful and beautiful annual, which, like many other annuals, may
box, pan, or pot, and give seed quickly germinates, and in less than a month the seedlings are ready to prick off either into other boxes, or into a frame, preparatory to their
house,
a
shallow
little
The
into a
removal to the open air. They may even be put out warm border at once indeed, in about six weeks
be treated as half-hardy or hardy, this depending upon In quite the South of the time the seed is sown. England, sowing in April will suffice as a rule, but the better plan is to sow under glass in .March, and treat the plants in the usual way, namely, planting out in late Always harden them off May when frosts are over.
ANNUALS
the growth and unable to resist changed conditions. This Cosmos grows between 2ft. and 4ft. in height, and has dainty foliage, and in
well, otherwise
will
HALF-HARDY.
colour, especially
if
27
double.
be weak
Sow
in
seed
in
gentle
prick
warmth
off
March, and
the
plant
seedlings
enough,
when
either
large
this respect
it
is
most beautiful of
flowers.
out or pot on for the greenIf one has named house. kinds, strike cuttings at the
But
in
(he
are
charming
varied
colour,
and some
reddish - purple, others white, and so forth. group of this annual should be in all good gardens, and
Phloxes,
Annual.
These
a succession
(if
flowers
may
The flowers are of varied colouring, and the plants remain in beauty over
annuals.
light
for
In
it
is
an
absolute
failure.
The
be cut for the house. seed is sown in tie open the seedlings must net be transplanted. Sow where they are to remain.
may
a long season, hence they maybe used with advantage in conspicuous beds in the flower garden. More of the bright flowers are seen than irmerly, and me need nol
fi
1
When
Jaeobsea.
of
in
This
for
is
the
common name
half
-
set
hardy
annuals
DOUBLE OPIUM should be raised in February, and The most there are both single and double forms. effective are the doubles, which may be had in many colours, purple, crimson, white, and rose, and the plants
which
heat
POPPY
the
in
(see p.
18)
colour,
charm,
;
Ruses beneath Standard use and like, the or them even in window boxes or large vases. Always, however, grow them in masses broad, free groups displav which alone and growth of the Phlox named
dwarf or taller, according to the strain. There is, for example, a dwarf race called Dwarf Pompon, the plants less than I ft. in height, whilst kinds may be obtained of double that stature. The flowers are very double, and
are
flowers are now so fine they are welcome for cutting lor the house. Sow the seed under glass about the first week in March, and treat in the usual way, well hardening the seedlings off before transplanting to the
Drummondi
indeed,
the
garden.
begins,
laterals.
rich
soil
is
necessary,
and,
when growth
of the Jaeobsea is Senecio elegans. Although described here, it has been mentioned also amongst the hardy annuals, because by sowing the seed late in spring, especially in the
The
botanical
name
Nemesia StrumOSa
heat may be dispensed with. A very distinct and Sllttoni. pretty annual, seed of which should be sown under glass early in the year, and the seedlings pricked out into boxes before being finally transferred to the open garden. It may be used in lines and groups with good effect. There are several colours white, crimson, orange, pink, and soft yellow, a pleasing assortment, and none poor. It may be grown also in pots for the greenhouse. NyeteHnia SelagillOideS is a pretty half-hardy annual with white flowers of very sweet The plant grows only 3in. high. Sow the seed in F e br ua ry or an d a rc h
southern counties,
artificial
it promotes There are a host of beautiful forms of all shades of colour, from white to violet with a white centre. A go up of very dwarf plants is interesting, and Ihev are only about 6in. in height, smothered with flowers of good colour in the summer. The quaint Star class will become popular. The flowers are ol starry shape and
pinching
Portlllaca.
in this
may be well included group, although the Messrs. Sutton sow their seed in shallow drills on a warm border at the end of April; but the usual way is to sow under glass and treat as in the case of the majority of half-hardy annuals. It is only in very warm summers and upon thoroughly welldrained soils that the Portulaca, with its wonderful depth
brilliant Portulaca
The
a pretty group.
of colouring, as
the
flower
It
transplant
the
garden,
ceeds.
sucis a
as
are
flowers,
one
may
when
P.
is
Petunias
useful
imagine
the
parent,
especially during
grandiflora,
hot summers, as
native of Chili.
they
seem
to
For an edging or
carpet plant the Portulaca, in its
g rea
t
revel in drought.
Avoid the
kinds
;
large
dingy purple
indeed,
of
rea-
va riety,
tints
I
some of the
of dazzling
liancy,
is
flowers
iril-
sonable
dimen-
well
adapted.
is
it
One
not
far
surprised that
is
and
in
effective
PETUNIA.
more mown.
28
THE
CENTURY
Pinks,
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
1
The
this
of
showy group
of either annual
freely, and they are so unlike hose of the ordinary sweetscented Tobacco that the two plants may be used without introducing monotonous effects. A small bed of this upon the lawn would, we think, be acceptable, especially if near the house, for then the sweet fra-: ranee would float
or
biennial
as
groups,
such
as
annual
flowers,
with
and
the the
CIIISKSE
the
PINK.
the
seedlings
near
glass
These quaint flowers were almost annihilated fungus disease, the result in part no doubt of continually propagating from cuttings which were given strong heat to induce quick rooting. But Verbenas may now be classed amongst the half-hardy annuals. Seed can be obtained in separate colours, and the plants will come true, so that propagation by cuttings is needless, unless one wishes to perpetuate some fine kind. Seedlings are, however, so varied and beautiful that it is unnecessary to name individual kinds. One can obtain many colours, from white to intense sapphire blue, and the plants are vigorous and bushy in growth. Sow the seed in early March in a shallow box of light soil, give gentle bottom heat, and when large enough to handle comfortably pot off singly or prick them into another box. When well hardened off, which they should be at the end of .May. plant out in the garden. This simple way of raising flowers is a thousand times preferable to keeping the plants over the winter in pots and getting vexed because disease attacks them. Zinnias. These gay half-hardy annuals have of late years been much used in parks and gardens, and this is not surprising when one considers that for many weeks the flowers remain in beauty, and their colours are varied and showy. Seed is now sown in separate colours, although,
by a
Verbenas.
night apart, to provide a succession. sow four or five seeds in a 511). pot,
seedlings intact,
endless varieties, as
rule,
of Z.
elegnns,
whilst
disturbing
the roots.
used
as a
in
many
masses
in
borders, but
Mexicana deserves notice. The double kinds are handsomer than the single Zinnias. The former remain longer in perfection, and the plants are
Haageana
or
groundwork to taller things. The varieties of 1). Heddewigi named Crimson Belle, the pure while H. Bride, or Eastern Queen, are as good as any. laciniatus has fringed flowers, as the name suggests, and in truth, the of this group there are varied colours
;
wonderfully diversified. SalpiglOSSiS Sinuata. This is one of the fairest of all annual flowers, which should be sown in gentle heat in February, and the plants pricked out or grown on until ready for the border or bed, or wherever they may go.
colouring
is
It
is
is
well to
in
make
as
as
beautiful
almost
Its
diversified
colour.
and
rich
and
finely-
There is, however, varied and striped forms too. difference in the various races of seedlings, so that
some
it
is
The wise to sow seed got only from the finest flowers. plants are fully 3ft. in height, and full of grace and charm. Tobaccos [Nicotiana). These are noble half-hardy
more massive kinds may be used The plants with advantage in the sub-tropical garden. are of extremely rapid growth, and of the large-leaved kinds none are handsomer than N. macrophylla and A'. Tabacum, but the most popular, and deservedly so, is N. alba, beter known as N. affinis, which should be
annuals, and the
taller,
SALPIGLOSSIS.
more compact
masses
for
in
gardens, large or small, in town or It is veiy easily raised by sowing seed in in country. heat in February, and treating the plants exactly as one would the Petunia, or any other half-hardy annual.
planted freely
in all
in
growth.
are
beds
welcome,
Groups and
I'lant
in
rich
soil,
and use
it
in
as
in the borders, and near the house, the fragrance from the ivory-while flowers floating During the inlo the rooms on warm summer evenings. day, when the sun is very hot, the flowers almost close A few up, but open out fresh and fair towards evening.
the scent of the Zinnia, its admired. Fireball is an especially vivid orangescarlet double variety, but one can have orange, rose,
to say, are
is
so early
seedlings
Tobacco which
A new be potted on for the greenhouse. will probably be largely grown in the It has long tubular flowers, future is K. sylveslris. very sweet, and pure white, whilst they do not close
may
during hot days, as
is olten done, March or early April being quite soon Sow thinly, as has been consistently advised, enough. Give them a just cover the seed, and use 5in. pots. 6odeg., pot off when largeof about temperature
whole
plant
is
very
The the case of N. affinis. handsome, being fairly tall and Flowers are borne green leaves.
in
pots, keep close for a time, then give air judiciously until by early June they aie Seed may even be sown out of ready to plant out. doors in May, choosing a sunny spot, and avoid transplanting by thinning out all except the strongest.
29
CORSISH GARDEN.
BIENNIAL
FLOWERS.
summer months, and
the
beautify,
THE
grown,
need
heat
too,
the
cottage
plot,
tor
in
this
precious
group are
Sweet
in
Williams,
childhood's
Canterbury
days.
It
Bells, Wallflowers,
is
strange,
in
race,
and
brilliant
effect,
attention
first
than
many
plants
that
far
more
care.
They
best
may
to
be
from
to
last
without
early
any
artificial
whatever,
the
times
sow
the
seed
in
being
the
May and
June,
when
the
seedlings will
autumn
to tlower
for this
purpose alone,
little
nursery, as
then
Make
fine,
and beware
of
Sow
thinly,
appear,
is
any
risk of
undue struggling
waste,
as the thinnings
if
necessary
may
be planted elsewhere,
many
the Stocks,
kinds,
Antirrhinums.
These old-world flowers may be grouped with the biennials, although strictly they are perennial, but many plants, even so-called annuals, will survive more than one season. Seed may be sown under glass in
spring,
There are several named kinds, but these three colours should be obtained, as the striped forms, quixotic and Avoid pigmy distinctive, it is true, are far less effective.
"squat,"' ugly
little
plants
and the plants will bloom freely in the summer and far into the autumn, but the usual time for sowing is latejune or July, treating the seedlings as advised in the case of the other biennials. Antirrhinums, or Snapdragons as the children call them, are splendid bedding plants, and if any special kind must be perpetuated, cuttings of fairly-ripened shoots strike freely under a handglass in the open in summer. Most enjoyab'e are a group ol sell-coloured varieties^ the pure white, deep yellow, or crimson three kinds which will gladden any garden.
upon the growth. The-,e are called "Tom Thumb," and are an example of how utterly all natural beauty may be
Antirrhinums driven from flower by artificial means. are easily raised from seed sown as soon as ripe, 01 by cuttings out of doors or in a cold frame in
.1
come
be depended upon to cannot wise to keep the It is from seed. plants in a frame during the winter and transfer to They suffer greatly in the open giound in spring. August.
Seedlings
true
quite
severe winters.
BIENNIAL
FLOWERS.
this
;
31
is, as a rule, no loss nor can one expect double forms to retain their character as singles appear amongst them. If the seed is sown in June out of doors, strong plants will be obtained for planting out in the autumn, and these will flower gaily in the following summer. With such homely flowers as this Campanula one may obtam much culour at little cost, and in rich variety, with self hues of wonderful clearness and beauty. The pure white is very valuable. Evening Primrose (CEnothera Lamarckiana). Few biennial, or, indeed, any garden flowers are more beautiful than this Evening Primrose, which lasts many weeks in beauty, and its soft yellow flowers one never tires ol. This is the kind of plant to naluralise, to make big masses of, and to plant amongst evergreen shrubs, as well as in the border. It is a mistake to put everything into the mixed border or rock garden. Such a plant as this is best seen in the woodland, shrubbery, or in quite the wilder parts of the garden. Seed sown in summer quickly germinates, and young plants may be put out in autumn. Foxgloves (Digi/alis). Charming groups may be formed oi these in gardens, lighting up, perhaps, some woodland walk, or relieving a monotonous mass of evergreen shrubs. It is in such places that the Foxglove reveals its true beauty, and if the best forms are obtained the effect is more pleasurable. Sow or plant them with a free hand a group is full of colour and beauty, but solitary plants here and there are less imposing. It must be a poor soil in which the Foxglove will not flourish, and in half shade it is at home. The gloxinioeflora strain, so called from the torm of the flowers, reminding one of the
CANTERBURY BELL.
Canterbury
delightful
Bells
{Campanula
Medi uni).
These
tinted
are
thoroughly homely and quaint, the Mowers like cups and saucers in shape, and painted with
biennials,
verv charming, the flowers large, and olten white relieved with deep chocolate blotches, or other colours. Seed may be sown where the seedlings are to remain, and in time Foxgloves sow themselves but in the case of special kinds, raise them in a
Gloxinia,
is
finely
blotched,
many
some self, others delicately mauve. This is a Campanula worth using garden and making a
colours,
with
freely in the
bold
of,
group
especi-
ally
of
the
pure
Plant
n.it
white
variety.
them
only in border the
beds, but on
the
fringes
or in flower-
of
shrub-
their
free-
dom
and
vantage.
kinds almost double, but
are
Some
are
not
as
attractive as
way
and
bolder,
less
coarse.
Avoid,
too,
FOXGLOVES.
those
forms in which the flowers are conspicuously cup and Blue, rose, saucer shaped, as they are far from pretty. mauve, lavender, and white are the leading tones, and some of the soft pink varieties are very delicate in
colour, but
true,
Honesty {Lanaria
welcome
in
biennis).
the
border, and
tiie
The flowers of the old purple kind and its white variety are pleasing, too, in late spring and summer. Sow the seed in May or Tune, anil in time the Honesty will thoroughly establish itself in
pretty in vases in winter.
32
THE
The way
lor
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
boxes, or in
gardens.
to
llonesly
tions
winter
prepare decora-
March
in gentle
is to take the pods between the forefinger and thumb; gently rub them, and
will
fall
off
and
inside.
warmth, when the plants will be ready for the open ground in May and will flower freely, whilst they may be had in bloom in winter under glass by sowing the seed about midsummer and potting them
into 5in. pots, three in each.
Miehauxia eampanuloides.
are.
Few
hardy plants
than
this,
more
distinct
bloom
ful.
which belongs to the Bellflower race, and grows usually about 4ft. in height. It is
best
treated
Of
as
Purity
or
All
the
of
as
biennial,
Year Round.
Then we have
Stocks,
Ten
Week
sheltered sunny
spot.
the seed in a pan, and place in a cold frame. The flowers are large, and white
Sow
which a beautiful variety is Princess Alice, which is in every way a good garden
Stock, branching in growth, useful for cutting, very pure white, and quite uouble. The Ten Week is recognised by its diversity of growth, some tail, others dwarf, and flowers of very varied colours, from white to rose, red, purple,
with purple, several being borne on the branching stems. Beginners in gardening should not grow it unless they are prepared for possible disappointments. It is unhappily a rather uncertain
plant.
tinged
and
even
varieties
a violet of distinct
shade,
forms
Snapdragons.
rhinums.
See
is
Antirbereft
Stocks.
flower
fragrant
when
the
homely Stock
absent.
No
matter
true to
name.
whether they are annual or biennial kinds, they possess charm, and should be planted freely in large beds or grouped in borders to get their true effect in colour, whilst when massed a stronger fragrance pervades the garden. It must not be forgotten that the Stock is not very hardy, and in severe winters frequently succumbs. The garden Stocks are divided into several groups, and amongst biennials the tall Giant Brompton
distinct
forms are as handsome as any, these being distinguished by woody stems and scarlet and white spikes of flowers, the scarlet form being the most frequent. When the seed isobtained from a thoroughly strain good about half the seedlings will be double
flowered,
and these are strongly advised for the summer garden, As they grow into quite little bushes, put them not less than I ft. apart, and carefully pick oft' decaying flowers. Many named varieties belong to this group, such as the Bouquet and Miniature and Mauve Beauty, the two former sections being very dwarf and useful, particularly for pots. When treating the Stock as an annual, remember that gentle heat must be used, and drain the boxes or shallow pans, whichever be used, thoroughly well.
Verbaseum phlomoides
nial.
{Mullein)
is
a beautiful bien-
V. phoeniceum
is
much
dwarfer.
Wallflowers. These
homely plants must be sown
the year previous to flower-
but
sometimes
variety
is,
not
occur.
double This
will
however,
happily unusual. Sow the seed of the Brompton Stock in the open ground in the latter part of May, and then strong plants will be ready for putting out where they
are
to bloom in June. Another pleasing section is that known as the Queen, of which there are white, purple, and scarlet forms, branching in growth, which no small consideration is
but they will grow in time into large bushes, if not cut down by severe frosts. Wallflowers are,
ing,
fre-
quently die
wholesale.
The
reddish
tall
binger,
man
when
is
demand.
that
A popular section
as the Inter-
known
mediate, which comprises the East Lothian Stock, the name Intermediate having been given because they appear to bridge over the
There ing to either class. are two periods for sowing quite early in the seed August in pans or shallow
primrosethe old blood-red Wallflower, and even a purple kind. Wallflowers are easily raised in June in a prepared bed of ordinary soil, and the seedlings should be transplanted when 2in. or 3m. In about a high in rows. month's time transplant, or, better still, remove every other plant, which may be transferred to the bed or border, leaving those retypes, the
tinted Primrose
Dame,
reserve
33
29 H H
7fOSS
A
into
Creeper
walls in
HOUSE
that
or
wall
is
seldom
old
beautiful
not
beautiful
house
should be hidden
is
there
welcome.
have
been
of
There
is
a glorious
list
to select
from
Roses,
in
Clematises,
which
bring
in
rich
colouring
the garden
autumn.
Annual
considered
annual flowers
in
remain a host
perennial
kinds which
This
it
which
is the name of the popular Virginian wearies one almost from its constant
value for
its
foliage
than
its
flowers.
The
leaves are
repetition, hut
is
A. Veitchi unci muralis are the most suitable for this purpose, the last-mentioned not clinging quite so closely, and therefore more graceful.
off resplendent hues in autumn, and are by striking cuttings of moderately ripened shoots, taken off any time from October to March, in a cold frame, or under a hand-light. By the following autumn these cuttings will have made good plants. Make the cuttings about 6in. long, not less. This is the best and quickest way to increase them. Seed may be sown in autumn, or very early in spring, in a prepared cold frame, or in the open ground. After sowing, put long straw litter, or other light material, on the bed to protect young growths. Sow the seed in drills, and if is soaked in tepid water three hours before sowing il will germinate more readily.
towns especially.
It will grow freely almost anyvery large and effective. where, and though usually planted against a wall, it is a useful climber for arbours and the like. Azara mierophylla is a glossy-leaved, shrubby wall plant, with orange-red berries in autumn, but it is worth
growing simply
a
for its
abundant leaves.
fl.-pl.,
easily increased
pretty
the
walls,
Il is pergolas, and similar structures, but it is not tall. of very quick growth, and a plant put in some time in spring w ill quickly make headway, and bear a succession It increase is of large double delicate rose flowers.
desired, divide the roots. A warm soil suits it Chimonanthusfragransgrandifloriisi Winter Sweet)
lor a wall, scarcely a climber, precious plant loo shrubby, but requiring a wall for is almost support. The Mowers are borne upon the leafless branches in winter, and are lemon yellow in colour, with
is
il
as
it
Aristoloehia Sipho,
or the
ol
Dm chimin's
Pipe, so called
is
of
more
crimson
calyces,
and
delightfully
fragrant
hence
the
34
THE
CENTURY
in
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
it
few twigs
till
the surface
is
In old gardens
Never allow
one sometimes sees glorious plants, perfuming the air mi mild winter days. It may be propagated by cuttings, suckers, layers, and by seeds, the best method being by layers, as many find that cuttings are troublesome to although gardeners occasionally strike them strike, freely by putting them in under a wall in early spring. Suckers should soon become established when detached with a few roots from the parent, and when layering choose the strong shoots from the base of the plant. Put them down in the autumn, or after flowering, and cut each shoot half through on the under-side, pegging it firmly in the soil, and keeping the cut part open. Cover over with soil, and leave the layers thus for a year. Seeds will germinate readily, but they are many months Of the various methods of propagation, in maturing. Prune the shrub carefully, and in spring, choose layering. when the shoots may be cut back to within about 4m. of the main branches; and it is upon the new growth In mi these shoots that flow ers appear in the following The flowering twigs will be esteemed for indoor winter. decorations, but w holesale hacking must not be indulged Grandiflorus is a variety with larger flowers than in.
Seedlings vary considerably as regards size the type. and colour of the flowers.
C.
C.
C. C. C.
soil to become dry, and the wound will soon begin to emit roots the rooted layer may eventually be divided from the parent plant and transferred to another position. The following list gives the majority of the hardy climbing species, some of which, however, are not in general cultivation baleariea, from Minorca, bearing wide-mouthed, bellshaped flowers, white, spotted with claret in the interior. This is quite hardy in the south-west of England, where it commences to bloom, during mild winters, in January. It is synonymous with C. calycina. CajPlllea, from Japan, bearing large violet-coloured flowers during June and July. There are several named varieties of this Clematis. Campaniflora, a native of Spain and Portugal, flowers purplish-white. CirrhOSa, very similar to C. baleariea, with which it is,
;
:
it is
distinct.
C.
Clematis.
a
t
1
This
t
i
is
e a s
the
majority of the are of kinds n g r a m b 1 growth, and the wonderful diversity of character
dist
i
{Virgin's bower). A well-known hardy used in this country, bearing small while sweetly-perfumed flowers in great numbers during the latter part of the summer. It is one of our oldest exotic climbers, having been introduced
Flammula
climber,
much
from South
Europe
C. |apan,
in
1
596.
florida, from
bearing
large white
flowers
the
nguishing various
from
species and
varieties enables
some double
form
C.
of
this
large
number
to be used in the
Clematis.
same
without tonous
garden
monoeflect.
Japanese
species.
hears
-
Fortunei,
a
It
As
there
are
fragrant
between seventy
double white
flowers about an
and eight y
species,
some
climbers,
inch in diameter.
stove
Chinese
yellow
Tartary, bearing
that in all
parts
garden may be they present. For covering bare spaces of wall or trellis, garlanding archways and tree trunks, and for using, with other climbers, on such structures as summerof much houses, arbours, and pergolas, they are To produce a good effect, however, the Clematis value. The soil in which it is should be liberally treated. planted should be rich and deep, while, during the period of growth, frequent waterings in dry weather and applications of liquid fertilisers will be found beneficial. For pots, the large-flowered varieties are very effective, when grown in large pots and trained over balloon-shaped wire trellises, as they almost cover their foliage w ith great star flowers. The usual method of propagation is by grafting on the roots of C. Flammula or some other stronggrowing kind, but grafted plants have a way of dying off suddenly, and layering is the most satisfactory method of
of
the
flowers
August,
seed-vessels of which,
later on,
in
the
feathery tails as in the case of C. Vitalba. C. lanuginosa, a native of China, bearing large lightblue flowers 7in. in diameter. The reverses of the
leaves are
C.
woolly.
The
larger flowers.
To effect this a partially-ripened shoot should be cut with a sharp knife halfway through the stem, between two joints, and a cut made up the centre of the stem and carried through the joint above. This cut should be kept open with a piece of moss and the shoot bent down into a depression filled with
increasing the stock.
from Nepaul, is hardy in almost every England. It bears numerous ivory-white flowers iiin. to 2in. in diameter in May and June. It is a rapid climber, and is especially suitable for draping the branches of evergreen trees, such as Yews, Portugal Eaurels, and old Hollies. In good soil it will attain a height of from 40ft. to 50ft. in a few years. C. OPientalis, from the Levant, produces yellowishwhite flowers in August. C. panieulata, from Japan, bearing white, sweet-scented flowers in July. It has a great resemblance to C.
locality in
montana,
Flammula.
C.
C.
United States, bearing dull purple, bell-shaped flowers in Jul) and August. C. SOngariea, from the East, bearing yellow flowers
similar to those of C. graveolens, but smaller.
porous
soil,
in position,
more
soil
of the
35
35
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
are
C,
Viorna, from North America, bearing drooping purple flowers with yellow interiors in June, which are lollowed
lavender,
fine
handsome
are
:
flowers.
Of
;
varieties
Aureliana,
claret bar
porcelain blue
Fair
by hairy seed-vessels. C. virginiana, a North American plant, producing panicles of small white and fragrant blossoms from June
to August.
Lady Londesborough,
;
The C. Vitalba ( Old Man's Beard or Travellers Joy). well-known wild Clematis that garlands trees and hedges with its scented flowers during the summer, and with its smoke-grey seed-vessels, which have earned it its colloquial name, in the late autumn and winter. C. Vitieella, a species common over Southern Europe and Western Asia. There are several varieties of this Clematis, v. cserulea bears blue flowers; C. v. of which C. and C. v. purpurea, purple; C. v. tenuifolia, crimson double plena, The purple.
;
Lord Londesborough, deep ; Miss Bateman, white with chocolate anthers Mrs. Crawshay, pink with bronze bar Mrs. George Jackman, satin white with cream bar and Stella, light violet with deep red bar. Of the Florida section, all of which are double flowers, Duchess of Edinbutgh and Lucy Lemoine, both white, sweetly scented Countess of Lovelace, lilac-blue Aurora, pink, shaded mauve ; Elaine, light violet Enchantress, white and rose and John Gould Veitch, lavender-blue, are good representatives
silver-grey with darker bar
mauve
of the group.
varieties
Of
be
the
Vitieella
section,
four
named
notice
:
may
mentioned
as
worthy
of
As cot
rich
ensis,
;
azure blue
Earl
of Beaconsfield,
purple
Lady
tlora,
Bovill,
;
cherry red.
the
Cle-
Amongst
-
which
lack
in
known:
Florida, Patens,
Lanuginosa, and
Vitieella groups.
ties
to the
belonging
and Vitieella groups on the flower wood, young and at the end of
Jackmani
the year should
diameter,
and
to
4ft.
growing
height
C.
of
a
;
aethusifolia,
C.
foot
of the
an ever-
Lanuground. ginosa and its varieties should very sparbe ingly pruned, cutting merely
green
North
e
r
i
A m
pale
can
pen-
species,
bearing
lilac
out
growths,
varieties
weak
while
of
C.
of 6ft. Davidiani,
the
from China,
bearing
Florida
Patens
and
blue
from
;
flowers, and
growing
C.
2 It. to 4ft. high
necessary
integrilolia,
for the
dead
removal wood.
The
are
some
following of the
flowers
3in.
to
4in. in diameter,
best varieties of tne different groups. Of the Jackmani section, which takes its rise from the Clematis of that name, itself a hybrid between C. Vitieella and one of the large-
flowered Japanese species, Gipsy Queen, velvety purple; the type, which is the commonest puiple Clematis in our gardens its white variety, C. Jackmani alba Madame Grange, crimson-violet; Mrs. Baron Viellard, lil.ic-rose ; 'Vlrs. Hope, satiny mauve, with darker bar running up the middle of the petals; and Rubro-violacea, a pu:plemaroon, are all good. Of the Lanuginosa group, some
; ;
and attaining a height of 2ft. C. ochroleuca, a native of the United States, flowers yellowish- white, growing I ft. to 2ft. high C. recta, or erecta, bearing corymbs of scented white flowers, and growing to a height of 2ft. to 3ft. this is an Hungarian species, of which there is a double variety tubulosa, from China, bearing C.
;
slender tubed blue flowers somewhat similar in shape to those of the Wood Hyacinth, and growing to a height of
from
2ft.
to 3
ft.
diameter,
of which produce flowers a foot in Alba Mayna, pure white Daniel Deronda, violet-blue Fairy Queen, pale flesh with pink bar
of
the
varieties
course it would not be desirable to crowd all these forms into a single garden, unless a mere collection were
Of
desired.
The
varieties
of
the
others,
groups
If only
mentioned,
particularly the
Jackmani and
is
rose ; La France, violetde St. Julien, mauve-white ; Marie Lefebvre, mauve with dark bar and William Kenneth,
handsome when
purple
colour
fully established.
one Clematis
conspicuous
Gloire
the flowers
showing
to
CLIMBERS
WALL
PLANTS
AND
PERGOLAS.
A
37
advantage in the autumn, when every shoot almost is hidden beneath this wonderful mass of blossom. The very strong-growing kinds, such as C. montana, must be kept within bounds. If not held in check this will everything else, choking all neighbouring overrun climbers in its effort to envelop the garden. Beautiful indeed it is in spring when the white flowers appear in bewildering prolusion, but their beauty is not long-lived, and for the remainder of the year its aspect is rather ragged. For the greenhouse cnoose C. indivisa and its the white sprays of this are useful for variety lobata cutting, and the climber when draping some pillar or rafter is very charming. Climbing- or Shrubby Wall Plants for the South of England and sheltered corners, because of somewhat tender growth, include the Abelias, Adlumia cirrhosa, Akebia quinata, Alovsia citriodora (the Sw eet Verbena or Lemon Plant), Hignonia or Tecoma radicans, Ceanothus azureus, Gloire de Versailles, and other varieties, the flowers of charming blue shades, Choisya ternata (the Mexican Orange-flower), hardier than many suppose, and should be more grown as a bush, Eccremocarpus Indigofera floribunda, Maurandya Barclayana scaber, and varieties, and Solatium jasminoides and S. crispum.
;
scarlet flowers.
more northerly gardens. Sow the seed in gentle heat in March, and when the seedlings are strong enough plant them out, about the end of May being a good time. Cover over the roots with coal
or
warm
spots in
ashes during the winter, then if frost cuts down the stems new growth will be made when warmer weather conies
Garrya
a Californian shrub usually planted it is seldom happy as a bush in the open garden, unless in the extreme South of England. It is evergreen, very dense and handsome, and in winter the beautiful ha/el-like catkins appear, which are pro-
elliptiea
is
duced in clusters, and vary from jin. to [ft. in length. Throughout the winter these remain to add interest to the garden, and when cut for the house they vary the indoor decorations. The male parent is he most
I
valuable.
Honeysuckles.
Beautiful
in
wayside hedge with their precious blossom. They are amongst the most cherished of climbing plants, and must
be used freely in the garden, against walls, trellises, fences, arbours, or to garland banks. Good kinds are the Dutch
Passion-flowers
may
and
late
or
from happy.
usually
Crataegus Pyracantha,
"Fiery Thorn,"
is
known as"Pyracantha"
grown against
a wall
more
often
When the bricks harmonise with the than as a bush. deep green foliage and glorious bunches of scarlet berries The white all is well, but this is not always the case. It is a shrubby flower clusters are pretty in spring.
climber of great value.
Periclymenum), the late variety blooming far into the autumn, hence its name. L. japonica or Halleana, L. flexuosa, and L. sempervirens L. sempervirens and the variety minor are all charming. is very distinct, having quite scarlet flowers, and neat green leaves. It is one of the brightest of climbers, but must have a special place. A warm soil and position are
essential.
It is
common Honeysuckle
Eeeremoearpus SCaber.
when
it
becomes
It is
green creeper, but unfortunately it is tender, having come In warm, sheltered positions, however, to us from Chili. bears a wealth of bright orange and it is a success, and
but a Honeysuckle no one who can give the necessary soil and position should.be without. L. Caprifolium and L. Xylosteum are native kinds.
neither rampant nor
JJLLl'OJR
CASTLE
.. ,
THE
1
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
atro-purpurea.
Ion cv.su
kl es
are
in
rather slow
The last-named
is
growth,
flowers
and
are
in
very handsome
colour,
the not
in
the
produced
profusion
until
become
established.
quite
One
need do no more
than thin out old
when
mine the
is
effect
distinct
and
bright.
a
r
The
d
e
is
r
variegated Ivies
e
t
e n
Madeirensis
useful
as
are
in
very
winter.
sweet
as
any.
V
f
,V
This
is
is
pretty also.
climber
a
too
t
Jasmines
are
i 1
describe.
Strike
in
cuttings
late
and
frag-
summer,
they
freely
will
il
and
root put in a position
(loots,
especially
familiar
].
the
officinale,
which
shaded
ollt
luit
ol
the
more
'ol
HONEYSUCKLE
be struck under a bell-glass off these to thoroughly
out.
The
new
not
has white sweetsmelling flowers. A f f i n e is a The Jasmine will succeed larger-flowered form of it. almost anywhere, requires very little pruning, and is as happy smothering an arbour as covering a house front. A pretty yellow species seldom seen is J
growth
Cut
is
revolutum,
which
a
is
harmed by
host.
ever-
wealth of
.
tile
re-
golden - yellow f ] o w e r s
Although
it
native of India,
is hardy in As England.
limber,
and
run over low
for edgings,
to
precious as
officinale
is
the
white Jasminum
J.
tailings
fences,
or
nudifloru m
which flowers
winter,
in
in
e e n
Il is
mild
growth.
useful
around
1
1
is
bare.
rather
moist
it
shaded
few spots is not a
position, though
is in
it
that
the trails of
flc
success.
There
varie-
iwers
lasting
are
ties,
many
such as the
Ivy, as
Irish
many
much
planted,
flowers are
perhaps, as any,
may be
tions,
grow
large
in quick t h t h e leaved
,
he-
water,
den
a
r
i
or
a na,
distilling a plea-
Rae g n e
sant
lucida, palmata,
Very
ing
is
little
perfume. pruncutting
the
pedata,
1
pretty
Glymi, angu,
necessary,
digitata,
merely
away
worn-out
and
BOSCHURCH
SHOWING BEAUTY OF IV
shoots.
CLIMBERS
KeiTia japonica. Although
bush, and
the
planl
is
WALL
PLANTS
AND
the climate
beautiful
PERGOLAS.
is
39
oul of doors,
ll
be grown as a must be included amongst shrubby wall plants, because so frequently planted in iliis position. The double variety is more commonly planted than the type, and its large orangeyellow flowers are as gay as anything in the garden dining early spring. Many a cottage is almost wreathed with this bright, hard)- climber. The type has smaller single flowers, yellow, and produced profusely. It is a very pretty shrub, and worth planting in a mass on lawn outskirts. the There is a variegated leaved
this
may
it
too
the
old for
it
it
is
sufficiently
quite hardy,
season.
flowers,
tive.
its
handsome blue-purple
vigour
in
is
when
in
il
very attrac-
Grow
are
variety of
it.
LathyrilS.
known by the Everlasting Pea (L. latifolius), which may be increased by division, seeds, or cuttings. As simple as any way is by seeds, which germinate readily in earlv summer out of doors but as the white variety does not always come true
This family
is
chiefly
from seed, this should be propagated bv cuttings taken from the base of the plant as new growth commences in spring. These growths at the base, if taken off with a heel, and put into pots and given a brisk bottom heat, will soon strike. Seeds, unfortunately, are not borne with much freedom. All the Everlasting Peas are useful for cutting, especially the pure white variety. Besides the familiar kind known as L. latifolius, which is the Everin collage gardens, there kinds of much beauty. Grandiflorus is very handsome, with much larger flowers, and another beautiful kind is L. splendens, which, unfortunately, does not seem to be very hardy. It is a native of California, but perhaps it will prove hardier than manysuppose. At any rate, it should have a warm sunny position. The flowers are very bright, a crimson-scarlet colour, and if the plant is found quite hardy it may be considered a good garden Pea. L. Sibthorpi and others are not for the general garden. The Orobus were at one time considered quite apart, but they are now grouped with the Lathyrus. A charming kind is O. vermis, of which there is a white variety named Alba. In a warm border it flowers
limbers. One need not praise them, growth and autumn tints of the N ineChina, Japan, and are familiar to almost everyone. The America have given us many handsome kinds. following are the most valuable, and may be used in many ways over pergolas, arbours, trellises, and against the house. Many know the charming picture produced by some greenhouse Grape against a cottage Black Hamburgh, Gros Colman, or other wall, a The Vines kind grown for the sake of its fruit only. add rich beaut)- to the autumn garden, the foliage changing to brilliant hues crimson, yellow, and bjronzy which are retained into November days. green A noble Vine, which came to us VitiS CoigTietise. from lapan a few years ago, and has added an addi-
Vines
beautiful
as the
graceful
tional
note
of
colour
to
the
lasting
are
other
developed, and of rich crimson to bronzy crimson, It should be planted freely against all rich and effective. pergolas, over arches, anywhere indeed where colour and handsome growth are desired, even over tree stumps in the n Higher, wilder parts. The ( minn >n Vine, V. vinifera, has yellowish leaves in autumn, which are welcome for their variety, but forms of this are very beautiful, such as the claret-coloured Teinturier, Miller's Burgundy, and Vines of several varieties the purple-leaved Purpurea. should be grown, as they are, in their rich autumn colouring, as beautiful as any flower.
than
I ft.
across
when
fully
colouring,
varying
from
'<
V.
Labrusea,
or
the
is
in
autumn.
Other
good
V. aestivalis, V. californica, V.
cordifolia,
well,
and
O.
cyaneus
are
is
and
V.
pretty also.
vulpina.
Of
course, colour-
Passion-flowers
tiful
beau-
wall
plants,
as
one
but
need
scarcely remark,
ing varies in depth accordsometimes ing to the year the leaves change little, but
;
they must have a south aspect to be safe during the winter. No kind is more cherished blue than the
Passiflora caerulea
tinct colouring
;
Hop-leaved Vine
(V.
its
dis-
and graceful
It
de-
for this
one desires a
near to it, and in the autumn the big yellow fruits hang
like
ripe
apricots amongst
It
variety, variegated the leaves of a form of this are mottled with pink and white but few care for these
;
should be planted in the spring in a warm rich soil, but some gardeners plant it in autumn.
the leafy shoots.
variegated-leaved
climbers.
They have an
spotty look.
objectionable
Wistarias.
Wistaria
The
is
common
sinensis,
f
1
W.
r
PASSION-FLOWER,
but a chapter will
n d e
o w e
i
hanging
from
n
a
Roses.
course,
The
the
is
be
still
branches.
devoted especially to the flower. Solanums. Amongst climbing plants for the warmer Southern Counties of England must be named S. jasminoides and S. crispum. The former is a familiar sight in Devonshire, the white flower clusters wreathing many a house front and cottage in beauty, but it is only in favoured climes that such robust growth is obtained, ll must have a light warm soil and sunshine. Where
fair sight,
as
no climber
of
beautiful
colour.
named Alba, but there is none better and the type. W. frutescens and W. multijuga
than
hardy kinds of considerable merit, but first plant the most charming of all, W. sinensis, which may be used 'o adorn arbours, summer-houses, pergolas, trellises, w alls, anil the like, giving it a warm soil and sunny position.
are
40
Pergolas.
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
pergola is a charming feature in theg arden, as our illustrations show, shady, cool retreats from the
In
fragrant with the breath or. Knglish Flower Garden" it is mentioned that adaptations of the Italian pergola are much to be recommended for English gardens, since, though our summer is short, there are a good three months when a bowery, shaded walk would be most enjoyable and the numbers of free-growing, climbing
"The
plants at our disposal besides Vines, give an abundant choice of material. Aristolochia, Wistaria, Virginian
be formed of small pieces fixed transversely across. This will make a more firm and massive structure, and the simpler it is kept the better it will look. On no account let the "rustic" carpenter begin to adorn it with his fantastic branches, which he is so fond of doing. Around and over the pergola many interesting and beautiful shrubby and other climbers should entwine, here the Vine, there the fragrant Jasmine, or the Honeysuckles, their sweet breath filling the shaded walk with perfume in the summer. Of course in the winter the pergola will be little sought after, unless in quite the South
of England and Ireland. It is a sun-shelter in summer, a grateful retreat amongst flowers, with a vision, too, of the garden beyond. Simplicity in design is essential,
Creeper, rambling Roses, Honeysuckles, Jasmines, and the free Clematises are all suitable, and look well and do well in such a position. The pergolas, like the stately fountains, are to Italy quite appropriate to the country and the climate. They are rarely necessities in our English climate, but simple adaptations would add to the delights of many an English garden. creeperclad trellis spanning a frequented walk is a good feature
and
in this
Of
in
late years
Oak stems is simpler and prettier. many charming pergolas have been formed
AN ENGLISH PERGOLA.
it gives a contrast to the open breezy and serves for growing many beautiful hardy climbers which can only be seen at their best when
in
a garden, as
way
parts,
rambling over trees, trellises, or along the tops of walls. It should lead to somewhere, and be over a frequented walk, and should not interrupt any line of view. The
breadth,
taste
leading to the house, or by the margin of the lake. well to make the pergola lead somewhere, not a mere addition, as if a summer-house or " rustic " arbour The creepers should to shelter one from hot sunshine. be as varied as possible, and often against a sunny Oak
It is
height,
for
individual
to
arrange, but
it, it
flowering creepers
are desired
must not be placed under or near the shade of big trees, especially such as the Elm, whose hungry roots would travel a long way to feed upon the good soil that the creepers must be planted in. The form of the structure must also be governed by circumstances and
simple structure is the best. The supports should be Oak tree stems, about 9m. in diameter, with the bark on, let into the ground about 2ft., if on a bed of concrete the better. The posts must be connected and firmly secured to each other by long pieces of similar width, and running along the sides, while the top may
individual tastes.
to cover
stem delicate and beautiful kinds will luxuriate coccinea, Lonicera sempervirens, Solanum jasminoides, the Pomegranate, and plants not seen in every garden. It should support, too, sweet-smelling
tree
Clematis
and a large proportion of the climbers used should possess a delicate fragrance to perfume the walk. When the pergola is built by a walk or lake, an opportunity is provided of planting bright flowers in the Plants against grass to add colour to the picture. pergolas require attention in the winter and spring to prevent undue tangling of growth, as this will, of course, spoil the beauty of everything except the most vigorous kinds. The Japanese and North American Vines may be planted freely, for the sake of their glorious autumn colours.
flowers,
4i
TENDER
By
F.
PLANTS
FOR
THE
SUMMER
GARDEN.
W. Burbidge,
those
m.a.,
f.l.s.,
f.r.h.s., v.m.h.
TENDER
for
plants are
that will
not
withstand a
low winter
temperature,
but
months
for
of the year. or
Amongst
all
exotics,
for
some remarkable
all
colour
perfume, others
grace of form
special
line
some
in
both or
of these
qualities combined,
and
more
For
or
less
use
until
October.
The
blue
Cannas
Bamboos,
some
localities,
but
not so
others.
So also
;
many
bulbs,
such
as
Crinums,
white
Ixias,
and Gladioli
Cannas, Phormiums,
Sikkim
Rhododendrons,
etc.
the
Azalea,
of
Arum
Lilies,
Romneya
Coulteri, Cordvlines,
in
some Yuccas,
in
On
the
West Coasts
or
England, Ireland,
Wales,
many
Isles
exposed places,
or on cold,
heavy,
of
wet
soils.
Valentia,
Oban,
of course,
Scilly
open-air
culture of
position
what
is
elsewhere
be tender
vegetation.
Even on
light,
warm
soils,
a great deal,
many
or
Cape, from
New
North China
North India, Chili, and Peru, being hardy under walls or close to hot-houses,
that would die during our average winters in the open ground. Plants that are hardy under south-west, west, Aspect, again, is a very potent factor.
and even
hard frosts
north walls or
hedges, are
often fatally
injured by
when
Deep
limits are a
vegetation.
essential, as well
winds.
Some
plants
42
like
THE
Fatsia japonica, and
if
CENTURY
or
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
rarely do well
wood
forest underlings,
and attain
their
natural
a sliding
beauty
exposed to
full
sunshine.
Moisture
is
we have
scale from the pure aquatics to the sand and gravel or dry rock' and wall
plants, never so
happy as when fully exposed high and dry in the sun. In mild localities near the sea even the Cape Fig Marigolds (Mesembryanthemums) are hardy and beautiful on dry rocks,
mud
in in
There are
the bastion
fifty or
the Scilly
On
walls of the
all
and flowery
the
garden at St. Michael's Mount they hang summer and autumn-tide, though in winter
salt
gardens where
bare,
hot,
dry,
these
may
often
of bold habit,
many
others that
It is
may
groups or
masses
offender vegetation.
spring, partly to keep
down such
size,
them
production
cost
of
much
larger
leaves.
Very good
effects are to
be obtained at a reasonable
by focussing
important
foliage
or grouping the
real
sub-tropical plants
the distance.
The question
beauty consists
of
in
and as a broad
in
rule
their
do best
deep,
moist,
in
and well-manured
light
soils.
Cannas, Pelargoniums,
Another
look best
in
full
etc.,
do better
sandy
is
manured.
practical
in
point not to be
or
overlooked
shady
half-shaded
nooks
on
flowering
as
rule,
sunshine.
a
Moisture, during
hot, dry
weather,
all
It
of
possible
hose-pipe
should
be
laid
to
the
of
in
larger
late
all
they
may
be
watered and
has
but
in
"bedding out"
its
forms and
in
phases;
things
gardens and
gardening of
all
out," as done at Heckfield by the late Mr. Wildsmith, gained the praise and admiration of
some
the
of the
bitterest
opponents
of the
system.
in
The
flat
late
when
a
at Battersea felt
to
tameness
due
sameness
introduction
of
the
of
then
outdoor
gardening,
in
and
him
in
the
main
was
the
bold
tropical
vegetation
picturesque
flat
manner.
Wildsmith and others soon afterwards united the two systems, and
and broken by graceful irregularity
beautiful
sunny
of tree
form,
in
fact,
was added
flower
to bright colour.
of limited area,
beds or the
formal
patterned
away
with, or
not
formed, and
away from
in front of
was seen
and
or of purple
and
gold
leaves.
This
kind
of
treatment,
the
suppression of
is
the
flower-beds
massing
in
of effective plants
especially appropriate
and, above
all,
do not dot and speckle the lawn with beds, groups, or single plants.
is
Even
in
not a due
proportion
of
to contrast
with
colour
so
of
the
flowers
employed.
find
critics
Just
bedding
to
plants
were decried
years
or
ago, so
to-day
we
who
object
in
outdoor
written
summer
of of
garden.
One who
plants,
preaches tolerance
many
sub-tropical
" Their
room
is
better
than
their
to
hundreds
plants
quite as
beautiful,
43
44
without coddling.
THE
CENTURY
all,
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
are,
if
After
in
compared
everybody
their
This would be
so,
all
very well
in
same
and
this
point
of
is is
not
the garden, as
for
for,
ample room
tastes
all,
all is
systems
or
methods
after
to please
human
needs.
One
gardens.
of
the
rarest
of
all
;
natural
gifts
or
senses
is
a good eye
for
colour.
Even
shades.
here
so
we
often seen in
Colour
in
may
be either
mixed
or
massed
in
separate
As
apprethat
ciate
brilliant
pall
effects
would soon
those
day.
and
weary
generally
to
judge
as
the
most
to
suitable
;
colour
scheme
ever
employ
is,
but whatbright
or
that
one
telling colour
should predomifocus
nate
and
occupy the
of
spot or
centre
the whole
suggestions on the
vivid
use
but
colour,
and
rarely
uses
her
brightest
is
safe
rule
with
the
brightest
colours,
and
all
the
warm hues
or
yellow
and
contrast,
this
being a
the
better
contrast
than
vulgar combination
reds,
Above
all,
take
all
care
in
the
juxtaposition of
is
and keep
it
possible.
As
a rule,
is
same
suitable
foliage
to act
as
a foil,
but
now
such
and
then
mixed
or
spangle
bed
or
group
used
grey
or
may be made
But
in
the
close
most
of
colours,
as
scarlet,
yellow,
is,
and
plenty
of
blue,
of
may
green
be
or
proximity
only
along
once,
on
one
condition,
and that
the
that
foliage
is
be
used
at
with
them.
colour
Wherever
should be
will
whole
a
it
flower
red,
garden
yellow,
parterre
or
seen
;
one
in
dominant,
give
far
be
orange,
blue
few kinds
broad
masses
more
effect
than,
any
TENDER
mixtures
PLANTS
of
FOR
THE
SUMMER
Zonal
GARDEN.
Pelargonia,
Lobelia,
other
flat
4S
can do.
For masses
colour
we
have
and
Begonias
of
the
blue
tuberous-rooted
flowers,
or foliage
section,
yellow
and
crimson
Calceolarias,
both
plants
white and
the
fire-like
scarlet
or
of the
Tropaeolums,
of colour
many
having flowers
neatly arranged,
of fine colour
form.
Masses
may
are
be either
and
as
tall
in
mav
when
the
best
or
Pelargoniums,
Cannas,
Fuchsias,
of
or
Daturas
employed,
we
can
of
have
the
lightest
of
and
most ethereal
feathery arrangements
absolutely
or
no
limit
the
distinct
in
and
beautiful
effects
obtainable by the
tender
summer
months,
and
not
from
Palms,
the
greenhouses
improved
by being so
Large
Bamboos,
Musas,
M.
Ensete
in
particular,
Aralias,
grouped
varied
sheltered
positions
in
on
the
the
lawn,
enable
us
to
obtain
the
of
sub-tropical
effects
garden.
The
is
old-fashioned
way
Oranges,
\
Lemons,
Mvrtles,
Pomegranates,
on terrace
eras.
Sweet
walks
This
Verbena,
Pelargoniums,
Agapanthuses,
buildings
Bay
the
at
especially suitable
near good
at
of
Elizabethan
and
Queen Anne
of
was
is
special
feature
Hampton Court,
good form
Spain,
still
walks
at
many
may
of
be employed
with
on
terrace
walls
or
of
steps,
as
is
done
in
South
stone.
The
point
to use
bowls ^r vases
or
ugly
the
concrete
right
Marylebonese
give
creations.
artistic
Even
old
Florence
oil
jars,
sawn
of
through
at
point,
very
receptacles,
and
46
THE
in
CENTURY
the
BOOK
time.
OF
GARDENING.
or
being reasonable
receptacles
for
price
at
same
Old Seakale
in
terrace
is
wall
plants, being
good
Now
house,
I
there
bright
colour
often
architects
Carnations, Pinks, Stocks, Wallflowers, and even dwarf Scotch and other
Roses
These
Portugal
in
and
all
Spain,
where some
is
of
the
finest
The
pergola
its
forms
now
welcome
us
in
feature
many
soon
of
our
best
gardens,
and
we
will
follow.
durable and
suitable materials
instead of
left
to
the carpenter,
is
now.
plants
in
As
gardener
to
use
of
of tender
the
open-air
better than
to
written
or printed
advice.
Go,
use
if
at
least
send your
see the
actual
results obtained
by
their
in
such places
as
Regent's Park,
Hyde Park
notably the
little
watery
dell
at the
head
of the Serpentine.
is
also
in
Garden," and
Court,
learn,
for
Hampton
to
while
something
purposes of imitation, or
lather improvement,
may
in
be
seen
parks
in
all
the
great
public
or
and
gardens
around
London.
But
we
in
best
public
of
gardens the
fine-leaved
arrangement
plants
fect,
is
not
invariably perall
and
we must
and and
do our
many
in-
flower-beds,
A
of
all
of
the
GARDEN
IN SUMMER-TIME.
artistic
dot
line
method
arrangement.
over
We
should not dot our Palms or Musas or Indian Figs at regular intervals
sunny glades
in
alike.
Not only
inartistic,
is
the
it
dotting
and spotting
of a
of
the entire
but
every way.
One
of the true
garden
scene
or
is
its
picturesque character,
artist,
a Parsons, or a
?
Moon,
care to paint
as
it
is,
know
a garden
in
in
Ireland
full
rocky terrace
sunshine.
not,
at first sight,
likely
but a few large American Agaves grouped amongst the rocks, the
amongst
sheltered,
which
scene,
is
(Mesembryanthemums),
Riviera
really
the
under
our
oft
picture of the
A
to
mossy
is
down which
which
little
another,
to
Tree Ferns,
which
look quite at home, surrounded as they are by natural conditions of flickering shade, coolness,
soil
at their feet
sometimes even survive an ordinary winter, though the Ferns are removed
TENDER
PLANTS
FOR
THE
SUMMER
GARDEN
47
SCOITISH GARDEN.
indoors in October.
are
In the
same
place Stag's
rafts
large Nephrolepis
grown
specially on
teak-wood
can be wired tightly to the gnarled and mossy trunks of the trees overhanging the stream,
is
quite
natural
amid their
rocky surroundings.
of
One
known
There
are
the
most subtle
a
of
of
all
the conditions
in
plant
arrangement
in
is
that
as
is
"keeping,"
right
thing
the
right place."
a perfect sense
or
keeping,
if
we
if
associate
Bamboos,
or
or
or the
Greater they
stream, because
naturally marsh-loving
or
bog plants
but
Agaves
in
similar
in
Those who
should read Letter
in
really
111.
wish to excel
in
this effective
of
of
in
Ruskin's "Elements
of
form and
in
of
colour
Drawing" on "Colour and Composition," " The Sub-tropical are clearly laid down.
of
Garden, or Beauty
is
Form
the Flower
also a
work on
for
AbUtilonS.
ways,
These beautiful plants may be used many clothing greenhouse or conservatory pots though when grow and the open, where they planting out thus used and
i.e.,
pillars
roofs, to
in
less
attractive
for
in
extreme South of England and Ireland they may in sheltered spots be even left out the whole year. A delightful kind for the summer garden is Boule de Neige, which is the most beautiful of the white kinds, very free both in bloom and growth. This may be grouped upon the outskirts of the lawn, or associated with other plants in large beds, and an easy way to manage it is to sink the pots above the rim, The plants will lifting again on the approach of frost.
flower as freely as under glass.
In the
shade, whilst
of striped
kinds,
which are always less effective than the selfs, striatum splendidum is as good as any. A. Thompsoni fiore-pleno has double orange and crimson veined flowers and variegated leaves. The Almtilon is much valued lor its foliage, as some kinds are conspicuously coloured, and of these the most important areSouvenirde Bonn, Thompsoni, which is, perhaps, the most popular of all, naevium marmoratum,
48
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Darwini tesselatum, variegatum, and vexillarium variegatum, which is, however, prone to revert to the green form if the soil is too rich. One must not imitate planters in some parks and use them everywhere. Too much variegation produces a spotty effect. Thompsoni is probably the most popular, and if one kind is needed, select this. Propagate Abutilons by cuttings late in March, of moderately firm wood. Cut just under a joint and remove the lower pair of leaves, then put the cuttings round the sides of a 5m. pot, or, if of good size, singly in large sixties. Put them if possible in a close case, giving bottom heat, and only sufficient water to prevent flagging. When the cuttings are rooted more water may be given, and when becoming established pot on until they can be hardened off before planting out. Soil composed of loam and leaf-mould, mixed with plenty of sharp silver sand, suffices. AgatllSea CCelestiS (Blue Marguerite). This is a charming tender plant for bedding. A small bed filled with it is very pretty, as the growth is bushy and the daisy-like flowers of a clear blue colour. It can be used also as a groundwork, so to say, for taller things. A dry sunny position is necessary, and propagate by seeds and by cuttings but the best way is to strike cuttings in spring they quickly root with a little bottom heat, and may be potted and grown on either for the open or to flower in
sowing, but disturb the surface as little as possible, as the soil must be quite even. The best way is to let the water percolate through the compost by holding the pan in a pail of water. When sowing is finished, cover the seed pan with a piece of glass. Place on a hot-bed, or keep the surroundings fairly moist. A bed filled with cocoa-nut fibre refuse, in a warm house and over hotwater pipes, is an excellent place for raising seedlings of Begonias and similar flowers. The temperature of the house should be not less than 65deg. and in about a fortnight the seedlings will be ready to prick off into a shallow pan or box, using a lead pencil or small pointed stick for this work. Give the same warmth, and when the}' touch each other pot into 3m. pots, gradually hardening them off until they can be placed in the cold frame in May, covering at night if frost is anticipated, ready for the open ground, in which they may be planted early in June. Begonias appreciate a rather moist soil, and a position not too much exposed to the sun. Always group the colours well, and a bed, for example, of a crimson variety is more effective than a medley of various hues. White and pink, bronzy orange and self orange, and associations of colours of this character create brilliant effects. list of named varieties has not been given, for the reason that the colours in seedlings raised from good seed are wonderfully rich and varied, from white, through
,
pots in winter. When the latter is the object, pick off the buds during the summer, ceasing to do so in early autumn.
and peach
tints, as subtle as in
the
Tea
Ageratums
form a useful class of dwarf bedders, and are frequently used as a groundwork to other plants, the herbaceous Lobelia, for example. Cuttings strike freely in
warmth in early spring. The best varieties are Cannell's Dwarf and Verte Bleu, both of a blue shade, Swanley Blue, Tapis Blanc, and the Zoo, which is perhaps the
Ageratums, because so dwarf, make good edgings, but this family should be planted with caution.
finest of all.
A surfeit
sees
and one frequently which they are entirely unfitted. The colours are somewhat monotonous, but the plants bloom so freely and regularly that they have
pleasant,
for
in the old carpet style of gardening, happily seldom seen now, a form of. bedding which entails endless labour in keeping
to a set pattern.
Alternantheras are of value for their leaf only, the colours ranging from yellow to reddish bronze, a few of the more important kinds being Amcena, paronychioides major, p. magnifica, and the variety Aurea. Certainly where carpet bedding is indulged in these plants are indispensable, and being natives of Brazil they are, of course, very tender. They are very easily propagated, striking the cuttings in a warm house with bottom heat. As a rule, of course, a considerable quantity is necessary, and then they should of plants be struck in a hot-bed. Before transferring them to the garden thorough hardening off is necessary, and planting must not commence before the first week in June. They are only of use in bedding. Begonias. One wishes every garden flower were as easily raised as the tuberous and fibrous rooted Begonias. They have in a large measure superseded the Pelargonium, and this is not surprising when one considers that seed may be obtained in distinct colours, which are faithfully reproduced in the seedlings. Seed sown in January will produce plants for flowering the same year, and another sowing in March ensures a still richer display. The tuberous kinds will be considered first. Sow in January and March, and get the best seed obtainable, as this is the most economical in the end. The flowers are either double or single, but of course seed can be obtained of either section, and it is very fine, so much so that great care must be taken not to sow too thickly. Use for sowing very shallowJust cover it with fine soil. pans, which must be thoroughly well drained, almost to Little soil is necessary for the seed, and this the rim. should be composed of sandy loam, leaf- mould, and sharp silver sand well mixed together. Moisten it before
deep yellow, crimson of all shades, and vermilion. The same beautiful colouring is found amongst the double varieties. Propagation by division is easy, and useful when dealing with named varieties. Half bury the tubers in a sandy soil, and place the box in a warm house. When the eyes push out from the crown, lift the tuber, removing the soil, and cut clean through, taking care to have two eyes at least to each piece of corm. Pot up the divided portions, place in the warm house, and treat in the way advised for seedlings. The fibrous-rooted Begonias are very popular and more easily raised even than the tuberous varieties. They are scarcely so gay as the others, but summers. useful and effective, especially in moist Duchess of York, Crimson Gem, P'airy Queen, and Duchess of Edinburgh are delightful, and may be raised true from seed. B. Worthiana is an excellent bedding Begonia. The orange scarlet flowers have a drooping tendency, hence are less exposed to storms of rain and
itself,
Rose
to bronzy orange,
wind. It Begonias
is is
store
the corms
ground and thoroughly boxes for the purpose, quite free from frost. foliage has died down,
a stage,
already
in
pots
when
the
lay
them on
their sides
under
and when sighs of growth appear in the spring them out. Remember that the foliage of Begonias is very succulent, and if exposed to the full sun, especially when water has settled upon it, the result is that it gets Many fail to grow Begonias burnt and disfigured.
bring
satisfactorily for the reason that the requirements of the
In very hot southern exposures hardly advisable to plant them, unless the soil is moist and gentle sprinklings in the evening can be given. So greatly has the habit of growth been improved of late years that the plants are available now for positions which they could not have occupied some time ago, for then the stems were "gawky" and the flowers comparatively few. The single kinds are generally a greater success in the open than the double Begonias, which
plants are not studied.
it
is
expand
less freely,
free.
a noble foliage plant for the summer garden to group with India-rubber plants, Eucalyptuses (Blue Gum), and plants of like character.
It must not, however, be crowded up with things of unruly growth, as under such conditions one loses the Plant it in rich soil, in massive aspect of the foliage. a warm sheltered spot, lifting the tubers at the end of September, before frost has played pranks with the foliage, and storing them in a greenhouse much in the
same way
as
49
CO
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
8ft.
GARDENING.
Calceolarias.
are two groups of Calceolarias, and shrubby, and it is the latter that are here dealt with. These flowers are less used than formerly, partly from disease, and partly through the stereotyped bedders having lost favour. The plants have an unfortunate disposition to suddenly collapse but by planting late in April in well-prepared ground, in which plenty of manure is put deep down, so that the roots as they develop can the herbaceous
;
There
Cannas are very easy to grow. Propagate them by placing the old roots in warmth in February, and if at command give bottom heat. The result will be young shoots, which when about 2in. in length take off with a heel attached, and insert singly in small pots. Plunge these in bottom heat in a house with a temperature of 65deg. If such means are not available give less warmth but of course the cuttings will not root so
;
When large plants in pots are required each year, propagation must be performed annually. A very simple way to propagate is by dividing the roots when growth commences, potting the divided portions in soil consisting of loam, well-decayed manure, and sharp silver sand, and affording a temperature of about 55deg. The roots may be stored in a frost-proof fairly dry cellar, or under the stage of a cool greenhouse. Lift them when frost has destroyed their beauty, and with a blunt stick remove as much soil from amongst them as possible, then lay them in the sun for a few hours to dry, and store. It is almost impossible to give a selection of varieties without introducing a bewildering list there are so many noble kinds, and each year they increase, the flowers gaining breadth and colour, whilst the rich chocolate tone of some leaves is very attractive. Of the dark-leaved kinds, President Carnot, President Faure, Antonin Crozy, Geoffrey Saint Hilaire, and M. Andre are noteworthy and amongst those valued for their flowers the following are very effective Alphonse Bouvier, deep crimson ; Antoine Chantin, rosy salmon Antonin Crozy, crimson, very rich against the dark-coloured leaves Aurea, clear yellow Duchess of York, yellow, spotted with red Italia, red and yellow Jules Chretien, crimson carmine Mine. Crozy, orange red, with a margin of gold to the florets Mme. Just, of a beautiful golden amber colour, red in the centre of the flower Paul Lorenz, crimson flowers and very dark-coloured leaves and Progres, vermilion spotted with a reddish colour and margined with yellow. To get flowers freely, plant in early June
quickly.
; ;
: ;
CALCEOLARIA.
discover
succeed.
it,
and watering
fail in
They
to strike cuttings is
,
with a heel, i.e. a the lower leaves removed, root readily in a cool frame. Drain the soil well by putting broken bricks, crocks, and similar things in the bottom, and over this fine loamy soil, which should be brought up to within a few inches of the
in very dry weather, poor shallow soil. The October, when side shoots bit of the old wood, and
they will
best time
taken off
Tut the cuttings about 2in. apart, and in each hole sufficient sand for each to rest upon, and water with a fine-rosed watering pot. Shut the frame up, giving air occasionally to prevent damping off, and cover the lights with old sacks, mats, or similar articles to
glass.
little
keep out
frost in severe weather. Little water will be required until growth commences, but the soil must not be allowed to get dust dry. In spring, ventilate more freely, until the plants can be fully exposed before being planted out in late April in the beds or borders. few plants
may be potted up for the greenhouse if desired. Cuttings may be struck in spring in heat, following the same advice
as given in
is
the
of
best
time.
Amplexicaulis,
lemon
colour,
is
one
the sturdiest
and most
free flowering.
Other good
strong crowns, and
position
CANNA.
let the soil be very rich, and the exposed to the full sun, but not wind-swept. Give water freely during the summer in dry weather. Dahlias. A sumptuous garden flower is the Dahlia, which is now divided into many classes. The plant is a native of Mexico, and the parent from which the present family has been derived is D. variabilis. It was first introduced into Spain in 1789, but was brought to our
kinds are Gaine's Yellow, Golden Gem, and Prince of Orange. Carina (Indian Shot). The Canna is welcome for its noble leafage as well as for its splendid flowerspikes, which never attain full beauty, however, unless the summer is warm and dry, but it is always worth planting in bold groups on the lawn or some conspicuous spot in the flower garden. Of late years many beautiful varieties have been raised with flowers larger and finer in colour than the older kinds, whilst some are quite dwarf in growth, not more than 3ft., others reaching a height of 7ft. or even
shores in the same year by Lord Bute, who was Ambassador to the Spanish Court at that time. There are
; ;
TENDER
PLANTS
FOR
THE
SUMMER
colour
GARDEN.
association
rich
a
51
Pompon,
pretty
yellow,
;
touched
soft
with
light
large garden
is
brown; Cycle,
shade;
freely);
ruby; Delicata,
coral
pink, a pretty
Dahlia, as the planl is loo bushy and vigorous unless the beds or borders are bold and when a variety of a good self colour can be freely grouped, the effect is excellent. Dahlias are nol difficult In grow, ami they are easily increased by cuttings, divisi f the roots, or
;
Fantasy,
fusilier,
salmon
seeds. The usual way is by cuttings, and these are obtained by starting the old roots in cocoa-nut fibre refuse, boxes filled with light soil, or similar receptacles, placed over bottom heat to promote quick growth. Start
by
the roots in February, and take the cuttings off close to the tuber, putting each culling into a small pot, or they may be put round the sides of larger pots. When rooted pot them off separately, and transfer them to larger sizes
loin lied with scarlet Harmony, red, shaded Henry Stredwick, maroon; [uarezi, scarlet, the variety upon which this group is founded, as it was brought from Mexico in 1872, and fust show n by Messrs. Cannell and Sons, of Swanley, seven years after; Lady Penzance, yellow, a very clear and beautiful colour; May Victor, yellow; Mrs. F. Fell Matchless, maroon There is a single and Mrs. A. Peart, pure white.
crimson,
bronze;
of roots. Before planting them they must be thoroughly hardened off, and meanwhile prepare the sites by digging the soil thoroughly and pulling a layer of manure in the bottom of the hole, not to ime into actual contact with the
full
as the pots
become
May
roots,
but
rich
for
soil
them
will, h
to
hnd
growth
progress,-,.
Cactus class also in which the florets are twisted, as in These are very useful for cutting, the double variety. This is a small being graceful and pretty in colouring. group, the best varieties being Ivanhoe, rose, crimson at Lady Rowena, sulphur yellow, the base of the florets Meg Merrilies, yellow ; with florets tipped with rose and the Abbess, white. Fancy and Show Dahlias are grown chiefly lor exhibition, and the fancy varieties differ only from the show
;
Too
owever, promote excess of leafage, which is undesirabk Many growers believe more in watering with q uid
1
being either tipped or striped with colour. very thin dividing line between the two groups.
in
It
is
They
are,
manure
in
summer
il
the
tive in the
plant appears to need support, and the growths must be kepi well thinned out.
the
in
Cactus, Pompon, and single Dahlias. Of the fancy and show kinds, the following
Dahlia
wind-swept districts. Another way to propagate is by division of the crowns when growth commences, and this is
cially
in
have been selected as the most effective in colour R. T. Crimson Gem Rising Rawlings, yellow Sun, a very dwarf plant, not more than 2ft. high at
:
simple, as
off
them
or
into
good
roots
soil,
starting
in gentle
and warmth,
rich yellow.
Dahlias
are
the
old
may
to
be
the
;
transferred
bodily
is is
pre-
belong nor to
to
the Cactus
The Dahlia
not
The
in
following are
:
handsome
the garden Asia, a tint Avalanche, peach very delicate, almost pure
;
but with a faint pink tint Cannell's Gem, Cannell's plant. When this orange red the occurs, lift the Scarlet ; Constance, white DAHLIAS, roots Countess of Pembroke, soft carefully, remove as much soil as from them, and before possible lilac Glare of the Garden, scarlet, very brilliant in the placing in the store, dry in the sun, or if the weather garden, as the name suggests; Mrs. Hawkins, soft sulphur is unkind, in a greenhouse, or even kitchen. yellow, flushed with pink; and the yellow A. W. Tait. Then put them close together in boxes rilled with light soil, and Pompon Djhlias are delightful flowers, double, and transfer to a cellar, or under the plant stage, where The beautifully shaped, and appear with great freedom. Arthur West, they will be safe from frost, and not exposed to drip. following varieties are of great merit Very little water will suffice in winter, merely sufficient Darkness, crimson ; Bacchus, also of a crimson shade to prevent the tubers shrivelling. E. F. Jungker, almost black, so intense is the colour Selection of Varieties. Eurydice, pink, touched with purple This is an important point, very soft yellow and confusing to those who know little of the various Isabel, orange scarlet Janet, Fairy Tales, primrose races. If one desires new varieties, the collection must salmon Nerissa, rose Phoebe, orange Whisper, yellow be constantly added to, and others weeded out. and White Aster, Such a and bronze Vivid, orange scarlet course, however, is only necessary when one wishes to pure white. obtain prizes at the exhibitions. The Cactus class is Single Dahlias need no description, and there are the most handsome in the garden, anil will lie morethe self, or shaded flowers three divisions, so to say distributed in is valuable still when every variety throws its flowers well fancy, in which the colouring above the leaves, as the prevailing fault is that one sees Of the selfs, and the Cactus. stripes and blotches more of the leaf than the blossom. Sometimes this is choose Amos Perry, deep maroon, a pretty, velvety the fault of giving too rich soil, and of not thinning out flower Annie Hughes, rosy shade, with the base of the the growths freely. Demon, maroon, almost black Kitty, The following are very beautiful in florets yellow colour, and, for the most part, throw their flowers above white, touched with a pleasing mauve colour at the the leaves Bertha Mawley, crimson Charles Woodupper part of the florets; Marion Hood, pink, a clear, bridge, also of a crimson shade Of the fancy, Countess of Gosford, a good colour; and Miss Roberts, yellow.
white,
52
most
popular
;
THE
are
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Gulielma, white and cinnamon Sheppard, yellow, striped with red M.C.C. yellow, with orange scarlet stripes, a very effective flower; Northern Star, red, edged with buff; Phyllis, white, with stripes of purplish hue and Victoria, white, with crimson edge. This group is somewhat quixotic in colouring, and the colours are not always very fixed. Dahlias are of great value for giving cut flowers, especially for bold decorations, such as the church, for harvest festivals and the Cactus, single, and Pompon classes are also most useful for
colour
Jack
and constant throughout the summer. The Lobelia is one of the most useful of bedding plants, but it must not be ov erdone. There are w hite varieties and those with flowers
of varying shades of blue, also the taller kinds (L. ramosa),
cnn. in height.
Few
plants,
however,
more
useful or better
known than
these, as they
may
be planted in vases, window-boxes, and in hanging baskets in the greenhouse. Where it is possible to keep the plants through the winter, propagate by cuttings, as these furnish stock of dwarfer and more compact growth
than
seeds.
is
possible
by
to
The
is
way
to
this purpose.
get cuttings
the the
keep
Datura
is
suaveolens
of
for
one
most
sub-
suitable flowering
plants
tropical garden. It can be grown well in
large
in
pot
or
tub,
growths.
strike
These
in
will
brought
glass
on
the
to
under
spring,
just
and plunged,
it
as
is
about
Its
come
heat.
rately,
Pot
off
sepa-
into flower, in
I
uly
June or appearance
its
surroundings.
Fuchsias.
sant to
It
is
plea-
heat
of
is
becoming
and
many
boxes
filled
DATURA.
soil.
placed them under a cloud. The hardy shrubby kinds will be described in the chapter concerning trees and shrubs, as here bedding plants only are being considered. They are very easily propagated by placing the old plants in heat early in the year and taking off the young shoots with a heel attached and potting them either singly in small pots filled with a soil similar to that in which one would strike a Pelargonium, or round the sides of a 48 (5in. ) size. When rooted, pot them off, and the routine after this is very simple, consisting in merely potting them on as the pots become full of roots, and hardening off before trusting them in the open garden. Loam, leaf-mould, and silver sand make a good general compost, but it should be rather heavier for the later pollings. When one desires those fine specimens used in gardens and parks, either in beds or grouped upon the lawn, the old plants must be kept from year to year. This is very easy, as they may be kept in their pots in any shed, or even cellar, if the soil is not allowed to get dust dry and they are not exposed to severe frost. Green-fly is sometimes troublesome when the young growth appears through placing the plants in warmth to start them again, but sharp syringing with cold water before it gets established will settle this marauder. The double kinds are too lumpy to use freely out of doors. Such kinds as Mrs. Marshall, Earl of Beaconsfield, Tower of London, Harry Brooks, and Mine. Cornellissen should be obtained before
warm
greenhouse with a sheet of glass over their receptacle, ami when the seedlings are large enough prick off into other boxes, putting them about ijin. apart. Give a little heat again and then pot off singly or prick out further apart into other boxes. If, however, the stock is very large, it is needful to merely thin them out in the boxes, and from these, when well hardened off, they maybe transThe Never use too much warmth. ferred to the beds. seeds may be raised even in a warm room, placing the seed pans in a sunny window. Blue is a delightful colour used in moderation. But lines of Lobelia here, there, and everywhere are not pleasant. This is the abuse of it.
Pelargoniums
(Zonal). These are popularly called "Geraniums," but that term is botanically incorrect, as Geraniums are wild plants, whereas those so called in gardens have been raised by crossing species to produce
any
is
others.
Hedyehium Gardnerianum
[Car/and Flower). This a tropical plant, a member of a beautiful family, and worth planting in a separate bed, if not grouped with other exotic flowers. In quite the Southern Counties the roots may remain out all the winter if coal ashes or cocoanut fibre refuse are heaped over them, but generally it is
lift them and store in the same way as one would Cannas or Dahlias. Plant out late in May in wellmanured soil loam and decayed manure are best and
wise to
new forms. Of course the Zonal Pelargonium is still one of the most useful of garden flowers, but is far less planted than formerly. The fine-leaved varieties, the tricolors, silver, and others, should not be planted in town gardens, but the usual run of "Geraniums " are a success anywhere, especially in the South, where they can remain out all the winter and grow into large shrubs. that advice It is so easy to raise them from cuttings Strike them in August seems almost unnecessary. August is preferable, as the cuttings or September. made from moderately-ripened shoots and cut just under a joint may be dibbled in a sunny, fairly open Gardeners root thousands in spot in early August. If the the narrow borders skirting fruit tree plantations. soil is poor, it must be improved by adding loam and leaf-mould, and in the case of any particular variety put a little sharp silver sand underneath each cutting for it to Give a good waterrest upon and prevent possible decay. ing, and in September, before there is any risk of frost, pots, transferring them lift them and pot singly into 3m. It is from these to a larger size. Plant out in late May.
to strike the tricolor and other variegated leaved kinds under glass. If no border is available or any spot in the garden, then strike the cuttings in shallow boxes or in pots, and put them in a cold trame, or in a window even. Cuttings may also be struck in March or April under glass
water liberally in dry weather. The leaves are very handsome, not unlike those of the Canna, and the flowers, which are of a buff yellow tint, are very fragrant and borne freely in strong spikes.
advisable
Lobelias.
There
seems
little
affinity between the tall and the bright blue Lobelia, gay
53
54
THE
[Ivy-leaved).
for
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Pelargoniums
of flowers, useful
This is a graceful group hanging baskets, window-boxes, or vases in the garden, and to peg down over the surface of a bed. Cuttings may be struck in spring or in autumn, as in
the case ofthe zonal varieties, but they should not be trusted out of doors. Of double varieties choose from amongst the following A. F. Barron, rosy lilac Beauty of Castle
: ;
warm for annual foliage plants to attain perfection even when grown under the most favourable conditions, while,
question.
Hill, rose
Galilee,
soft
rose
lavender;
Mine.
Thibaut,
pink;
salmon pink; and Souvenir de Charles Turner, pink touched with maroon. Of these Souvenir de Charles Turner is the freest and most vigorous. Salvia patens and S. splendens (the Blue and Scarlet Salvia). These are singled out from all the other Salvias because of their extreme beauty and usefulness in
the summer garden. S. patens (the Blue Salvia) contributes a bit dl true blue colouring to the border, and a group of it in a bed by itself on the lawn is charming, as the flowers are really blue. When placed against the white Phlox or rising from a bed surfaced with the bronzygreen Heuchera, the result is pleasing and distinct. The white variety is pretty, but we have plenty of white flowers,
they are starved, a satisfactory effect is out of the Although it is doubtless true that subjects which require the shelter of glass through the winter, and those that must be raised from seed in heat and planted out in the early summer, are indispensable to any subtropical garden, fine effects are obtainable from hardy, or comparatively hardy, subjects, at all events in the South of England. Acanthus mollis with its giant, arching leafage and tall bloom-spikes, 6ft. high and more the dwarfer A. spinosissimus with its prickly leaves Aralia (Fatsia) japonica and A. spinosa, the latter most effective when grown with a straight stem 8ft. to ioft. high, whence it spreads its large, deeply-cut leaves and white flower-plumes aloft, both of which are hardy in the south-west; Ailantus glandulosa, the Stag's-horn
if
;
not so many, however, of the clear blue colour of S. It has tuberous roots, and it is an easy matter to store them in sand or ashes in a cellar or some cool house where they will be safe from frost, planting out again in It is a mistake to dot this or any other plant the spring. Make a good group of it and get the about the border. full effect of the self blue flowers. It is a simple matter also to strike cuttings in spring from moderately-ripened shoots, treating them as one would the Fuchsia. The Salvias in general will be considered when greenhouse flowers are dealt with. The Scarlet S. splendens and the variety Bruanti are brilliant tender summer flowers also. Sllb-tropieal Gardening. The attractions of our gardens are mainly, if not entirely, dependent upon tun The first factors, beauty of colour and beauty of form. comprises all effects that owe their being to artistic blending of tints, either in the way of contrasts, or colour gradations, where hues merge almost imperceptibly into The last includes the configuration and allied hues.
patens.
typhina), and Paulownia imperialis, three handsome-leaved trees, which, if cut down yearly, throw up strong shoots bearing exceptionally large and striking foliage, the two first of which are absolutely hardy and the latter hardy in the south-west, where the great American Aloe (Agave americana) assumes massive proportions the giant Reed (Arundo Donax) and its tenderer, variegated variety, and the New Zealand Reed (Arundo conspicua) with its graceful white plumes, with Arundinarias and Bambusas, which if protected from cutting winds will stand 2odeg. of frost; Dracaena australis, grown in quantitv and flowering grandly along
;
Sumach (Rhus
fine
its
perennial
Plume Poppy
white-backed
glaucous
environment of the garden, as well as the impressions conveyed by the contours of the varied subjects employed Where the garden is mainly devoted to to furnish it. summer bedding plants, the flat surface, though glowing
with brilliant colour, has not a suggestion of beauty of form, but in the sub-tropical garden this can be appreciated at its full value, provided that this portion of the grounds Any attempt is laid out with due regard to artistic effect. at formality, such as planting tall specimens of the same species at equal distances apart, in lines, or at the corners of tiie garden, if such exist, is fatal to the natural beauty of the spot where, of all places in the grounds, the charm of informal grouping should be most conspicuous, the subjects employed being planted with due regard to effective contrasts of outline and habit. sheltered dell is the most desirable position for a sub-tropical garden,
wide leaves of Palm and Musa are protected from the strong winds that work such havoc with their noble spread, while the setting of greenery provided by trees and shrubs, situated at some little distance, shows
proportions of the foliage plants to the best advantage. Naturally, such sites are not to be met with in every garden but in cases where they do not exist, simple beds where such things as Castor-oil plants Ricinus) and Indian shot (Canna) are massed, with an edging of the glaucous Plantain Lily (Funkia Sieboldi), or wide borders where the lofty shafts of Bamboos and Arundos and the tall flower-spires of the Plume Poppy (Bocconia cordata) stand out from the curving leaves of the noble Acanthus, the sword-like foliage and ivory bloom-spikes illiant of the Yuccas, the narrow, drooping leafage and flower-heads of the Tritomas, or Kniphofias, and the varied outlines of Crambe, Epimedium. and Solanum, are Wherever it may effective examples of beauty of form. be arranged to locate the sub-tropical garden, border or bed, it is a sine qua non that the soil must be both rich and deep, for our summers are none too long or too
off the graceful
; (
ivory-white flower-spire sometimes 8ft. in height Crambe cordifolia with its grand leafage Japanese Maples, ranging in colour from light green to the deepest copper-red ; Eulalia japonica and its variegated form, hardy in the Southern Counties; the Plantain Lilies (Funkia), hardy perennials of which the best are F. Sieboldi with blue-green leaves, F. ovata, and F. grandiflora the Ferulas, with their thread-like foliage Gunnera manicata and G. scabra, with their giant leaves, best suited, doubtless, by a position at the water's edge, but losing little of their noble proportions even when grown in dry soil Pampas Grass (Gynerium) ; the Fan Palm (Chamasrops Fortunei), that in many gardens in the southern portion of England has attained a height of 1 2ft. or 14ft. Kniphofias; the New Zealand Flaxes, Phormium tenax and P. t. variegata, which flourish amazingly and flower freely in Devon and Cornwall Polygonum cuspidatum and P. sachalinense, hardy, but requiring an isolated position, lest they encroach upon other less rapacious subjects ; and the family of Yuccas, the great Y. gloriosa with its lofty close-flowered spike, the drooping-leaved Y. pendula, Y. flaccida, and Y. filamentosa, form a collection of two dozen species of finefoliaged subjects that may, in certain portions of England, be planted with impunity for permanent effect, while quite half of the species enumerated are hardy. Of plants that require to be wintered in heat, or at least under glass, Acacia lopantha is one of the most graceful. Cannas are either raised from seed in strong heat early in the year, or the old plants are taken up, An stored, and started again in heat in the spring.
loliage
tall
; ; ; ; ;
; ;
and
excellent variety of
Canna for the sub-tropical garden is C. Ehmanni iridiflora, the Fuchsia-flowered Canna, with large Musa-like leaves and drooping scapes of Hedychiums are flowers of a rich carmine-pink colour.
also valuable for their foliage.
The Blue Gum (Eucalyptus very telling when in a comparatively young stage, as its glaucous colour is at that period particularly effective. Comparatively large specimens can be grown in moderate-sized pots, which may be plunged in the beds. This Eucalyptus grows well in the open in sheltered
globulus)
is
positions on the south-west coast, some specimens having attained a height of nearly 30ft. while they flower freely
,
and
produce
fertile
seed.
but
Gum
The Indiabe treated as a permanent outdoor subject. rubber plant (Eicus elastica) is also often made use of,
TENDER
and Grevillea robusla
graceful habit thai
is
is
PLANTS
FOR
THE
SUMMER
in
GARDEN.
55
another subject of particularly in sub-tropical gardening; it can be plunged in the bed well over the rim of the pot, and il repotted after being removed in (lie autumn, may be kept in g health Tor some years. Melianthus major is a plain that, in certain favoured spots in the south-west, proves hardy in il e open. lis large, deeply-cut, glaucous leaves give it a striking appearance and render it worthy of a position in the subtropical garden. In all but very cold localities, or where the soil is exceptionally damp and heavy, may be kept through the winter unharmed it its roots are covered with leaf-mould, rough litter, cocoa-nut fibre, or
valuable
I
very large pots or tubs under glass during the and plunged in the open during the summer months. Good kinds lor this method ol culture are Latania borbonica, Seaforthia elegans, Phcenix canadensis, and Kentia Forsteriana. Certain ol the Tree Ferns are also exceedingly decorative in the shady parts of the subtropical garden. In a few favoured spots in South-western England and Southern Ireland fine specimens of Tree f erns may be seen planted out in the open and apparently
winter,
in
grown
the
il
open
to.
during the summer, must be the method resorted Good kinds for such treatment are Dicksonia antarctica
air
coal ashes.
features of the sub-tropical garden
plants,
without doubt, one of he mi >st attractive when in vigorous health. Glass shelter during the winter is a necessity for these
is,
t
Musa Ensete
and D. squarrosa, Cyathea dealbata, and C. medullaris. Of flowering plants for the sub-tropical garden, Datura
suaveolens is one of the most suitable. It has been already referred to. The lofty Cape Hyacinth (Galtonia candicans) also associates well with such subjects, as does Abutilon vitifolium when grown as a tall, pyramidal bush some 8ft. high, and covered with white or lavender
artificially sheltered,
open
though cases have been known where specimens, have passed through a winter in the but where they have survived they have usually
FLOWERING ALOES.
received a severe check, which has had the effect of rendering them far less ornamental than if they had spent
blossoms. Many plants raised from seed in heat will be found useful for filling up, such as the Castor Oil plants
(Ricinus),
especially
Musas may be either plunged which they have been grown through the winter, or the tubs may be removed, and they may be
the winter under glass.
in the tubs
in
the
giant
as
Hemp (Cannabis),
planted in the prepared bed, being lifted carefully in the autumn and taken back to the shelter of a glasshouse. Musas are of particularly rapid growth, seed sown in heat
in
lolt.
high in the
summer
Musas
when more
all
their
pitiable
than they
present
when
the
leaves are
On by blustering winds. this account a very sheltered position should be chosen for planting out these noble subjects. The hardy Fan Palm, Chamaerops Fortunei, Dr excelsa, for the two are practically identical, has already been spoken of. Other Palms to be used in the sub-tropical garden must be
whipped
into ragged fringes
robustum, S. marginatum, and S. pyracanthum, as well Maize (Zea Mays) and its variegated form. Of course sub-tropical gardening is only possible in very large pleasure grounds. Masses of Cannas, Solanums, Galtonia, or Datura are necessary to get the true effect of these plants. Tub-gardening has been referred to by Mr. Burbidge, and it is to be hoped that this phase There of summer gardening will become more popular. are no difficulties to overcome, and in many cases it is simply necessary to place the plants in a shed or dry cellar during the winter with sufficient protection from frost. The Agapanthus is one of the most charming flowers for tubs, and when not "over-tubbed," that is, too much soil given, blooms abundantly and continuously through the summer months.
56
S7
THE
the lawn
in
lawn
is
one
of the
it
of the
rich,
;
English garden.
In
this cool
easy
to obtain those
envy
of
dwellers
in
hotter
and sunnier
climes
though
the
grass
to
grows
freely,
good
beginning
and much
after
attention
are
necessary
maintain
condition.
SUITABLE SITES
easy
tells,
OR POSITIONS.
in
This
but
if
is
to
consider.
It
is
to
have a lawn
if
any aspect
little
upon a steeply-sloping
bank", a
especially
the
is
soil
With
plot of
ground there
and a gently
to the
undulating piece of
of
well-kept turf
has
perfectly level
grass.
Some
is
desired
to
have a
must be taken
in
the
initial
preparation
of the
ground.
of great
Although
necessary
it
will
loam,
If
of
medium
be
richness,
is
good condition.
ashes.
the
If
soil
stiff
and
close,
can be
few
finely-sifted
poor, as well
as close,
then stable-
coal
soot
much
as
is
possible of a lighter and richer loam, such as that from an old garden.
quite as
A very
light soil
much
in
need
of
improvement.
Add
stiff
or
heavy
soil,
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
moss
a
GARDENING.
litter
has
been
used,
and otherwise
in
retaining
more moisture.
For
although
A very shallow
stiff
such as
is
often found
above
as
sand,
and chalk,
light
same
advised
and
The most
last
are
those
very
shallow
present.
ones found
upon a gravelly
put
almost always
The
i8in.
first
DRAINAGE.
i
Rather than
in
ft
to
The
low
or
rather less,
How
close,
of
and also how deep, these drains should be made depends entirely upon the nature
soil,
the
somewhat
is
raised position.
It
is
in
late
autumn and
use,
very wet.
If
certain
to
develop, and
the lawn
of
little
even
is
midsummer.
raised, or
;
On
the
other
hand,
many lawns
will
is
are over-drained.
the situation
soil
at
be
stiff
and heavy
where a
will
level
portion
to
be
the
is
otherwise
heavy shower
soon
turn
not
in
necessary that
pipes be used.
drain
can
be cut out
or
depth and
tilled
inches of broken
that there
is
at least a
tilling
of
iin.
in
6ft.,
soil.
in
again with
will
little
make
it
easy
to decide
will
how
close, deep,
and
in
what
directions
The
LAWNS
AND
WALKS.
59
to secure
all
properly-laid drain, of
little
i-Jin.
in
diameter,
answer
very wet,
which case
the
smaller
large
laid,
Nor
to
moles gain
access
through
the
soil
When
drains
soil
are
be
sure
thoroughly
This
is
ram
as,
down
especially
beaten
relaid,
there
LEVELLING
is
in
mind.
It
is
flat
The term
of
the
of
slopes.
soil
as
nearly
level
after a
glance from
direction,
some
or
Upon these
be
set,
piece of
stiff
" quartering,"
Put a
will
not sag,
should
and a common
spirit-level
is
obtained.
soil
remove as may be
after
is
found
the
will
necessary.
first
guide-brick set
of
on the level.
Of course each
a
point,
is
other
adjusted,
be
guide accordingly.
in
A
of
strong piece of
stages,
are
string,
tightly
in
from
point
at
to
good guide
ground,
the
earlier
and
at
by driving
the
few
all
pegs
risk
various
parts
will
of
the
the
tops
which
a
desired
level,
of
movement
soil
be
avoided.
When making
level
lawn
dig
this
of
ground, set a stump or peg at the lower end at the height you judge
that
is
to
higher end.
easily,
Now
soon
narrow trench
the
further
sufficiently
is
wide
to to
take
piece
of
string
and follow
It
until
end
deep enough
stretch the
string
quite
of
level.
will
be
and repetition
labour avoided.
To make
6o
THE
CENTURY
in
BOOK
the
OF
GARDENING.
stretching
same way,
two
or
more throughout
and straight-edge
may
be required.
The
level
come
from point
secured.
turf,
PREPARATION.
another
place
Whether
case
of
seed
is
to
or
turf
taken from
put
In
of
all
be
turf
made
it
level
and dressed
down
to
lift
finely.
this, in
relaying
will
will
only be necessary
levelling.
the
manner
this
that
is
be
described later
the
previous
to
One
of
the
to
move
whole
of
the
soil
uniformly as far
is
as
possible.
But
many
cases
cannot
be done.
One
should
quite solid
when making
which
soil
a new lawn upon a slope, and let the remainder be loosely-moved soil. This must be adjusted by ramming that freshly moved and by slightlv lifting that portion from
w as taken.
It
soil
left
at the
upper end
or
is
too poor.
rich
surface,
and enrich
the
subsoil
exposed
by one
other of the
Always endeavour to let the ground rest a short The turves must be unrolled and laid as closely beating them down as the work proceeds. Before putting down a
turf.
second
row,
rake
soil
over
the
to
soil
fill
once more.
in
Use
as
plank'
to
little
finely-sifted
at
hand
in
any small
indentations that
may
cut
at
be
made.
The
level
laying
the turves,
unless
they
little
be
a perfectly
off
uniform
use.
Trim
line
tight
around the
beat
this
down
well
and
level,
the
following
rate.
will
at the florist's.
to
A peck
can be used
of
to
light soil,
the most
stretch several
pieces of thread across to prevent birds from picking out the best and heaviest seeds.
in April or late in
Seed
Choose
turf
far
as
possible,
does not contain such noxious weeds as Dandelion, Plantain, Daisies, Thistles,
etc.
Docks, Yarrow,
to
3in.
2^-in.
deep.
Roll
the turves up, grass side inwards, or stack them very loosely.
Cut the
some
turf
is
set,
good loam, and work this well into the crevices with a broom.
will
do
until this
a perfectly firm
or so,
first
grown up some
after
rolling,
With seed we must wait broom not cut the grass until it has once more occasions. As time goes on and then merely clip off the tops.
and uniform
when
it
may Do
completed, meanwhile
keeping a close
look-out
for
seedlings
of
Many complain
;
seed
and
The seed No was either in the soil or drifted there and germinated with the grass seeds sown. matter where a piece of fallow ground may be, these enemies are soon found, even when the older plants are far distant. Once a good lawn is secured no other seeds will have a chance,
when purchased
but this
is
generally wrong.
especially
if
How
often a
entirely upon
It
LAWNS
are conducive to a
later
AND
WALKS.
assisted
rolling
6]
glossy surface,
distributes
especially
casts,
when
while
far
by the
dressings to be
useful
little
on.
Sweeping
worm
keeps the
a
named worms
best
Worms
work
is
are
from
injurious to
at
the
in
parts
clearly
want
when
when
it
the lawn
too
wet
for
use,
sweeping and
must
still
Otherwise
Tidiness
worms draw
so
many
leaves, and
is
generally unsightly.
Eradication of
are important items.
indifferent Lawns
LAWN GARDEN.
other useful tool.
is
The use
of
means
of
destroying these
not
advisable.
How
can
hope
to
?
destroy such varied and strong weeds, and yet leave the best of the lawn grass uninjured
will
lawn
this
is
into
a short time.
or
Moss
is
a great trouble in
some
cases, but
soil
a too
of
An
rich
excellent plan
to
of
rake up as
lime
in
much
loam and
one
autumn,
or
By
not
dressing
deeper
lawn unsightly.
whole being
passed
62
through
coarse
a
THE
a sieve.
thin
CENTURY
places
BOOK
may
be
ith
OF
sown
a
GARDENING.
with a
little
Bare
lawn
may
he
sown w
a
same time a liberal dressing artificial manures as Clay's Fertiliser, guanos, bone dust, etc., may be given during showery weather. These are not unsightly, while they quickly promote a rich sward. In late autumn and winter, well-decayed manure from a stable where peat moss litter is used, soot, wood ashes, or any dressing of good soil may be given with advantage. These must not be so overdone as to cause rankness of
using these at one-fourth the rate advised previously, and
of soil
is
the
given.
In
the
summer months,
sprinkling
of
such
growth; but
fear
of
if
obtained, there
is
little
coarseness.
Where
lawn
is
being
made near
to a
the
matter
of
in-
up
with
the
surroundings,
removing
these
where
too
the
grass
be
evenly
of cushion-like softness,
and
perfectly
of
level.
The
length,
dimensions
are
78ft.
a tennis court
:
as
;
follows
Full
;
width,
centre
27ft.
net
to
3ft.
be
in
and extend
the ends,
;
high
high
in
at
and
ser-
the centre
upon each
side.
in
all
gardens, but
there
is
them,
cutting up
lawns and
be made with
A
to lead
somewhere, but
may
constant after
first
they
will
Always make them thoroughly well, otherwise there will be If laid with care at troubles, and the work will have to be undertaken again. last for years, but when the work is not done well at the commencement no amount
of
is
The
choice of material
expensive gravels,
from a distance.
The main
point
is
to
have
water runs from quickly and does not leave a sticky or muddy surface after every shower. One of the greatest pleasures of gardening is a walk round after a spring or summer shower,
and
this
cannot be enjoyed
is
if
Gravel
Some
gravels are
63
64
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
COVERED WALK.
when wet, but cither Kick up loosely and patchy in clr\ w eather, or arc exceptionally soft after frost. The term gravel is often applied to small sea-beach, which is also frequently used. But this is always more or less loose, and, if dry and clean, by no means so pleasant to
excellent
walk'
upon as
firm
all
Burnt ballast and broken refuse from Then there are asphalte and times.
properly
laid
at first will
last
weed-
proof. But the last two new er look so well in keeping with a garden as walks made of good Lastly we have grass walks, binding gravel, such as the Croydon and Kensington gravels.
we cannot
unfortunate that is It in the flower garden during summer. them during other seasons of the year nor in showery weather. Before going into the uses of the above materials, the formation and drainage of walks
alw ays use
It
is
fall in
some
direction.
If
this
of a
be used.
filling in
when
These should be about 3m. or 4m. below the with material, for all w alk's should be excavated
soil.
more
or less
in villa
The ordinary
3 A ft
.
paths used
to 5ft. in
Take out the natural soil to a depth of Then put down a layer of the roughest material
idth.
and
Sin. or
9m.
at the sides.
possible, such as
flints, clinkers,
surface
some
2^-in.
below
the-
Upon
this again
good path
to result.
is
The
5ft.
surface of a path should not be perfectly level, nor, on the other hand,
is
there need
for
frequently given.
rolled
An
is
ample
walks
rapidly
will
sides,
in
where
it
down
LAWNS
firm before adding a layer of .smaller grade.
AND
It is
WALKS.
a
65
in a
last
The
upon them should represent the height desired w hen the work
completed.
is
also well to
make
the edj^es
first
after
is
down.
of the
After this
a
is
down with
a
one
wooden hayrakes
if
first.
man
be
should
remedy the
inequalities that
may
much
raking.
It
must be remembered
now
It
will
when
yme
is
a mistake to
lighter
one puts
the top coating into place and secures a more even and firm surface after the heavier roller has
done
walk,
order.
its
work'.
Endeavour
to get the
etc.,
is
before
rain
comes.
rolling to
After a gravel
or
made,
it
still
needs frequent
keep
it
in
ood
times for this vary with the weather and the class of material used.
or verges of
Those formed
Gin. to Sin.
of sods or
turves cut
These may be
off,
It has a sharp spade or turfing- knife, after having rammed the whole firmly. is path finished after the top a narrow turf of better quality can be placed on
last
raking and
rolling.
in
to
remain.
is
If
tiles
and
bricks are used as edgings they should be fixed before the last layer of gravel
put down.
Grass Walks.
Here a
level
The centres these must not be dug as very wet very nearly so and surface needed
of
is
in
or
if
a small drain
some
ziin.
deep
be
upon each
side.
As
rule,
grass walk
is
may
treated accordingly.
66
THE
In
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
is
many
English gardens, even where great opportunities exist, the grass walk
a
its
thing unseen, though so delightful to walk upon and a delicate setting to flowers grouped by
margin.
in
Immediately near
to the
is
its
dampness
woodland,
wet and showery weather, but away from the house, where walks run
into the
skirt
some mixed
restful
in
border, or intersect shrubberies, the grass drive and walk are grateful to the eye
and
every way.
naturally, or
may
The
a wide
Kew was
Now
walk
of
velvety turf
is
surrounding woodland.
Occasional cutting
many
work
weeding and
times gravel
raking, whilst at
all
artistic
and
agreeable a
cool
setting
to
with
its
f
1
wealth
of
we
it
which,
may
be,
skirts
perhaps,
s o n
on
crjmn es
i
Peo
tumbling
the margin.
the
early
over
In
sumgar-
the not
the
garden
par-
formal
terre,
but
the
perfumed
WALK.
green grass
walks
wh
lead up
away
to the
woodland
For
where
to put a gravel
walk would
plants or
be akin to sacrilege.
many
shrubs by the margin, the grass walk remains cool and pleasurable, but overhanging boughs
to time to
from want
of
sun and
air.
Many
all
Alton
Towers
prove
green
.shrubs.
67
HARDY FLOWERS.
TO
garden
little
till
surely
needless
but
this
many
beautiful
useful
race.
to
lessons
It
may
the
be
gathered
of
from
year
the
as
remarks concerning
the
tells
season
the
emblems
reflection
of
each
a
as
the
sun.
in
Not
many
years ago
the
was the
of
few gaudy
interesting
set out
dumpling-like
first
is
mounds,
as
a
to
graveyard,
corruption.
and
unchanged from
such
planting
made by
is
few
set plants
cost.
plants
an
unnecessary
One
garden
little
turns
wistfully
to
the
cottage
garden
porch,
in
to
the
paths
and
the
Roses
garland
the
flinging
of
fragrant
clusters
into
the
latticed
floats the
perfume
into
cherished flowers.
of
Hollyhocks
rise
above
and
Sweet Williams
lifting its
spread
groups
colour,
overshadowed
sky.
Artless
may
be by some
Larkspur,
summer
here
tells
clustering
near to
it,
there
the
fragrant
blossom
in
summer teaches
is
in free
sweet
tale.
Happily,
an increasing love
apparent for
this race,
in
in
of planting are
adopted, making
Use them
a
in
many gardens
one
is
still
are
filled
Lobelias, and
until
When
68
planted
THE
in
CENTURY
it
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
is
moderation,
all
is
well
is
be
full
of
colour at
all
times,
even
in
winter,
the
when
of
the
leaves
Saxifrage,
Heuchera,
rich
hues, and
first
berries of
many
flowers
a shrub
With the
first
coming
spring,
welcome us
greater array,
Snowdrops and
moves,
until
garden
in
the sunshine.
toss
their
Onward
cool-tinted
procession
in
in
rich
autumn-tide
Starworts
flowers
the
Tea Roses even daintier and sweeter than in the poetic Roses are with time of the queenly flower the month of June, which is no longer true, us from June until the rains and frosts of winter bid them depart.
glorious groups of colour, and the
Fair
or
is
in
groups
in
the border,
or
think
the border
is
the only
from
is
afar.
One may
in
take, as
it
an
illustration,
if
the
Starwort, or
welcome
the
border,
is
true,
not bundled
up
like a sheaf of
com
but
these
cool -tinted
in
prettier aspect
their graceful
wild profusion.
of
Another side
in
is
the question
in
may
the
be considered, too.
The hardv
pure
air
flowers are
happy
Nor
gardens, whether
of
town
or
it
the
free,
of the country.
much preparation
scarce
the
soil
required,
unless
be composed of
attention,
builder's
rubbish which
the
would
of the
support
Daisies.
Given
reasonable
however,
and
majority
of the
hardy perennials described are vigorous almost anywhere, colouring each month
life
A mixed
this
is
only accomplished by
much
HARDY
Acanthus.
for ilieir
FLOWERS
well enriched
il
69
the plants are to exhibit the
full
This is a group ol hardy plants of value noble leafage and bold growth. They are worth grouping upon the lawn simply for foliage effect, delightWhen increase ing in warm soils, such as light deep loam. is desired, divide the roots early in the autumn, or seeds may be sown in gentle warmth in spring, or out of doors in summer. There are many kinds, but a strong family likeness runs through them. A. mollis is as fine as any. A. hirsutus, A. longifolius, A. lusitanicus, and A. spinosus and its variety spinosissimus are the chief kinds. The strong stems with brownish flowers are handsome also. charming family for the border or rock garden, Adonis. relishing well-drained loamy soil where there is sufficient depth for its roots to go down. The most familiar species is A. vernal is, which hears its large rich vellow
beauty of
which they are capable, and, in the case ol old plantations, attention in supplying them with liquid fertilisers will be The merits of these found to have a beneficial effect. plants are so self-evident, and their culture so simple, that no one who has witnessed their summer display, and ha, once grown them, would willingly permit their absence Hher kinds besides those already alluded fn 'in he garden. to are A. densiflora, a climbing variety, scarlet with black
I
<
spots; A.
Diazi,
bearing
with
large
rose-coloured
purple-lined
flowers;
(low ers
;
A.
bemanlha,
scarlet-red
A. Hookeriana, having rosy blossoms tipped with green A. pallida, flesh-coloured and yellow, veined with red;
A.
psittacina,
ol
in
deep red
to
colour;
A.
pulchra,
somewhat
similar
habit
the
when
in full
bloom
mass of
in
preceding species,
;
blooms
makes
all
a brilliant
spring picture.
is
This, as
the
case of
the Adonises,
in
summer
pans
in
A. Simsi, with bright yellow flowers spotted with red streaked with red; A. tenuifolia, bearing flowers of a and A. versicolor, already mentioned, a violet-pink hue
;
roots in late
summer.
The
Irom rosy
to satin
known, and
in
Amaryllis.
for
Of this
garden.
in.
handsome
family
lew
are
adapted
flowers succeed best in soil composed of half loam, with the same quantity of peat or leaf-mould, anil to be left
undisturbed for years. A. neapolitanum, known by its white flowers, and the dwarf yellow flowered A. Moly, frequently seen in gardens, are the most familiar. Hher kinds worthy of note are A. cyaneum, the plant growing iSin. high, flowers pale blue, a charming tint A. Havum, August flowering", yellow, the leaves grassy A. azureum, a tiny species, blue; A. Owslrow skianum, rose pink, gin. high A. narcissiflora, very distinct, |.une flowering, the pink flowers produced in drooping clusters and A. giganleum, which grows 4ft. high, and has large purple flower-heads. A dainty rose-coloured kind is A. pulchellum. The rock garden is the most suitable pi isitii >n for the smaller forms. Aloysia eitriodora [Lemon Plant or Sweet Verbena). A delightful old garden plant, the leaves emitting a strong lemon-like fragrance when slightly bruised, and their soft green colour is pleasing. This ma)' be grown
<
A. Belladonna, the well-known belladonna Lib', is from the Cape of Good Hope, a bulb therefore requiring a warm sheltered position. No place is more suitable for it than the narrow south border skirting a warm plant house. Such a border exists in most gardens. I'm the bulbs about lit. deep and plant in early autumn, protecting during the winter A with bracken fern, cocoa-nut fibre refuse, or leaves. thoroughly drained soil of light loam, well-decayed manure, and sharp silver sand is a good staple for the bulbs. The spikes are sturdy, about 2ft. high, and
the open
crowned with an umbel of large delicate rose flowers. A. blanda i> in bloom in summer, before the species aivl its flowers are not so rich in colour. The Jacobea Lib' (A. formosissima) is less hardy, though if planted in the spring its deep crimson flowers will appear the following summer. But quite a warm, sheltered corner where the soil is light is necessary. It is, as a rule, wiser to grow this Lily in pots, as it may be easily
I',.
Anehusa
by the sea-coast and against warm sheltered walls, it must be protected by a covering of coal ashes over the roots. A plant to grow against the terrace of a house. Propagate it by cuttings of moderately-ripened shoots taken in summer and put round the edges of pots in a frame or under a hand-glass. Alstroemerias. In Alstrcemerias, or Peruvian Lilies, we have a race of flowers some of w hich are almost indispensable in the adornment of the garden. Foremost in beauty are the hybrids of A. chilensis, which range in colour from crimson to cream and create a delightful effect when planted in good-si/cd clumps and masses. A. aurantiaca and A. aurea, two varieties bearing orange yellow flowers, the former of which often attains a height of 4ft., while the latter rarely exceeds half that height, are also valuable both for the border and as cut flower;. A. versicolor is another good garden variety, while A. pelegrina and its white form are charming flower;, which, however, lack the hardiness of the before mentioned kinds. Alstnemerias are easily raised from seed sown thinly, as soon as ripe, in pans or pots. In these they should remain the first year, and should then be planted in their permanent positions in the borders after the growth has died down. In warm climates and light soils the roots may be planted at a depth of from 4m. to bin., but in heavy soils and in exceptionally cold localities at least double this depth is preferable. When Alstnemerias are once planted, the roots may be left
freely
brought quickly into flower with heat. This is a charming flower fur a shady italica. nook in the garden. It belongs to the Borage tribe, and bears a spike of beautiful flowers, as blue as the Borage itself, and they remain for a considerable time. A large colony of it is pretty in quite a shady border backed with an Ivy-covered fence, the rich green Ivy leaves deepening the lovely colour ol the flowers. It must be considered biennial, sowing seeds or, indeed, at almost any time. II in in summer, summer, in the open, but at all other times sow under glass.
Anemones
{Wiiidjlowers).
The
Anemones
or
Windof their
:
much
spring beauty.
A. alpina.
attaining,
following are the leading kinds A strong-growing plant requiring deep soil, when in vigorous health, a height of 2ft.,
The
white, cream, or vellow. A May bloomer. A. a. sulphurea, a form of the last-named, has soft vellow flowers 2in. in diameter. This is a popular and
flowers
handsome Anemone.
A. angulOSa, also known as the Great Hepatica, bavinIt grows to a height ol sky-blue flowers 2in. across. III., and does well in deep soil in rockery or border, but should not be planted in a position where it will be scorched by the sun. It is a very early bloomer,
flowering in February.
A.
apennina (Apenn
plant,
iu:
Windflower).
A
;
lovely
little
growing well
in
woods and on sloping grassy banks its light blue star-flowers are I Jin. in diameter, and appear in March Associated in the grass w ith Lent Lilies, its and April.
thin
effect is
charming.
a
A.
baldensis,
white-flowered,
Il
May-blooming
Swiss
divided,
undisturbed for four years, when they should be lifted, and at once replanted. The soil should be
A. blanda,
the year.
7o
HARDY
A. earoliniana, a delicate American plant, succeeding
shady positions in mck garden height the 9m., flowers w hitish purple.
I
FLOWERS.
71
only
;
in
its
icsl
in
A.
eoronaria
Anemone).
out
This
(the
is,
Poppy
with-
since pink -blossomed form however, a white then, strain has been introduced, the named variety A. j. alba Honorine Jobert being of exceptional merit. Two
still
There are Windflowers. many line-named strains, both single and double, of
the
5in.
newer American
w ind,
ol
raised
Whirl-
order,
a also
Poppy Anemone,
and more
the
in
sour'
semi-double
several
there
the
In
are
of these
producing flowers
diameter,
are
intermediate
while
brilliant
colours
in
deep good
will
Honorine
(ober!
5ft.
bright
spring garden.
are easily raised
attain a height of
bin.,
and
POPPY
care
EMONE,
A. nareiSSiflora
is
sown
this
as soon as ripe.
is
root division.
saved,
it
noi
purchased,
of
silver
should
be
it
taken
with
to
separate
like
well
before sowing
by mixing
seed-bed should be formed ol a fairly porous compost, and situated in part an open of the garden. The surface, before sowing, should be firm and level, and if should be given a the ground is not moist, it copious watering previous to sow ing the seed. It is a good plan to scrape the surface oi the bed with a worndown garden broom immediately before sowing, which should be done broadcast, the seed being then covered w ith a thin sprinkling of sandy soil, after which the bed should be again rendered smooth and shaded from the sun until the seedlings commence to appear, when the shading material must be removed. The bed must never be allowed to become dry until the young plants have finished their growth, or they will wither prematurely. If no hard frost intervenes they should keep green through the winter and blossom well in the spring. A. deeapetala is an American species, bearing creamywhite flowers |-?;in. in diameter and grow ing to the height
a
quantity
sand.
The
North American species, grow ing to a height of ift. bin., and producing umbels of creamcoloured flowers in May. It does well in a sheltered
a
This is a denizen (the Wood Anemone). our own woods, which in the springtime are often kobinIts blue variety, A. spangled with its flowers. soniana, is one of the gems of the family, and is exquisite when naturalised in grassy dells or round tree boles on the lawn, the silvery blue of its blossoms contrasting prettily w ith the green of the sward. A. palmata. -An Anemone grow ing to the height of I ft. and producing large golden-yellow flowers in the month of May. It prefers a rich, moist position in the rock A.
of
nemOTOSa
garden.
A.
of
thrives best
in April.
Pulsatilla on
from bin.
(the a
lasqiie-flower).
soil.
This
Anemone
chalky
The
known
vernal
i
to I2in., and bear violet-purple blossoms There are several varieties, of which the best rubra, and are dahurica, lilacina, pratensis,
s.
of
iff.
It
blooms
(the
in late
A.
A. fulgens
Star Anemone) is the most brilliantly coloured ol the whole lamily, the scarlet of its blossoms There are both double being of an intensely vivid hue. and single forms of this Windflower, the latter being the A. fulgens, though succeeding well in most attractive.
pretty low-growing Anemone. with bright golden. Buttercup-shaped flowers, and usually
ranunetlloideS. A
A.
succeeding best on warm, porous soil. r ivtllaris, from the Himalayan districts, is a water-side plant, growing to a height of 2ft., and producing white
flowers in April.
some
seed
In
in
clays
to
prosper.
the
manner
A. Stellata bears star-like flowers, purple, rose colour, and white, during the month of April, growing to a Double firms of this Anemone are not height of loin.
the
open
usual
flowers
in
January,
uncommon.
A. Sylvestris {the Snowdrop Anemone) produces drooping white blossoms, sweetly scented,
May.
2in.
Its
3m.
in
and
fully
I Jin.
in diameter, dur-
diameter.
ing the
April.
to
I
month
It
ol
A.
Hepatiea.
This
is
grows
of
suc-
probably
as
height
better
known
Sin.,
and
the
partially-
shaded situation.
A.
there
being
virginiana.
r
i
A North Am e c a n
variety,
and
all
It is
double
in
small
coloured
in
bearing lilacfli
three colours.
iwers
happiest in
M av
and
a
attaining
height of
2ft.
A.
japonica
((he
Japanese
A.
vitifolia.
Anemone).
This well-known
M
JAPANESE ANEMONE
uch
resem
bling the
white
72
THE
CENTURY
less
BOOK
A.
OF
GARDENING.
Virginia,
Japanese Anemone, but more tender and Propagation effected in a similar manner.
vigorous.
suitable
Canadensis, from
height,
is
AnthemiS.
soil is
Of
in
this
only for the rock garden it likes a sunny spot where the sandy loam. The plant is less than I ft. high, and has silvery leaves in rosettes the flowers are white, yellow in the centre. A. Biebersteini, A. Macedonica, and A. montana may be grown on the rock garden too.
;
garden.
A.
all the Anthemises is the British which has free heads of yellow flowers. There are a few good varieties, one, named Kelwayi, having flowers of a very bright yellow shade, and tho.;e of pallida are softer in tint. A group of any good variety of this Anthemis is charming, and the plant is easily raised from seed sown in early spring in gentle warmth, and pricked off and planted out in the usual way. These plants will flower profusely in the ensuing summf and autumn and be useful for cutting. Alltennarias. These are familiarly known as cats' ears, and comprise such kinds as the Pearly Everlasting (A. margaritacea), which is quite happy in a warm soil. Its white flowers are useful for winter decorations, hence the popular name. A. tomentosa
A.
Kockv Mountain Columbine) bears to 3m. in diameter, with white cups and blue perianths, the spurs being long and curving gently outward. It grows to a height of from There is an almost white variety of this 12m. to 15111. Columbine named A. leptoceras, and one supposed to bear larger flowers than the type named A. macrantha. It flourishes best in deep, sandy loam, and should be grown in prominent positions both in the border and
easrulea
beautiful
flowers
2in.
rock garden.
A.
Chrysantha, from
species,
California,
is
a vigorous-growing
attains a height of
over 4ft. Its flowers are primrose yellow and delicately shaped, with long, curving spurs. It is hardy and will grow in almost any soil, and is a fine subject for
prominent positions in the mixed border. A. fragrans, from the Himalayas, bears scented flowers of while or pale purple, and grows lo a height of 2ft. \ warm and sheltered position
is
is
largely in
some gardens
it is
for
edgings, as
quite dwarf,
too.
It is
A.glandulOSa, from
grows
Sin. to
flo
1
Siberia,
to a height of
2in. ,
from
large
and bears
require
soil.
Antherieums.
These
wers with white cups and blue perianth. It is a beautiful plant for the rock garden, but is \Vuy capriin cious its behaviour,
lilac
Bernard Lily St. Bruno's Lily (A. Liliastrum), both with white flowers borne in
the
Si.
(A.
Liliago)
and
dying out at once. should never be divided when dormant, but whirs' .making growth. In some gardens it grows without any trouble, while in others it seems impossible to
often
It
of
A.
Liliastrum
larger.
establish
it.
deep bed
soil
of
moist,
porous
con-
worth
plants
are
in
while growing
for
taining
peat
and a good
these
cutting.
They
freely
hardy, increasing
good
lie
loamy
planted
soil,
and
may
by
A.
glauca,
tinted
I ift.
Himalayan
claret-
flowers
height.
in
in
the shade is not too dense. Plant them in early autumn, and lliev may be increased
De planted
spot.
on
UJUILEGIA
them from seed sown when
A.
at that
of the roots.
One can
raise
Olympus, bears large flowers Height from with white cups and mauve-blue perianth.
I ft.
Antirrhinums
{Snapdragons). See "Biennial Fl owers. Aquilegias {Columbines). These form a lovely race ot plants, and with their beautiful colouring and exquisite shapes are most valuable, not only for the decoration of the garden, but for providing cut flowers for the house. They apperr equally at home in the border or in the rock garden, but prefer a situation where their roots can obtain moisture to one where the soil becomes quickly parched. The following list gives the most noteworthy
to
ift.
the Pyrenees, a rock garden plant, grows to a height of from gin. to I2in., and bears lilac blue and white flowers. A. Sibiriea, from Siberia, bears bright lilac flowers on ft. in height, and is well adapted for culture stems There is a white variety of this in the rock garden. Columbine named Alba, a fair flower. A. Skinneri, from Guatemala, attains a height of 2ft. It is a slender grower, and bears flowers of yellowish-red
A.
pyrenaiea, from
species and garden varieties A. alpina, a native of the mountains of Switzerland, bears blue flowers and grow s to a height of from I ft. to 2 rt. It succeeds best in a moist and sheltered position in the rock garden. There is a beautiful variety of this plant with
:
A. Stuarti,
A.
and bears flowers ranging from yellow to scarlet in their colouring, having incurved spurs with knob-like terminations. This Columbine is also known under the names of A. eximia and A. truncata. A moist and deep loam, fairly sandy and porous, suits its requirements.
to a height of 3ft.,
grows
with green sepals. a hybrid between A. glandulosa and A. Wittmani, is a splendid introduction, bearing large with white flowers, sometimes 4m. in diameter, It grows cups and spreading deep blue perianths. but partakes I ft. to lift., a height of from to much of the perverse characteristics of A. glandulosa, It is worth trying, and is often difficult to establish.
however, to coax this charming plant int" respectable growth. A. thalietrifolia, from the Tyrol, bears lilac blue The plant is covered flo;vers on stems 2 ft. in height.
entirely with a greyish
down.
HARDY
A.
FLOWERS,
and
the
distinct
73
A. italicum, which
flowers on
Siberia,
in
bears
fragrant variety
green
not
called
has prettily-veined
.'.It.
height.
A
is
curious but
a
particularly
showy
species.
There
A.
v.
A. vulgaris, the common Columbine so often met with in our woods, is to lie found in many colours, and both in single and double forms. It is useful for naturalising in out-of-the-way places and in the wild garden, sonic ol the better forms being very ornamental. Wittmani is a variety of the last-named, growing to a height of from 2ft. to 3ft., and bearing large flowers with while cups It is a strong-growing and dark purple perianth. plant, and succeeds well in moist deep loam in the ordinary border. There are several forms ol A. vulgaris besides
alba being the white variety. Aquilegias, though strictly perennials, very often die out after their second year, and should therefore be treated as
this,
group in 51 moist, sheltered position in the rock garden or similar place. A. crinitum (the Dragon's-moul h), A. 1 traconl ium, and the big A. Dracunculus, which have large lurid-coloured spathes, may be grown in warm bordersof light soil, bill they are by no means important garden plants. Asclepias. This is an interesting family of about fifteen species of perennial plants, the greater number of which
leaves, interesting
when
seen
in
are
hard)-.
These
latter
make
handsome
in a
summerSoil.
blooming border
plants,
and delight
porous, rich
in
They are easily increased by division and may also be propagated by seed.
ox er the roofs
is
of roots
spring,
A
The
winter
mulch
advisable
in
America.
high,
is
know
11
A.
incamata, grows
purplish
red
2ft.
This is produced in abundance, and should be sown as soon as ripe in a shady position in the garden or in pans in a cold frame, care being taken to sow the seed very thinly. When the seedlings are large enough lo handle, they should be lifted and planted out in their permanent quarters. There is a beautiful race of hybrid Aquilegias, packets of seed of which may be obtained for a small sum, that produce a wonderful variety of charming flowers which These are invaluable in the decoration of the garden. hybrids have been wonderfully improved of late years, and most delicate gradations of colour are to be found in the flowers, saffron cups and deep purple perianths, palest sulphur and blue-grev, while and dark blue, primrose yellow and light pink, chrome and scarlet being some of the combinations, while pure white and pure yellow are also present. The shapes of some of these flowers are very graceful, many of them having long, outwardsweeping spurs over 3m. in length. They lend themselves to artistic arrangement, as cut flowers last well in water, and are easily raised from seed. The strongest of the seedlings usually prove to be coarse double flowers, and such plants should be weeded out of the bed as soon as
apparent, this allowing the others greater room for expansion.
this
How
ol
ei s.
There
very distinct
variety
named
ol
pulchra,
but
whii h the flowers are similar to those the leaves are broader. it likes
5ft.,
and bears
pale-
A. tllberOSa, height 2ft., bears bright orange flowers. This is the most generally grown species in English gardens, and is a very handsome plant when covered with its umbels ol bright blooms. This is one of those plants
thai deserves lo he
more seen
in
English gardens.
is
The
wonderfully rich,
and by the
sea, in particular, the plant seems to grow with unusual vigour. A soil composed of light, moist, and rich loam is most suitable. A correspondent writing some time ago, in a contemporary, from New Jersey,
mentions that it frequently grows wild by the wayside. " Perfect exposure to all the sun possible seems of more importance than special composts indeed, here are magnificent plants growing, with little or no soil at all, on stony railway slopes or along the fringes of rocky woods, and the most casual observer cannot fail to note
;
their
beauty, with
flowers so
distinctly rich
in
colour.
extra
vigorous
growth
is
course Plants
are
also
very
producing double and badly-coloured flowers can be removed as soon as they reveal their characteristics. Aquilegias growing in the same garden are almost
invariably cross-fertilised,
time, to procure the
source,
abundant in this district, but cannot compare with this one in point of beauty, even in all their natural
luxuriance.
to a height of from 3ft. to 4ft., and bears wdiite and red flowers. The stems of this plant are variegated with purple. Asphodeline. -An easily-grown class of plants similar to
A. Variegata, grows
and
it
is
therefore necessary,
where more than one variety is in bloom al the same seed from some other dependable
unless the
to
plants while in flower are covered prevent the insects from reaching the This unsightly plan cannot, however, be recommended in the private garden.
the Asphodelus.
A. lutea
is
is
shade.
Armenia
{Thrift).
Visitors
to
the
sea-coasts
will
A. liburnica and A. taurica possess some beauty. AsphodelllS.- -A family perhaps better known under the more English name of Asphodel. The plants are not
probably have noticed a pretty tufted plant with rosy This is the Sea Pink, or Thrift (A. flower heads. maritima), a plant that will live almost anywhere and Propagate all the makes a very charming edging. Thrifts by pulling the plants apart in spring, a necessary operation once in three or four years, as the old tufts get Another too dense, and flowers are few and far betw een. way is to increase by seeds, and some kinds, such as A. latifolia (A. cephalotes), the big Thrift, which is considerably taller than the Sea Pink, are perhaps be>t increased in this way, sowing the seed as soon as ripe
under glass
as an
in
a cold frame,
The
Thrift
is
pretty
edging it forms a dense soft growth, and in summer a mass of bloom, but a sprinkling of flowers is produced Thrills worth planting in the rod; for many weeks. garden are those above mentioned and the tufted A. coespitosa, the white and deep-coloured varieties of A. maritima named Alba and Laucheana respectively, and the beautiful, richly-coloured A. plantaginea splendens, but it is only the dwarf kinds that are of value as
edgings.
grow but usually best placed in wilder parts garden. A. ramosus, white albus, asiaticus, and fistulosa are the chief kinds. Asters [Michaelmas Daisies or Starwoits). No hard)- plant of autumn is better than the Starwort, which pours forth its wealth of colouring when Flame-flowers (Kniphofias), Hydrangeas, and other rich flowers of September and October gladden the garden. Vet the Starwort is little understood. It is seldom planted in the best ways, and to bunch up the stems like a sheaf of corn is to deprive the plant of all natural grace and beauty. The Starworts should be grouped freely and well, clustered may he near some dark-stemmed pine, or throwing their flowerladen shoots over evergreen shrubs. The whole garden may be filled with colour when ihey are used unsparingly, rich masses of purple here, warm clouds of rose there, and again a sea of softest mauve, a spicy perfume scenting the
difficult to
,
ol
the
air,
It
in the soft
wind.
Arums. These
are
beautiful, anil
for
everyone to grow the Starworts in bold masses, but where it can be done, these free groups are delightful. It must lie a poor soil that w ill not satisfy the Starwort, hence in the woodland, even when the flower-rimmed growths are screened from
not, of
belong the n\tive Cuckoo Pint, or Lords and Ladies (Arum maculatum),
this family
To
full
sunshine,
in
it
succeeds,
in truth, is as
garden as
the
trimmed bonier.
74
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
fading year are fairer when growing as in their native prairies than when used in any conventional way.
except very small gardens Edith, pinkish mauve ; and Leda, deep blue, height, 3|ft. Another species, named A.
;
by dividing the roots in early spring, growth commences. Old tufts are apt flowerless and weak, and when they get into this condition, division and if possible a fresh site are necessary. Starworts bloom throughout October and far into November if the weather is fair, for storms of wind and rain and even frosts have little effect upon them.
Propagate
Asters differ considerably in stature, some quite dwarf, others even 6ft. in height, their willowy stems as graceful
any Reed. Selections have been given, and the first planted should he varieties from 2ft. to 3ft. high. Dwarf Asters These are precious perennials to make
as
of, perhaps creeping up to a bank of shrubs or firs which throw into relief the flower colouring. A. acris is very charming, its compact growths almost hidden in early September with lilac flowers, whilst those of A. Amellus bessarabicus are larger, and rich purple, but the
groups
Nova; Angliae, has also given rise to several variations, most effective being Rosens, ruber, William Bowman, rose purple, and the late-flowering deep blue pulchellus. Of others, good groups may be formed of A. Lrevis Apollo, lavender blue 1. Arcturus, very rich blue-purple flowers, and almost black stems 1. Ariadne, blue; 1. decorus, soft lilac and the soft mauve-coloured, late-flowering 1. Calliope. Also include Cordifolius, ericoides, Shorti, polyphyllus, puniceus pulcherrimus, a very charming kind for grouping, its flowers almost of a blush tint diffusas horizontalis, its branching stems smothered with red flowers grandiflorus, the latest of all in bloom, hence its name of the Christmas Aster its flowers are deep violet-blue turbinellus, versicolor, and the small white-flowered but very pretty vimineus. Any or all of these may be planted without fear of failure in growth or
the
; ;
; ;
effectiveness.
The
welcome
ASTERS
plant
is
(Michaelmas Daisies
or
Starworts).
of
Riverslea,
its
Select also from A. cordifolius, and glorious colour. mauve, graceful in growth ptarmicoides, pure white corymbosus, white, may be planted in the rock garden also dumosus, mauve, very compact, and only I Sin. highthe same as Lindleyanus, which has rose lilac flowers and Thomsoni, pale Linosyris (Goldilocks), rich yellow blue, a kind for the rock garden. Taller Asters. It is difficult to know which varieties to reject from the great wealth, but we should select the A. Novi Belgi, it must following before all others not be forgotten, is a species, and has given risj to Harpur numberless forms, of which the finest are Purity, a Crewe, pure white, yellow in the centre
; ; ;
for the house. Many sweet decorations may be composed of the Starworts arranged with or without other flowers. Seedlings are easily raised by sowing the seed in spring, Seedlings and in time the plants reproduce themselves.
and sometimes a very beautiful form occurs worth perpetuating. Aster alpinilS, an alpine species, is quite dwarf, rarely more than 9111. high, and most at home in the rock garden. Its purple flowers appear as early as July, and Speciosus is a there are forms of it, one being white. noteworthy variety, the flowers being large and of a
as a rule, however, vary, beautiful violet shade.
Astilbes.
the
The Astilbes
are
5ft.
of Spineas, while by botanists they are classed Their root-stocks under the generic name of Hoteia. are perennial and their foliage deciduous, while their
flower-clusters are formed of innumerable tiny blossoms ranging in colour between white and carmine.
name
Robert Parker, the tallest of the group, large, and soft lavender in colour,
5jft.,
the flowers
for
all
handsome
kind
HARDY
They
are easily propagated by root
in
FLOWERS.
in the
75
which should, preferably, be of heavy and close, though
porous
grim n porous
the
the
soil
division, and when open are liest suited by a damp, deep, and and a partially-shaded position. Astilbe
new
soil,
a
in
nature
rather
than
soil
some
localities Aubrietias
may
be seen, apparently
in
the best
and its varieties are largely used for forcing, method followed being to pol the roots in good loam and leaf-mould during the month of H'tober, and place in
japonica
(
of health, in
true
to
inclining to clay.
come abso-
a cold frame, bringing the pots into gentle heat about Christmas, and, after growth has well started, moving into a higher temperature, when they come into bloom Alter a season's forcing it is well in March and April.
to
seed may be sown in the open ground, and the seedlings thinned out to 3m. apart when large enough lo handle. The plants may also be
colour.
The
propagated by division
practically
identical
many
allow
the
roots a year's
rest
in
next
their
if
forcing,
strength,
best
and flower
in
far
subjected to forcing
consecutive years.
blush
a
names. ones different bearing Almost all the garden varieties are descended from Aubrietia deltoidea, which was introduced from Naples Amongst those to lie most generally met with in 1710.
The
are
known
of the Astilbes
A.
chinensis,
with
pink
intro-
late
known
varieties,
folius
variegated
folius
one and
aureo-reticulatus)
j.
purpureis)
owing
j.
their
distinction
foliage,
and A. j. compacta multiflora are advances on the type in the matter of bloom
while
A.
glahrata
production, the first-named bearing carmine rose flowers, while the lastnamed is at the present time the favourite market variety, producing larger and more abundant flower
clusters.
A. Lemoiliei is a beautiful hybrid variety bearing white flower plumes A. delicately suffused w ith pink rivularis, from Nepaul, grows to a height of 5ft., and bears yellowish white flowers A. rubra, a native of North-Eastern Bengal, is also a strong - growing plant, its flower panicles being tinged with pink while A. Thunbergi also bears white flowers shaded with pale pink.
;
;
Astrantia
major. -The
greyish
may be
rough major
sufficiently
showy
introduce into the mixed border. Both kinds are very easily grown,
quite ordinary soil and
thriving in
positions.
AubrietiaS.
or
One
of
is It
the
will
brightest
the Aubrietia,
Rock
Cress.
grow
in
almost any situation or soil, though a sunny site, where it can hang down over wall, bank, or rockwork, and where it has a deep and cool
root-run,
is
/'
U BRIETlASi
best suited to
of alternate
its
require-
ments.
in
Sometimes,
weather
loses
its
the
way
and
and thaws,
it
deUh
in the early spring appears at the point ol but the plant quickly recovers itself, and the bare stems are clothed again with leaves and flowers, seemingly as profusely as in seasons when it has been unharmed by the frost. The propagation of the Aubrietia
leaves,
extremely simple, cuttings taken from the young spring growths, thrown out from the crowns, striking quickly it inserted in pots, pans, or boxes of sandy compost, and placed in frames, from which, when they are fully established, they may be planted out in their permanent positions. When first planted in the open, they should be freely watered in dry weather, or their roots will experience
is
gardens are A. Bougainvillei, A. Campbelli, A. columnea, A. erubescens, A. Eyrei, A. Fire King. A. grseca, A. grandiflora, A. Hendersoni, A. hesperidifolia, W. Mansfield, Mooreana, A. Leiehtlini, A. A. A. olympia, A. purpurea, A. purpurea grandiflora. A. rosea, A. Royal Purple, A. Souvenir de W. Ingram, A. spathulata, A. taurica or tauricola, and A. violacea. There is a poor white variety named A. antilibani, but it Some is of little value and is rarely met with in gardens. of the best of the foregoing are Campbelli, lilac; Eire King, crimson grreca, violet paling to lavender LeiehtRoyal purpurea grandiflora, large purple lini, rose Purple, deep purple; Souvenir de W. Ingram, rich rose and violacea, violet. No wall garden is complete without
in
; ; ; ;
some
difficulty in
76
Auriculas (Show and
all its
THE
Bin der Varieiies):
CENTURY
BOOK
in
OF
GARDENING.
frame be
erected
;
The Auricula
must a wooden
but
preference
is
forms
is
grow who
only possess small gardens; and to llie cottager, or at least to those employed in oilier avocations than gardening during the day, much credit is due for the charming flowers raised. Successful grow ers may lie found amongst mechanics in smoky towns indeed, the Auricula seems as happy as the Carnation in mirky, soot-saturated atmospheres. With a cold greenhouse or frame, and careful cultivation, successful results may be obtained in almost
;
house, as under such conditions the plants may be readily attended to at all seasons and in all kinds of weather without discomfort. Although much artificial heat is fatal to healthy growth, a little warmth judiciously given
is helpful, especially to ward off severe frost and dispel damp. It merely stimuBut forcing treatment is fatal. lates weakly growth at the expense of flowers, which become drawn and lose entirely their characteristic
any locality, choice varieties being grown in perfection. There are three great classes, namely, Show, Alpine, and Border, and of these the two first-named are confined
chiefly to the exhibition, as a frame
is
necessary, not
fin-
coloured and powdered flowers from heavy rains and strong winds. The show Auricula is a flower to look into and discern those quiet markings and shades and perfect symmetry which go to form an exhibition bloom. Show Auriculas are divided into lour groups, named according to the colour of the flowers' margin. Hence there are white, grey, green-edged, and self flowers, and one named fancy, a group of quaint colouring which many enthusiasts in the culture ot Auriculas for show admire. Alpine varieties are subdivided into two very distinct groups, one possessing flowers with gold centre, and another in which the colour is either white or grey; whilst the border kinds, those which perfume and beautify the open garden, comprise everything that will stand the trials of an outdoor life. Culture of Show Auriculas. Whether the Auricula is required to win prizes at the exhibition, or to add interest to the greenhouse, the assistance of glass is essential. Where a greenhouse is not available, then
protection,
but
to
shield
the
delicately
colouring for the Auricula in its natural state dwells upon the cold upland meadows. Few new varieties of merit are added to the list of show Auriculas, for the reason that the flowers are already so perfect in form and varied in colour that to obtain anything distinct and whilst possessors of the choicest beautiful is not easy kinds care too much for them to risk distressing their growth through the burden of seed-bearing. The greenhouse must be so arranged internally that the shelves are near the glass, otherwise it will be im; ;
possible to prevent
the plants
air,
becoming drawn.
does
not
Give
signify
an
abundance of
although this
to draughts, and in the winter exposure that season is at not admil all the sun, which Cool treatment is too strong to disturb the growth. advisable through the summer, and therefore a frame under a in n th w all is a suitable spot, as a greenhouse or full Of course exposure- to the sun in summer is hurtful. artificial shading in the way of screen canvas or mats can be afforded, but this is not so cool and grateful as natural shade. It is easy, however, to make the frame movable,
careless
so that
si
it
can
lie
to
the season,
in
nub.
for
instance,
winter,
and
Ire
nin th
summer.
The
HARDY
FLOWERS
77
I'EN
HOUSE.
favourite way of raising Auriculas is by" seed, but, as previously mentioned, it one contemplates growing the
named
collection of
the chances of success at the exhibition are considerably small brush and soapy water will get rid ol reduced. green-flv, or tobacco-water and soft soap, dipping the
slowly, so much so that sometimes months elapse before the last seedling appears, this too very likely the most beautiful. When the seed is very choice, sow it in shallow pans or boxes, carefully drained and filled with light soil sow thinly, pressing
several
;
in
Auricula seed
When
had
XL
Watchfulness will The best policy is to destroy prove a sure safeguard. the flies before they have established themselves upon the
juicy leaves.
In potting
needful,
it
is
and generally the practice of the leading cultivators is to use 3m. or ain. pots, according to the size of
then watering with extreme care, otherwise the seed w ill be washed to one side of the pan. Place the pan, or whatever the receptacle may be, in a greenhouse or frame, and cover with a thin piece of glass, or even paper, to act as a shade until the seed germinates, when pricking off must commence. When large enough to handle w ith comfort, they may be put singly into quite surall pots. Insects must be watched for, slugs in particular, and the soil maintained in an even condition ol moisture to prevent damping off. The cultivation of exch group is generally the same from seed. It is later
the seed into the
soil,
When' dealing with the offsets, that is basal shoots of the old plants, put them into very small pots, and in both instances use for soil a mixture composed of two-thirds sweet, well-decayed turfy loam, free from wireworms, and not made too fine, adding to this old hotthe plants.
bed manure, well-decayed leaf-mould, crushed charcoal, This is an excellent compost for and w hite sharp sand. all sections and in all stages, but in the case of seedlings or offsets a rather larger proportion of sand may be added. Avoid those strange and fearful nostrums advised Happily they are in old books concerning the Auricula. not used nowadays, so that a warning to avoid them The pots must be carefully is perhaps unnecessary. drained, putting in plenty of crocks, and on these a lew
bits
of
charcoal,
then
some coarse
pieces
of
soil
to
keep the finer particles of the staple from running down amongst the drainage and preventing a free egress of water. Always have thoroughly clean pots, and when these are new soak them for some hours before use.
on that the routine of culture must be varied, as to grow, for example, the show or alpine varieties out of doors would be to court failure. Their wonderful colouring is only intensified when the plants are shielded from the weather; a green-edged Auricula would prove an ineffective flower away from the greenhouse or frame. The show sections may be distinguished by their usually mealy foliage, the flowers having round the eyes a ring ot dense white paste, next to which in the edged varieties is a dark-coloured ground, then a margin of white, grey, or green. In the self show flowers there is the w hite ring of paste also, and the ground colour is a pure sell blue, purple, maroon, or similar hue. Alpines have pure green foliage only, and only sell or shaded flowers, those possessing gold centres being the most beautiful. As regards sowing seed, this is best done as soon as it is ripe, but perhaps some difficulty may be encountered in procuring new seed if so, sow in spring; and seedlings of the show and alpine sections require a space ol
78
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
When
lifted
GARDENING.
the leafage has died
two years usually before they are strong enough to flower. This is not the case with the vigorous-growing border Auriculas, and these should be used freely in the garden for the sake ol their fine colours and sweet perfume.
down
The shades
guild
race
may be
poor forms, of one colour, which are effective in the garden. The seeds are very easily raised, sowing them in shallow boxes of fine soil in April under glass, and putting a sheet of paper over the boxes. Prick out the seedlings when large enough into other boxes, and from thence transfer them to the open ground. The time to lift and divide the mots, if necessary, is early autumn or after
flowering in spring,
are wonderfully varied, and a secured bv carelullv weeding out retaining only the deep selfs, or shades
of colour
and stored in a dry place until the planting time again comes round. The whole race of Calochorti, for some time after their introduction, were known as Mariposa Lilies now, however, they are divided into three sections, namely, Cyclobothras, Star Tulips, and Mariposa Lilies. The first section produces one long, broad leaf, and from six to twelve pendent, globe-shaped
;
amoenus,
white Star Tulips, the section is sub-divided into the Star Tulips proper and the Giant Star Tulips. In this section the
flowers.
The
three best
varieties
are
albus,
pink
Of
the
Distinct varieties
the
first
when they
bluish white,
lilac,
lilacinus,
purple,
and
for the
summer
it
flowers.
A
all
summer
quarters.
When
in
flower
is
easv to reject
inferior varieties,
and only in this way is it possible to obtain a beautiful race of good colours. Raise seed saved from the finest varieties only, and never fix upon oneApril
it
while of the Giant Star Tulips, and apiculatus, straw-coloured Howelli, creamy I'urdeyi, white, covered with downy hairs, are particularly handsome. It is in the third section, that of the Mariposa Lilies, however, that the acme of beauty is attained, some of the Venustus forms being marvellous in
;
Maweanus, white
far better to
The Mariposa
in height,
throw
up
small, narrow
2ft.
leaf,
as the seed
II
is ripe.
or
3ft.
and
a collection of
it
named kinds
is
groups,
is
Douglas, Slough.
ol
dieal
carrying a dozen or more flowers, some of these blossoms being 4m. in diameter. Charming as are all the Mariposa Lilies, the most beautiful are comprised in the sub-section
BellflOWerS.
densis.
See Campanula.
.V,
Sanguinaria
cana-
Poppy).
This
is
scarcely a
be used for free groups on the outskirts of the lawn, amongst other shrubs, or wherever a shrub-like perennial of beautiful leaf colouring is desired. Its admirable greyish-veined leaves and ivory flower spikes add a note of colour to the garden in autumn. If will thrive in ordinary soil, and is easily multiplied by dividing the roots in spring.
may
Bulbs requiring warm and sheltered positions and well-drained soil. -A certain set of bulbs require
and when their peculiarities can liecharming. The majority come from South Africa and California, and a few are described in the alphabetical list. The remainder, however, are grouped together Amaryllis Belladonna (Belladonna Lily) or Jacobean Lily (A. formosissima) Babianas, Brodireas, especially the beautiful B. Howelli lilacina, which bears its lavender flowers in spring; Bloomeria aurea, yellow; Calochortus, Crinum Powelli and its variety album,
special
positions,
Homeria aurantiaca
species
Early
Irises,
especially
the rarer
a
from
Palestine;
flower,
I\ias,
Ixiolirion
;
tataricum,
graceful blue
very beautiful
Pancratiums illyricum and P. maritimum, Sparaxis, Tiger flowers (Tigridia Pavonia), T. conchiflora. yellow with scarlet spots, and the varieties of T. grandiflora, especially the lilac and purple lilacea, are very handsome. Include, loo, T. violacea, rose also Zephyranlhes Atamasco, white Candida, white Z. Z. carinata, rose and Z. Treatise. Zephyranthes arevery pretty in sunny sheltered borders, their flowers reminding one of the Crocus. Buttercups. See Ranunculus. CalOChorti. The flowers produced by some forms of these Californian bulbs are exquisite in colouring and refined in shape. Given a certain amount of care in the preparation of the bed, and a modicum of subsequent
-
Venustus, of which the best are Venustus oculatus, white with black eye, margined with bright yellow V. citrinus, lemon yellow, with deep maroon eye shaded with orange V. purpurescens, markings very similar to V. oculatus, V. roseus, but ground colour externally a rich purple flesh-tinted with maroon eye and rosy blotch on upper portion of each petal V. Vesta, the most vigorous variety of all the Calochorti, rosy white, with red-brown base margined saffron. Of the remaining Mariposa Lilies, not belonging to sub-section Venustus, the following are handsome flowers Clavatus and luteus Kennedyi, bright oiange concolor, clear yellow Lyoni and nitidus, white with dark spot and Plummera', silver)' lilac. It is pleasant to see that these beautiful flowers, like butterflies poised on slender stems, are becoming far more popular, and it is t,o be hoped that this popularity will increase. They are less troublesome True, certain conditions to manage than many suppose. are required, as one would expect when dealing with but with a plants from such a sunny land as California warm border and well-drained soils the Calochorti are usually quite happy. The flowers are so beautiful in form and colour that the family will certainly increase in favour with flower gardeners. Camassias [Quamash). The Camassias may be planted but with bold effect in the rougher parts of the garden C. they are worth using in the mixed border too. esculenta is the most common kind, the name esculenta having arisen from the bulbs being edible. It is a very hardy plant, and bears tall spikes of blue flowers throughout the summer months. A pure white flowered variety is When the spikes are cnt and placed in water pretty.
;
When planted in the grass the the buds open freely. Camassias are delightful, although they are seldom thus grown. C. Leichtlini has pale yellow flowers, and C. These are the most charming of the Cusicki soft blue.
Campanula. The Campanulas are Bellflowers,
family. so
named
attention, the
culture of the more vigorous kinds, at all events, should occasion little difficulty. The bed should
be
slightly
raised
above
the
surrounding
composed
well -drained compost, that will remain porous, is essential. The bulbs should be planted in October, at a depth of 3 n and should be protected from the heavy rains by the spare light of a frame, or other method, until March, from which time they are able to utilise all the moisture that may reach them. A sunny border is most suitable for their requirements.
i . .
from the bell-like form ol the flow ers. This is one of the most interesting and important families amongst hardyplants. There is wide diversity of character in the many some alpines of fair beauty, others noble species, perennials, so robust that they may be associated with A few are useful for the shrubs even without harm.
its
variety
places the Bellflowers may be grown. The majority are distinctly perennial, the chief biennial form being the sumptuous Canterbury Bell or C. Medium, and of annual kinds there are C. macrostyla and others, as recorded in the chapter upon that division
so
that
in
many
of flowers.
own
land,
the
79
So
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
C.
OF
GARDENING.
macrantha
A
is
latifolia
frequently
profusion.
5ft.
group of this is very handsome, and il is merely to plant il in the border, but amongst evergreen shrubs loo. Rich blue and deep green foliage makes an effe:tive association. C. latifolia is a native kind. Van ITouttei is also a variety worth growing. The native species should be kept to the rougher parts of
not
necessary
the garden.
C.
Bells,
which
see
amongst
C.
persicifolia is the beautiful peach-leaved BellMower, which is usually most vigorous in deep, rather moist loamy soil and partial shade. It should be in every border, whether in large or small gardens, and may be grown in pots also. A very happy way to use il is amongst everThere are several variegreen shrubs of dwarf growth. ties, all beautiful, and some very distinct in form. Coronata, of which there are blue and white variations, has a semi-double kind of bloom, unlike the other varieties. Alba is very pure, and grandiHora, an enlarged edition of it, a mixture of wdiite and blue, is pleasing. C. Portensehlagiana is the same as C. muralis, or the wall BellMower, which grows freely in chinks in the rock garden, and has small leav es hidden at Mowering lime with delicate blue blossoms, which are scarcely so bellshaped as in many of this family. It is as free in a basket as in the open garden or rockwork, and should be
included in a list of all window plants. C. pillla is a delightful kind, which requires a soil composed of peat and loam. A variety named G. F. Wilson has larger Mowers, but of the same deep purple colour.
CARPATICA
ALBA.
Harebell gracing uic.nl and hedgerow with its slender stems ol soli blue Mowers. C. earpatica is a beautiful kind which may be raised from seed sown as soon as ripe in a cold frame, but il is nei essary to propagate the named varieties from cuttings at the same time, or by pulling the lulls apart, to increase their number. This Campanula should be in every garden, and il will succeed in any light soil. It may be also grown in baskets. Alba is a variety with pure white Mowers, and pallida, as ils n one suggests, is delicate blue. C. fragilis is a pretty little species with drooping downy shoots, smothered in summer with pale blue Mowers. When planted in the rock garden it should have a warm This is, perhaps, sunny spot and fairly deep loamy soil. ol all Bellflowers the most useful for hanging baskets in Il may be often seen in full the w indow or greenhouse. beauty in stuffy cottage windows, where one would think Il is easily increased by cuttings few things could exist. taken in spring, choosing the little shouts and dibbling them into pots, which should be placed in a cold frame. C. glomerata is a native kind, with blue Mowers. There is a w hile variety, and one named dahurica, w hich should be in all gardens, tow n or country, large or small. Its clusters of deep purple Mowers are very handsome, as they are produced with wonderful freedom. No BellMower is richer in colour or freer than this, anil il will succeed in almost any soil. C. grandis, as its name suggests, is a noble plant, bearing upon its tall stems pale blue Mowers. It grows rapidly, and soon forms an imposing group, but is scarcely so fine as C. persicifolia. Increased by division in spring. There is a white variety called alba. C. isophylla is as popular as almost any Bellflower. This is the kind seen so frequently in the greenhouse and in baskets in the window, its slender drooping shoots wreathed with blossom, blue in the lype, and pure white in the variety alba. It may be grow n in gritty soil in the rock garden, or even naturalised in the chinks of old walls. Any child almost can grow it in the window, and little cuttings of young shoots strike quickly in the spring in the greenhouse or even in the window. A use
not often made of it is as a window-box plant, letting its slender shoots hang over the ledge and drape it with oeautiful Mowers. Mayi is quite a new form, freer and
When well grown there are few sweeter Alpine flowers than C. pulla, but it is apt to disappoint, as its growth is scarcely so free always as one would desire. It is wise
CAMPANULA.
have young plants coming on, and this is best done by striking young growths in gentle heat in spring, potting them off when rooted, and then planting out. This BellMower is readily known by its conspicuously shaped Mower, like a bell hung on a slender stem, and intense Propagated by division in early purple-blue colour. spring or in early autumn. C. pusilla and its white variety alba are charming Bellflowers of quite dwarf growth, being not more than 5m.
to
"
HARDY
or 6in. high.
FLOWERS.
Carnation (Border).
season
are
The
flowers are delicate blue in the type, in lighl soil in the rock garden.
" The
fairest
flowers
of
the
may be used oven as an edging, as it forms a dense carpctdikc growth hidden with |>ure while llowers like little hells. Very easily increased by division
tllftS.
of the
C.
pyramidalis.Ikiwer.
-This
is
the well
known chimney
in
P.ellis
our Carnations," declares Perdita in the "Winter's Tale "(Act IV., Scene 3). and these words are true of our own lime, when Carnations are the In the cottage plot glory of many English gardens. Clove Carnations make silvery spreading tufts, fragrant with their big crimson flowers in July, and deign even
to flourish in quite
which
is
also a valuable pot plant for the conservatory in summer. There are two distinct forms, one with clear blue flowers
As a rule, however, town gardens. Carnations in town gardens require frequent renewal; but much depends upon the treatment given as to the length
of their
life.
and the oilier pure while, though some variation will For growing plants in pots, occur amongst seedlings. sow the seed in a cool frame in March, first moistening the soil, as water applied alter sowing is likely to wash Cover the seeds, which are very small, out ol the pans.
w
ith a
There are three ways of increasing Carnations, by layering, seeds, and cuttings, and of these the simplest and surest is by layering the shoots in July, and, of course, in the case of named varieties, the only
Propagating.
place,
glass or sheet of paper until germination has taken and when large enough prick out the seedlings
When estapans of fine soil 2 in. apart. place in quite a cold frame, ami pot singly into either jin. or 5m. pots, transferring them to 6in. or -in.
into shallow
blished,
si/e in
August. A cold frame or greenhouse w ill suffice during the winter, when little water is necessary, as loo much moisture results in the plants damping off. (live the final potting into c)in. or loin, pots in April, and use
One can layer also in August, and even in early September; but July is the First recognised season. The operation is very simple. choose the strongest layers near the soil, and make partly a shallow basin round the plant, filling this with a prepared compost, such as one would pot a Geranium in. Then strip off a few of the leaves of the layer where it has to be pegged down, and with
one, unless cuttings are taken.
a sharp
knife
make an
upright
cut
through a
joint.
good loamy
soil
just
the
summer
corner,
and
;
il
possible
plunge the pots in coal ashes to at any rale, keep the roots cool upon coal they must he placed
ashes to prevent w orms getting in the holes in the bottom ol the pots and
disturbing the drainage. stems well slaked, and
Keep
pick
the
oil
prolong the When using this flower display. Bellflower in the open garden, make groups of it- either the blue by with the white itself, or mixed
decayed
blossoms
to
shrubs.
Other
interesting
Cam-
C. barbata
and
its variety alba, C. garganica, C. lactiflora, C. Raineri, the beautiful varieties of our wilding Harebell,
C. rotundifolia, such as alba, C. Scheuchzeri, C. Trachelium, and C. Waldsteiniana and the variety
Tommasiniana.
iberis.
Canterbury
Flowers.
Bells.
See
SEEDLING CARNATIONS.
"Biennial
Cape Hyacinth
{Hyadnthtis, or Galtonia candicans). This is a noble late July flowering bulb, which should he planted in a bold group or colony to get ti e best effect from the broad, light green leaves and tall spikes. The flowers are produced towards the end of the spikes, and remind one of large Snowdrops, their colour ivory Like many strong-growing bulbous plants, the white. Cape Hyacinth is very chaining planted amongst shrubs,
flowering
border.
Teg the
or
little
soil
ith
and otherwise,
Its
tall
in
the
woodland or
in
the
stems are less exposed, and they rise gracefully from the undergrowth, so to say, of other The plant is propagated by offsets or by seed, things.
and the seedlings are four seasons before they bloom but this is a good method of propagation, sowing the seeds as soon as ripe in the open gior.nd where the soil Leave the seedlings alone for the first year, is good. keeping weeds from them, and at the end, in very kite autumn, when the foliage has died down, lilt and Never keep the hulls transplant into good ground.
;
Layers put down pegs made from ha/el twigs. in July will be ready to lift and plant out or pot, to keep over the winter in frames, in September but if the summer has been exceptionally dry and free rooting is improbable, it is w L,e to leave the layers untouched until When planting out the layers make certain spring. that the soil does not contain wireworm, and give a light dressing of well-decayed manure to the surface. Cuttings may be struck at almost any season of the vear, but thev take root in July almost as well as at any season. The growths on the stem of the Carnation which cannot be iayeied make suitable cuttings, and it is simply necessary to take them off, cut just below a joint, and remove sufficient leaves to give a clean stem for insertion in the soil. Put them round the sides of a 5in. pot filled with fairly light soil, and give, if possible,
;
little
tins
is
not essential in
s
summer,
horn pot
only
in
when
until
the cuttin
are taken
off
plants.
When
rooted,
pot
them
separately,
and
long
out
of the soil
when
received
from
the
dealer,
and
soil
after the stems have died down pull the surface over very lightly to fill up holes occasioned by the
the spring,
March being
the best
dead stem.
very
interesting
when
the best
THE
CENTURY
ROOK
OF
GARDENING.
in
sown a few rich prizes may be expected that is, flowers showing an advance in form or colour upon those
already in existence. It is a fascinating pursuit, watching for the flowers to expand in anticipation of a beautiful
something perhaps that will earn fame in the world of horticulture. Sow but the two best months the seed whenever purchased If a house with a for sowing are March and April.
creation
in
colour,
the possessor
about 6odeg. is available, place the but a gentle hot-bed, or the greenseed-pots in that house, or even a common inverted frame, will suffice. The hot-bed may be made excellent use of for this
;
temperature of
Sow in pots or shallow pans filled with light and put plenty of crocks in them for drainage. Merely cover the seed with soil, and when the seedlings are sufficiently large to handle with comfort, prick them out in boxes, and when about 5m. high plant out into the bed, from which the worthless ones may be removed as they flower. This is the trial bed but seedlings vary. Remember that the Carnation is perfectly hardy, and It may be associated with needs no coddling treatment.
purpose.
soil,
;
spring select March for the work. Choice from cuttings or layers put down in autumn should be kept in a cold frame during the winter, given abundance of air, and planted out in spring. Picotees. The selfs are of one shade of colour, w hilst the Bizarre is distinguished by a stripe of scarlet, crimson, or pink and purple upon a while ground, and the flake Carnation is white with one stripe, rose, scrrlet, or purple. One may readily see these characteristics at an exhibition of Carnations, where they are frequently shown in little paper collars, an ugly way of showing a beautiful flower. The Carnation is a delightful plant lor the amateur, and the choice fancy, and other classes which are scarcely happy in the open garden may be grown in pots, a method described in the chapters upon indoor
planting
varieties
plants.
Selfs.
free, and grouping; Murillo, brilliant red; Uriah Pike, an ugly name for a Clove flower, free, fragrant, rich crimson in colour, and does not split its calyx Raby Castle, a pretty salmon rose flower, very
George
variety
beautiful
for
BED OF CARNATIONS.
free in every way ; Duchess of York, flesh ; Mrs. Frank Watts, white Amy Robsart, deep scarlet Andromeda, yellow Asphodel, rose pink ; Elgin, white ; Sir Isaac, rich yellow Endymion, salmon The Cadi, scarlet pink Exile, deep rose King Arthur, crimson-scarlet Mephisto, crimson Nox, very dark crimson ; Seagull, blush Garville Gem, heliotrope ; Ketton Rose, rose pink Paradox, scarlet Cantab, crimson, very fragrant and Miss Audrey Campbell, yellow. The yellow Carnations are the least satisfactory in growth of any
; ; ; ;
;
Tea Roses,
selfs
or
grouper)
in
the border a
fine
are
the
most
effective,
tor instance, creating a splendid colour picture, far richer than many suppose. The Carnation should be regarded always as a good garden flower, and be planted largely
for
its
silvery
growth,
freely
is
its
fragrant
flowers,
and
its
grouped. divided into several classes, or races, as a visitor to a Carnation grower will at once notice.
effeciiveness
when
The Carnation
There are Bizarres, flakes, Painted Ladies, fancy, Malmaison, tree or perpetual, and even if they fail to approach the standard of excellence required for the
exhibition, are pretty garden flowers. Carnations in the Garden. good Carnation for the garden should be of strong growth, and bear sturdy flower stems supporting flowers of full form, good colour, and not split, i.e., the petals held well within the
varieties.
if bedraggled. Fragrance, too, is a sweet virtue. The soil should be sweet, a good friable loam, for instance, mixed with wood ashes and a little well -decayed manure, and when
the sides as
Fancy Varieties. Amberwitch, yellowish buff, streaked with rose lilac ; Artemis, scarlet, streaked and flaked with lavender Brodick, yellow ground, flaked rosy red Czarina, yellow, marked with scarlet Oliver, buff, heavily edged and spotted with crimson Cardinal Wolsey, yellow ground, heavily marked with red Don Juan, buff, George Cruickshank, flaked and streaked with purple orange buff, flaked crimson ; Perseus, rich yellow, edged and streaked with orange red and lilac ; Miss Mackenzie, buff, flaked rose; Zrngara, yello>\, heaviiy barred and
; ; ; ; ; ;
HARDY
maroon The Czar, yellow ground, heavily edged purple and Melbourne, deep yellow, heavily edged with red. II is Excellency, clear yellow, Vellow round 1'icolees. Mrs. Tremayne, deep yellow, narrow margin of red Miss Violet, yellow, heavy rose heavy scarlet margin edge Mohican, deep yellow, narrow rosy red edge Badminton, also of a yellow shade, with similar edge; Countess of Cowslip, line yellow, edged bright rose Dervish, primrose lersey, line yellow, heavy rose edge Eldorado, rich yellow, yellow, margined rosy lilac Empress Eugenie, rich yellow, nar ow heavy red edge Florrie Henwood, clear yellow, rose red rose margin Golden Eagle, rich gold, prettily edged red edge Ladas, good Ilygeia, clear yellow, medium rose edge Mr. Nigel, deep yellow, clear yellow, scarlet edge Mrs. Robert Sydenham, the best heavy crimson edge Stanley Wrightson, deep yellow, type of yellow Picotee scarlet edge Voltaire, medium yellow, heavily edged Wanderer, golden yellow, narrow rosy red edge. rose Show Carnations. Scarlet Bizarres Admiral Curzon, Arthur Medhurst, Dr. Hogg, Duke of York, Othello, Crimson Bizarres Bruce Eindlay, Robert Houlgrave. Edward Rowan, Arline, J. S. Iledderley, Master Fred. Phoebe. Pink and Purple Bizarres Harmony, Melody, Princess Beatrice, Sarah Payne, Squire Penson, William Purple Flakes Charles Henwood, Earl Skerving. Stamford, Magpie, fames Douglas, Mayor of Nottingham, Alisemond, Flamingo, Gordon Lewis. Scarlet Flakes Guardsman, Matador, Miss Constance Graham, SportsRose Flakes man. John Keet, Mrs. Rowan, Rob Roy, Lady Mary Currie, Thalia, Tim Bobbin. Heavy red edge Brunette, White Ground Picotees. Dr. Epps, Ganymede, John Smith, Princess of Wales, Norman Carr. Eight red edge Emily, Mrs. Bowen. Mrs. Gorton, Lena, Thomas William, Violet Douglas. Heavy purgle edge: Amelia, Mrs. Chancellor, Muriel, Light Mrs. Openshaw, Polly Brazil, and Zerlina. Ann Lord, Someihill, Ller Majesty, purple edge Nymph, Harry Kenyon, Pride of Leyton.
flaked with
;
FLOWERS.
common
I
3
annual
Cor
ower,
lint
much
is
larger.
Thev
plant
readily
increased
CeraStilim tOinentOSUm is a plant used lor edging flower beds, and was more popular a few years ago than
at the present time.
It
will
grows
hence
freely,
its
isses of
silvery foliage
name
Snow
in
Summer.
Very easily
increased by division.
Chelone Obliqua
strongly of a
is a good border plant, reminding one Pentstemon, the stems being over 3ft. in height, and with intense pink flowers. It remains in bloom lor many weeks, and will gro.v freely in rich soil. C. barbita is generally grouped with the Pentstemon, and is a graceful and beautiful garden flower. Propagation is easily managed by root division, and the plants are readily raised, too, by cuttings or from seed.
Chionodoxas, The.
mountain
flowers,
Gems
for
the
spring
are
the e
which dye the pastures with blue. Fortunately, the family is well known now, and the bulbs Plant them freely in masses in autumn to are cheap. get an effect impossible when dotted about without a thought of ultimate results. The Glory of the Snow (C. Lucilue) is the more familiar, having been introIts flowers rise a few inches duced longer lhan others. above the soil, and are pretty in their blue colouring
with while centre.
it
Where
and
the soil
in
the
grass,
if
plant
is
liberally
in
it
the
margins, where,
faiily light,
will in
border time
sow
and form a natural colony. The flowers somewhat in size and colour, some with more white than others. C. granditlora is a very bold and
itself,
vary
free
form,
the
since
flowers soft
blue,
Its
w
to
ith
little
whi e
C. but
in
original
name was
gigantea,
happily
blue,
changed
as
grandiflora.
sardensis
is
intense
varieties although to get exhibialmost necessary, except in the case ol may be the border varieties, to grow them in pots planted out ol doors with every prospect of success.
All the
above-named
it
Lucili;t. There are other kinds, C. Alleni and so forth, but the trio named are the jewels of the family. Propagated by seed 01 All are pretty in pots in the greenhouse, either bulblets. alone or mixed with other bulbs, as the Snowdrop.
robust as C.
tion flowers
is
Chrysanthemums, Outdoor. Of
for
late yea.s one's thoughts have turned from the exhibition varieties of the Chrysanthemum to those known to be hardy enough
Tney
flower
freely
in
the
The
Chrysanthemums flowering
gaily out
Centaureas.
The
are
November
under
most
freer than
glass,
from
varieties
amongst
these
the
Cornflowers and the pretty But the Sweet Sultan. perennial kinds are very handsome and stalely plains, sending up strong stems bearing, as a rule, They rich vellow flowers.
are
than any-
thing seen
before.
Happily the growth of the plants is dwarf and compact, and though confined
hitherto to the Pompon kinds, there are now
more
is
fitted
for
the
the
rougher
parts,
as
Japanese
varieties
of
the
growth
C.
fully
big
and
coarse.
same
glass.
free
and
those
graceful
babylonica will grow 10 t. high, and a tall grower is C. macrocephala, w hilst he silvery - leaved C. ragusina is welcome for
I
character
as
under
its
prettily-co'oured foliage.
Even after sharp frosts the Chrysanthemum flowers are unharmed, but appear fresh and fair when the midday sun diies the
petals. Cuttings may be struck early in the new year, but no time is better lhan
Of
these the only perennial kind that may be considered a good mixed border plant is
are
is
white flowers. This comparativelv low growth, about 2lt., ami the
with
of
not
CENTAVREA.
84
THE
CENTURY
BOOk
OF
GARDENING,
CERASTWM EDGING.
otheiwise by disbudding one loses those free, graceful stems which make the outdoor Chrysanthemum so charming. A lew kinds might want slight disbudding, but the general rule is to leave them undisturbed. Selection of Varieties. This is important, and a selection is given that no one will be disappointed with. It includes all the best and brightest of the outdoor Mine. Marie Masse, lilac Chrysanthemums. Japanese Harvest Home, crimson and gold, 3ft. mauve, 2ft.
be about 2'1'n. long. Cut them just beneath a joint, and remove the two bottom leaves to give a clear stem for insertion in the soil. Use for soil for the pols one part each of light loim and well-decayed leaf-mould, mixed with sufficient sharp silver sand to make the whole fairly porous. Put the cuttings singly into small pots, usually known as "thumbs,"' the reason for this being that the little plants can be potted on without
damaging the
toots.
If
large
number
of
plants
must be raised, then put the cuttings into shallow boxes, and when tooted pot them off singly. It is a wise plan to put a layer of sharp silver sand upon the surface of the soil, so that when the cutting is inserted the sand may tun down and form a foundation for the little shoot to rest upon the object of this is to prevent " damping oft," a term used by gardeners when a cutting decays thiough too much moisture. Tress the cutting firmly at the base, and place in a frame or on the bench ot the greenhouse. Four pieces of loaid, loin, broad, nailed together in convenient lengths and covered with 2loz. glass, make a useful propagating frame lor
;
Wright, pink lading to white, 3ft. George Francois Vuillermet, rich Wermig, deep yellow, 3ft. Mine. Eulalie Morel, deep cerise, lilac rose, 2ft. 6in. Edith Syratt, purple, 2ft. 3m. golden centre, 2ft.
Edie
; ; ; ; ;
Mme. la Ambroise Thomas, reddish bronze, 3ft. 6in. Comtesse Foucher de Cariel, orange yellow, 2ft. M. G. Grunerwald, Mychett While, pure white, I Sin.
; ;
Roi des Precoces, Hardy, orange Bronze Prince, old gold, 2 ft Gin. and scarlet, 4ft. Ryecroft Glory, orange yellow, 3ft.
pink,
4ft.
;
4ft.
crimson,
3 ft
6in.
Vice-President
Chrysanthemums.
Place the pots upon a layer of coal ashes or cocoa-nut refuse, and water with a fine rose watering-pot alter a few days. Always remove decaving leaves and wipe ofl superfluous moisture from the glass, and if the cuttings are in a temperature of about 45deg. they will toot within four or five weeks. When rooted pot on, and by the third week in May the plants should be well established in 5 n. pots. At this time make the border,
fibre
bills.
formal flowers, like little Butcher, orange red, and Lyon, rose purple, each 2ft. 6in. Blushing Bride, rose pink, Bronze Bride, rose tipped with gold, Filberta,
are the
best
Pompons The
more
are
Alice
bed, or wherever the plants Ere to go quite ready. well manured the previous season answers admirablv, but if manure be used at the time of planting, let it be well rotted. Plant firmly, and unless the weather be verv
soil
Am
canary yellow, and Little Bob, deep red, all 2ft. in height; Canari, lemon yellow, l8in.; Flora, golden yellow, 2oin. Mme. Jolivart, white shaded with pink, Miss Davis, soft 1 Sin. Martinmas, silvery pink, 3ft. pink, and Mrs. Cullingford, blush white, each 3ft. 6in. Piercy's Seedling, bronze, Mr. Selby, rose pink, l8in. I Sin. and Nanum, blush white, 20111. Although, of course, immense improvement has taken place in the Chrysanthemum for the open garden, it is
;
soaking is necessary. needed, tie up each plant carefully, inserting the stake at some distance fiom the stem. When the buds
is
not a flower to use recklessly, as often the colours are by no means very bright. A very gay variety is the old Cottage Pink, which one sees in cottage gardens, hence its name. It is a wonderfully free and hardy kind, burdened with purplish rose flowers far into the
off,
but leave
them
to expand.
to
resist
rains
and early
frosts
as
85
86
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
well as any kind of modern introduction. It is ijuite an old garden flower, but one of those good plants sometimes lost through newer acquisitions being praised
beyond
Plantes
their
is
worth.
often very
rich and effective. open beds or shrubberies, they may be planted against brick walls, which usually require something to hide
their ugliness.
The bright yellow fardin des showy in the autumn, as its colour is Besides growing Chrysanthemums in
Strong plants put in during March will following autumn, and if necessary the flowers may be protected with a canvas screen suspended from a coping, as practised in the case of lruit
bloom
in
the
trees
on
walls.
C.
also of a semi-double \ariety, which should alone be grown, as the typical plant is common enough
;
beautiful
C. laeustre is known also as C. latifolium, our native Ox-eye Daisy or Chrysanthemum there are several vatieties, the most popular being semi-duplex, which is a flower of considerable beauty, snow white, and very useful for cutting. Grandiflorum is the name of a larger form, of the same pure whiteness and freedom. is a noble flower, bold and pure white, C. made purer still by the deep green abundant leaves. It will grow in almost any soil, and should be planted to
in
and
maximum
cut
<
give
flowers.
Many
beautiful
varieties
of
this
Chrys nthemum have been raised, some of more importance than others, and perhaps the most distinct and handsome ol all is the one iinown as Maurice 1'richard, which was raised from the form called ihe Rev. Wolley Dod's Ai. The flowers are almost massive, so loiaist, so to say, are the petals, and of purest white, made
stead
by contrast to the yellow centre. The Munis also very fine, and in soaie catalogues, besides those alreadv mentioned, are recorded Duchess
purer
still
of Abercorn,
Elaine,
fimbriatum,
VV,
G.
II.
Sage,
grandi-
variety
florum, Mrs.
Head, and
for its
conspicuous
Fimbriatum is thread-like petals of showy white, and grandiflorum blooms later than the If only one form could be tvpe. chosen, Maurice Prichard would be the one to select.
B.
Child.
C.
Uliginosum
[the
Moon
Daisy)
was formerly known as Pyrethrum uliginosum, and is one of the most beautiful flowers ol autumn. Its or more high, bear tall stems, 5 It. big white Daisy-like flowers, which seem to gleam like silver in the There clear moonlight of autumn. are few spols in which this plant
will in a
not succeed.
It
will
run
riot
damp
in
blossom
a
in
weed by
spring.
division
Cimieifuga.
this
The
to
popular
name
of
may
be
used
in
beautify rougher
places
the
etc.,
garden,
shrubbery
the
soil
is
margins,
sufficiently
where
to
rich
support
strong
is
growths.
the
or
spring.
late
Many
flowering,
value
their
and
GATHERING
WILD CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
perennials that bloom after those of the midsummer are pa--t possess much value. Besides C. racemosa and C. japonica one may also plant
HARDY
C. cordifolia, which blooms throughout
the
FLOWERS.
yellow,
87
marked
in
black,
so
the
centre
in
of
each
with
deep
Lome
a dense cluster.
desirable
the
garden.
They
are
for
plants
use
Creeping Jenny.
species,
moderately.
ColchiClimS.
Crocus or
months.
best
for there are
The
Meadow
popular name
Saffron,
but
Autumn
and
is
See Lysimachia. family consists of more than eighly distributed over Europe. Asia, and the
Crocus
misleading,
Many
it
many true Crocuses flowering in the autumn The Colchicums pioduce their flowers before
and there are twenty
are the following
:
the leaves,
species, of
known
C.
familiar than
in
is
October.
hilst
Album
part.
Striatum
plenum
worth
Oiher species
its double counterhas double stripe segments. recording are C. alpinum and
1
roseum and
C. by/.antinum, both rose coloured; C. Parkinsoni, white, chequered with violet C. speciosum, a noble (lower, crimson-purple, a Colchicum that should be on and the violet C. umbrosum. every rock garden The
; ;
probable that very few of them are the progenitors of the garden Crocus of the present day, which owes its being chiefly to C. aureus. The cultivation ol the garden Crocus is so simple a matter that the merest novice may plant the bulbs with the assurance that he or she will reip a bright reward in the near future, provided the burrowing mouse and flower-picking sparrow do not interfere with Nature, for the latter pest, no preventive is so successful as a few lengths of black thread stretched tightly above the flowers, while the trap and poison should thin the tanks ol the mice. Pots of Crocuses are pretty in rooms and windows in the early spr ng, a few 5in. pots containing half-a-dozen bulbs each, covered wilh ashes or cocoa-nut
this
which
race
is
divided,
is
Autumn Crocuses
when planted
in
fibre
in
the
open
air,
frame,
or cellar until
growth
is
A
the grass at
COLONY OF COLCHICUMS.
a brave show. Crocuses may be propagated from seed, sown as soon as ripe in light sandy soil in pans or pots, reaching their flowering stage in three years. The garden Crocus has been much improved of late years, the flowers being of large size and rich colours Golden yellow, purple-blue, pure while, lilac, and white striped with lilac, are the tints procurable, the pure white with golden stamens being, per h ips, the most attractive. But besides these garden forms there is a beautilul set of species, some flowering in spring, others in the autumn. These are frequently delicate in colour, too dainty, and, in truth, expensive to use in the same lavish way as the garden varieties. Of the Spring-flowering Croci, mention may be made of
grassy banks,
commenced, miking
any position where the tender colouring ot the flowers will be set off by the green When planted in this way a group of of the grass. thirty or forty bulbs creates a charming and distinct effect, even at a distance
dells in the garden, or in
Columbine. See
place
Aquilegia.
entitled to a
Convallaria. See Lily of the Valley. Coronilla Varia is, of this family, the most
in
the
border.
It
is
dwarf,
vigorous,
and has
pink-shaded flowers. Corydalis. This is the Fumitory family, and the yellow fumitory (C. lutea) is frequently seen garlanding old walls and ruins with its yellow flowers. It is a plant should be established in positions like that this wherever opportunities exist, as it is a simple matter to
the
following C. alatavicus, whitish yellow, spotted with purple, flowering as early as January and February,
:
sow seeds
in the
chinks.
If a
C. solida or bulbosa, as
it
is
the
( '.
bright
orange
biflorus,
golden
purplish
plant
is is
floweis,
but
purple,
C.
mauve
handsome
It
III.
desired,
by
chrysanthus,
albus,
means
light
select
C.
if
nobilis.
in
well
plant
in
growing
soils,
about
not
height,
named
half
flowers
yellow, and a white variety handsome C. Imperati, its lilac and always wel.ome in the spring garden,
orange
the
poor.
The
flowers
C.
reticulatus,
white to
purple,
S3
lilac
is
THE
wilh golden throat.
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
1
The
cloth
C.
brown on the outer segments, whilst include too the familiar European C. vermis, ranging from white to
violet
in
colour,
and C.
versicolor,
the
segments
being often
colour.
and Marsh Marigolds are happy, giving each year a mulch of well-decayed manure. Groups may be formed also in the woodland, wheie a ma*-s of the pink and white flowers is full of charm and colour. Reference, too, will be made to the hardy Orchids in the general chapter upon the family, but C. speetabile is too precious to leave out amongst the
Trillium ;,
Autumn - flowering Croci should be more known in English gardens. It is often forgotten that in this group are splendid colours, which gladden the garden at a time rich hues overspread the landscape. Taking the autumn-floweiing kinds alphabetically, C. cancellatus is first, its flowers lavender white, and appear in November C. iridiflorus is very handsome, in form much resembling an Iris, and purple in colour, C. lsevigatus, lavender white, C. longiflorus, purple with golden throat, C. medius, purple, C. nudiflorus, purple-blue, C. ochroleucus,
;
Dahlias.
Daisies.
See
chapter
upon
" Tender
Plants
for
the
Summer Garden."
The Double Daisy is a quaint, bright flower used as an edging, or in beds with similar dwarf plants. Unfortunately, the plant dies in some soils it is uncertain, and has to be renewed in places to which it does not take kindly. When the soil is cool and the tufts are not half-killed by drought in summer, they spread freely, and if an increase of stock is desired, it is a simple matter to pull them apart in spring or in the autumn. The double red and the double white are the commonest kinds, and may be used in association, as the colouisare decided. But there are also such forms as the "Hen and Chickens,'' so-called because the flower sends out lateral blooms, so to speak, suggesting the curious name. Snowflake is a fine white variety, very pure, and with flat petals. Also of good colour are Lord Beaconsfield, rich crimson Rob Roy, a charming red Daisy, perhaps the brightest and best of its colour and Queen Victoria, red mottled colour. A variegated
; ; ;
C.
sativus
lilac,
(the
deep purple,
purple-blue,
C.
C.
seiotinus,
bright
C.
orange throat, ar.d C. zonatus, rose lilac. Of this group none is richer than C. speciosus, which should be planted in the same free way as the spring-flowering kinds, watching the bulbs, however, to prevent mice devouring them. Mice seem more partial to this bulb than any other. This is a Crocus worth planting freely near trees, in the shrubbery, upon the lawn, and, indeed, any place where in the light of an autumn day its rich purpleblue flowers can open widely and show their rich orange stigma. It is very fiee, and fairly reasonable in price. Such a flower should be used well in the
sreclosus,
Tourneforti,
lilac,
variety
named
is
variegation
are
fatal.
Aucubasfolia is in a measure pretty, as the bright, but is apt to damp off, and fogs
pleasure garden.
Crown Imperial.
When one speaks of a cutting it is intended Cutting's. to convey that certain plants are propagated by taking moderately ripened shoots of varying length, usually 3in. or aim, and after cutting just beneath a joint with a sharp knife, removing the lower pair of leaves to In the allow a clear stem for insertion in the soil.
descriptions of plants a note
simple.
is
-S'tv
Fritillary.
Delphiniums.
but
it
These are also called Larkspurs, of which there are two distinct groups, annual and perennial,
is
Cyclamens, Hardy. An
exquisite family
this,
with
These are glorious summer flowers, noble in growth and in bloom, brave masses of colour for many weeks when the principal stems are removed to encourage During recent years such a succession of side growths. raisers as Messrs. Kelway and Son of Langport have striven earnestly to greatly improve the race, and with Many of the newer forms are of splendid success. colour, rich blues, purples, and other shades, sometimes while in the centre with intense blue outer florets, and
here.
perfectly double, whilst we have, in such varieties as Beauty of Langpott and Primrose, flowers almost white, A pure white variety is so faint is the yellow tinge.
and more fragrant. The best time to plant is the spring, and to sow seeds early summer, the seed germinating
freely
in
cold
frame
but
exercise patience,
as the
suie to follow.
selection
of varieties
it
is
various
positions.
If
are
shady
walks
woodland, where
here,
the bright
or pleasing
the
because
all
is
advisal
coveiing of grass and stray leaves at all seasons. A pretty picture is a colony of hardy Cyclamens in bloom on an early spring or winter day, but where no woodland A light shade exists, then plant upon the rock garden. from hot sun is desirable, as the plants succeed under trees, at least where the ends of the branches cast shadows. The soil must be what gardeners call a " vegetab'e " compost, that is a spongy giound, made up of tree leaves, loam, and peat, the kind of soil one gets when leaves and sweepings have accumulated in one Many grow the plants in a cold frame place for years. in a compost of this description, and a wealth of colour is the reward early in the \ ear. It is not everyone that can afford to give them this protection, but a frameful of Cyclamens in bloom is a fair sight. C. Atkinsoni, C. coum, C. europ<eum, C. hederiefolium, or repandum, C. neapolitanum, and album are the hardy kinds. Of these there are varieties, some white and tender
shades,
beautiful.
bloom if possible. The blue varieties are very effective, especially when a sheaf of blossom is Delthrown into relief by a background of shrubs. phiniums are very easy to grow, and may be planted at almost any lime, but the best seasons are early autumn The great and spring, when new growth commences. point is to plant them in rich, well dug and manured soil, and strew coal ashes about, for the reason that slugs Ample space must be are very partial to the plants. allowed for full development, as with age the roots
the plants in
increase greatly, so that 2ft. apart
is none too much. Purchase the newer varieties, which are finer in eveiy way than the old kinds, being taller, stronger, and more
varied.
even in poor striking, are always only a rich ground that can support the In many English gardens the massive strong growth. leafy clumps are the glory of the place, tall strong stems being sent up many feet and thickly crowded with splendid flowers for colour, perhaps self blue, as blue as
Delphiniums
but
it
soil,
is
making
the
family
more
interesting
and
Cypripedium speetabile
(Mccasson flower). The hardy Cvpripediums, or Lady Slippers, are mentioned in the chapter upon "Rock Gardens.'' C. speetabile is, however, the most beautiful of all, and should be planted Plant when wherever suitable conditions can be found. the roots come to hand, and in a moist soil, partly shaded, a bed, for example, in which Primula rosea,
the Gentian, or relieved by white segments, sometimes indeed, it is not easy to blue and salmon pink enumerate the shades found in a good selection whilst
there
When shrubs are are perfectly double kinds too. thinly placed, an unusually rich effect is gained by the sheafs of blossom planting Delphiniums between brighten up shrubberies and last for weeks in beauty, or
;
they
may
;
border
be planted in the back row of the mixed indeed, in any place where robust growth i.
HARDY
desired,
FLOWERS.
than
It
89
many
kinds.
there
the
In
it
perennial Larkspurs
are
in
blooms
I)',
most
and
it
welcome.
abundant
this
for
is
raising seed
sow
reason
il
April in shallow
glass,
off
well
there
is
any
likelihood
collapse
to
of
off
the
of
pick
;,
when
where they
are
to
one
to
under
frame)
variety
and
as
wishes
it
glass (a cold
in
increase
as
the
summer.
much
possible,
D.
barbatus
and
in
a
place
heading
William.
Sweet
of
them
frame.
cold
is
D. Caryophyllus.
a
D.
Belladonna
beautiful
It is
The
parent
the
variety.
not very robust, but the flower spikes are clear sky blue, a
bright sunny colour,
especially
wall.
Manv
is
its
when
the Yew.
Few
as
D. CSesiUS (the Cheddar /'ink) is very pretty in the rock garden in a sunny spot where the soil
is
gritty
loam
or
and
even
by
If
is
slugs
a
limestone,
bits
It
close
of old
is
mortar.
watch
not
kept
quite
dwarl,
and
ashes
there will
be
almost
hidden
lew flowers.
in early
summer with
D.
fl.-pl.
sweetly-scented rosy
flowers.
charming
This
plant
too,
is
Siberian Larkspur).
beautiful
GKOUF OF DELPHINIUMS
best
delightful,
on
flower, perfectly
double and rich blue, but so difficult to grow that lew cm succeed with it. It seems most comfortable in warm
light soils.
old
way
to
thus establish
it
is
to
chinks.
D. nildieaule
a
is
a bright scarlet flower, and one of the It is dwarl and hardy, enjoying
Division of the tufts will give increased stock, easily raised in a shallow pan put into a cold frame.
D
it
CalliZOllUS
others,
is
lovely
species,
warm,
light soil.
Avoid wet
spots.
It is easily rai.-ed
it
but the
so
handsome
and
that
on
but
is
not
wise
to
The deep
scarlet),
Zalil
blue D. Cashmerianum, D. cardinale (bright D. formosum, and the pretty yellow-flowered should be on every good rock garden, but all
flowers are large for the of purplish rose colour. It comes from Transylvania, and delights in warm, gritty soil and a western aspect. Increased by cuttings in summer,
size
should
of
he planted.
plant,
The
or
in
such species
require light
DianthllS.
The Pink
soil.
family
it
is
flower gardener, as
in
are
Cheddar Pink. D. negleetUS is a charming dwarf Pink, and very easily grown, the flowers pure rose in colour and covering the
as the
which, are described fully under these names. D. Caryophyllus is the species from which the Carnation of g.irdens has been derived, and D. plumarius is the origin of the Pink, whilst D. barbatus is the Sweet William. But apart from these a host of flower gems must be considered, Alpines for the most part, and suitable therefore for the rock garden. D. alpinUS (Alpine Pink) is, like some others of the family, not easy to manage. It must be coaxed into good behaviour by providing leaf-soil or something akin to it, and a cool, moist position, when it will spread into deep green tufts, smothered in summer with rich rose-coloured flowers. There are forms of ii, all much alike, and all needing the same open, sunny position and light, gritty soil. It may be increased by seeds sown as soon as ripe in a shallow pan, well drained and filled with light soil, or by division in spring but healthy tufts should not be disturbed. D. Atkinsoni is a brilliant flower, deep crimson, almost blood colour, and more straggling in growl
;
narrow grass-like
soil
leaves.
It
is
delights in a
light,
warm
Alpine
fully
exposed,
and
naiive
of high
pastures.
tufts
may
of rock
little
gives
trouble and
very hardy.
;
Other interesting species are D. cinnabarinus the deep crimson D. cruentus, loamy soil mixed with sandstone D. Seguieri D. glacialis (Glacier Pink), crevice
; ;
garden, gritty soil with sandstone chips, flowers rosy in colour 1). D. g. gelidus, rosv purple Cyclops, a large pink flower with crimson centre >. petrrjeus, rose D. plumarius, parent of the gaiden Pinks and the beautiful D. superbus, very fragrant, rosy colour. Sow seeds frequently, as the plants are short-lived. D. greivei is a rose and white hybrid. D. Sinensis (the Chinese Pink) is an annual, and described amongst that class. Dieentra (Dielytra). To this family belongs the graceful rosy-coloured Bleeding Heart, orLyre-flowerD. spectabilis.
in
the
rock
90
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
It is hardy, but late spring frosts are troublesome, sometimes cutting down the lender growths. Light sandy warm soil suits it best, and it may be placed in the mixed border, rock garden, or indeed anywhere if soil Plant in autumn, is suitable and shade not too dense. and divide for increase ol stock at that season. The roots are tuberous. D. chrysantha, D. Cucullaria, and
Dietamnus
the
{the
plant obtains
the fact that
its
Burning Bush). This popular hardy distinctive name of Burning Bush from on warm summer evenings the glands of
exude in the form of vapour a resinous substance which gives rise to a momentary flash of light. Apart from this interesting feature, the Fraxinella is a
flowers
handsome border plant, the purplish rose flowers being very fragrant, and in the variety albus they are white.
The strongest, perhaps, of Jeffreyanum, which has deep purple flowers, and this grows freely also in the mixed border where the soil is light loam. D. Meadia and its varieties are very charming, the flowers varying in colour according to the variety, one of the most beautiful being Splendidum. It is about Sin. in height, less robust than D. Jeffreyanum, but delightful in a sheltered nook in the rock garden. Nor must the kind known as Integrifolium be omitted, with its bright-coloured flowers. DoPOniClims. These hardy and vigorous plants may be readily increased by dividing the tufts, and they succeed in almost any soil. One welcomes them because of their bold, free habit and early flowering, the large yellow flowers appearing in spring, and continuing to make the garden gay for many weeks. The finest of all is D. which plantagineum excelsum, grows in good soils to a height of about 4ft., bearing a wealth of golden bloom. D. caucasicum and but if I). Clusi are pleasing also
a rich display of flowers.
all is
one
only
is
desired,
plant
Dragon's Mouth.
See
Arum.
Echinacea purpurea.
Rudbeckia purpurea. Echinops, or the Globe
See
Thistles,
are very handsome plants for the border or in groups in the pleasure grounds. E. Ritroand E. ru'lhenicus are worth a place in even small
gardens,
as
there
is
something
unusual about the globular silvery blue flower heads, hence the name
of Globe Thistle.
They
Proable for ordinary garden soil. pagate by seed and division, the last-
mentioned being the best plan. See " Rock Gaiden." Edgings. Every yard of a garden may be clothed with flowers and growth if one so wishes it, and
Edelweiss.
nothing is too humble to pass by. Many otherwise charming pictures are unfortunately blurred by ugly of margins a though less use crockery or stokehole refuse, and Many a fair even oyster shells. domain is blotched with chipped masonry, c;dled "statuary," many a flower-bed is as patchy as a homemade quilt, but nothing is so
foreign to all sense of the beautiful Edgings as burrs, shells, or wood. may be made in themselves gardens of flowers and evergreen growth.
Tiles,
wood
(a
great
fungi
breeder), burrs, shells, and anything of a " fancy " kind should never
ECHINOPS
(Globe
Thistle).
It is of bushy growth, and flowers in midsummer, continuing several weeks in beauty. Propagate either by seeds or division. Sow the seeds as soon as ripe in a pot, and place in a cold frame. Plant out the seedlings in spring.
Terra-cotta tiles frebe used. quently get split by frost into a hundred pieces, and nothing can keep the eye from yards of edging that appear as if chopped at by an axe. Cheap tiles are always expensive, and always wearisome, because changeless from year to year, unless frost cracks and splits them to vary iheir
aspect.
also,
but
it
is
unwise to
Take
them in a warm soil out of doors. Dielytra speetabilis {Lyre-flower). See Dicentra. DodeeatheOnS. These are called American Cowslips, and, if not plants for all gardens, should be grown wherever suitable soil and surroundings can be given. The position most agreeable to the Dodecatheons is one in which the pretty little Soldanellas, Primulas, Orchises, and moisture-loving plants are happy. A moist, peaty soil and shelter are necessary, then one may anticipate
and
strike
upon
Soft stone, or stone of the district, cannot be improved In many districts there are disused as an edging.
quarries,
and
split
pieces
of
stone
make
tie
best
from the straight line or present an uneven surface, this adds rather to the charm of such a margin, and a host of dwarf or creeping plants like
edgings.
If they vary
Flints are of value too, but they the stone to trail over. are not so useful as stone for edging. There are many plants, however, useful for edgings,
9i
92
plant
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
growth a garden where broad masses of white Pinks meet the gravel path, and the Saxifrage and Stonecrop creep up to one another. An edging of this kind is simple, and, made of plants free in growth and in the appointed season, of flowers also. White Pinks are more popular than any flower for edgings. They are of free growth, and their silvery
leaves are at all seasons pleasing
in
to
look
at,
but
those
whole length of the edging, so as to show the correct then cut evenly and neatly both at top and sides. Box edgings are ruined sometimes through neighbourintr plants overhanging them, or by salt thrown on to the walk for destroying weeds when this is worked to the sides ihe growth of the Box is ruined. When relaying, take up the plants, pull them to pieces, and use the strong young growths, which must be clipped to one level. Box is very easily grown, and stands
height
; ;
pruning
i
with
of a than
is
impunity.
The
wider
'iibject
edgings
one
>;j
V/-*:'**
may
with
fading
Peonies
over
the
arecharming
made
to
nent or edgings.
permadwarf
Epilobium.
These are plants most at home by
the
water-side.
E. augustifolium,
its
vaiiety album,
E. E.
hirsutum, E.
rosmarinifo-
obcordatum, and
lium are the chief
kinds.
Willow
is
Herb
E
the
popular name.
ranthis
h ye
{Winter
nite).
little
THRIFT EDGING.
Mrs. Sinkins, Her Majesty, the old fringed white, and the newer Albino are all varieties adapted for this purpose. The dwarf Veronicas, such as V. rupestris and V. taurica, form an edging that may be used by themselves, or associated with other plants, of w hich one of the most suitable is the while Pink. Plant them alternately rich blue against pure white, the Veronica growth creeping over the surface of the soil and nestling against the
ma s Aco A pretty
1 i
bulb,
its
yellow flowers, in their collar of green leaves, appearing almost before January is out in mild \ ears. It should be planted in the grass, at the foot of trees there or amongst shrubs indeed, are a score of ways of using such a flower. In the Royal Gardens,
;
Pinks. Thrift
is
seen
in
many
old
gardens,
but
it
requires
its
To
preserve
beamy
and replanted once in at least four years a rich, even growth is then the reward. The tufted habit, fresh green growth, and
;
is a bed of the Siberian Dogwood, a sea with its brightly-coloured steins, with the Winter Aconite planted amongst it ; the effect is very rich. It seems to like a rather dry soil, and establishes itself in some gardens but dies out in others. EremurUS. A noble family of ardy plants, the secret of success in cultivation being to protect them from cold, harsh winds and the morning sun. A sheltered southwest aspect should be chosen, if possible, and the big
Kew,
there
of crimson
are enjoyable to look at. flowery margin for two or three years, but, unfortunately, hey get "sick'' of the soil, and need, to prevent sudden collapse, a fresh position but where time can be given to changing the
summer
borders, the Pansies should be planted freely in clear self colours. Fancy shades are a mistake. Pure white, a deep blue, lavender, and lints of this character, give bolder effects than any striped or mottled flower.
ever,
kinds best
of
all,
howr
and Stonecrops
orm
more imposing when thrown into relief by background of evergreen shrubs, which, however, should not be so close that the pi mts are overshadowed. The site lor the pi mts must be well chosen and prepared, for once Eremuri are in position they should not Plant in the autumn in rich loam, sandy be disturbed. rather than otherwise, and mix with the loam peat, thoroughly-decayed cow manure, and sharp silver sand. In planting, never bury the crown, but keep it a little above the surface of the soil, and in severe wdniers give The Eremuri protection in the form of cocoa-nut. fibre. are increased in two ways, namely, by seed and division
spikes are
a
permanent edgings, and are throughout the year fresh and bright. Box is a well-known edging, formal, but in its "ay
charming. A badly-kept Box edging is a blot in the garden, however, and, unfortunately, such a feature is not uncommon. The growth must be regularly clipped each year, say in the spring, and stretch a line the
of the roots.
Sow
the seed
as
fiame in
well-prepared
soil,
or
Leave the seedlings there for sheltered bjd or corner. two years, and transplant in autumn to the positions they are to adorn permanently. Five years elapse before
seedlings
flower,
but
a
in
quicker
the
way
to
increase
them
is
by
division
autumn,
separating
HARDY
those crowns which
is
FLOWliRS.
plants,
93
flowering
the
the
most
E. robustus
hardier
and
spike
is
more easily grown than any of the family. will sometimes rise to a height of nearly
closely set
The
ioft.,
and
beautiful kind is with rose-tinted flowers. E. himalaicns, hardy, and with a spike of white flowers about 8ft. high wdien fully developed. E. Olga; is not so tall, the spike being only about 4ft., and the flowers
so also
is
is
dwarf,
very charming and distinct the citron yellow coloured E. Bungei, which The and very conspicuous when in bloom.
It is
;
all
call that
first,
E.
robustus,
is
more
easily
grown,
the
all
Ericas
tree
will
be described
of
fully in
Erigerons.
beautiful
family
hardy
planls,
by dividing the tufts in spring, when new growth commences. The most important kind is E. speciosus superbus, which is worth planting in large beds in the grass, and using, indeed, in almost any
increased very readily
part of the garden, as
in rich profusion, so
sea of co'our.
pi
It
mauve-lilac flowers are produced so that a large mass of it is a remains long in beauty, and is a plant
iis
much
Even
if
E.
will
be quite
aurantiacus,
which has
coloured flowers, its variety splendens, E. macranthus, the pretty Daisy-like, pinky white E. mucronatus, E. multiradiatus, also a smallflowered kind, and E. salsuginosus but of all this throng no one is so vigorous and useful as E. speciosus superbus. Eryngiums (Sea Hollies). A precious group of hardy plants, represented in our native flora by the
E.
;
in early spring, and may be lower parts of the rock garden, at the margin of shrub groups, or even naturalised in grass. They enjoy a light soil, composed chiefly of leaf-mould, moisture without stagnation, and partial .shade. Such a race as this, dainty in colour and form, should be well grown. E. Dens-canis is the best-known kind, and there white, rose, and other are many beautiful varieties and this Dog's-tooth Violet is as colours, none poor easy to manage as any. It is never prettier than when planted at the edge of a bed filled with American plants, such as hardy Azaleas and the like. The name Dog'stooth arose from the bulbs resembling in shape the tooth Besides this species and its varieof our canine friend. ties, there are many other beautiful kinds, chiefly from E. americanum is a graceful the North- West of America. delicate yellow flower with mottled leaves, as in Denscanis indeed the leaf-colouring of this pretty race is as distinct as the subtle hues of the flowers. E. giganteum, with prettily mottled leaves and yellow and orange flowers, E. grandiflorum, golden yellow, E. Hartwegi, pale yellow, E. Howelli, also yellow, with orange base, E. montanum, pure white, and yellow in the centre, are Nor must the charming all worth a place in the garden. Watsoni, E. Johnstoni, and E. revolutum be omitted. E. Hendersoni are distinct and handsome. The way to increase Erythroniums is by bulb offsets also by seed, but from four to five years elapse before seedlings bloom. When planting cover the bulbs with sand, as anything approaching stagnation is fatal to success. These constitute a charming race of plants, Fritillarias. some of them being especially fitted for naturalisation in
planted
in
little
mum,
a
or Sea Holly. They require warm, thoroughly well-drained soil, where there is not the slightest stagnation about the roots, and a sunny spot, otherwise that steely blue colour, which is their chief
charm,
of the
will
not
in
be
spring,
that
developed.
division
cutbits of
and
them about
2in.
deep,
and
should be about
I Jin.
in length.
they In
raising from seed, a very simple and good way of procuring a stock, sow
it
light soil,
and place
in a cold frame.
the
appearance of the seedlings, but as a rule Eryngium seed germinates well. Plant out when large enough, which will not be for about a year. The most charming kinds are E. alpinum (Alpine Sea Holly), E. amethvstinum, E. giganteum, E. Oliverianum, and the pretty smallflowered E. planum, which bees
delight
in.
but
group is very handsome, only in the wild or subtropical garden that it is advisable them. Bromelioefolium, to use Pandanifolium, and Lasseauxi are
taller
is
it
The
The spiny, thistle-like stems of the dwarfer kinds are useful to cut for winter decorations, as they are in a
way "everlastings."
Erythronium
(Dog's-tooth
Violet).
delightful
family
of
bulbous
FRiriLLARIA
[Snake's heaU).
94
the grass,
THE
where
their
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
lion.
GARDENING.
even
pans ol sandy soil, but five years generally elapse between seed-sowing and flow ering. The bulbs also produce small offsets or bulbil which if planted in porous soil in a reserve bed soon attain sufficient size to be set out in permanent quarters. There are about fifty kinds of Fritillary, some of the best of which are here mentioned F. armena,
; :
In dry and wet seasons alike they are a success, and times of drought the plants flower freely and continuously. There is one pest that must be guarded against
in
when new growth is commencing in spring, and that is the slug. Watch carefully for this destructive enemy, and a
away and
covering of coal ashes over the crowns will keep them Gaillardias are give protection from frost.
not very hardy, and in wet ground frequently die off in winter. When such is the case, sow seed on a hot-bed, or in a warm frame or house, at the end of February,
Armenia
F. aurea,
yellow
spotted
with brown,
bin.,
Silesia,
quite hardy,
and well suited to the lower portions of a rock garden or mossy bank; F. Burnati, brown-red. Sin., the Alps,
single
drooping
blossoms;
F.
Grieca,
vellow-brown,
spotted, 6in., Greece; F. imperialis, the Crown Imperial, a fine plant lor the herbaceous border, often remaining
in
l>l
i
and pricking off and potting on the seedMay, when they can be planted out. They will flower well. Seed may also be sown out of doors in June in the same way as the majority of biennials, plantsowing
thinly,
lings until
for a
month.
It
grows
to a height of
over
3ft.,
is a native of Persia. It is to be had in several shades of colour, the clear yellow being the most beautiful there arc also red, orange red, and brown red, while there are double varieties both of the red and yellow forms, but these lack the beauty of the singles. There is also a variety with yellow-margined foliage. F. Kamtschatcensis, purple, I2in., Eastern Siberia; F. Karelini, pale purple, veined and spotted, 6in., Siberia; F. lutea, yellow, 3111. the Caucasus; F. latifolia, purple, with green, yellow, or lilac shading, I2in., Caucasus: F. Meleagris, the Snake's-head Fritillary, a native plant flourishing in main' parts of England, especially in the meadows ol )slordshire. It grows to a height of I Sin. and bears solitary, pendant blossoms, chequered with purple on a lilac ground. There is also a white variety,
;
and
ing the seedlings in the position they are to adorn in the following September. Cuttings may also be struck in gentle heat in spring or autumn. There are so many varieties that the best way is to leave the selection to such well-known growers as Messrs. Kelway and Son, The flowers are yellow of varying Langport, Somerset. sometimes also shades, or dull red tipped with yellow pure selfs. The self orange yellow varieties, with flowers
;
of medium size, are very bright. GalantllUS (Snowdrops). The modest Snowdrop is welcome in the early year, its nodding flowers heralds of It is a bulb to naturalise in the meadow, by the spring. woodland walks, at the base of trees, and in shrubbery
indeed, its pearly white flowers are But in small surroundings. gardens they are pretty, too, and the rarer kinds are happv upon the rock garden, or in pots in the cold house.
margins
in
anywhere,
harmony with
their
when
where
is
as al
home
as are the
Lent
Lilies.
F.
Mogin
gridgei, golden
yellow, tessellated
with maroon
the
Maritime Alps; F. pallidiflora, yellow, hequered in the interior, 9m., Siberia; F. pudica, orange yellow, solitary drooping flowers, bin., Rocky Mountains F. persica, purple-black, 3ft., Persia, very unlike the remainder of the Fritillaries, producing a large number ol closely-set bl is on the same stem F. recurva,
interior of the bell, ioin..
(
is the most handsome of all Snowdrops, Of this, globosus is a pleasing and pure white. form with white globular flowers. G. Fosteri, a Snowdrop of more recent introduction, is worth growing, also G. latifolius and such varieties of our common Snowdrop
G.
Elvvesi
tall
octobrensis,
poculiformis,
Redoutei,
plicatus).
Sharloki,
and
kinds
the
Many new
late years,
bright scarlet,
2ft.,
California.
is
It
recurved.
;
plant, its blossoms being Sewerzowi, purple-green, i.'ft., vcrticillata, white with green base, Crimea.
a graceful F.
Galega
useful
Officinalis and its pure white variety alba are They hardy plants which seem happy anywhere. are of very free growth, the branching shoots smothered
with pinkish flowers
variety alba
is
familiarly
in
known
as Plantain Lilies,
in
may be
1
plantei
1
more
Th
tints
uoie
their
glaucous
and and
driven snow.
It is
grey
and form
the
flower spikes of
Gaura Lindhcimcri
graceful
perennial
which
bears
its
rose-tinted flowers
handsome, the flowers white and abundant. These plants howare useful chiefly,
ever, for their noble foliage;
for months, and is worth grouping with the taller hardy plants, as in some soils, warm light loams for example, it grows over 4ft.
in height.
lanci-
Gazanias.
of
Of
this
family
with bright colours, such as albo marginata, variegata, and undulata. Funkias,
especially
perennial annual and kinds, G. rigens and its variety splendens are the best. Splendens is the deep orange, dark-centred Mariflower frequently seen used as an edging to
gold-like
beds
It is
Gaillardias.
warm
As a rule, sunny spot. Gazanias do not live through the winter, and it is wise to
take cuttings in August, place in a cold frame, and keep them in pots until planting out time the followAn edging of ing spring. splendens is rigens G. very bright throughout the
der are of little use, but in groups or single beds one can enjoy their rich colouring.
Gaillardias are easily grown,
requiring a deep
warm
soil,
enriched
with
well-rotted
posi-
h'VNKIA
summer.
HARDY
FLOWERS.
95
SNOWDROPS
Gentians, The.
IN
WOOD.
when placed
in
It
is
poor garden
from
is
which the
rare
beautiful Gentians
are
absent.
all
There
beauty
widely distinct, yet preUpon rock gardens and in borders plant the Gentians, using the dwarf kinds as edgings but their uses are pointed out in the description of the several kinds. As regards their culture, remembered that the less Gentians are it must always be disturbed the belter, as they increase in beauty with age, and in propagating them raise the plants from seed, rather than from division of the roots, unless it be the Gentianella (G. acaulis), which may be pulled to pieces readily. Sow the seeds always when ripe, and use shallow pans or pots, which must be well drained and placed in a cold frame. Water always with great care, and prick off the seedlings into other pans when large enough. The whole business is simple. All the seed may not germinate at once, but as the seedlings develop they may be lifted carefully from the pan and pricked
features.
;
rather shady corner in the rock peaty and moist. There it grows with great freedom, the tall willowy stems being hidden almost with purple-blue flowers, white, or nearly so,
than
soil is
however, in the variety named alba. It comes from Southern Europe, and blooms in August, when its wealth of colouring is welcome. G. Septemfida, or the crested Gentian, is an early autumn -flowering kind, and perhaps the most popular of the family, as it grows very freely in almost any situation, caring little whether it be sunny or otherwise, but growth is freer where moisture is present. The flowers are bright blue, and borne on stems that are sometimes erect and sometimes almost trailing. G. affinis is not unlike this
species.
G.
verna
is
forgotten,
is
a delightful alpine flower, and, it must not be found here too. It is unfortunately rather
troublesome to manage, requiring a good loamy soil with little stones about the collar, exposure to sun, a cool
position nevertheless,
out.
and moisture.
are in
full
The
flowers are
G. aeaulis [t'u Ce}itianella) is a very old inhabitant. of-our gardens, having been introduced about the year 1630. It is quite dwarf, rising scarcely more than 3m. in height, and the growth forms quite a dense mat, hidden almost in early summer with long deep blue flowers. There are forms of it, however, almost white, rose, and streaked with blue. In some gardens the plant grows as if a weed, and in others it is difficult to establish the rule is to give it a gritty, loamy soil, well drained, and choose a cool, fairly shady, but by no means sunless position. Small pieces, if in congenial spots, will soon become established. G. bavarica, also a very small Gentian, should be planted in the rock garden, and seems to care little under what conditions it is grown, succeeding in light loamy soil as well as in moist, boggy spots. The flowers are large for the size of the plant, and intense blue. G. AndreWSi is one of the taller Gentians, rising about 2ft. in height, the clear blue flowers appearing in clusters in early autumn. It delights in a moist soil. G. aselepiadea is the Willow Gentian, and one of the handsomest of the family it should be grown freely, being permitted to extend into a bold group. It will succeed in the ordinary border, but is never handsomer
;
;
When
the
little
tufts
treasure indeed.
Other Gentians of value are G. cruciata, blue G. G. ornata, deep blue, pretty on a shady part of the rock garden in peaty soil G. Pneumonanthe, a native
;
frigida,
kind G. punctata, 2ft. high, yellow, spotted with purple G. pyrenaica, 3m. high, flowers deep blue, and fringed and G. algida, allied to G. Pneumonanthe. Geraniums. These must not be confounded with the Zonal Pelargoniums of gardens usually called Geraniums. The plants now under consideration are perfectly hardy, some natives of our own land, as G. sanguineum, G. pratense, the little Herb Robert (G. Robertianum), and others. A very beautiful kind is G. armenuin, which is also one of the most vigorous, and bearing in profusion, in summer, large deep rose purple flowers. This plant may be used in many ways, in the rougher parts of the garden where it spreads about freely, near woodland walks, and in the mixed border. One never tires of a plant so Another kind that bushy, vigorous, and rich in colour. may be planted freely in the wilder parts of the garden is A G. platypelalum, the flowers of which are deep blue.
;
95
handsome
flowers
;
THE
species
is
CENTURY
with
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
hybrids
of
the
G.
Endressi,
rose-coloured
The autumn-blooming
for
Gandavensis
is
and Ibericum, rich blue, is also pleasing. G. sanguineum lancastriense, G. pratense and the white variety, the silvery-leaved G. argenteum and G. cinereum, which has white flowers with purple veins, are all of value, the last two mentioned being happier on the rock garden they are too small for the border. If one wishes to increase the Geraniums, it is easy to do so by dividing the tufts in spring when new growth begins, or by sowing seeds in a cold frame in spring, or at almost any season. Root division is, however, the simpler way. Gladiolus. This is a beautiful family of plants which of
;
suitable
many growers
should be deeply dug some three months prior to the of the conns, and some well-rotted manure added at the final digging, care being taken that this manure does not come into contact with the corms when It is well at the planted towards the end of March. planting time to surface each corm with a little silver sand. In warm and dry soils in the South of England
planting
the corms,
usually
foliage
if planted at a depth of 7in., will usually come but autumnal lifting is through the winter unscathed
;
additions in the way of hybrids. It is true that the plants are not a success everywhere, but they require in a measure peculiar conditions a thoroughly drained soil, and warm sunny
late years
has received
many remarkable
practised,
and
is
the
safest
plan.
When
the
If those who have hitherto failed in the culture noble flowers would consider their requirements more closely, the results would not be so unsatisfactory. There are many ways ol planting, a delightful one being
position.
ot these
shows signs of yellowing, the conns are lifted, and for a time hung up by their leases in an airy, dry outhouse or loft, where the foliage soon becomes destitute of sap. They are then taken down, the corms removed and cleaned, and stored in dry sand, drawers, or paper bags. No moisture or warmth must be allowed to affect
resting corms, or they will start into premature growth, which is detrimental to their subsequent flowering. An easv method of proof pagation is that detaching the small bulbils, which are found
to
the
and
spicuous advantage, or
in a distinct
bed or beds
outskirts or
in
I
upon
the
the
of
In'
lawn,
lull
pleasure ground,
the
rich
when
beaut}' of
of the corm,
and
planta
ing
them
in
lines in
one hundred species can be named, the majority of which are natives of Gladioli South Africa. may be propagated from seed, in which manner
a
well-prepared
light soil,
in
bed mulching
of
this
in
order to pre-
number
of
lovely
sorts
The
by frost. These autumn-flowering Gladioli are also amenable to pot culture, one large corm being suffivent
injury
cient for a 7in. pot.
As
i.
iandaearly-
and
the
race,
its
flowering
chiefly to
which
origin
are
in
equally
valuable,
owes
G.
G.
cardinalis,
ramosus, and G.
sec-
tristis.
These two
water if cut when the lower blossoms have Many just expanded.
named
are
varieties
of the
year,
methods
ot
late-flowering
raised
Gladioli
treatment.
The
early-
each
but
several
old-time
lest
in light soil,
and
in
favourites have
dropped
out of cultivation.
The
GLADIOLUS
increase surprisingly last, and may with impunity be lett in the open border without protection through the winter. In heavy, damp soils, however, litis course cannot be
though if beds of light soil be made, the plants may be allowed to remain undisturbed, except in cold districts, if a mulch of cocoa-nut fibre be given before !/ie winter
follow ed w ithout an ultimate loss of the conns,
raised
Sets in.
1)1
the
early-flowering
Gladioli
are in
best of
fol-
G. Colvillei, The liiide, the well-known white variety, which is grown by the thousand for the market Fire King, Blushing Bride, while with rose pink Makings rich red: Crimson Queen, deep crimson ; Delicatissimus, Insignis, scarlet, flaked blush white with rose flakings purple; Prince Albert, rosy scarlet, flaked while Salmon
lowing
G. Brenchleyensis has, however, a hardy constitution, and is invaluable for garden decoration. A wide series of colours is represented in this section, the tints ranging through crimson, scarlet, rose, flesh, salmon, yellow, and white. New hybrid races of Gladioli have been introduced of late years, these being G. Lemoinei. mostly yellow and flesh-tinted, with large blotches of deep colour on their lower petals; G. Nanceanus, producing exceptionally large and brightly-coloured flowers ; and G. Childsi, a more robust strain than the last-named, the flower spike being taller, and the individual blossoms possessing exceptional lasting powers. One of the most popular of the Gladioli for pots is G. Colvillei, The Bride, which may be grown in an ordinary greenhouse with complete success, as will be pointed out when flowers for the greenhouse areconsidered.
brilliant
scarlet
valuable
for
pots,
of
argenteum)
and noble are the hardy which the Pampas Grass (Gynerium and the New Zealand Reed (Arundo
Varied
Solidago.
97
93
THE
CENTURY
ROOK
OF
GARDENING.
to
oonspicua) are the most important. The Pampas Grass will thrive almost anywhere, though to obtain the
best
results, that
stiff
is,
should be
yet
plants 10ft. or 12ft. high, the soil well-drained loam, and the position
fairly sheltered.
female plants that produce the G. jubatum is pretty, though less vigorous than the more familiar kind, and its plumes are pure silvery white in colour. The Arundo is in beauty about two months before the Pampas, and is a noble silvery-plumed Grass, requiring a moist soil and shelter, A. Phragmites is our pretty native Reed, but not shade. whilst A. Donax is tender, though it should be always tried, especially in the Southern Counties, where it is A usually far happier ban in more northerly districts. cover of ashes should be laid over the crown of the plant as protection from severe frosts. The variegated variety is very pretty, the graceful leaves being striped with white. The Arundo conspicua and Pampas Grass should be
It is the
1
grouped on the lawn outskirts, or some position in which their fine growth is seen. It is a mistake to crowd Eulalia japonica them up too much with other things. is very graceful and hardy, reaching fully 8ft. in height There are three very pretty and 5ft. or 6ft. through. varieties, one named variegata, in which the leaves are striped with white, another gracillima, well named, as it is the most graceful perhaps of all, and zebrina, which is readily known by the yellow transverse bands across the The beautiful blue-green coloured Sea grassy leaves. Lyme Grass (Elymus arenarius) should also be included. This is worth planting on loose banks, as its roots are of extreme vigour and hold the soil together. The Apera arundinacea and Feather Grass (Stipa pennata) must not be forgotten, and are worth gathering for winter
rough winds the leaves get much torn. South of England it is wise to protect the roots from frosts by covering over the crowns with dry leaves, removing this covering in the spring. It is not much they require, but this light covering means, in The a hard winter, preserving the life of the plant. fruit spikes are an interesting feature, but it is for their G. bold ample foliage that one cherishes the Gunneras. manicata will develop to an immense size in certain positions, and it loves no place better than by the water- side, where, in time, if the soil be rich and deep, it will spread into a large colony. It is well to give a mulching of manure in the spring, and even applications of liquid manure, as the roots require plenty of rich food. Gunneras are called "Prickly Rhubarbs," and the big leaves are not unlike those of a large Rhubarb. There are other Gunneras, but G. Scabra and G. manicata are the only kinds generally grown. It is rare to find any other species. Of course, to put the Gunneras by the margin of a small pond would be a mistake. They are big plants, require ample space to develop, and if in any
when exposed
Except
in the
way cramped
them
things
their picturesqueness
is lost
associate with
Polygonum Bamboos, and similar things. The way to propagate is by seed, or division of roots, which is as easily managed as in the case of the homely It is wise not to allow many fruit spikes to Rhubarb.
of
like
vigour,
the
stately
Sachalinense.
Annual Grasses are considered in the chapter on "Annual Flowers." Gunnera. The Gunneras are noble plants for the waterside, and are amongst the largest leaved of all perennials. It is only by the lake or pond side that this group is happy, and when well placed is remarkably imposing. G. Scabra and G. manicata are the chief kinds, and of the two the former is the more handsome, in both species the leaves measuring sometimes over 6ft. across. The pleasure ground is not the best place tor them, and if there be no water in the garden, and this group is desired, choose some sunny spot, open, yet sheltered as
decorations.
mature, as naturally these distress the plants considerably. Frequently several are produced by a single clump. Gypsophila. The best of the Gypsophilas is G. paniculata, which is valued for its veil of tiny white flowers in summer, a network of stems as fine almost as thread. When the plants are well grown this mass of white is over 2ft. across, and is delightful to mix with cut flow ers The plant is quite hardy and very in decorations.
vigorous, caring
little
or soil
may
be.
G. cerastioides is a pretty kind for the rock garden, with larger flowers than G. paniculata, and not carried on Very little grown is the annual such a maze of stems. Gypsophila (G. elegans), which is as valuable in its way for bouquets and similar floral arrangements as Paniculata. The flowers are white and like spray, so fine are the stems. Seed should be sown about March in the open ground. Heaths. This charming race will be described fully in he chapter upon "Trees and Shrubs."
mm
mg-ti
GUNNHRA.
HARDY
FLOWERS.
handsome,
familiar ol
rich yellow
all,
99
flowers; II. multiflorus, the must double variety, II. orgyalis (6ft. ) H. rigidus, and its noble variety Miss Mellish, w hich has very large semi-double rich yellow flowers, and strong, stems. tall A large mass of this is imposing in the autumn. II only two or three kinds are desired, choose
and
its
H. decapetalus
flower;
Mellish.
II.
or
[I.
orgvalis
II.
mollis, a
lug
yellow
as
lsetiflorus,
Harpalium
rigidum
H. and
rigidus,
also
known
the
taller
variety
Miss
Heliotrope, Winter. See Tussilago fragrans. Hellebores (Christmas and L'-nten Roses). The Hellebore
family comprises about a dozen species, the majority of which are far from effective. The Christinas Rose,,
Roses,
to
no
plants
lor
their
value
in
Caucasus, bearing green or purplish flowers, 2in. in diameter, from January to March; height, lit. H. atrorubens, a native of Southern Europe, bearing dull purple flowers, with petals long, in March; height, lift. 1 in. H. caucasicus, from the Caucasus, bearing pale green flowers; height, lift. II. colchicus, from Asia Minor, flowers deep purple
:
flower from mid-October till April. lollows II. ahchasieus, from the
list
of the species
TUSSILAGO FRAGRANS.
Helenium ailtumnale
ill
is a hardy plant that should he every garden, large or small, in the country or otherwise. It is one of those free-flowering, vigorous perennials that are gay from summer until almost the time of frosts. The type is tall, quite 6tt. and handsome, but more useful for naturalising or to plant in the rougher The best parts of the garden ; its flowers are yellow. variety for gardens is Pumilum, which is about 15m. in height, and almost hidden beneath the mass of yellow This is a kind worth filling large beds with on flowers. It the turf, or to use in any way thought desirable. never fails. Grandiflorum and superbum are tall forms. II. grandieephalum striatum is of tall growth, with a host It is quaint of rich brown and bronzy striped flowers. Increase the and curious, but an over-praised plant. Heleniums by division of the roots in early spring or in autumn, and they will succeed in almost any soil. HeliatlthemumS (Sun Roses) are valuable for warm dry
European species, found in England, bearing green flowers, and valuable for its deep green abundant foliage. H. lividus, from Corsica, bearing corymbs of ten to twenty green flowers. H. niger, Christmas Rose, a native of Central and Eastern Europe and Western Asia, bears white flowers, and is the progenitor of the garden varieties of the Christmas Rose of to-day. H. odorus, from Eastern Europe, produces height, lift. green, scented flowers H. olympicus, from Greece, bears purplish flowers, and attains a height
height,
lift.
H.
fcetidus, a
banks, which a good selection of varieties of the common Sun Rose will clothe with spreading stems, studded in
summer with
is
brilliant
;
flowers.
H. vulgare
it
beautifies
from Greece, bears large rose diameter height, 2ft. This Hellebore is the chief progenitor of the Lenten Rose. H. viridis, Europe, Britain, bears bright green flowers, The Christmas and Lenten Roses and grows lift. high. deserve separate consideration, the former being more exacting in the matter of culture than the latter. Christmas Roses require deep, rich soil, and flourish best in a partially-shaded situation, where shelter from The cutting and boisterous winds may be obtained. bed should be prepared at least 3ft. in depth, a thick layer of cow-manure being placed at the bottom, and a good portion of the same worked into the lower portion of the soil, care being taken that it does not come into Large clumps should not be contact with the roots.
of
2ft.
H.
orientalis,
2in.
in
purple
flowers
the wirv shoots hanging over chalk banks in full sunshine. Secure a selection of the best colours, which vary from
white to deep crimson, some of the yellow and orange Other useful kinds are shades being rich and attractive. dwarf, with yellow flowers in masses piloselloides, Tuberaria, which has yellow flowers measuring about an and H. rosmarinifolium. inch across; umbellatum, white
;
The way
to
increase
Helianthemums
is
by seed, or by
dividing the roots in early spring. brilliant race of hardy flowers is the HeliantllUS. perennial Helianthus, so free, graceful, and hardy, that
when once
likely to
established the strong rambling growth is encroach upon other things. It is necessary to group them to obtain a rich mass of colour from the flowers, which line the willowy stems, tossed about in These perennial Sunflowers may be autumn winds. planted amongst evergreen shrubs, just as one would use the Asters or Lilies ; but no matter how small the garden plant a group somewhere in a corner where if the is,
plants get unruly
rich soil, but
little
will
They appreciate
staple,
and should
the
be divided once
in
growth becomes matted, and weakly flower stems are the There are many poor weedy kinds, so restrict result. the selection to the following, all of which gladden the H. decapetalus, height 5ft., soft garden in autumn yellow flowers in profusion, delightful amongst shruDs U. doronicoides, H. giganteus (6ft.), II. loetillorus, very
:
ERE.MURUS UIUALAICVS
{see
p.
9 c),
IOO
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
planted entire, as when this is done they often refuse to grow, and eventually dwindle away. The clumps should be placed in water, and when the soil has become sufficiently softened it may be washed from the roots with a syringe or hose. When these are entirely free from soil they may easily be divided with a sharp knife into separate crowns, care being taken not to damage the roots more than is necessary. These crowns should then be planted l8in. apart in equal parts of fibrous loam and leaf-mould. In this they should soon root, after which they will quickly thrust down their roots into the stronger
being of pale apple-green coloir. This Hellebore was of late years rediscovered in Ireland, where it was reported to have been originally brought by the Huguenots. Another valuable Christmas Rose is the Riverston variety, which takes its name after a country seat in County Tipperary, Ireland, where its conspicuous
merits were first discovered. It is a particularly freeblooming variety and produces pure white flowers. The
is somewhat similar in appearance to H. n. Juvernis. It is a great favourite in the North of England, and is used extensively for supplying the cutflower trade around Manchester. H. n. major (the Bath variety) is a larger form of the typical H. niger. It is grown in great numbers by nurserymen round Bath, and holds the field in that city in much the same
flower stems
Brockhurst variety,
The best times for division and February and September, the first being before they have commenced to make their season's growth, and the second after its completion. After flowering is over the plants should receive a mulch of well-rotted manure, and should be well attended to in the
and
richer soil below.
planting are
manner
as the
last-named
does
in
Manchester.
H.
matter of water during dry weather, while liquid fertilisers, such as manure-water and soot-water, are very beneficial in strengthening the growth of the plants, and thus laying the foundation for a satisfactory flowering season. Sheets glass fixed on legs just over each clump prevent ol the blossoms getting soiled during wet weather. Frames and hand-lights are often put over them for the same reason, but these are apt, in bad weather, to be kept too close, and they are certainly more cumbersome than the method advocated. Christmas Roses are often
grown
successful
and large pots, but to be manner of culture it is necessarv that they should receive even more care and attention than when they are planted in the open ground. The tubs
well in tubs, half-casks,
in
this
should stand in a sheltered position, not exposed to the full sunshine for ten months out of the twelve, and be brought under glass as the flower buds show above the The plants must not even be allowed to want lor soil. water or feeding throughout the summer, if a satisfactory bloom-crop is to be expected. There are many varieties of the Christmas Rose, but of these some identical forms known by diverse names in different localities. The Giant Christmas Rose, H. n. altifolius, sometimes known as H. Maximus, is the first to flower, often coming into bloom, in the south-west, in mid-October. When well grown it attains a height of nearly 2ft. The leaves are large and very leathery, and their stalks, as well as the flower stems, are heavily spotted with red. The flowers
of
tliis
fine variety,
i
often over 5
n.
in
without doubt the noblest of all, are diameter, and are generally tinged with
pink
to
at
Although commencing
such an early date, H. n. altifolius often extends its blossoming period until March. H. n. Juvernis, or St. Brigid's Christmas Rose, is a beautiful variety, bearing large, cupped blossoms of the purest white, without the slightest suspicion of pink, both leaf and
bloom
sometimes confounded with II. n. Juvernis, but rather it is a smaller and slenderer edition of H. n. altifolius, though with narrower leaves and without any pink on the blooms. H. n. Madame Fourcade is a pure white free-blooming variety much after the style of H. n. Juvernis, but slightly more vigorous. H. n. ruber, or Apple-blossom, is of a clear, light pink shade. Christmas Roses may be raised from seed sown in a moist and shaded bed in porous soil. Blooms may be expected in four years from seed. The Lenten Roses, which come into bloom in mild winters at the end of January, carry on the display While they are commenced by the Christmas Roses. partial to deep, moist loam, and to a position not too exposed to the sun's rays, and whilst they succeed under the cultural conditions advocated for the Christmas Roses, there is no doubt but that their culture is considerably simpler than that of the varieties of H. niger, which at times refuse to flourish, even when all their wants have been studied and provided for by experienced There are now many beautiful hybrids of cultivators. the Lenten Rose, many named, and many, quite as Great attention has been paid to their lovely, unnamed. hybridisation of late years, both in this country and abroad, and we now have a charming series of colours, ranging from white through peach-blossom and pink to rose-coloured and maroon, some of the white flowers being most delicately spotted with crimson and claret Some of the blossoms dots and splashes in the interior. A few good are cup-shaped and some star-shaped. named varieties are N. orientalis antiquorum Willie Barr, rose H. o. Commerzienrath Benary, white, spotted H. o. Gertrude Jekyll, pure white crimson II. o. Gretchen Heinemann, rose purple; II. o. guttatus, white, spotted claret H. o. Mrs. Lambert, blush, spotted crimson H. o. punctatissimus, rose purple, freely The Lenten Roses are spotted IT. o. roseus, deep rose. easily raised from seed sown as soon as ripe in fine soil on a damp border. In many gardens mice have a great partiality for the buds of these plants, and hundreds are often taken
n. scoticus or augustifolius is
;
;
in a
single night. In using the Hellebores for cut flowers it is necessary to split the flower stems, from their bases, into four divisions
for
3in. or
this is
many days, whereas if it is omitted they will speedily wither. The Christmas Roses are injured by having their leaves cut to arrange with the flowers but leaves of the common Rhododendron will be found to give a similar appearance, and can usually be procured without
for
;
difficulty.
This Ilemeroeallis (Day Lily). handsome race of hardy flowers obtains its popular name from the
Lily-like
character of
brief
life.
the
flowers
are
HELLEBORUS KIGER
[Christmas
Rose).
and
their
There
HARDY
several species, all
FLOWERS.
IOI
and
good garden plants, enjoying shade, wherever there are shady corners to make beautiful the Hemerocallises should be used libefor this reason
rally.
By
streamside,
in
the
mixed border, or
in
the
A. rosea, which is itself a very handsome species. Hollyhocks should not be merely confined to the bark row of the mixed border, but grouped in the woodland, where
the
the
it
Day Lilies may be planted with success The soil should be well manured, and autumn.
will
sun
is
not
hidden,
or
igst
shrubs.
Many
not be necessary to disturb the chimps for an increase of stock is desired, divide the roots in autumn, a very simple matter. The most important kinds are H. Dumortieri, which conies from |apan. It bears a profusion of rich yellow fragrant flowers, which, il very short lived, appear in quick succession, so much
then
years.
If
created by using the Hollyhock The soil must be in the wilder parts of the garden. thoroughly good, even rich, putting in plenty of manure,
effective pictures
may be
as
it is,
as gardeners say, a
if
summer months,
freely,
the
to
and never
is
fail
"gross feeder.'' During the weather is very dry, give water securely stake the stems il tinis
position
at all to
windy.
is
not noticed.
The
variety
The way
increase Hollyhocks
by seed, dividing
is
is
of
more recent
introduction,
and
eyes.
Sowing seed
advisable,
the finest of the family. It is remarkably robust both in leafage and flowers, these being very large, sweetsmelling, and apricot in colour. large mass of this in
far
less
likely to perpetuate
any disease
feature. These strong-growing must not remain too long in one place, else the growth becomes weakly through being matted together. A charming kind is the Yellow Day Lily (H. flava), which has pure-coloured flowers, strongly scented, and they do not fade so quickly as those of other
is
the garden
noble
There are several times for seed than cuttings or eyes. sowing, namely, in early autumn in a cold frame, when the seedlings must be kept in pots during the winter and
kinds
in particular
kinds. Vriie leaves are graceful, fresh in colour, and the plant increases quickly. II. fulva is the copper-coloured
Day Lily, and of bolder growth than the yellow kind, being thus fitted for the wilder and rougher parts of the garden. H. disticha, the variegated H. Kwanso, the double-flowered Augustifolia, and variegata, are all forms of this species. H. minor, or II. graminea, as it is also called, because of its grassy foliage, is smaller altogether, and has large yellow fragrant flowers which remain in beauty for two or three days. The Day Lilies should be grown in quite small gardens, and the pretty H. flava may often be seen flowering freely in the shade in gardens near large smoky towns.
Hepatica.
See
Anemone.
is
Heucheras.
In
This family
it
some species
this
is
charm,
tions.
changing
much
The Heucheras
be the scarlet-flowered H. sanguinea, the plants are in a way lost. H. sanguinea is certainly the brightest of the family as regards flowers, these being scarlet, crimson, or shades of it, and produced in slender spikes. Seedlings vary so much, that propagating the plant each year after flowering by dividing the tufts is advisable, and the experience of most flower gardeners is that to induce this Heuchera to bloom freely, disturbance of this kind once in two or three years is necessary. warm, loamy soil and sunny position are needful. Grandiflora is a variety H. with stronger flower stems, and is of richer colour. americana, H. glabra (brightly-coloured leaves in winter), and H. Richardsoni or hispida, are useful for their foliage the flowers are of little account. Hibiscus. There are a few of this splendid family, usually suitable for the stove only, that may be treated as hclf One of these is H. Manihot, which has hardy annuals. beautiful delicate yellow flowers, with a marone centre. Sow the II. africanus major, pale yellow, is also pretty. seed in warmth in February, and plant out in late May, The Hibiscus is w hen frost is no longer to be feared. placed here because usually considered perennial. Hieraeium aurantiacum (the Hawkweed) is a plant common in many gardens. It is not without beauty, as a its flowers are rich brownish red, and produced in dense head, continuing to appear for several weeks. it is at There is no trouble about growing the plant home almost anywhere. Hollyhock, The (Altlnea). The Hollyhocks form a noble family of hardy plants, making picturesque groups in the border, especially when backed by an old moss-stained Unfortunately, for many years past disease has wall. played havoc with this stately flower, although happily its visitations are less frequent and severe than formerly.
HEUCHERA
species, few,
planted out in spring, or in February, using shallow pans for the purpose, which should be placed in a cold frame. Pot off when large enough, or, if the seed be not sown too thickly, leave the seedlings alone until of moderate size, when plant them in the positions they are to adorn. February is a good time to sow. Seedlings do not reproduce the colours of the parents, but give a variety of tints sometimes, though the colours are seldom poor, whilst we cannot be sure of obtaining double kinds. To perpetuate any unusually fine variety, resort must be had to dividing the plants when new growth is commencing in spring. Cuttings may be struck readily in summer-time with a little bottom heat. If one has a spent cucumberbed, utilise this for the purpose, putting a glass light on, and shading the cuttings from the sun until rooted; then pot off and plant out. In propagating from eyes, which are in the axils of the leaves, these should be treated like vine eyes, and planted in small pots placed in gentle warmth. Let there be a leaf with each eye if possible. Of other species of Hollyhock, A. ficifolia is very beautiful, the flowers usually soft yellow, but varying in colour. It grows about 5ft. in height. )ur British Althaea is A. officinalis, called the Marsh Mallow. When the plants get diseased, there is, unfortunately,
(
102
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
fibre,
GARDENING.
being removed,
desired
early
to
little to be done, this consisting principally of removing and burning at once any leaf at all infested, and spraying the remainder once a week for about three weeks with Bordeaux mixture, which is a stronger remedy than
when
later on,
if
is
hasten
their
warmer
where
structure.
sulphur.
The
See Sempervivum..
(the
Roman Hyacinth
is
particularly useful
Houseleek.
Hunnemannia fumarisefolia
Mexican Poppy).
A graceful
and
beautiful
flower,
more frequently than at present. It is really a half-hardy biennial plant, and is readily increased by seeds, which may be sown in autumn when ripe, and as they often remain dormant for some time, the soil must not be thrown away under the belief that the seed has failed. Select a very warm spot for this Poppywort, where the
soil is light,
otherwise
it
The
and the
flowers
foliage
pretty too.
garden Hyacinth of the present Hyacinth, day has for its progenitor Hyacinthus orientalis, a native of Syria. The propagation of this bulb is now almost entirely left to the Dutch growers, whose deep, sandy soil is eminently adapted for its culture. New varieties are
The. The
white flowers are required in the depth of winter. When grown for cutting it is usually planted in boxes, but, subjected to the same treatment as recommended for the Dutch Hyacinths, it makes a pretty winter pot-plant. The bulbs being smaller, three instead of one should be placed in each pot. Of single Hyacinths the following named varieties are good White, alba maxima, Avalanche, Blancheur a Merveille, La Grandesse, LTnnocence, Mont Blanc blush white, Cloche, magnifique, Elfrida, Grandeur a Merveille, Leviathan, Lord Shaftesbury, Mammoth dark blue, Anna Bolena, General Havelock, King of the Blacks, King of the Blues, Marie, William the First light blue and porcelain, Amy, Czar Peter, Grand Lilas, La Peyrouse, Queen of the Blues, Regulus red and pink, Cavaignac, Circe, Cosmos, King of the Reds, La Belle, Vuurbaak yellow, Anna Carolina, Bird of Paradise, Grand Vedette, John Stuart Mill, King of the Yellows, Obelisk. )l double Hyacinths, the appended selection is composed of handsome varieties White, La Tour dAuvergne, Grand Vainqueur, Prince of Waterloo, La Vestale, Lord Derby, Princess Alice; blush white, La Virginite, Duchess oi Bedford, Jenny Lind, Groot Voorst, Anna Maria, Madame de Stael dark blue, Charles Dickens, Garrick, Laurens Koster, Lord Wellington, Prince of SaxeWeimar, Bride of Lammermoor light blue and porcelain, Bloksberg, Mignonnede Dryfhouts, Van Speyk, Magnificent, Delicata, Duke of Norfolk red and pink, Princess Louise, Bouquet Tendre, Regina Victoria, Duke of Albany, Marie de Medicis, Empress of India ; yellow, Bouquet d'Orange, Goethe, William III., Croesus, Jaune Supreme, Ophir. It is as well when ordering bulbs to specify the colour required as well as the name, as often two differently coloured varieties are advertised under the same name. Thus, in taking up the catalogue of a noted bulb firm, one finds that a double dark blue Hyacinth is named Charles Dickens, and that the same title is applied to a single red variety. Again there is a double blush Lord Wellington as well as the double blue referred to in the preceding list, while Princess Louise is advertised as a double white as well as a double red, and this by first-class
:
firms.
DOUBLE HYACINTH.
raised from seed,
offsets.
exceedingly simple, as the bulbs arrive in England containing the undeveloped llower spike, which pushes up w hen the bulb is started into growth. Hyacinth bulbs are often thrown awayafter blooming in pots but if these are carefully knocked out, without disturbing the soil, and the balls lowered into a
;
The
wild Hyacinth worthy of notice is H. amethysthe Pyrenees, which bears graceful spikes of sky-blue bells. Iberis.-- -The perennial Candytufts are of much beauty and interest, forming dense green cushions pleasant to look upon in winter, and smothered with white flowers in summer. They should be planted so as to hang over ledges or old walls, and here, the position being warm
tinus,
The only
a native of
and the
winter
soil light,
trials.
more
likely to
weather
The
hole
will
in
the
earth in
spare
border,
the
soil
being
subsequently
give spikes
made
firm
pleasure
may
not
their blooming.
for many a year, although the be as massive as on the first occasion of An out-of-the-way border filled in this
extremely susceptible to damp. gibraltarica is I. happier in a greenhouse or frame than on the open rock garden. Indoors it will produce its white and lilac flowers throughout the winter, and there is a variety of it named hybrida which is worth growing. It grows about lit. in height, and has bright green leaves, which are almost hidden in the flowering season with very large clusters of white or lilac blossom. When not grown in the greenhouse the only position in which it may be
t
usted
is
soil
is
light
charming spring
picture,
and moisture
run
off"
quickly.
Damp,
or anything
countless scented flower sprays. For pot culture single bulbs should be used in preference to a greater number, as these seldom are at their best simultaneously. They should be potted in three parts fibrous loam and one part well-rotted manure, with a sufficient admixture of silver sand to keep the compost open. When potted they are best placed in a cold frame
approaching stagnation, at the root is fatal. I. Printi reminds one of I. gibraltarica, but is happily hardier, and bears its pure white flowers in early summer. Plant in an easterly position and in light soil. I. saxatilis is quite dwarf, and has deep green leaves and pure white flowers, and of this there is a very charming variety named correaefolia, which may be planted as an edging
to
walks.
I.
semperflorcns bears
its
sweetly-scented
HARDY
flowers in autumn, white
;
FLOWERS.
l3
but
the
most
is
I.
common
variety
of
the
sempervirens,
distinct
named Garrexiana.
is
This
small
Candytuft
seen
is
quite
gardens, and
to
freely
the hardiest
on
the
hanging over old walls and ledges Superba is upon the rock garden. Gritty soil is a well-named variety. necessary. Garrexiana is a dwarfer
variety, with smaller flower clusters.
Tenqreana has purple flowers, I. and is not hardy, except in the Southern Counties. All the perennial Candytufts are, however, very easily raised by cuttings, which may be taken in the autumn, dibbled into pots of light soil, kept through the winter in a cold frame, and planted
out in the following spring.
In the case of such kinds as the last, this constant renewal is necessary if one
desires the plant always in the gar-
IBF.RIS
(Perennial
Candytuft)
InulaS.
These
the rougher and wilder parts of the garden. If one kind is grown, this is certainly the finest. I. Helenium is the British Inula, and I. Oculus-Christi maybe also mentioned. All the plants are a success in good soil, and will grow almost anywhere. When an increase of stock is desired, propagate by root division. Kniphofia (Flame-flower). This is a noble group, frequently catalogued as Tritoma, the old name for the family, and one frequently hears them described by the ugly but apt title of Red-hot Poker plant. The brilliant orange and scarlet spikes suggest flames of fire seen from a distance. sl>The Kniphofias are indeed a sumptuous group of hardy perennials, noble flowers to enrich the autumn garden. Plant them near Bamboos or any tall vigorous plants, to throw into relief the wonderful colouring. Masses in the wild garden or by the lakeside
The easiest mulch of well-decayed manure is helpful. and most generally adopted method of propagation is by One may division of the roots in the autumn or spring. also raise the plants from seed sown an eighth of an inch deep in sandy soil in shallow boxes in a cold frame in April. But this is a considerably more lengthy process
than root division. See Polygonums. Lake Flowers. See streamside gardens. Larkspur. See Delphinium. Lavender. This precious, fragrant, hardy bush is necesIts sweet -smelling leaves and blue sary in the garden. flowers are ever welcome, whether in the border or as a
KnotweedS.
kitchen or
low hedge separating perhaps the flower garden from the fruit domain. A very light soil and sunshine are essential. It is a warmth-loving plant, and may be
used to beautify banks. One should grow the white Old bushes in some sunny border or Lavender also. coiner of the garden are always pretty in colour and Lavendula vera is the name of picturesque in grow th. the Lavender of gardens. Propagate by cuttings in quite early autumn out of doors, in a sheltered but not shady
place,
K. Uvaria, or Aloides, as it is also called, is the most common species, and is the true Red-hot Poker plant of the cottage garden. It is more vigorous perhaps than any, ami has given rise to numberless hybrid forms, which are in many cases very beautiful and distinct in colour. The most noble of all the varieties is grandis, which produces spikes 5ft. or even more in height, and
the flowers are orange scarlet in colour or shades of it. Nobilis is, as the name suggests, another handsome form,
and plant out when rooted or divide in March, planting out the rooted slips about I ft. apart in light
soil.
Leiieojum
dainty group of bulbous (Snowflake). There are only even as the Snowdrop. about three kinds of importance, and all are pretty in the grass, by the margins of shrubberies, or in the border, and
plants, as dainty
and others worthy of mention are longiscapa, maxima globosa, prascox, serotina, and Saundersi. In a large collection would also be included K. Burchelli, K. caulescens, the pretty K. corallina, K. Macowani, K. Nelsoni, K. Rooperi (very early flowering), and K. sarmentosa but restrict the kinds, where a group or two only of the most effective Flame-flower is desired, to K.
;
increased
either
It
the Acis, or L. autumnalis, in the rock garden, to derive full satisfaction from its beautiful
would be better
pinkish
is
flowers.
The summer
It
Snowflake
I
(L.
a;stivum)
grandis, or the
common
Uvaria.
Hybrid Flame-flowers are very beautiful, but they srs yet uncommon. Leda is as charming as any, beir.g
of strong growth, with
coral red flowers, touched with very bright flower, Matador, has dark red spikes and those of Obelisk are self golden yellow, a distinct colour, very free, strong, and with broad leaves.
white green-tipped Sin. high, and bells in clusters upon a stem about groups near to trees, by the shrubbery, or associated with such plants as the Solomon's Seal, are very charming. L. autumnalis, the autumn Snowflake, formerly called Acis, is a delightful flower, and should be planted in the
the strongest.
bears
its
orange.
This
self colour.
any other because of its clear and yellow, and strong in growth, is another good kind. Kniphofias like a thoroughly deep soil, not in any way damp, through the winter. During hard winters the plants suffer severely, and sometimes are killed outright but deep planting and
is
often preferred to
Pfitzeri, rich
scarlet
some spot where the soil is warm, and there is a carpeting of some creeping plant, as Saxifrage, Herniaria, or Sedum, to prevent rain splashing up the soil and injuring the delicate pinkish flowers. Seeds will ripen sometimes, and should be sown as soon as ripe in a cold frame, whilst in very conThe flowers genial soils it will sometimes sow itself. L. vernum, the spring Snowappear before the leaves. flake, is charming in rock garden or border, liking a rich,
rock-garden,
or in
well drained,
well-drained
green, those
soil.
Its
flowers are
white,
tipped
witli
a.
ol
the variety L.
carpaticura
appearing
When new
growth begins
in
lew weeks
later.
io4
tHE
is
CENTURY
f
BOOK
It
OF
GARDENING.
nilv.
L.
and has purplish flowers in long spikes. L. pycnostachya, also purple, and L. elegans may be mentioned. Give rich soil, and propagate by
in height,
{/he Colden-rayed IAly ofJapan). This Lily without doubt the most imposing of all the Lily tribe, sometimes reaching a height of 8ft., and bearing wideis
auratum
spread, handsomely-marked flowers, frequently in great numbers. There are now four well-defined named varieties
of this Lily in
early
until
runs from the base to the tip of each petal in the type being replaced by a crimson band, while the spots, instead of being purple-black, are lake platyphyllum, a variety having very large
;
hoped that the disease will not increase in severity as the years pass, as in the case
flowers,
as
I2in.
There
of
brave
procession
a Lily
is
band of auratum
yellow.
is
Lilium
in
grown
great
flowers, amongst the first to expand being L. bulbiferum, L. davuricum, and L. tenui-
open air in this country, and no Lily-bed would be complete if this kind were excluded. Still,
quantities in the
Then come the peerMadonna Lib', the orange Lilies, the Nankeen
folium.
less
except
in
certain
it
favoured
gardens,
after its first
cannot
Some
flowering
Lily,
and
L.
elegans,
in
whose
Martagons, the Swamp Lily, the Giant Lily of the Himalayas, the
train are the
plantations,
well the
scarlet Turk's-cap,
and Hum-
scented
blossoms of the Golden-rayed Lily, and with autumn the forms of L. speciosum and the Tiger
Lilies.
The autumn
to
best
time
plant,
bulbs are often spring with satisfactory results. little consideration bestowed upon their quarters in the garden will be well repaid. The Lily-bed should be deep 3ft. deep if pos-
L1LWU
and the soil open and porous, without being light. There cannot be a better material than sound, fibrous loam, with which a certain proportion of leaf-mould has been mixed. Lilies rarel3' are benefited by animal manure, and, though L. giganteum and L. excelsum have been known to thrive when within reach of this fertiliser, it is safer to keep such stimulants outside the Lily-bed. Most Lilies will flourish in the compost mensible
a sign of subsequent growth, while others throw up shoots that collapse before reaching the flowering stage. In other cases some bear flowers the second year, fewer the next, and at length the spring brings nosign of visible growth. Soil AURATUM appears to make but little difference, as these losses occur in carefully-made beds where the natural soil has been removed to a depth of 3ft., and replaced by a specially-chosen compost. Again, these Lilies may be seen growing as strongly in heavy, retentive loam, some years after being first planted, as in fibrous peat, though the latter staple is to be preferred for their culture. Imported bulbs of this Lily can, however, be procured at so cheap a rate, that even in places where they do not permanently succeed, a continuous display may be maintained at a moderate cost by yearly
planting.
while for the Swamp Lilies, L. canadense, L. pardalinum, and L. superbum, a peaty soil should be provided. The bed should be sheltered from boisterous
tioned,
L.
BrOWlli
is
a noble
Lily,
about
3ft.
in
height,
with
in
brown
outside.
often found
winds, for Lilies lose half their beauty if it becomes necessary to stake their graceful stems, and partially shaded, so that the sun does not parch the ground or prematurely wither the dainty petals. If there should be
to open-ground culture than the popular and is well worth a trial in the garden. L. bulbiferum is one of the most easily grown of all Lilies, reaching a height of about 3ft., and bearing
more amenable
L. longiflorum,
proximity to the bed so much the heat of summer the air absorbs some of its moisture. In times of drought, the bed should be given copious waterings occasionally not a surface sprinkling, but a steady soaking of an hour or two's duration. Though many of the Lilies are capricious in their behain close
in the
This Lily is orange red flowers spotted with black. it is quite hardy, often confounded with L. davuricum and one of the earliest of our garden Lilies, not being
;
fastidious as to soil.
L.
and are difficult to cultivate successfully, except by making a special study of their requirements, there are a sufficiently large number that flourish under the most simple culture, to render the bed charming from early June till mid-September. A charming way to plant the taller Lilies is amongst evergreen shrubs, a way becoming very popular. The Lilies break up monotonous masses of Rhododendrons, and the rising stems receive protection from frosts, sheltering thus amongst
viour,
,
pale
yellow
to
in moist,
The
following
is
list
of the leading
Thev can be
kinds
peaty compost, and a partially-shaded situation. easily grown in our gardens if their requirelespeas are studied, and are extremely Uicma in
io5
io6
THE
their
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
5ft.
graceful,
stems
being
to
6ft.
high,
of
with
apricot
pure
buff
self
flowers
colour.
Lily,
An
excellent garden
L.
eandidum
Lily)
is
(the
Madonna
L.
matter of
after L.
giganteum,
Lily,
is
of
its
height of 1 oft., and bearing long ivory white blossoms stained internally with rosy
purple,
of
soil
and
situation.
ft
is
and
emitting
vanilla-like
fragrance.
a This
Lily
is
of easy culture,
its
and
which
of
tunately
collections
has annihilated
late
unfor-
attains
noblest proportions
many
years.
The bulb
Many theories have been advanced as to its cause and cure, but no satisfactory conclusion has been arrived at as to the former, while, though many remedial measures have been advocated, none have proved entirely successful.
disease usually appears be more prevalent among imported bulbs than in the ranks of those that have been grown through a long period
to
in
from three
the well
to
reach
big,
handsome
The
green
Henryi
charming
Lilies.
It
is
of
the
later
this
country.
There
is
TUB MADONNA
known
and
also a double form. Groups ol the Madonna Lily, associated with dark-leaved shrubs, are very beautiful. L. chaleedonieum (the Scarlet Turtfs-cap) grows 3ft.
to 4IL in height, and has waxy flowers of brilliant vermilion colour. This is the brightest-coloured of all Lilies, and being perfectly hardy, and of easy culture, should be in every garden, to which, in July, it contributes much beauty. Heldreichi is a good form.
has been called the yellow Speciosum, and will in good soil reach 7ft. in height, the orange yellow flowers, of a rich, clear, and beautiful colour, appearing in summer. This Lily has proved perfectly hardy, and is a kind to group amongst shrubs or to grow by itself.
LILY.
L.
Hlimboldti, a native of California, is from 5ft. to 6ft. high, having apricot yellow flowers spotted with lake. distinct variety of this Lily is L. Humboldti Bloomeri-
COnCOlOP is a pretty Japanese Lily, also its varieties Coridion and pulchellum. L. CPOCeum (the Orange Lily of our gardens) is almost as common as the Madonna Lily. It is an European species, and under good cultivation attains a height of from 5ft. to 7ft.: its flowers are orange, dotted with it grows freely in any position and an)- soil. black
L.
;
L.
davurieum, now
2ft.
generally
known
as umbellatum,
is
high, with orange red flowers spotted with purpleblack. There are many varieties of this Lily, the best
known
of
fulgidum,
which are
This is another good and hardy garden Lily, coming into bloom shortly alter L. bulbiferum. It is very easily grown. L. elegans, or Thunbergianum, a native of Japan, is only I ft. high, having flowers orange red spotted with darker colour. There are now in commerce about twenty named varieties of this Lily, differing from the type and from each other in size and colour of the flowers and
florum, and punctatum.
or oeellatum, w ith flowers golden yellow in colour, having conspicuous purple spots margined with light This form is of less vigorous habit than the yellow. type. L. Humboldti is a good garden Lily, growing well in a compost of three parts loam to one of leaf-mould, and succeeding in drier situations than the Swamp Lilies. L. longlflorum, the long tubed Lily from Japan, and from lit. to 3ft. in height, has white flowers. There are many forms of this Lily, the best known of which are L. Harrisi from the Bermudas, and known as the Easter Lily L. Wilsoni, L. eximium, L. Takesima, having flowers violet tinted on the outside L. longiflorum grandiflorum, and a variegated form L. 1. albo-marginatum. L. longiflorum is well adapted for pot culture, and is grown by the thousand in this way for church decoration. As a garden Lily it is not generally satisfactory, often dying after its first flowering, especially in heavy, damp
; ;
anum,
soil.
L.
Martagon
known.
like
It
(the
bears
its
density and tint of spots the best known are L. elegans alutaceum, Alice Wilson, aurantiacus. Beauty, bicolor,
;
Horsmanni, a very fine variety, crimson flowers marmoratum aureum, ornatum, good, with bright orange yellow flowers, spotted black Prince of Orange, The Sultan, Van Houttei, venuslum, and Wilsoni, a strong grower, 2ft. in height, one of with apricot-coloured flowers, spotted purple the best. This is a June and July flowering Lily, and is useful both for the open garden and for pot culture. Groups are particularly effective in the front of herbaceous borders they are very accommodating in the matter of
brevifolium,
flore-pleno,
with
rich
soil.
L.
exeelsum
Lilv,
(testaceutn or Isabellinum),
the
Nankeen
racemes, light purple in colour with darker spots. very distinct varieties are L. Martagon dalmaticum, attaining a height of from 6ft. to 7ft., with purple-black flowers, and the white Martagon, a beautiful Lily with snow-white blossoms. The Martagon Lilies are perfectly hardy, and succeed admirably in the open border in ordinary garden soil. The tall stems of L. pardaliniim (the Panther Lily)tli is Lily often carry as many as sixty blossoms. The flowers are variable, ranging from orange to deep red, petals recurved and covered with large purple spots. The following are the best known of the named varieties L. pardalinum augustifolium, rich scarlet shading to leaves narrower than in yellow, heavily spotted, the type ; californicum, deep orange, tipped scarlet, Michauxi, crimson-scarlet, spotted spotted maroon maroon; minor, a slender-growing variety, 3ft. high; and leaves paler in colour flowers pallidifolium,
Two
HARDY
than in the type. L. pardalinum succeeds well in the Lily garden under the treatment recommended forL. canadense, and will also grow and flower well in porous loam, A fair although peat or leaf-mould is to be preferred. sight is it to see the tall stems swaying in the wind. L. pomponium is a very charming Lily, about 3ft. in height, with red flowers. In the variety Verum the colour It is a good garden of the flowers is bright scarlet.
plant.
FLOWERS.
three or four years.
107
L.
pyrenaicum,
some Lily
is
from
he Pyrenees,
lias
chrome yellow
This hand-
Splendens is the best form, and gorgeous in masses. Other Lilies of considerable beauty are Alexandra, Batethe flowers white, and the plant 2ft. in height manniae, a beautiful kind from Japan, the plant 3ft. high, and the flowers clear apricot in colour Catesbtei, from North America, 2ft. high, the flowers orange red, spotted oist, peaty soil, and a with purple it is partial shaded position Camiolicuni, jft. high, flowers red ami reflexed. Hansoni grows 4U. in height, the
:
flowers
like
those
of
L.
Martagon
in
form,
and
unpleasantly perfumed, which makes it useless for indoor decoration, and renders even the surrounding air in the open garden offensive to some people. It is the earliest of the garden Lilies, often opening in May in the Southern Counties. new Lily from Japan, and not more L. rubellum. Its flowers are coral pink. than l8in. high. It is an exceedingly beautiful Lily, and should it prove sufficiently hardy for general culture in the open garden, will undoubtedly take a high rank among the denizens of the Lily-bed, the pink L. Krameri not proving satisfactory in the hands of most cultivators. L. speciOSUITl, formerly known as L. lancifolium, a native of Japan, is from 2ft. to 3ft. high. There are about fifteen forms of this Lily, the best known being L. speciosum album, white Krsetzeri, white, with green band running from base to tip of petals punctatum, white, spotted pink roseum, white, stained rose and spotted with darker colour ; rubrum, white, stained crimson and heavily spotted and Melpomene, crimson, spotted with maroon. If one Lily only is chosen, it should be this one, as it is so easily cultivated and seems less likely to be attacked by disease than any other. It
orange yellow spotted with black; Krameri is a very beautiful Lily when one can coax it into respectable Rhodogrowth, and frequently is happy amongst dendrons in a clearing, so to say, where its pink flowers It is somewhat similar in gain in freshness and charm. growth to L. auratum, and is probably a wild hybrid his Lilv and some other; L. nepalense, a between
I
Nepaul
lemon yellow, spotted with purple, a pretty Lily; L. Lowi, from Burmah, flowers white, spotted Neilgherrense, flowers white, 6in. in length, and purple Odorum, or japonicum Colchesteri, the plant 3ft. high Parvum, yellow, white, tinged w ith purple outside
Leichtlini,
bright
may
pots
lie
easily
or
tubs,
golden yellow, spotted chocolate, Philadelphicum, a native of a graceful Lily, 3ft. high North America, with flowers of an orange colour, dotted with purple-black. There are forms of this Lily, differing It is most at home slightly from the type in colouring. S/.ovit/ianum grows from L. in moist, porous soil. 4ft. to 6ft. in height, and has flowers of variable deep ranging to colouring, from sulphur yellow It succeeds gold, some self, others heavily spotted. best in deep, moist loam. Tenuifolium is a native of Siberia, and is only about its stem 2ft. in height,
shaded red
Parryi,
slender,
and
i
bearing
-
in
June
cream, purple
c r
mson
scarlet
1
flowers.
(the
Poly phyl
spotted
111
SUperbum
Lily),
Swamp
with
a native of NorthEastern America, grows from 6ft. to 7ft. high, and has bright orange crimson flowers, spotted maroon as many as thirty blossoms are sometimes borne on one stem, and it succeeds under the treatment advised for L. canadense.
;
VVallacei,
dark ruddy
very
tall
Lily, height
6ft.,
flowers white,
and
gin.
in
The
L.
tigrinum and
ties
its
varie-
L.
in
blossoms.
to 4ft.
orange
spots.
red
with with
flowers
culture
of
the
purple
Lily
of
the
Valley
(Conis
vallaria
majalis),
which
splendens,
flowers,
with
5ft.
larger
to a
6ft.;
presents no features
and growing
to
of
difficulty
provided
the
root-
height of from
run free from invasion by more rapacious subjects, and that their vigour is sus7k., and often remaining tained by judicioussolicitude in bloom as late s for their requirements in the ERYNGIUM OLIVERIANUM [see p. 93) October. It is easily way of nutriment. It is a identified by its stems being covered with a grey pubespopular fallacy that Lilies of the Valley will grow anycence. There is also a double kind, known under the where where there is shade, and therefore are they to be name of L. t. flore-pleno. The Tiger Lilies constitute a seen languishing beneath Laurels and evergreens, or eking very valuable section of our garden Lilies, being the last out a precarious existence below rampant climbers. In of all the Lilies to expand their blooms, and not being these cases it is not the shade that is harmful, but the particular as to soil or situation. They may be easily impoverishment of the soil by the all-pervading roots propagated by sowing the bulbils, produced at the nodes that prevents their due development. Lilies of the Valley ol the leaves, in a seed pan and planting out later in a will grow well in partial shade, or in the full sunlight, prepared bed, where they will bloom in the course of provided the soil they are planted in is deep and rich.
:
io8
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
sphere
GARDENING.
of good loam, with which should be part of leal-mould, and sufficient coarse silver sand or road grit to keep the soil open. liberal dressing of well-rotted manure should also be incorporated in the compost. The bed should be planted
third
in
set singly apart each way, their points being just below the surface. In February or March it is well to give a mulch of decayed manure, and when they start into growth
2rrin.
occasional waterings with liquid manure will be found to add greatly to their vigour. Treated in this manner the
plants will produce large spikes of bloom in profusion. Every four years the beds should be dug U p, re-made,
and re-planted.
By having one bed in the full sunshine, another in partial shade, and a third in a still more shaded position, a long succession ol bloom will be obtained but
;
is more easily maintained than when pipes are not surrounded with water. The tops of the crowns should stand about Jin. out of the soil, and, as soon as they are placed in heat, should be covered with 2in. or 3m. of moss, being plunged in bottom heat either in moss or cocoa-nut fibre. The bottom heat should never fall below 8odeg. and may be graduallv increased to 95deg. The frame should be covered with boards or mats, so as to exclude the light and water, when given, should be of the same temperature as the bottom heat. When the growth is about 2m, high, the covering layer of moss may be removed, and the plants gradually inured to the light. As soon as the lowest dowers commence to expand, the pots or boxes should be removed to a lower temperature, and overhead watering discontinued. By this method of culture flowers may be obtained in November and
,
care
must
in
be
December.
Some growers do not pot or box the crowns
until
taken that
of
of
alien
they
are
subjects.
Lilies
ready
the
a
r
to start
forcing, but
early
e y
in
planting,
reis
grown mous
for
enorthe
for
as
already
quantities
commended,
system.
on,
at
forcing,
preferable to this
best
variety
Later
the end
in
earl
of
January,
February
and
the much
little
March,
Lilies start
more
give
readily and
but
trouble,
ture,
three
growth
for
yea is'
before
fit
parative
being
shade only
condi-
they become
forcing,
requisite
and
tio n
Now
those ing
intended
should
in a
that
of
be
grow n po
r
w arm
position
ou
s s
and
o
i 1
through
there
s >n
is
the
reathis
summer months,
no
w hy not
when they
complete
will
their
growth
early,
charming flower
should
seen
in
a n d h a v e a period lengthy of
rest
be
the
bloom
before
in
throughout
being placed
entire
lin,
heat, well
ripened crowns being a neces
sity for
Dutch, and
[Belgian varieties
success-
already
m
a
e n
ful forcing.
Tha
crowns
lor early
other
kinds,
named mong
planted in pots or boxes as soon as they can be procured, the commencement or September being none too early. A 5in. pot will accommodate twelve crowns, while in boxes they may be planted an inch apart. When the planting is completed, the pots or boxes should be placed in a cold frame or behind a wall, and covered with cocoa-nut fibre. A low temperature at this period is beneficial, and appears to brace them up for the subsequent forcing. This may commence about the end of October or the beginning of November, a common hot-bed, that will maintain a bottom heat of Sodeg. answering equally as well as a propagating frame. The hot-bed creates a genial atmosphere in the frame that is placed upon it, while bottom heat from a heated water-tank cannot be improved upon, as by this method the necessary moisture in the atmo,
ol best which are Victoria and the newlyintroduced Fortin's Lily of the Valley, the latter having been raised in the neighbourhood of Paris, and bearing far larger bells than any other known variety. LinariaS {Toadflaxes). The perennial kinds of Toadflax are flowers treasured for their freedom and charm. To this family belongs the pretty wild Toadflax L. vulgaris, familiar in many hedgerows, its bright yellow flowers a sea of soft colouring, and a form of this known as Peloria welcome for the rock garden. This has curiously is inverted spurred flowers, yellow and orange at the apex,
soils. Then one macedonica and L. dalmatica, both having yellow flowers, and wonderfully free and Of other perennial Linarias, graceful.
a bright,
may
light
L.
'09
10
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
L. alpina is charming, its tufted growth smothered with flowers throughout the summer, and these, if small, are bright in colour, being purple with orange blotches. It seeds very freely, and may be easily raised in this way.
Lobelias, Scarlet.
of
the
itself in the rocky but sow the seeds only in moist spots not too fully exposed to the sun. Sow the pretty white variety as well. The following kinds may be planted upon the rock garden L. anticaria, L. antirrhinifolia, and
as
any
place,
establishing
chinks,
soil
of Linums, or Flax, comprises about sixty species of annual, biennial, hardy herbaceous and greenhouse subjects, many of which are exceedingly ornamental. Some of the handsome perennial species which are hardy in the south-west, in rock gardens, and in positions where the drainage is ample and the soil not too retentive of moisture, cannot be cultivated with success in the open further north. Propagation may be effected by division, cuttings, or seed. The latter should be sown in pans of sandy soil in March, and kept in a cold frame protected from frost until Mav, when the seedlings may be planted out, or the seeds may be
There are few more brilliant flowers than (he Scarlet Lobelias, L. cardinalis and L. fulgens. They should be planted freely in large beds, with a groundwork of blue Pansies, but even or some colour in harmony with their rich hue in small gardens they should be planted as freely as space will permit. 'The best time for planting to take place is spring, as these Lobelias are not very hardy, although their behaviour in winter differs considerably. Where, however, it is thought that frosts will inflict no injury, leave them in the beds, but clumps in southern gardens even withstand severe winters. Spring planting, however, is advisable. The position for the Lobelias must be dug out at least I ft. in depth, and well-decayed manure mixed with the soil. Make the soil firm, and give Moisture is an abundance of water during the summer.
hardy garden
and hence the plants are frequently more happy by some stream or pond than in either a bed or When well treated through the first summer, border. the growth will be vigorous and able to withstand the There are several ways of increasing trials of winter. the plants, one of the most common being by dividing
essential,
the
roots
in
spring,
in
or, if
lifting
them
the
autumn, but
when
is
as
sown
directly in the
may
be planted
out carefully.
Many
plants
as
now
from
lings
raise the
in
the
a
summer and
in
seed,
the
to
struck
under
should
glass.
be
made
as
name, and vigorous too. This is a good way, sowing the seed about u n e in
|
names
of
the
spring,
when
for
the
of
majority
L.
the
most
the
part
bloom
year.
is
same
Europe:
June sowing
seedlings, when
enough, must be pricked off and then polled, being kept over the winter in a frame. Use a
large
little bottom heat for hastening seed germination, and harden
August
folium,
height
LINUM.
bearing
(this
ill.,
vcrg r
from
of
e e n
off
always
before
shrub,
in
Crete,
handsome yellow
is
flowers
in
May and
June
species
not
hardy
the
planting out of doors. Cuttings got from moderatelyripened shoots strike freely in warmth in spring, and
England); L. campanulatum, height ill. to bearing yellow flowers lift., hardy herbaceous, from height August; L. flavum, [ft. June to lift., to herbaceous, not strictly hardy except in
bearing yellow height I ft., from New Zealand, bearing numerous white flowers in June and Julv. not strictly hardy (there is a variety of this plant named L. candidissimum that bears larger flowers); L. narbonnense, height 2ft., bearing beautiful light blue flowers from May to fulv (this is the best of the hardy perennial Flaxes) L. nervosum, height I ft. to lift., bearing blue flowers in June and July, an herbaceous perennial, but inferior to the lastnamed L. perenne, the common perennial Flax, bearing blue flowers. There are many varieties of this species, such as anglicum, austriacum, Lewisi, montanum, and sibiricum, all bearing blue flowers, and L. p. pallescens, the flowers of which are of a lilac shade. L. tauricum is an evergreen shrub, lift, high, bearing yellow flowers. L. viscosum, height lift., bearing purple flowers from June to August, is a hardy, herbaceous perennial.
sheltered
positions
in
North
when
potting on
some
of the plants,
if
desired,
may be
the
south-west, L.
monogvnum,
Unfortunately a fungoid disease sometimes attacks and under those circumstances it is necessary to take up the plants, remove diseased The portions, and plant in a cold frame in light soil. Scarlet Lobelias sometimes suffer from winter wet and In that case take them up in autumn, and treat frost. as advised, or sometimes covering the crowns with leaves
the plants in late autumn,
will suffice.
Of
raised.
recent years
many
beautiful
varieties
have been
perhaps, the finest of all, a noble plant with dark-coloured leaves and sturdy spikes of Very brilliant is rich crimson, almost scarlet, flowers. Firefly, an intense crimson variety, and the most showy There are others, some with pale rose and of any. other tints, but the two named are richer than any
Victoria
is,
Queen
others.
L. Syphilitica is a very charming species for wet and may be planted by the water-side, as there its It is more blue flowers are prettier than in the border.
places,
suitable
for
rougher spots
this,
than
the
Scarlet
is
Lobelias.
and L. Milleri
a hybrid worth
HARDY
L. Tupa growing, its flowers of a pure purple colour. has crimson flowers, and is a handsome kind. Lupines. As beautiful as any of the perennial Lupines is the bushy Lupinus arboreus, which is almost rare, as one seldom sees its bright yellow flowers in English gardens.
FLOWERS.
Lysimaehia. This is a useful group by the common Creeping Jenny
of plants, best
or
in
know n Moneywort (L.
This
in
may
warmth, sunshine, and light soil, and frequently collapse Seeds, however, are easily raised, so after two years. much so that the plants will reproduce themselves freely
but as the seedlings vary considerably in a good, bright yellow form is got, increase this by cuttings of the little shoots on the branches taken off with a slight heel attached after flowering-time is over. These put into puts ol light soil in a cold Irame will s
in
this
way
if
colour,
strike.
Try
to
Not
a few of the
keep plants of bright yellow colour. Tree Lupines are of very poor washed-
out tints,
muddy
nummularia), which creeps about in any border and is useful as an edging, the vigorous shoots spreading even lo the walk, forming a dense mat ol leaves, bright with The Creeping fenny is yellow flowers in summer-time. a favourite plant lor draping window-boxes, vases, or ledges in the rock garden. If you want to increase it, Ever) bit will become estaDlished. divide the clumps. There is a golden-lc ved variety ol it which is not so free and hardy as the parent, bill the colour is retained throughout (lie year. Besides this, there are several much taller kinds, which apparently have but slight relation lo the little Creeping Jenny. These are L. clethroides, which has white flowers ami pretty leaf lints in autumn, and the yellow-flowered L. thyrsiflora, lanceolata, and punctata,
verli. illata.
all
tli
yellow
blues,
and
which are
desirable.
of strong grow
not
and
pleasing
by
;
A
h
naturalised
streamside
is in
it si >ils
frequently
i
6ft. in
t ,
moist
the
e g li smothered uith
r a g r a n blossom. If seed
f
t
thai
plants
attain
luxuriant
the)'
growth, and
li
are scarcely
a n
is
purchased,
it
sow
in
in
early
the the
is
enough
border.
for
the
spring
in
In their
open ground or
pots, but
are
the
more
Loose-
former
best,
plan
as
then
the
Lythrum. This
is
delightful.
there
to
is
no need
disturb
to
strife,
and
plants.
Allow
flower
beautiful
for
plant
them
where
course,
sown,
or
Our native
Loosestrife
(Lythrum Salicaria) colours river and the
stream margin with its clouds of rose purple One blossom. need not plant this native kind in the garden,
Lupines
h g li banks,
i
1
are
a k e
handsome upon
in
the
border,
amongst
green shrubs.
or
ever-
Lupinus
because
variety
plant,
the
is
rosea
white variety albus are noble garden flowers, with tall shapely spikes,
beautiful
a more effective
its
wil-
and
happy
in
A [ways
them
outer
for
use
the
w a tin
by
soils;
in
increased readily
division
margin,
spring
or
WHITE LUPINES
the
autumn. Both the blue and the white forms may be grouped in the rougher parts of the garden, but their noble flower spikes are welcome almost anywhere. There are other Lupines, but those mentioned are by far the most beautiful. Lychnis. A useful class, many of them with flowers of
autumn
spring
will
Mariposa
Meadow Meadow
Meeonopsis.
chalcedonica is the brightest spot, often, in cottage gardens, and is easily known by its clusters of scarlet flowers. There is a white variety known as alba, and a double scarlet (flore-pleno). L.
brilliant
colouring.
L.
dioica
fl.-pl.,
L.
Flos-cuculi
flore
albo-pleno,
L.
Haageana and its forms, L. Lagascre, L. Viscaria alba, and especially the brilliant red variety called Splendens,
are
charming family, of which the Welsh All are hardy is the best known. and of biennial nature, therefore seeds must be sown each year. M. cambrica is the kind to obtain first, as it is stronger and freer than any others, more amenable also It will grow almost anywhere on to ordinary conditions. the rock garden or in the chinks of old w alls, its delicately
1'hin the beautiful vcllow flowers being always pleasing. seedlings out freely, so that there is no overcrowding. M. ncpalensis is quite Even in poor soil it succeeds.
12
THE
from
tlit
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
distinct
Welsh Poppy.
It
and
tall
very large rich blue flowers, not a purple shade, but clear pretty blue. Both this and the preceding kind are never happier than when planted in a cool moist recess in the rock garden where the soil is composed chiefly of peat and there is a slight shade from midday sun. A group is very imposing, the blue flowers amidst cool surroundings gaining in beauty. Neither M. nepalensis nor M. Wallichi are Poppyworts for every garden, but tliev should be planted wherever the necessary conditions can be given. Mertensia. A beautiful family of plants, some better known than others, and all suitable for the rock garden. M. sibirica is the most charming of all, and is quite hardy, succeeding in ordinary soil. The flowers vary somewhat in colour, soft blue, however, the pre-
salmon rose variety is Rosy Morn, but a packet of seed saved from a good race will give many beautiful forms. Sow the seed, without covering it with soil, as it is very fine, in February, and prick off in the usual way, planting out in May. Of course the common Musk and the larger variety called Harrisons' are pretty window plants, indeed, better fitted for this purpose than for the border. A shady corner and plenty of moisture are the chief considerations. MirabiliS Jalapa. This is the old Marvel of Peru, a quaint border plant, bushy in growth, and bearing flowers of varied colour from white to crimson. It is a good plan to sow seeds under glass early in the year, much as one would any half-hardy annual, and plant out very late in May, but unless the climate is very mild, the black roots must be lifted and stored during the winter in sand. Plant out again when fear of frost is over. Monarda. The best known of this group is the rich redflowered M. didyma (Bee Balm or Oswego Tea), which
MUSCARIS.
is a white variety named frequently seen than this is the moistureloving Virginian, Cowslip (M. virginica), which appreciates
vailing
tints,
although there
alba.
More
soil
a light
and
shelter.
is
always happiest
If
in a
like enjoy.
only one
Mimillus.
kind be chosen, M. sibirica should be selected. This is the Monkey-flower, and to the family belongs our common fragrant Musk (M. moschatus), which enjoys a cool, moist, sheltered border out of doors. All the Mimuluses require a moist place, such as by stream, or in boggy recesses in the rock garden where they are screened from the midday sun. M. cardinalis and M. cupreus are brilliantly coloured, but it is the hybrids that
in a rather where Trilliums, moist place, Primula rosea, and similar moisture-seeking plants are happy. The flowers appear for several weeks in summer, M. fistulosa is the next important kind, with flowers, however, of variable colour. These are the most handsome, and will grow freely in the ordinary border, whilst the
delights
way to increase them is by division of the roots. Montbretias. The Montbretias, which are now grouped with the Tritonias, are natives of South Africa. They are
indispensable in the flower garden, providing a lovely colour effect during the months of August and September
contribute so much brightness to the garden. The flowers are of wonderful colours, crimson, scarlet, orange yellow,
laid
upon the
times a variety is quite self, or may be a hose-in-hose kind is obtained, in which one flower seems to be inserted into another, such as one sees in the Polyanthus. A pretty self
with their bright bloom scapes of orange red. The two kinds are M. Pottsi and M. crocosmioeflora, but there are several hybrids of later introduction, of varying shades of yellow and red, that are equallv adapted to garden culture. Montbretias may be considered hardy, since they will stand 2odeg. of frost, unprotected, even in heavy, damp soils. The young growth is occasionally injured by the frost, and it is a good plan
commonest
HARDY
clear away the withered foliage in the winter, as forms an excellent protection, both for the pushing shoots and the corms themselves. A light, porous soil these subjects, is perhaps best adapted for the culture ol and in such a compos! they spread with wonderful
FLOWERS.
first
not
to
flowers
in
of
Myosotis
in
dissitiflora,
the species
most
this
generally
olten
use
gardens,
forming a solid mass of conns and roots. In such cases biennial, or at all events triennial, division Although a light soil is suggested as should be effected. being the best lor Montbretias, they grow and flower well
rapidity, soon
in very different staples, often being seen in flourishing condition in heavy, adhesive loam, while in one casewhere their growth is exceptionally vigorous they are
ol a bright pink on first expanding, and only the assume their azure colouring when atmosphere In shady positions this species becomes more genial. The nomenclature will flower almost until midsummer.
of the Eorget-me-nots
is
at present in a
no botanical dictionaries being in absolute agreement as io what are species and what varieties, while the Ixcw list does not elucidate the matter much. The most generally
recognised species are given
in
the following
list
M. alpestris,
soil
ft
a native
of the
mountains of Europe,
is
grown by
water
it
the
level.
w inter
is
very severe
is
mulching of cocoa-nut
Bulbs are seldom lost through the action ol host, owing to excessive perish batches moisture rotting them. One particularly valuable quality of the Montbretias is their capability of flowering well in partial shade and as they are subjects thai lend themfibre.
with which disintegrated granite has been incorpi irated. impatient of dryness at the root, and is averse to a heavy non-porous soil. It forms a dense mat ol foliage,
is
but
occasionally
which
is
covered during
is
its
M. azoriea
w hich are
Azores group.
hue.
species,
is
selves
readily
to
naturalisation
in
the
grass,
in
pretty
in
pictures
mav
be
made bv
in
planting them
clumps
lis
It produces flowers of a deep blue tint, coloured, not having an eye of different flowers are larger than those of the last-named
self
w jods ol thinly-growing deciduous trees. Montbretia crocosmiseflora under favourable conditions attains a height of from ;lt. to 4H., and bears
grassy glades or
is a branching scapes of orange scarlet flowers. It M. Pottsi hybrid between M. I'otlsi and Crosmia aurea. M. rosea is a has smaller flowers of a yellow-red tint. form in which the colour ol the flowers is of a distinct rosy shade. The following will be found a good selection of the newer hybrids: M. Bouquet parlait, yellow, shaded vermilion Drap d'Or, golden, shaded apricot Eldorado, yellow Etoile de feu, orange red and yellow Phare, crimson; Rayon d'Or, rich yellow, shaded brown Solfaterre, primrose yellow Tigridia, yellow and brown and Transcendant, bright orange vermilion. It is strange that certain MllSCaris [Grape Hyacinths). races of plants should be neglected in gardens, although vigorous and beaulilul in colour. The Muscaris are in this throng, but flower gardeners should plant them freely, whether the garden i^ small or otherwise, as they increase readily, forming in time quite carpets of leafage
; ;
and are produced over a longer period of lime. It and should be grown in moist,
an exceptionally sheltered position. Therewhite variety alba, while the form known as [mperatrice Elizabeth is an extremely beautiful plant of great merit, which, when subjected to pot culture, is very
light soil in
is
effective.
M. CSeSpitOSa is a spreading plant, of which the form known as M. Rechsteineri is quite a gem, forming dense mats of foliage on moist ledges of the rock garden and bearing, 111 early summer, numberless turquoise blue
flowers.
Like the
rest ol the
subject
requires moist,
porous
fairly
rich, to
show
form.
M. dissitiflora
is the commonest of our garden Forgetme-nots, its beaulilul breadths ol blue making lovely spring pictures, especially w hen forming a carpeting for the Poets' Narcissi, whose white blossoms are shown on to best advantage by their a/ure setting. There are many
varieties
of
this
d.
Forget-me-not,
be
and blossom. They max be increased by separating the mass of bulbs on lilting them when this is considered necessary, after the leaves have died. Use the Grape Hyacinths as edgings to the border, in the lower parts of the rock garden, and the more vigorous kinds may
be on
naturalised
a
freel)
in
named M.
flora, M. d. and M. d. Victoria. M. litllOSpermifolia grows from [ft. to Oft. high, and produces an abundance of flowers, which are larger than
M.
the
in
grass,
if
not
too
long,
grassy
bank
ol
and
blue
in
suitable
positions
making
M. palustris
English
[the
Marsh Forget-me-not)
Its
is
common
glorious
sheets
streamsides.
well
porcelain
the
blue
very rich;
are
is
it
is
vigorous,
flowers
flowers shortly
intense
this
the
the
marshy
the
places
it
it
delightful;
is
after
garden
(lorens
M. semperthis
is
Forget-
February appears the little light blue M. a/ureum, and of the well-known M. botryoides there are several forms. The type is deep blue, but the varieties are of several colours, according lo the distinctive names: thus album '1 blue. is white, and pallidum very delicate he rich
colours are more effective. M. Heldreichi, blue tipped with white, the Iragranl M. moschatum, M. neglectum, or the Starch Hyacinth, very deep in colour, M. paradoxum, and the curious feathery M. comosum
sell
me-not.
entitle
it
to
be classed as a species,
being a
M. Princess
M*.
is a variety of M. rupieola. Sliaveolens, an Australian species, bears white or bluish white flow ers, but is not sufficiently hardy for open-
Maud
mntry.
i
monstrosum, are also worth a place in the garden. Myosotis, The [Forget-me-not), though not a very large family, is quite indispensable in the garden, owing lo its
beautiful blue, so valuable as a carpeting for spring bulbs
M. sylvatiea
[the
ist
situa-
ft.
to 2ft.
It
bears
tall
racemes
nooks and extremely simple, as it is easily raised from seed sown, as soon as ripe, in the open ground, and old plants of Myosotis dissitiflora allowed to remain during the summer in the positions they have occupied during the spring will in the autumn be surrounded with sell-sown seedlings. They may also be increased by division of the roots in the spring, or by cuttings inserted in sandy.soil underashaded fund-light during the summer. In the early spring the
and
sequestered
with yellow centres, their hue being intermediate between that of M. dissitiflora and M. palustris. Forms of this Forget-me-not are often used as annuals for
corners.
The propagation
of the Myosotis
is
There are many varieties of this Myosotis. M. nana and M. pygmjea, sometimes classed as species, are probably varieties of it. As great divergences in
spring bedding.
ol
ild
forms as
in cultivated varieties.
M. Traversi
is
yellow flowers.
M. Welwitschi, from Portugal, bears bright blue flowers with yellowish white centres, and grows to a height of
114
THE
4in.
to 6in.
It
is
CENTURY
to
BOOK
OF
are
GARDENING.
as useful as the
from
by some held
of the
be merely a
the
Hyacinths and
Tulips,
8in.
pots
variety of
Myosotis,
New
Zealand Forget-me-not (Myosotidium nobile) may be mentioned. This fine plant succeeds well in the SouthWest of England, where, grown with the protection of a wall, and with its root-stock covered with sea-sand during the winter, it throws up great heads of bright blue whitemargined flowers in the late spring, some of the flower stems being 2 ft. and more in height, while the glossy cordate leaves often exceed I ft. in diameter. Myrtle. The Myrtles will be described in the tree and shrub chapter.
planted with half-a-dozen bulbs of the stronger-growing varieties making a fine show. In planting it should be remembered that the earlier the bulbs can be procured and
put into the
soil
the better.
August
is
Narcissus,
The
{Daffodils).
The Narcissus
is
essentially
the flower of the spring in our English gardens. Brilliant as are the varied colours of the Tulips, and showy as aie the massive spires of the
array,
their
blooms are suggestive of exotic extraction, which, though rendering them worthy occupants of the prepared bed, unfits them for the battle for existence under natural surroundings, such as the wild Lent Lilies successfully wage year by year, crowning the lush green of Varied English orchards with a coronal of pale gold. are the heights attained by the different members of the Narcissus family, ranging from the 3m. of the diminutive N. minimus to the tall, 2ft. flower scapes of Maximus and Grand Monarque. The blooming period is a
lengthened one, commencing, in warm corners of the South- West Coast, towards the end of Januarv, when N. minimus unfolds its tiny golden trumpets, and extending till late in May, when, in shady gardens, the double, white Poets' Narcissus, with its Gardenia-like blossoms, is at its Though Narcissi are well adapted for planting in best. the border, many varieties are equally at home when naturalised in the grass, under which conditions, with their setting of green turf, they are seen to the best When thus naturalised by the thousand they advantage. present a charming picture, a grass)' glade filled with a goodly company of white Star Daffodils (N. Leedsi) As pot plants the Narcissi being a sight to remember.
Late-planted bulbs must necessarily lose much of their vigour by being kept out of the ground so long, and the longer the period of root growth, the stronger should be the flower spikes. As regards soils, one that is fairly retentive of moisture is more suited to the requirements of the Narcissus than a light staple that soon dries up. Bu bs succeed well in deep and fairly heavy loam, while the friable peat and disintegrated granite of the Scilly Isles prove eminently adapted to their culture. Manure must be used with great care, and should on no account come into contact with the bulbs. Fresh manure is fatal if used at planting-time, the best time to use manure Old stable manure may be dug in and being the spring. the ground cropped with a summer crop of other flowers, Geraniums and such-like. The soil will then be in condition for the bulbs in autumn. On rich loamy, rather moist soils stable manure should never be used for Narcissi, only on light hot, rather dry and sandy ground. It is then used not as a stimulant, but to act as a sponge for the retention of moisture, and, in consequence, should be put low down, say at a depth of from 6in. to 12m. The best all-round manure is crushed bones put in with the bulb at planting-time at the rate of 4cwt. to the acre, lAoz. to the square yard, or basic slag applied at the rate of 7^oz. to the square yard. In addition to this, use on hot, dry soils in autumn after planting sulphate of potash as a surface dressing at the rate of |oz. to the square yard this holds moisture during the spring and early summer, and also gives colour to the flower. It should lie applied annually Forcing in the way of subjecting the bulbs to strong heat should never be practised with the Narcissus, though flowers may be obtained many weeks in advance of thv.their ordinary season by a judicious method of culture. To attain this end, pot or plant the bulbs in boxes, as early as they can be obtained, certainly not later than
;
NARCISSI IN
THE GRASS.
lAK'DY
VIA )WI-RS.
'15
September, and earlier if possible, fur the longer the period ol their growth before they are introduced into artificial heat the greater is the probability of early and
bountiful
flower
production.
Alter
being planted
in
Basket Daffodils are better lilted for pot culture than for planting in the open, except in especially favoured situations. N. Corbularia cifrinus, the sulphur-coloured kind, is charming for the rock garden, and should be
planted
small
in
pots or boxes these should be stood out of doors on a hard bottom, under a hedge or wall in preference, and
low-lying
pockets.
N.
cyclamineus
Narcissus,
bright golden in
colour,
is a with a long
should be covered with cocoa-nut fibre refuse or cinder ashes to a depth uf 6in., and there left for at least three months or twelve weeks, when signs of top growth will become apparent, when remove from the covering. Then place tin- puts or boxes in a cold frame near the glass, where they sli remain until the flower buds appear. Remove the n into a cool house, u hence, after a week or ten days, the)' may be taken to a higher temperature, this,
trumpet and segments reflcxed like the petals of a Cyclamen. It is found in Spain and Portugal, growing in marshy ground by the water-side, and wdieu grown in the garden should he planted in moist porous soil, or in
grass, as
it
White Trumpel Daffodils comprise many beautiful varieties. They succeed best in a parlially shady
border, or
ralised
in
may
grass,
be
natu-
and also
stiff
prefer a
cool,
rather
are
loamy
fond
soil,
and
dry
not
of
hot
ground.
strongest
section,
When
set,
he
little
with an almost white flower. N. cernuus, with white drooping flowers of silvery white, is very
graceful,
and
is
more
suit-
temperature
ot
grass
55deg. and a liberal not supply of water, Narcissi should flo>ver by the middle of February or earlier. This method is followed with success in flowering the double Daffodil, a variety more prone to produce blind buds than any of the Narcissus family, with the exception of the double Poets' Daffodil. This blindness is usually caused by the plants being introduced into heat at too period of their early a growth but by follow ing the plan here recommended the flower buds will have emerged from the bulbs
;
than the border. N. moschatus, a rather dwarf kind with pendant white blooms, is delightful when
naturalised
in
grass,
and
sulphur-coloured flowers it is a strong grower. N. pallidus prtecox, pale straw well colour, succeeds in
;
grass, but
lacti >rv in
is
often unsatis-
cultivated
go mud.
often
William
called
Goldring,
the
Swan-necked
NARCISSUS MMF.
before
the
latter
are
sub-
jected to an increase of temperature, and failure of the flowers to expand satisfactorily will he unlikely to occur.
Treated in this way, the (lowers will be generally found to open sooner than those of batches housed a month
earlier.
Narcissi are divided into three groups, the Magnicoronata, or those having trumpets the same length as
the perianth segments or petals,
DaBodils proper; the Medii-coronati, or those with cups or trumpets only half the length of the perianth segments and the Parvi-coronati, or short-cupped Narcissi, the trumpet or cup being one quarter the length of the perianth segments, or less. These groups are each divided into many sections, most of which are numerously
represented,
characteristic
but
in
the
following
of
notes
only
few
each section will be alluded to. To see all the groups in flower one should visit such a nursery as Messrs. Bans' in Daffodil time. In the Magni-coronata group are the following, which are taken alphabetically
representatives
:
N.
{Basket Daffodils). Of the Basket or loop Petticoat Narcissi there are three colours bright golden, sulphur, and white.
1
Corbularia or Bulbocodium
has drooping Daffodil, white graceful flowers, and is a strong bulb. N. tortuosus is very pale sulphur white, and has a twisted DE GRAAF. perianth; it is best planted Mine, de Graaf is a large in grass or in the shade. handsome flow er of late introduction, its high price being the only hindrance to its general culture. Bicolor, or two-coloured, Trumpet Daffodils, of which the following mav be relied on as good representative varieties, are very handsome Dean Herbert, trumpet Empress, trumpet rich yellow, perianth sulphur white. of good substance, an golden yellow, perianth white excellent variety, good for all purposes, and very vigorous. Grandee, much after the style of Empress, but flowering later. Horsfieldi, very similar to the two last named, but the earliest flowering. These three varieties mav be natu alised together, and a long period of bloom seemed in this manner. Princess, yellow trumpet, perianth sulphur white; good lor forcing or naturalising, and very early. Two beautiful Narcissi in this section are J. B. M. Camm, w ith pale chrome trumpet and white perianth, and Weardale Perfection, an enormous flower, with pale primrose trumpet, and wide-spreading white perianth the last of these, how ever, is too expensive for general use, at present, indeed, being quoted at /,io
:
a bulb.
Large
the
Yellow
robust
is
The
most usually grown, but the delicate little N. B. monophylla, with its fragib while flowers, is perhaps the most charming. It is a native of Algiers, and blooms very early. When grown
first
ol
these
is
handsome named
most
following
a
race.
The
:
good
selection
pans or pots in the cool house' it is delightful. ll should have a porous, sandy soil, and may easily be had in bloom by Christmas. After potting the bulbs, place at once in the cool greenhouse, and keep moist. The
in
trumpet rich yellow, exceedingly vigorous variety, excellent lor naturalising or Golden Spur, the flower border, rather late in opening. handsome flower, not quite so massive as Emperor, deep excellent for growing in grass or shady golden yellow
;
ri6
THE
very early
CENTURY
best
BOOK
fo.
OF
N.
GARDENING.
borders,
forcing.
an attractive variety, well adapted for naturalising, and fond of shade, very early flowering, and excellent for early forcing. Johnstoni Queen of Spain, smaller than the three before mentioned, very pleasing colour, clear yellow shape, distinct the trumpet not recurving outwards at the mouth, but terminating with a straight orifice, and the perianth segments slightly reflexed. This Narcissus does well when planted in the grass, and also makes a charming pot plant. Maxim us, a deep golden yellow, with flanged perianth, growing to a large size in deep moist soils. Minimus, the smallest of the true trumpet section, with small rich yellow flowers, often not exceeding 3111. in height good for rock gardens or naturalising on grassy banks, very early. Obvallaris, the Tenby Daffodil, bright yellow, perianth not quite so long as trumpet, early, does well in grass. Rugilobus, yellow trumpet, primrose perianth. The largest of the golden trumpet Narcissi is Glory of Leyden, a new introduction of great merit, its price at present, however, putting its purchase in quantity beyond the means of most cultivators. The Double Trumpet section includes about ten varieties, amongst which may be mentioned Telamonius plenus, the old double Daffodil, common in cottage gardens
Irving,
; ;
; :
Henry
{Star Daffodils). Of these there are All are robust in growth and excellent forcutting, and thrive as well in the border as when
ineomparabiliS
varieties.
naturalised in the grass or woodland. C. J. Backhouse is an attractive variety with an orange red cup and yellow perianth Cynosure has a deeply edged orange cup and showy primrose perianth Frank Miles, self yellow, very
;
and useful
for forcing
and
naturalisation.
this
is
shade
if in
the cultivated
border. N. cernuus plenus, a beautiful flower, but rare and expensive plant in grass. The group known as the Medii-coronati includes several
;
cups.
N.
Barri is a fine section of this group, having shorter cups than the incomparabilis Narcissi. Four out of the
A*.
IXCOUPARARILIS.
Princess Mary, with spreading cup of orange yellow and cream white perianth, a very beautiful flower Sir Watkin, the largest of this group, flower dark yellow and sulphur, very vigorous, and responding readily to all methods of culture, also one of the best of this section for pots and forcing Stella, perhaps the best known of this section, yellow cup and sulphur white perianth, hardy, and very free. The double varieties of this section number among them the well-known forms to which the English names of Butter and Eggs, yellow and orange, Eggs and Bacon, white and orange, and Codlins and Cream, white and sulphur, have been applied. Jonquils or Rush-leaved Daffodils are included in the Medii-coronati group, the Campernelle Jonquil (N. odorusj being the best known. It is of a bright self yellow, and very fragrant and very hardy, a gem indeed, grown either in the border or naturalised in grass or by the water's edge. The double variety (N. odorus plenus) is also very pretty, and best grown in grass or partial shade. N. rugulosus is a showy rich yellow flower, and the miniature species (N. juncifolius) is a slenderdistinct
; ;
BARRI CONSR1CUUS.
in the
some of the
named. Conspictius is a striking cup and yellow perianth. It is a strong grower and free bloomer. Maurice Vilmorm, lemon cup shaded orange, white perianth. Orphee, cup
are here
flower, with orange scarlet
orange, perianth primrose very early in bloom. Flora Wilson, pure white perianth, with orange red cup very distinct and pretty. N. Barri was named in compliment to Mr. Peter Barr, who has not merely raised beautiful Daffodils, but deepened the love for a dainty flower by growing an extensive collection and exhibiting them wherever possible. Barri conspicuus is one of the most charming of the whole family. It worthily perpetuates Mr. Barr's name.
; ;
Narcissus family can outvie N. Jonquilla for fragrance, but being less hardy than the former species, should be grown in pots or only planted in sheltered, warm parts of the garden. It is also one of the last to bloom. numerously-represented section is that of lie True Star Daffodils), with narrow, N. Leedsi spreading perianths and short cups. The following five of the twenty odd varieties are attractive flowers N. Leedsi, the type, silvery white, good for all descriptions
grass.
and especially lovely when naturalised in ihe Duchess of Westminster, a very beautiful white, of great substance and robust habit. Duchess of Brabant, cup yellow, perianth white. Mrs. Langtry, cup white, edged canary yellow, perianth white strong
of culture,
;
H7
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
scarlet
GARDENING.
Katharine Spurrell, with bright gold cup, and growing. Broad white perianth, is a large flower and very handsome, but, though not one of the latest introductions, is
still
cup Falstaff possesses a snow white perianth with lemon cup, and is much prized for cutting and John Bain a white perianth and citron cup.
;
expensive.
N. Nelsoni forms another section, of which the type, N. Nelsoni, with goblet-shaped yellow cup, and white perianth, Mrs. Backhouse, Nelsoni major, and N. pulchellus, very similar in colour, are characteristic forms. Other small sub-sections are N. Humei, the Dog-eared Daffodil, yellow, with straight cups N. Backhousei, yellow with deeper tinted cup N. Macleai, with small and N. Berwhite petalled and yellow cupped flowers nardi, an interesting natural Pyrenean hybrid of N. poeticus, and the wild Pyrenean trumpet or Lent Lily, and N. tridymus, a garden hybrid between the Trumpet Daffodil or the Polyanthus Narcissus, and carryinga head of from one to three flowers. N. triandrus is also a Narcissus that usually bears more than one flower on its stem. The form met with
;
;
Polyanthus Narcissi (N. Tazetta) their many-flowered heads being very effective. The earliest are the Paper-white and the double Roman, both of which are invaluable for early pot work. The former, as its name implies, is wholly white, while the latter is ivjry white and
of
the are
Many
very
handsome,
Both these are rather tender, and are not the open border, except in very sheltered gardens. Grand Monarque is exceptionally vigorous, sometimes sending up bloom spikes considerably over 2ft. in height; it has a broad white perianth and primrose yellow
orange.
suitable
for
cup.
also a white
;
perianth,
but the
deep golden yellow Scilly White is a pretty and early variety, creamy white in colour Soleil d'Or is a fine yellow, with golden perianth and bright orange cup
cup
;
while
a
commonly
is
N.
the
Supreme
yellow
perianth
J au n e of is
triandrus albus,
lighter shades of
known
pretty
by
both
in
name
Tears,
ful
English of Angels'
a graceplant,
and
cup.
ground
The
for these
little
Polyanthus
Narcissi should be covered after planting with some long straw
litter
carrying
from
fo u r
one
to
drooping
It
is
white
reflexed flowers.
a native of
-
or
other
North
W es
t.
light material to
break the severity of any hard frost, as they are not so hardy as
other Narcissi.
Pulchellus
stronger-
Nympheas
growing variety
than
the
last-
F a
(
Water
i
lilies).
e s
of
waterflowers are
the
Nymphaeas,
moreknown now
than a few years
ago,
ders
soil.
of
porous
pale
i
when
-
the
It is
common
MARLIAC'S
also the rare
white
lily
primrose
colour,
WHITE WATER-LILY
Water
of
N. calathinus,
group,
in the third
samesection are the Polyanthus or bunch-flowered Narcissi, N. biflorus, and the hybrids of the N. Burbidgei section. Of the Poets' Daffodils, or Pheasant's-eye Narcissi, the most widely known are the following N. poeticus ornatus, earl}- flowering, with scarlet-margined cup and pure white, broad-petalled perianth, the extremities of the petals being much rounded N. p. poetarum, differing from the foregoing variety in the whole cup being scarlet, and flowering a fortnight later N. p. recurvus, considerably later in bloom, identical in colouring with N. p. ornatus, but possessing narrower and more pointed petals, which are generally slightly reflexed and N. p. flore-pleno, the double form, bearing while, Gardenia-like blossoms, and being the latest flowerer of all the Narcissi, excepting N. gracilis, which is the last of all the Narcissi to bloom, with dainty yellow sweet flowers, borne five to seven on a stem. N. biflorus, a supposed natural hybrid between N. poeticus and N. polyanthus, bears ivory white flowers with small yellow cups, two, and sometimes three, blooms being carried on the same stem. Of the Burbidgei section, which has been raised from N. poeticus and N. incomparabilis, there are about twenty varieties. The type, N. Burbidgei, is a very early flowerer, having a white perianth with red-margined cup Baroness Heath has a yellow perianth and orange
:
oar ponds and river back-waters and the yellow Nuphar were the only There are now, however, niany beautiful kinds grown. hybrids, raised by M. Latour-Marliac, a French nurseryman, who saw a great future tor water-gardening, a phase of flower life as distinct and lovely as anything in It is possible the border, woodland, or pleasure ground. to fill the lake and pond surface with colour, as brilliant
and refined as a flower bed, the big open blooms resting Nor are these like glittering jewels upon the surface. hybrids difficult to grow, so that failures need not be This is a great encountered, and all are perfectly hardy. point. To grow tender plants in this way would be expensive and disappointing, but these hybrid Nympha;as
withstand severe winters without injury.
There
for
is
in the
whole year
into
planting
putting
the
plants
old
water, keeping the smaller-leaved kinds at the margin, and flowers will be the reward during the ensuing summer. Where no lake or pond exists the Lilies may lie placed in cemented tanks, but there should always be about 1 ft. of water above the crowns, in case severe weather occurs, and very strong growers may be quite It is not difficult to increase the 2ft. or even 3ft. deep. Nymphteas by division, and if seeds are sown in small pots or pans in early spring they should be filled with light soil. Pans may be more easily immersed in water, and this is necessary, letting there be about iin. above the pan, and keep the water at a temperature of about
HARDY
Sodeg.
FLOWERS.
the water the
When
4m. or
3m.
to
The
pots before planting them out. following are extracts, reproduced with permission,
remember
or
that
for
it
is
essential to
in
stagnant water,
from M. Latour-Marliac's lecture delivered before the Royal Horticultural Society last year, and published in their official Journal. A list of the finest kinds is first given, but these have been described. He then mentions that the Nymphseas are nearly all of equal hardiness, but "frequently differ among themselves in their early or late blooming, in their standing up above the water or floating on it, in their flowers being many or few, or in their general structure and growth being compact or wide spreading. Some of them form strong clumps which
constantly increase in strength, but do not spread about, whilst others are of a roaming nature, their stolons and
interlacing rhizomes wandering over a large space, and quickly spreading across the roots of other varieties. In natural lakes and ponds it is impossible to prevent this confusion be but this irregular growth should not permitted in artificial basins and aquaria, where rai l, plant in the collection should remain distinct ami thrive independently; besides, it would nol only produce inextricable confusion amongst the plants, but the weaker ones would be smothered by the stronger. In order to obviate this difficulty, it is indispensable that the Waterlilies should be planted separately and at proper distances, or else in pots or in stonework basins, of which the sides and bottom have been carefully cemented. It is very important that the basins should be divided into several compartments by partitions, which should not be higher than three-fourths of the depth of the water, in such a way that they only prevent the roots and rhizomes from meeting, w ithout preventing the leaves from intermingling on the surface. A depth of 2ft. is enough for the tanks. bed of earth 6in. deep on the bottom of the basins w ill It be sufficient lor the culture of Water-lilies. ought to
;
al hast iii a very gentle current. " In stocking a tank with Water-lilies the object should be to obtain by a harmonious combination and sequence of shades and colours a generally good effect, and for that purpose plants with high stalks should be avoided, as that would destroy the general view. It is necessary also to suppress confervce and certain under-water plants which are clogging and clinging, such as Chara, Vallisneria, Elodea, and Potamogeton, which live at the expense of the Water-lilies w ithout adding anything to
the picture.
"THE PROPAGATION
in
of hybrid Water-lilies
is
effected
the case of the greater number o( varieties by the pulling to pieces of their creeping stems and by the
Some individual plants, detachment of their tubers. such as N. Laydekeri rosea, do not give any offshoots, but this is a rare exception. Others bear seed, but the resulting plants have always a tendency to degenerate. The planting can he carried on all through the spring and summer, and presents no difficulty, as it only consists in II you wish to fixing them in the earth in April or May. obtain new varieties you must have recourse to seed and to hybridisation. The method of sowing is quite simple.
It is
in
lull
shallow vessels
ol
in
them
water.
as
The
it
work of hybridisation
more complicated,
is
necessary to entirely cut away, at the very first moment of expansion, all the stamens of those flowers which you
be as
free as possible
The
best
wish to artificially fertilise, and on the second day to dust their stigmas with a brush covered with pollen from those kindschosenfor the crossing of them. It is worthy of remark that success in hybridisation depends principally on the care of the operator in only employing subjects of a vigorous growth, well chosen, and titled to produce types that w ill be very free blooming and of perfect forms and
HYBRID WATER-LILIES.
kind
soil is
of earth
is
heavyish
loam
shades.
The
day of
also very suitable. One can also make a mixture them, but it is better not to put with them any fresh manure which is still undergoing fermentation. As regards the choice of water, that which comes from a stream or river is to be preferred, though that from wells will do. When the water is taken from running springs it ought in summer to be turned off, so as to keep the temperature of
blooming, and the pods which they produce come to maturity at the bottom ol the water. They come half open when they are ripe, and allow a multitude of seeds about the size of small pearls to drop out, and these ediately rise to the surface surrounded by a gelatinous They must then be collected at once, with substance. the aid of a small strainer, as they only float for hardly a single day, and then sink straight to the bottom, from
i
120
which
the sticky
THE
substance
CENTURY
them
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
prevents
moving.
After their capture they should be kept in water, so as to keep them more safely until they grow. " People who have no tanks, and who wish to begin the
culture
of Water-lilies, can very well make shift will) In temperate countries casks sawn through the middle. these tub-, against the frost, it is unnecessary to protect but in cold countries they must be protected. To do this, a trench is made of a depth of about one-third the height of the tubs, which are then placed in their edges with the earth dug out.
believe what a charming effect
themselves up with pieces of Lemna or Azolla. Their would be serious if it could not be easily stopped by pouring on the surface of the water some drops of a mixture of three-quarters colza oil to onequarter of paraffin, a sufficient dose to poison and destroy them without hurting the plants. " I should not bring this dissertation on Water-lilies to an end without bestowing a few words on the splendid
devastation
section of the Cyanea, or blue Water-lilies.
to
It is greatly
arranged
in this style.
" Water-lilies are blessed with which allows them to live for quite
water, and, in consequence, to survive very long voyages For example, in 1SS9 I without being any the worse. sent to the Universal Exhibition at Paris a collection of my hybrids in a case, which was lost on the railway, and I was then which could not be found for over a month.
be regretted that hitherto all attempts to cross them with their hardy congeners of the Northern Hemisphere have so far failed. It would be a great triumph to add to the already sumptuous collection some hardy hybrids of a sky-blue colour with a delightful perfume. They are very variable, as from the seed of N. zanzibarensis one can obtain the most beautiful colourings of deep blue, tender blue, intense violet, clear violet, violet red, pink, etc. that it is possible to imagine. But, alas these charming varieties, which have also the advantage of being day-flowering, will only thrive with a considerable
, !
first
instalment.
Some
time after-
wards I received a memorandum informing me that the package bad been found, and asking me what should be Feeling certain that the plants would be done with it. dead, I ordered them to he sunt bark by slow train, but on their arrival I was astonished to see them in good order, pushing shoots, and very little the worse for being so long boxed up. I have thrown waste plants on to the earth surrounding the ponds, and have found their roots still quite sound after having lain six months on the open ground. "Pests. I have only had to complain seriously of the ravages committed by two kinds of larvse, the one black and the other white, produced by certain small yellowish white butterflies which deposit their eggs on the floating leaves. These larvre, at first almost invisible, grow to about the thickness of a wheat straw, and devour the They are very leaves of the Lilies during the night. laying clever in hiding themselves during the day, fragments of the leaves on their bodies and covering
amount number
October
of heat.
of running springs.
From the end of the open air thus 15th I pass through their basins a constant current of water from the running springs to preserve them from the cold, and as soon as warmth comes I turn off the springs, so that the temperature of
the year
round
in
to
April
becomes the same as that of the By these simple means it is possible to enjoy for five months the flowering of these grand plants."' Of our common native Water-lily there is N. alba. a splendid variety named candidissima, which has larger
the water in the basins
air.
and
flowers than the familiar Water-lily of English ponds It is pleasant to see a rivers, and is clear white. large group of this on a summer day, with the big white flowers above the green leaves.
rose
tint.
its
Alba Rosea
is
a pretty
N.
Laydekeri and
As
these plants are less vigorous than the Marliacea set, they are more suitable for small ponds, tubs, or tanks.
121
2,2
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
WATER-LILIES AT
The
its
WISLEY.
cupped petals intense crimson, shaded magenta, with deep garnet stamens lilacea, rose lilac, very delicate colour purpurata, carmine rose and orange red stamens Rosea, a strong-growing kind, the flowers opening soft pink, which deepens to quite a rose shade and lucida,
; ; ;
small to place in a tub, tank, or by the margin of the lake. Such a form as this must not fie associated with strong-
growing Nymphseas.
N.
Odorata
is
SO
named because
of
its
deli ate
yet
powerful fragrance.
lake, the flowers large
This is worth planting in every and pure white, with a pink tinge
upon the
intense
rosea,
tips
of the petals.
Of
this
Helveola is a sweet flower, of a and brown mottlings upon the leaves. In a good collection there should also be the pale rose-tinted Aurora Caroliniana, flesh colour, and its w hite form nivea flava, a pretty citron yellow fulva, yellow touched with red, and two kinds ol wonderful colouring, in both instances the flowers of a brilliant carmine purple, but in Ellisiana rather paler than in gloriosa. M. Latour Marliac describes it as "bright currant red; the fiery orange colour of the Gloriosa is a handsome stamens has a very fine effect." kind; to use the French hybridist's words, ' a floating
pretty canary yellow colour,
; ;
scented flower 7in. in diameter, very double, and of perfect form currant red washed with rose white at the stamens rich red. The only tips of the lower petals
; ;
Sanguinea
;
rich
amaranth,
its
stamens
deep orange
and
in
Seignoureti they are "medium sized, rising from 5m. to bin. from the water, shaded with pink and carmine on leaves marbled with brown on a ground of pale yellow
;
the stem, and streaked with red-brown underneath."' An ideal place for the Water-lilies is a calm lake or
pond, sheltered yet not overshadowed by trees, and not In such peopled with water-rats, water-fowl, or swans. a place as this the plants will grow into broad groups, and the surrounding leafage will intensify the flower colouring. The flowers may be cut for the house, and create a distinct and beautiful form of decoration. Reflex the segments to prevent the bloom closing, and gather quite young flowers, those not more than a day old, and float them in ample
water.
Rats are frequently very troublesome, and may be shot and water-fowl must be closely watched. If one wishes for Nymphseas upon the water's surface animal life in a large measure is impossible. A spacious lake is not needful, for in any quiet pond where the water is from 2h. to 3ft. deep the Nymphaeas will succeed.
or trapped,
HARDY
The
and the raising of hybrid new and undying interest in a There distinct and beautiful phase of flower gardening. is no excuse for ugly ponds and lakes when all this
introduction
ot
FLOWERS.
123
species
perennial species are better for lifting and dividing every three years or so. Omphalodes. This is a very charming family of hardy (lowers, belonging to the Borages. There are three
is
available.
CEnotheras (Evening
Primroses).
or Evening Primrose, comprises about 100 species, some of which are perennials, some biennials, and some annuals.
The
in
perennials
may be propagated by
March and April, the seedlings being planted out in open border in |une. They may also be increased by cuttings taken off during the summer, and inserted in
the
O. Lucilia;, and O. verna. The first an annual, but the other two are perennial. O. Lucilias lias bluish flowers and grey foliage, and is very pretty hanging over a ledge upon the rock garden, but the soil musl be thoroughly well drained. It must be protected from slu^s, which have a strong partiality for the young grow ths. A beautiful flower is ). verna, which quite
species, O. linifolia,
is
(
its
almost pure sand in a shady position under a bell-glass, as the cuttings become air being gradually given established. The roots maybe divided in the autumn or spring, when rooted suckers may be removed, which will soon form plants. A sunny position, in porous loam, suits these subjects well. They should be mulched and Good forms ol the perennial watered in dry weather. CEnotheras are CE. fruticosa, a very free-blooming yellow ; E. marginata, a lovely w hite, sweet-scented, well adapted for the rock garden (E. macrocarpa, with large pale )l the and < H. speciosa, white. yellow flowers; biennials, perhaps the best known is the giant Evening The seed of these species Primrose, E. Lamarckiana. should be sown one-sixteenth of an inch deep in a semishaded situation in the open during April, the seedlings being well thinned out and planted in their flowering The annual species, from which positions in the autumn. the handsome named varieties of the so-called Godetias have sprung, should be propagated l>v seed being sown thinly in prepared beds where the plants are to bloom. April is the best month to sow, though in warm and favoured situations a late summer sowing will give fine Thin out the plants for a succeeding year's display. seedlings to 6in. apart each way as soon as they can be easily handled. All CEnotheras are benefited by copious supplies of water during parching weather, but the beds in which they grow should be well drained, The and their position well exposed to the sun.
( ; (
those of die Gentians on alpine pastures. It is a rock garden plant, and will run freely in cool positions near
Its
is
flower colouring
intense.
Alba
is
a variety thai
type.
arabicum
(Cot/on
and handsome plants in the woodland, but must not encroach upon choice subjects. The spiny stems clothed with glaucous leafage rise 8ft. and even more in height. Easily raised from seed sown in early summer, and may be regarded as biennials.
Orchises. -It
studied.
is possib'e to cultivate quite a number of these interesting plants, provided their requirements are
<
are
rule
least
die
lift,
bed
of
(
porous
).
O.
ol
Calcareous loam suits such sorts as O. lactea, O. militaris, O. pallens, papilionacea, O. pauciflora, O. purpurea, O. samlongicornis,
<
undulatifolia, whilst a compost consisting two parts leaf-mould, one part peat, and one part loam meets the requirements of O. lalifolia, O. maculata, ). Morio, and O. mascula. speclabilis fairly well. ). O. foliosa (the great Madeira Orchis) will succeed in the latter compost, but is benefited by a rather more shady position than is advisable for the others named, which prefer a sunnier site. These terrestrial Orchids should be planted from September till November, the tubers being placed 2in. below the surface. luring the period of growth an abundant supply of
>.
<
bucina, and
CENOTHERAS
(Evening
Primroses)
BOOK
OF
and
0.
is
124
THE
CENTURY
GARDENING.
in
water should be given, while a mulch of well-decayed hot-bed manure in March will generally be found to Propagation may be effected strengthen the growth. by division of the tubers in the autumn, but it is a A light pity to disturb the plants if they are healthy. covering of rough leaf-mould or cocoa-nut fibre makes an effective protection during the winter months. Other so-called Orchises, such as the Bee Orchis, Humble-bee Orchis, Fly Orchis, Spider Orchis, Saw-fly Orchis, and Looking-glass Orchis, though belonging to theOrchidaceae, are classed under the name of Ophrys. These should be grown on sunny rock gardens in sandy loam with which chips of limestone or chalk 'nave been incorporated, otherwise the cultural directions already given for the terrestrial Orchids will apply. OrnithOgalumS. - This extensive family comprises about eighty species, natives of Europe, Asia, Africa, P/id America. They are bulbous plants, and the greater portion are only fitted fin culture under glass, chough a few are hardy, and well fitted to assist in the embellishment of our gardens. A rich, sandy soil is found most adapted to their requirements. The taller kinds are well su-^ed for planting in the herbaceous border, while man_> of the dwarfer species are seen at
their best
every
way
or wild garden.
greatest
when naturalised in the grass. One of the merits of these Stars of Bethlehem, as they
of time they remain
in condition for following are amongst the best of those suitable lor culture in our own country
remaining
The
0.
armeniaciim,
a native of
Armenia, bearing
;
its
white
May
0. arabiClim, a beautiful flower from Algeria, blooms white w ith black eve, I in. to 2in. in diameter, borne on a tall flower stem, attaining, under good cultivation, a height of nearly 3ft. In England it usually blooms Although not, strictly speaking, hardy, in May or June. generally passes through the winter unharmed in it sheltered situations in the Southern Counties. In colder climates pot culture will be found most suitable. 0. COmOSlim, Europe, a perfectly hardy plant, bearing racemes of white flowers, and growing to a height of bin. It blossoms in May and June, and is well adapted for positions in the rock garden 0- exscapum, Europe, a very dwarf, hardy species, bearing umbels of large, white flowers just clear of the ground an April bloomer. 0. fimbriatum, from the Crimea, hardy, producing greenish white flowers. A
;
nutans, Europe, bearing loose racemes of drooping white flowers with green reverses, height, 6in. to loin. ; a June bloomer. This bulb had better be relegated to the wild garden or naturalised in the grass, as it quickly spreads and is with difficulty eradicated, if planted in a border, without unduly disturbing the other occupants. 0. pyramidale, Europe, is the noblest of all the Ornithogalunis, producing tall spires of white flowers 3ft. to 4ft. in height. It blossoms in June. When grown in rich deep soil, and allowed to remain undisturbed, it forms fine clumps, which are exceedingly decorative in the border or in the wild garden. This is a variety ol O. narbonnense. 0. pyrenaicum, Europe, producing long racemes of pale yellow flowers, height 2ft., flowering in June. This species is found wild in parts of England. 0. limbellatum, Europe, a hardy, well-known kind, bearing its white flowers in umbels some 6in. in height. It blooms in May, and is seen at its best when naturalised on a grassy bank. There are thirty-three other species which were introduced from South Africa, while of the remainder six hail from America, O. alliaceum, O. bifolium, and O. corymbosum being natives of Chili, O. biflorum's habitat being Peru, and that of O. chloroleucum Brazil, while O. ixioides is a Californian bulb. OrobUS. See Lathyrus. Oxlip. See Primula. Pajonies are divided into two classes, the herbaceous, which dies down every winter and shoots up from the ground the succeeding spring, and the shrubby, or tree Though section, which forms large, permanent bushes. differing greatly in their manner of growth, herbaceous They and tree Paeonies require very similar treatment. luxuriate in deep, rich soil, in fact it may be said that Where the soil cannot well be too deep or too rich. practicable, the bed in which the Paeonies are to be indeed, planted should be excavated to a depth of 3ft. strong-growing herbaceous Paeonies send their roots down and well enriched with to a greater depth than this
heaviest
soils,
where stable
The bed
or beds should
not be close to trees or very vigorous-growing shrubs, whose roots will impoverish the soil, though, at the same
time, a certain
amount of shade
is beneficial, and shelter from boisterous winds is a desideratum. The best time
for
early
dwarf
blooms
0.
Minor,
plant
useful
for
planting in the
Paeonies
is
naturalising
in
grass;
Asia bearing
leaf,
for
in early spring.
choice.
lifted
When
carefully
glaueophyllum,
umbels
hardy, of white
flowers,
and planted at the time advised, and given a copious watering, they will quickly recover from the shift and push out roots into thesurroundingsoil, whereas
they often remain dormant a spring for weeks after
planting, and make little or no growth during their first
Under generous
it
treatment
the
attains a height
season in
well
to
new
plant
quarters.
it
dry situations
depression,
so
is
In always
in
a slight
that
when
montanum,
dwarf,
flowers.
Europe,
0.
Europe, hardy plant, bearing white flowers, iin. in diain meter, on stems 2ft. height. It blooms in June,
narbonnense,
water is given, as it should be liberally and often during dry weather, it may not run away, but thoroughly Surface permeate the soil. mulchings of manure given have in the early spring a very beneficial effect on
Paeonies, as the stimulating
SINGLE P/EONIES.
properties
of
the
dressing
HARDY
are
FLOWERS.
rich
T25
washed down to the roots just when they are most in need of assistance, while the covering keeps the surface of the soil in a moist condition, and prevents the roots Supplies of being parched during the summer months. liquid manure in the spring and summer also tend to
preserve
the plants in a vigorous state of health. Paeonies should not be placed too near together in the II beds, lyd. apart each way being quite close enough. look lure for the first it is thought that the beds will
crimson,
and
Northern
Glory,
rose
pink,
are
the best.
P.
allMflora, introduced in 1548, is a native of Siberia, and bears large single white flowers with golden stamens, The June-flowering upon stems from 2ft. to 3ft. long. herbaceous Paeonies, both double and single, are
varieties ol
I', albiflora or edulis. Their flowers are very and handsome, and range in colour from white through blush, pink, and rose to deep crimson, the The following majority of them being sweetly scented.
large
year or two, they may lie surfaced with carpeting plants, When such as Tufted Pansies, Saxifrages, or such-like. once planted in congenial soil, and well looked after in the matter of feeding, Paeonies may be left undisturbed for a dozen or more years indeed, it often takes four or five years for them to attain their normal size after being
;
twenty-four
named
Agnes
Parr, rose
first
pretty
Candolle, rose pink Duke of Edinburgh, deep rose Eugene Verdier, blush white; Festiva maxima, snow white spreading flowers, very fine Joan Seaton, cherry
I
)e
rose
pink
Lady
Leonie,
i
;
Hcresford, blush
;
trumpet
Narcissi close to
herbaceous
These then bloom just
Paeonies.
crimson
Madame
t
Eur-
ad o
rose
when
Peonies
their
the
are
Madame
late
;
Loise
throwing
young
the
contrast
is
up
Madame
car-
colours
effective.
very
Lilies
Calot, while, tinted rose Nimrod, deep rose Prince Prosper, deep
;
also
may
be
crimson
cess
Prin-
Clotilde,
groups
foliage
latter
of
the
Paeonies, as the
Francaises,
silvery pink
;
of
Sir
shelters
Walter
brilliant
Scott,
the
young Lily
while,
rose
stems,
Solfaterre,
sulphur
after
Paeonies
ing,
the
Lilies
to
white
Tor q
commence
expand
peach;
Triomphe
Paris,
em ada,
their tall
de
while;
;
ceous
Paeonies
are
usually
and
Verniory,
Z o
classes, the
early- flowering,
and
while
pink primrose
;
the
fol-
May
blooming,
species,
and the
excel
:
bright
P.UONY MOONLIGHT
:
rose
albior Chinese
Duchess
of
Paeony,
whose
in
known
forms are so well single double and gardens to-day, and have been added to greatly of late years by such raisers as Messrs. These latter may, Kelway and Son of Langport. with advantage, be planted bin. deep, but the earlyof the old flowering species, with the exception double garden Paeony, are better planted not more than The following are the best 2in. below the surface. P. anomala, a known of the early-flowering species native of Northern Europe, with single flowers of a bright red colour, 4m. or more in diameter, and
numberless
our
The
Hesperus, bright pink Queen of the May, rosy pink ; Bride, while The Moor, crimson maroon Venus, white, shaded rose; and Water-lily, snow white and
globular, fine.
BfOteri,
Portugal,
native
of
the
mountains of Spain
and
flowers single,
bright
carmine
The
seed-vessels
are
particularly
attractive
beautifully-cut
several
foliage.
Of
different
this
species
there
arc-
crimson. shades of A. arietina, from Southern Europe, flowers crimson, Of this Paeony there are single, leives glaucous. about a dozen varieties, of which Crown Prince,
varieties
of
autumn, when they open out and disclose crimson seeds, wdiich have the appearance of coral. This Paeony grows wild on the Steep Holme Island in the Bristol Channel. A variety of this is P. Russi, from Sicily, flowers single, large, of a light
the the
foliage
blue-green
and glistening.
126
THE
a
CENTURY
single,
BOOK OF GARDENING.
bright
It is for more than 1,000 years. but occasionally gets badly crippled by spring frosts and cutting winds, owing to its habit of For this starting into growth very early in the year. reason it should be retarded as much as possible, by planting in a position where it gets but little sunshine, especially
P.
COriacea,
coral red.
native of Spain,
flowers
tint,
by the Chinese
bine-green
perfectly hardy,
P.
flowers
P.
this species, of
which
elatior
frozen
morning sunshine, this being particularly dangerous to shoots and buds, which if allowed to thaw
P.
to
Emodi,
white.
native of the
is
This
and
is
said
Europe,
flowers
single,
mierocarpa,
leafage
from
Spain,
flowers
crimson,
single,
deep red,
flowers
Officinalis,
native
of
Southern
is
Europe,
This
Forms
of this species
anemonreflora,
varieties,
named
flesh.
of
P.
P.
paradoxa,
deep purple-red.
from
a
Southern
Europe,
flowers
single,
of Southern Europe, flowers There are several named varieties of this species, ranging in colour from crimson to blush pink, ol which two colours, Brilliant and Blushing Maid, are good examples. P. tenilifolia, a native of the Crimea, flowers single, rich crimson, leafage feathery and Fennel-like. There is a handsome double variety of this plant. P. triternata, from the Caucasus, flowers single, soft
peregrina,
native
single,
rich crimson.
pink in colour. In the autumn the seed-pods of this Paeony, which are larger than in most species, open and
growing
grass in
unmanured soil, and even established in the some parts of England. These Paeonies are useful for pot culture, if weli fed, and may easily be forced into bloom during the months of February and
in
March,
year's
though,
rest
before
treatment.
effected
section.
by
such forcing, plants require a being again subjected to similar The propagation of the Tree Paeony is grafting on the roots of the herbaceous
after
about the
size of peas,
the
the effect
displav.
ones blue-black and the sterile of a bright scarlet, being even more decorative than the flower
A selection of eighteen handsome named varieties is here given Athlete, white, flaked purple Beaute de Canton, mauve Blanche de Noisette, white with lilac
:
spot
P.
Wittmanniana,
yellow.
The Tree Pseony, or Paeonia Moutan, was introduced over 100 years ago, and has probably been cultivated
at base of petal Duchess of Teck, white ; Donckelaari, peach crimson lake Julius Caesar, Lactea, white with purple spot ; Lord Macartney, crimson Louise Mouchelet, salmon pink Madame Stuart Lowe, salmon, shaded red ; Osiris, crimson
; ; ; ; ;
HARDY
maroon
s
11
1 1
FLOWERb.
plants
oil
127
Pnrily,
before
w
i
white
K
fa
n e
,
Eliza-
indeed
is
in
their
ii
seedling stage
fer
well to transI
hem
to the
garden.
lor slugs,
W an
pink
rang,
Sama-
which
juicy
vermilion
a iprei iale
1
red
Triomphe
;
Pansy seedlings
in pari
ii
de Vandermael,
bright rose
Ville
ular.
and
St.
named kinds
to
are
de
be
Denis,
mauve
the
fol-
ated,
tion
is
perpetupropaga-
and white;
while
cellent
by cuttings
necessary.
Tli
a n
I
varieties:
Henry
dark
Irving,
crimson,
England.
They
very
in the
especially
good
TREE PjEOSW
cool climate of the North,
in the
are
often
Jean de Reszke, white, an enormous flower, almost a foot in diameter; Mrs. J. W. Sinicox, salmon Lord Iveagh, cerise red rose; and Mrs. McMillan, deep rose. Pansies {Violas). The Pansy of the garden is a Violet, because all Pansies belong to the same family as the of the shady hedgerow, and little fragrant blue flower the various species are described under the name ol Viola. The Pansy is considered here because so familiarly known by this name, but to call any one group by the name
;
beautiful
South
is
They
flower
so
connoisseurs
It
is
value
the
would
interest
few
gardeners.
tufted
kinds
that
bloom
Viola
family.
is
is
the
title
ol
the
entire
Tufted Pansy
growth
is
lulled
stems which rarely bloom for many weeks. The Pansy is a good garden plant, and one to group freely in conspicuous positions, by itself, or, better still, in association with other things. Beds and borders may be margined with it, or it may be planted amongst dwarf shrubs, su h as hardy Azaleas, choosing always rather damp spots, not exposed to the lull force of a summer sun. It is the tufted kinds that must be used for this purpose, not show, fancy, or other types,
which are seen frequently at exhibitions, yet in the Plant either in the autumn or garden are of poor effect. the spring, choosing the first-named season when an early display of flowers is desired. Select early October for the work, and make the soil moderately rich by incorporating rotten manure with it, or, if very sandy, cow manure is advisable. Prepare the surface in the usual way by making it fairly line, and plant from 9m. to lit. apart. If the garden is very low-lying and damp, never plant in the autumn, otherwise the Pansies will suffer in winter. It is even more necessary to dig the soil deeply
for
continuously and freely, and which one may gather to fill small glasses upon the table. Choose any of Selection of Varieties. Tufted Pansies Blue Blue Gown, a beautiful shade, one the following of the most charming of all Pansies, very pretty by an pansies, it must not old wall, or even on the wall itself be forgotten, will flower well when upon walls Ophelia, and the well -known Archie Grant, grown so largely for market. Edged or margined flowers Duchess of Fife, Border Witch, and Goldfinch. Fancy or blotched Mrs. C. F. Gordon, Cottage Maid, and Isa Ferguson. Maggie and William Niel. White Rose White Empress, Ethel Handcock, Maslerpiece, and Yellow Pembroke, Princess Louise, Sir Niphetos. Robert Peel, and Other colours: Ardwell Gem. Florizel, lavender and blush Norah Mary, blush Rosea pallida, very delicate blush and DevonshireCream, cream. Miniature Flowered. This is a dainty class, the
:
name
suggests,
many
Of
the most charming are Violetta, while Lavinia, rosy blush; Walter B. Child, white margined with lavender blue ; Gold Crest, golden yellow and Blue Bell, soft
;
blue.
dry summer.
spring planting, as then the plants withstand better a Put well-rotted manure deep down in the trenches, leave the surface rough, dress if with soot, and
Fancy Pansies. The best of these are Agnes Mabel, M. R. Buchanan, feanie R. Kerr, Maggie McPhail, Marmion, Mrs. D. Johnstone, Mrs. W. Watson, Tamworth Yellow, Bernard Doulton, Jeanie R. Lister, Maggie Watson, and Constance Steel.
Col.
Show
Smellie,
Pansies.
Alex.
then after the frosts and rains of winter it will break up finely, ready for the plants (o be put out in earl}- spring. If when received from the nursery they are in any way attacked with green-fly, dip them in a preparation of soft
soap, iooz. to a gallon of water.
off for a
Miss Cramb,
PentStemon.
Thomson, and Agnes Kay. Pentstemon family is known best by th; beautiful hybrid kinds which flower so gaily in the summer and autumn, furnishing material for cutting, and This race has been gladdening the garden with colour. obtained by hybridising, P. Hartwegi and P. gentianoides
Irvine, Col. Stirling, Jessie
The
Charming
be effected by seeds or by cuttings. colour occur amongst seedlings raised from the best seed, and not infrequently some variety ot great beauly, distinct from anything else in our gardens. Seed may be sown out of doors in some prepared spot in and if the seedlings arcJuly, carefully pricked out, then transferred to their flowering quarters, they will IiIm.hi] the following year. Or seed may
variations in
may
being the foundation. Unfortunately the plants are not very hardy, frequently collapsing in winter, but it is so easy to raise seedlings lhat one is not concerned about a w ant oi hardiness. Cuttings may be struck in autumn, wintered in a cold frame, and planted out in April, or seed may be sown in June in shallow pans, and the seedlings wintered in a frame. These produce excellent tufts for flowering
the
\
ear
following
sow ing
in
fact,
this
is
treating
be sown in gentle
warmth
in
February.
There is yet another time to sow seed, namely, in January in gentle warmth, when There is the plants will bloom freely the same season.
the Pentstemon as a biennial.
128
HARDY
about sowing, as a shallow pan of light soil, Pot off the seedlings when large enough, and plant in a moderately rich soil and sunny
FLOWERS.
129
no
difficulty
Phloxes, Herbaceous. A noble garden flower, ami may lie used in many ways, besl of all In groups of
kind,
not necessarily in the border, but amongst
shrubs
position. The Pentstemon makes a beautiful bedding plant, alone with excellent and large beds may be Idled with in the mixed border, in any spot results, or group
il il
indeed that needs colour. A wonderful range of hues may be found in his race, varying from sell blood crimson to pure while, and the great poinl is to get only the finest
l
even, by shrubbery margins, or water-side, where in The reason plants the moist soil growth is vigorous. are frequently poor is because their treatment is little understood. They must have a rich soil with plent) of
tones, not muddy magenta shades. Periwinkle. See Vinca. Phloxes. Dwarf. The so-called Alpine Phloxes
are,
can Continent. Thev are admirable occupants ol the rock garden if thev can be accommodated with a deep and moist root-run in porous soil, fibrous loam and peat in equal proportions, with which a liberal allowance ol disintegrated granite has been mixed, proving a most Much as these charming plants satisfactory compost. appreciate a cool, deep root-run, they are not partial to shade, and succeed best where their foliage and flowers can absorb the sunshine. They are particularly useful in
manure in the bottom, anil (luring dry summers mulch and water them well. Planting may be carried out in spring or in autumn, and the way to propagate is by dividing the roots when new growth commences. When the plants are three seem mailed years old, and together, showing obvious signs ol lading vigour, divide them, and the strong (Utter pieces will make splendid new slock. The herbaceous Phlox is one of the most
vigorous
ol
all
soil,
and
and dividing every three or lour years is essential. Another way to propagate is by cuttings late in autumn from the side shoots ihal have not flowered. They should each be about 4111. long, dibbled lot d the sides of a 5HI. pot, and
lor
this reason
coming between the Narcissi and the early summer flowers. Although these dwarf species seed, they do not, as a rule, do so freely enough to lead to
the spring,
their general
by pushing up
such as
out
the
in
oil singly. Keep over the winter in frame, and plant uut in spring. Increasing a stock shoots Ironi the routs is simple, these being seen
in spring.
Remove
5111.
carefully,
in this
manner,
pots,
and give
il
vogue of increasing the stock are those of dividing the plants and taking cuttings. The latter should be taken off in [uly, and inserted in moist, sandy soil, in a cold frame, care being taken to keep them shaded from the bright sunshine until struck. By the succeeding spring these should have formed nice plants. Old plants which are to be divided should have a mulch of light soil given them after their flowering season is past, and the division should take place in the autumn, when the mulch of light soil will lie found lull of roots from the buried stems. The following list gives the best-recognised species ol the dwarf herbaceous Phloxes P. atnoena, bright rose, 4m. to bin. ill height, a very persistent and most floriferous bloomer, being a mass of flower in the spring, and often blossoming as late as October and November. P. divarieata, with large lilac-blue flowers, grows to
so
that
the
methods
in
hot-bed or greenhouse.
in May, and a few grown on, if desired, in pots adornment ol greenhouse and conservatory.
It
must
seed,
not
be forgotten that
from
lo
Soak the
soften
when ripe, or indeed at an}' season. seeds in lukewarm water lor four or five bonis the hard outer skin, and sow them in a shallow
which should be placed
in a
sown
pan
or
oft
ol fine soil,
warm
IV:
greenhouse.
separately,
if
When
the
them
when,
is
the seed
and when bin. or so high plant them out, was obtained from good varieties, the
If.
a height of ift. A variety of litis, I'. d. canadensis, has even larger flowers, of a rather deeper colour. There is also a white variety. P. linearifolia has flesh-coloured flowers, and attains a
height of
P.
ill.
OVata.
of
I ft.
;
Carolina,
with reddish purple flowers, grows to a height with large deep rose flowers, is lift,
is
high
while Listonensis
bears
I2in.
same
in
ol
species.
P.
pilOSa
loin,
purple
flowers,
4.
in.
in
diameter,
a
height
and grows
to
There are
and while
flowers.
P.
prOCUmbenS,
4in. to
bin.,
is
bearing flowers
lilac
a creeping species,
wild plant.
P.
reptans,
rose flowers.
P. Stellaria, a very beautiful s.pecies, bearing masses of silver-grey flowers, is very distinct height from 4m. to bin. P. Sllblllata, growing to a height of 6in., also know n as setacea, and by the English name of Moss Pink, is a very
;
Tnere are two sections of herbaceous Phlox, the one the early or midsummer flowering group known as the offspring of P. suffruticosa, the other group having been obtained by hybridisation from P. decussata, P. paniculata, and other North American species. As regards varieties, little seems to be known about them, and one sees in gardens kinds of purplish or magenta colours which are unpleasant and ineffective. The tallei decussata or late-flowering race is the most handsome, and the finest varieties are Avalanche, pure white, very free, a beautiful flower, dwarf: Coquelicot, brilliant orange scarlet, as effective as anv variety in the garden Etna, crimson touched with scarlet and orange Erato, vermilion, purple centre Jeanne d'Arc, white and dwarf La Candeur, white with cherry-coloured eye'; Lothair, scarlet with a tinge of purple in it Roi des Roses, rosy salmon, crimson centre; W. Robinson, salmon rose; Eugene Danzanvilliers, lilac Pines' of All, pure white Magnet, carmine red Lafayette, mauve shade John Forbes, rose; Mint H. Jacotot, red. crimson centre, very dwarf Regulus, carmine, violet centre: and Dr. Bayol, white, rose centre, all being dwarf in grow th. PhygelillS eapensiS.- This is a plant worth a place in
; : : ; : ;
warm
soils,
display.
il
It
and if planted in quantity makes a brilliant depends entirely upon the climate as to
beautiful
species,
lovely varieties in
a
soft
s.
which there are now numerous commerce. The tvpe has blossoms of
ol
; ;
rosy alba is a clear while s. pink P. Aldboroughensis, fine rose P. s. atropurpurea, deep purple rose P. s. Fairy, cream white, shading to s. lilac; frondosa, pink with dark centre, P. very vigorous; P. s. G. I'. Wilson, (dear mauve, verv fine;
P.
;
;
where should be put, but, except in the favoured Southern Counties, should have as a rule a warm sunny border, or one of those borders in which the Zephyranthes, Calochorti, and other warmth-loving bulbs are happy. It grows about 3ft. in height, and has a strong stem of scarlet flowers, which appear for main' weeks. If an increase of Stock is desired, propagate hy dividing the
root stock in spring.
1'.
s.
larger
than the s. I', nivalis, white P. s. pallida, rose shaded lilac P. s. The Bride, white with rosy eye; P. s. Vivid, brilliant rose with carmine centre.
flowers
;
Physalis. -The
best known is the bright Winter Cherry conspicuous for the inflated orange scarlet covering enclosing a Tomato-like fruit. These calyces hang on rather slender stems, and make a brilliant show in autumn. P. Franchetti is comparatively new, and (P. Alkekengi),
THE
larger than
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
important
for
the
more
way.
its
familiar
It retains
species in every
leaves longer,
tinted
led.
with
P.
and
the
year.
When
the
long
cut,
before soiled by
weather,
as
May
winter
decorations.
A
and
Both
a
war m
light
fairly
quire
peat
soil
soil
and
in
shelter.
sunny
suit
lises
position
Frequently
sees
the
Physa-
one rock
best,
and
gardens a
warm
such
these
recess or bay in
which
plants as
the
open
or
in
April,
spring.
by
are a success.
root division in
Polemonium.
POLEMOKIUM RICH ARDSUN1
Pinks.
Who
A dainty family,
does not love the fragrant silvery-leaved Pink, which makes spreading masses if not distuibed, and is pretty when covered with snowy drifts of blossom. It must be poor soil that will not support them, and they are propagated by cuttings, or pipings as they are
usually called in the gardener's vocabulary. Cut them just under a joint, remove sufficient leaves to leave a clear space for insertion in the soil, and dibble them in light
knowngeneiallv as Jacob's Ladder, and should be in eveiy good garden. The most common species is P. caeruleum, which has very pretly blue flowers, and there are white and varieAll the Polemoniums lejoice in gated forms also. nch, thoroughly-drained soils, as anything approaching
stagnation probably
is
means
loss in winter.
P. confertum
surfaced with silver sand. Place a hand-light over and they will soon root, when they can be transplanted in the autumn to the positions they are
soil
them
to
Another way is to layer them as one treats and this method has its recommendations. The white varieties are the most popular, and the old
adorn.
the Carnation,
deep blue melitum are is necessary to choose an especially larger. It well-drained light soil for them. P. himalaica and Kichardsoni, its white variety, and the creeping P. P. replans are also handsome, except the first-named, which is more suited for the rock garden than the
charming species, which flower clusters,
a
dwarf,
and
with
in
the
variety
border.
but the kind usually seen is Mrs. Sinkins. Albino is a beautiful variety with smooth, very pure, robust petals which do not fling themselves out of the calyx. Her Majesty, Mrs. Lakin, very dwarf, compact and free, Mrs. Welsh, conspicuous for lateness, and Snowflake are all good. White Pinks make delightful edgings. A broad margin to a mixed border is a rare picture in June. Beware of wireworm when planting Carnations and Pinks in new soil,
still,
many admirers
FolyantllUSeS
rose,
common
Prim-
and beautiful flowers, frequently of quaint form, such as hose-in-hose, and some gold laced, that is, a margin of gold colour to the petals, very rich in contrast lo the centre. Though less useful and effective than the
Primrose
for the garden,
Polyanthuses,
when the flowers some rich self, are They may be increased
especially
if
the
top spit
of
pasture.
Very
little
PolygOnatlim.
for
edging
remain after a few weeks. Laced Pinks are quaint, interesting flowers, the colours being as a rule rose purple, and laid on the margin of the florets, which have a pure white ground. Boiard, Clara, Emerald, Empress of India, Eurydice, Harry Hooper, Minerva, Modesty, Mrs. F. Hooper, and The Rector are the best of the race. Plant in early September. These are the Pinks grown for exhibition, the markings upon the flowers constituting their chief value.
will
Polygonums. These
the most
See Solomon's Seal. are known as Knotweeds, and are part vigorous perennials, especially Polya
tall,
gonum cuspidatum,
graceful plan',
beautiful
in
group by the water-side or upon the grass, and of which P. Sachalithere is a compact form named compactum nense, wonderfully tall and robust, noble in leaf and
;
See Funkias.
closely
allied
P. grandiflora,
in
flowers,
is
produced
not
The
the white-flowered P. Molle, beautiful in the dwart the with its plumes of blossom P. amplexicaulis, P. Brunonis, P. vaccinifolium, and the crimson P. sphaerostachyum, which deserves a place in the rock garden. Pond-flowers. See streamside gardens. Quaint and interesting are the hybrids Potentillas. aspect
;
autumn
more than
Sin.
in
height,
and wants a
thoroughly well-drained spot. Anything approaching stagnation is fatal. Deep loam and an open spot on the rock garden suit this family. Mariesi is still dwarfer, bearing flowers of similar colour, but there is a white
by crossing such species as P. atrosanguinea. The colours are varied and pleasing, ranging from quite reddish brown lo ciimson, and the plants may Sunshine be easily raised by dividing the roots. Several good and fairly light soil are essential.
raised
varieties are Atrosanguinea, scarlet, single
;
Plumbago Larpentse
Propagate by seed and root division. is a hardy plant, with blue flowers, not unlike but deeper in colour than those of P. capensis. It is a neat-growing plant, requiring a warm sunny place where the soil is moderately light. Divide the roots in spring for increase of stock. P.
variety, too.
Californica,
;
capensis
very useful for pulling out in large pots or tubs upon the turf or terrace in summer, but it is not hardy. Its soft blue flowers are usu dly seen in the greenhouse.
is
Nigra yellow chromatella, golden yellow ; plena, yellowish hue and perfecta plena, crimson and William Velours pourpre, purple, double crimson Amongst the alpine species are Roliison, orange red. many pretly rock plants, of which a few are the following P. alba, P. alpestris, P. recta and varieties, P. pyrenaica,
double
; ; ; :
and
dry,
P.
all
delight in
warm,
fairly
Podophylllims. Two
of
this
family
are
sufficiently
Poppy, Mexican.
Hunnemannia
fumarfcefolia.
HARDY
Primroses. The Primroses of the garden are flowers from the wild Primrose ol many color rs, all derived By (Primula vulgaris) of wayside banks and copses.
growing a set of seedlings interesting variations occur, and it is wise to reject every kind ol poor colour, reserving only those clear, decided hues which are effective in the bed and holder. There are single and double varieties, with hues of yellow, lose, violet, pink, and pure while, even blue, or at least a co'our approaching
the true blue of the Gentian.
FLOWERS.
species
131
which
is
should either
in
he established
upon
the
rock garden or
P.
the bonier.
amoena
is
common
llowcis,
It
Primrose, anil
known by
lilac-coloured
leafy
tufts.
which almost
effective
makes an
P.
Capitata.
rich purple
This
is
very
beautiful
into
Primu'a,
clusters,
with
The
charming in cool margin ol some shady brook, or againsl mossy stones, which throw into relief the distinctive colouring. This blue race was raised by Mr. G. F. Wilson of Weybridge, and some of the forms have been named, Oakwood Blue perhaps the most beautiful of all,
are
more of
spots, by the
and must be frequently raised from seed, as old tulls disappear after two or three years. It enjoys a moist peaty spot screened from the hot midday sun, and if water is necessary in summer, dryness is quite as important during
P.
fragrant
flowers
crowded
Early summer is the season for (lowering. COrtUSOideS Sieboldi is a very charming species, and has given rUe to many varieties, which are more frethe winter.
but the flowers very rich in colour, with reddish centre reject in the seedlings all dingy purples or tho-e of magenta shades. Primroses, both single and double,
;
quently seen in pots in ihe greenhouse than in the open This Primrose is however, quite hardy, but it garden. is wise to select the stronger colours for the open air, as
the more delicate tints are apt to get sullied. Plant them in a well-drained soil, raised as much as possib'e, i.e., a place from which rains drain away. It is a simple matter to grow the plants in pots, using bin. pots for the purpose, and letting the soil be loam mixed with
a
little
appreciate shad., and may be grown freely by woodland walks, or used as edgings in the border; indeed, there are a hundred ways of planting these sweet spring
flowers. Seed may be sown out of doors in early summer, and named varieties propagated by dividing the
Do
not overpots,
The
is
time
to
plant
and
in a cold
in
the
but
damp
is
necesfor
and during
little
is
remove the
the
winter
of
very
Primroses
necessary.
A variety
may
a
summer
transfer
kinds
in
be cold
in
grown
last
a reserve place, such as the kitchen garden, where they be will sheltered partly from the hot suns. Part them, then, not into very small pieces, unless of course one desires to obtain as much
to as possible of a
ticular kind.
many weeks
charming upon
rock garden.
verv the
par-
Many
divided
a deep, well-drained
moist
shade.
in
partial
effec-
on stems about
2ft.
Very
lilac,
in
height, are
coloured, of
lilac-
tive are of
<
1
brave masses
delicately
white,'
and
but
usually
import,
such as in
purple
are
shades;
The bunchPrimroses with the flowers bunched together on a stem, and remind one of the Polyanthus, and when the colouis are pure the effect of groups of them is very line, orange, yellow, and shades of these colours predominating. The double Primroses are unfortunately not a success everywhere, because their requirements are somewhat peculiar. A cool moist climate is necessary, and a well-drained soil. The double crimson is especially difficult to manage, and must be cultivated with the utmost care to ensure a free display of its rich crimson flowers, each like a rosette. The Oxlip is a natural hybrid, that is a cross that has occurred naturally etween the species, and in this case the Cowslip and the Primrose are the parents. The Bardfield Oxlip is Primula elatior, and a beautiful garden
the old
fl.iwered
there is a considerable variety of tints amongst them. Of named varieties very distinct are the deep but there are others too. purple Cashmeriana and Henryi Always plant this species in groups in sheltered spots, Alba is a beautiful and in moist places it is happy.
;
variety
loamy
(the
soil.
P.
Bird's-eye Primrose). A dainty British Primula, with rosettes of pretty silvery leaves, and quite small flowers in a cluster soft lilac, with yellow centre. Plant it in loose soil, thoroughly well drained, in the
farinosa
moist
is
cievice
where the
in
soil
is
deep and
neither
is
light.
It
not very
vigorous
P.
growth,
the
purple-flowered native,
scotica.
Do
Primulas.
Primula family belongs a host ol our most treasured garden flowers, such as the Auricula, Primrose, Polyanthus, and others, those mentioned especially being described under their popular names. Put apart from these, there are many charming
the beautiful
To
common Cowslip
is
P. veris.
not plant veiy deep, and if there is a bog garden the Bird's-eye Primrose may be established there. P. japoniea (/he Japanese Primrose) is the boldest, perhaps, of all Primroses, bold not only in leafage but in
It was at one time considered tender, has proved to be erroneous, as it will even A group of this succeed where other Primroses fail. on the outskirts of woodland and shrubbery, or even in The spikes o! a clearing of trees, is full of quiet charm.
132
THE
2
It.
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
in
height,
olours.
some
white,
crimson eye, ethers pure crimson, and a succession of bloom is lontr maintained. Sow seed, as soon as ripe, in a shallow pan filled with light soil, which must be placed in a cold, frame. It germinates very irregularly, and therefoie llie soil must not be thrown away until every seed has had a chance to germinate. This Primrose is
they are charming in colour (soft rose) and form. P. noble Japanese kind, with whorls of is a deep yellow flowers, but little is known of its behaviour yet in the open garden. P. obtusifolia, deep bluish purple; P. purpurei, or ciliata purpurea, a beautiful crimson-purple, variety, loam and
imperialis
broken
viscosa,
stones
P.
Pan
i,
purple,
P.
handsome
P.
in
pots too.
with
rosy-coloured
soil.
it
rosea (the rosy Himalayan Primrose) is easily raised irom seed sown when ripe, and delights in a moist, almost boggy, spot, where it will frequently spread It is hardy, and flowers in early summer, the freely. colouring varying considerably, sometimes deep crimson, Grandirlora is a beautiful but generally of paler shades. form. Another way to increase it is by dividing the tufts but one shjuld not meddle with these unless division is apparently needed. A well-known Primrose with a profuP. SikkimensiS. sion ol yellow flowers in summer, and pretty planted freely in the woodland or in the border, but must have It is a mistake to disturb it, although, as a peaty soil.
;
Loam and
peat for
In the case of almost all the alpine Primulas io mix broken limestone with the soil.
is
wise
is
a pretty April-
eing white with veins of blue. It grows freely in the rock garden, and succeeds in a 6in. pot, putting half-a-dozen bulbs in each. Pyrethrums. -The Pyrethrum is known best by the
the
flowers
series
P.
varieties which have come from During the early summer months these plants are gay with blossoms of many colours, which not only add to the beauty of the garden, but are also
ot
beautiful
roseum.
A
a
vase
filled
ceasing to flower freely alter three or four years, a new stock must be constantly raised from seed sown in early summer, or whenever ri| e, under
it
is
short lived,
arranged
makes
pretty
adornment
the
table
or
glass.
other parts ot the room. The plants require a rich soil and rather moist position. If in very dry soil the growth is poor, it must be made good by thoroughly
it plenty of well-decayed manure or mulch round the tufts during hot sea-ons. When the ground is very poor the flower stems and growths are
P. visCOSfl
grow
chaiming rock plant and very easy to purple, and appear in clusters. Loam and broken sindstone suit it, not chalky or lime
is
incorporating with
the
flowers are
formations.
C.
v.
ciliata is
pretty
varietv
but per-
haps the most pleasing of all is the pure white nivalis. Other interesting Primulas are P. latifolia, requiring a sunny spot in the rock garden,
light
soil,
The best lime to propagate is early spring when new growth has well started, carefully lifting the clumps, and shaking all soil from the roots. Then
weakly.
divide
so
tuft
that
is
each
with
mois-
healthy plant
about
ten
leaves.
ture in
summer,
reverse
tufts
but
i
the
These
w inter;
propagation. flowers are
divisions
may
be
divide the
for
either potted
up
to
become
or
The
thoroughly
established
violet,
and
frag-
rant.
luteola,
tall,
yellow,
likes
and
tire
moist
group
rock
and
a the
is
simple.
first
The
sunshine;
on garden
will
but
result,
richer
still
pretty.
marginata,
pretty
in
P
very
the
a
during the
after
two
the
is
following years,
rock
moist,
the
garden,
open,
:
which
plan
choosing
northern place
better
to
lilt
them and
as ground
he
in
divide. Flowers,
Mowers are
the
leaves
;
especially
regards
plants,
will
of a violet shade,
and
quite
silvery
produced
autumn
as
in
as well
the early
summer.
are
so
varieties
is
There
many
that
it
difficult
to
make
t
careful
alpine, requiring
selection,
an open
s|
ot in
h e
but following
are distinct
where the
very
light
soil is
pleasing
colour.
and in
:
peat
;
Single
and
loam
in-
Cassiope, purple
crimson;
Apollo,
and
not
pink
rose
Agnes Mary
Kelway,
;
produced
freely,
VYRE LHKUM6.
J ames
Kelway,
134
THE
, :
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
of
the
Mary Anderson, soft pink Princess Marie, pure white Hamlet, rose purple and Merry Hampton, crimson. Double: Primrose; Lord Rosebery, carmine, very bright; Aphrodite, pure white; Carl Vogt, also snow white Leonard Kelway, rich rose Melton, deep crimson; Meteor, crimson, white tips to the florets; Pericles, of a pinkish shade and gold in the centre Wega. pink and yellow; Mont Blmc, while; Niveum
scarlet
;
;
several sections, which will be found Though seldom seen in bulb cala'ogues. gardens, the crimson-flowered tvpe with its large single blossoms is very effective. R. bilobllS, from the Apennines, is somewhat similar in
varieties
enumerated
in
It
blllboSUS
yellow flowers
is
the
common
Buttercup,
bearing
plenum, quilled florets, very chaste and the older double white and lose, known respectively as Album plenum and Roseum. The Feverfew is a Pyrethrum (P. Parthenium), also known as Golden Ferther. It is used largely in bedding, but good gardeners care little for it. At any rale, it is a mistake to use the plant loo freely, otherwise the yellow leaves have a sickly, uninteresting look. The way lo raise plants is to sow seed in February, treating the plant as a half-haidy annual. It is very easily raised, and grows freely out of doors. All flowers must be kept picked off, as the plant is grown simply for edgings an
; 1
in the spring.
R. CardiophyllllS, a native of North America, grow s to a height of lit. and bears large golden vellow flowers in R.
May. CaSSUbicuS, from Eastern Europe, a dwarf grower, bears yellow flowers in June and Julv. R. CaueasieilS, from the Caucasus, produces large yellow flowers on stems 4m. to 6in. high. R. eha^rophyllUS, from ihe shores of the Mediterranean,
bears yellow
flowers on
short,
downy stems
very
in April
and
folia
May.
e.
This
spec es
possesses
finely-cut
for its
ellow leaves.
Ranunculus, The.
plants,
The
R. eortUSSefoliUS, from Teneriff'e, grows to a height of bom lit. to i.lft. It bears corymbs of large brilliant yellow flowers in May. In its native habitat it flourishes
in
many
:
ol
common
Buttercup,
are the
The following
where
it
the stoniest situations, and in the South of England, it may occupy a permanent position in the open,
known
should
in
be
allotted
the
sunniest
spot
available
and
R. aeonitif'olillS, with branched stems 2l~t. in height, It enjo\s a bearing white flowers in May ami [line. cool, moist position. There is a double-flowered variety of this plant that is known under the name of Fair Maids of France, and is decidedly ornamental. There is also a R. acris is the commr'j Buttercup. double form of this. R. alpestris, bom the Pyrenees, bears large white (lowers on stalks from 3in. lo bin. high in fu'v. It is a handsome species, and succeeds in light, porous soil in semi-shaded positions of the rock gaiden. R. amplexieailliS, from the Weste n Alps, hears pure white cups, some 2in. in diameter, on stems 6in. to o,in. is easily raised from high during April and May. It seed, which is Ireely produced. R. anemonoides, from the Styrian Alps, is a dwarf plant about 6in. in height, bearing large flowers, pink on the outer s des of the petals and greenish while within. Ii blooms in April, the flowers often appearing before lie leaves. It is a roe plant, and succeeds best under ihe system of culture recommended for R. alpcslris. A British plant, bearing white R. aquatiilS {Lodewort). flowers from May till August. There are many forms d! this plant, distinguished from one another by varietal names. This, in its R. asiatiCUS, a native of the Levant. double forms, is the common Ranunculus of our gardens, and comprises tie varied sections known unJer ihe names of Dutch, Scotch, Persian, and Turkish Ranunculi. are to be attained a considerable If the best results amount of trouble should be taken in the formation of the beds, which should be well drained, for these Ranunare very impatient of stagnant culi moisture, and filled up with a porous compost of loam and leaf-mould, to which a liberal addition of well-decayed cow manure has been added. Road grit should also be mixed wilh ihe compost, and the bed prepared by ihe end of the year, the tubers being planted in Februarv at a depth I.', in. and pressed well into the sod This Ranunol culus, though disliking stagnant moisture, will not succeed if it is allowed to become dry at the roots, and beneli s greaily by copious waterings during rainless weaiher when planted in porous soil such as advocated. A mulch of cocoa-nut fibre or leaf-mould wid be found useful in keeping the surface of the soil in an equable When the leaves turn yellow the and moist condition. tubers should he lifted, dried, and stored in drawers or paper bags where no moistute can aflect them until the planting season again returns. The Persian varieties bear ihe most symmetrical flowers, but ihe so-called Turban section are of stronger constitution, and produce somewhat larger if coarser blooms. There are many
l
porous sod. R. CretanUS, from Stvria, bears large while flowers on stems 3 n to 4in. high in April and May. Culture
1
.
grown
R. cretiCUS, from Ciete, grows 121'n. high, and produces large golden flowers in April and May. R. Ficaria {the Lesser Celandine) is a well-known British
R.
Flammilla
in
{the Lesser
Spear a art)
is
likewise
common
England.
R. g'lacialis, from the Alps and Pyrenees, is found close to the melting snow on the loftiest heights, and bears flowers at hirst pink, and then changing to coppery red, on stems 3m. to 6in. in length. Its leaves are thick and fleshy, and of a deep green in colour. The culture of this plant is attended with some difficulty, as the. conditions which obtain in its home among the glaciers cannot readily be reproduced in our gardens. It is most important that the position occupied should be an exposed corner where the plant may obtain the lull benefit of the sun's ravs from daybreak to nightfall. The spot should have ample drainage, and the soil should be porous and giitty. When growth commences water should be given, gradually increasing the supply, so that at the flowering time the plant may always be During winter surrounded with a moist atmosphere. ihe plant shou'd be kept as dry as possible. R. gramineilS, from S mthein Europe, has grass-like leaves, and bears yellow flowers on stems ift. in height A position in the full sun and light soil are during May.
advisable.
R.
Lingua
from
of
2ft.
{the
all
water side
plants,
but
seen
in
English
gardens.
R. Lyalli, from New Zealand, bears Iar:e white flowers 3ft. to 4b. high. 4111. in diameter on branched stems
In
its
I
and
in
native habitat it grows in peat c'ose to the water, bile ecomes thoroughly fio/en during the winter,
\>
the
summer
it
R.
grows
to
If height of bin., and bears yellow flowers in June. given a very sunny and dry position it may be grown in
ti
e rock garden.
R.
from the Mediterranean shores, bears yellow flowers, on stems ijft. high, in Apiil and May. R. montanilS, an European species, bears yellow flowers, rather larger than those of the common Buttercup, on stems Gin. long, during June and July.
mOnspeliaCUS,
HARDY
R. parnaSSifolillS, from the Alps, bears large white flowers, mi stems 3in. to 6in. long, in June and July. It is found growing in disintegrated granite. Cultural
similar to those recommended for R. glacialis should be followed in the case of this plant. R. pedatllS, from Eastern Europe, grows to a height of lit., and bears yellow flowers in June. R. pygmseUS, from the, Tyrol, is very dwarf, scarcely exceeding lin. in height, and bears in June one small yellow flower on each stem. R. pyrenseus, found in the Alps and Pyrenees, bears small white flowers, on stems 6in. high, in May and
details
FLOWERS.
effective
135
to plant a centre bed with, the plant growing about 2fr. high, and bearing flowers of intense orange yellow colour, made richer still by the mn rone-coloured centre, a conspicuous flower indeed, lasting in beauty This kind is throughout August and September. preferred to all others, and ordinary soil suffices, whilst to increase the stock it is simply needful to divide the roots when growth commencing in spring. R. is purpurea is a tall kind with purplish flowers, very distinct in colour. It is effective because of ils unusual shade, and is very free and hardy, thriving best in warm
soils.
June.
Sanguinaria canadensis
is
(the
Canadian
Bloodroot)
R.
repenS
however,
gardens.
is,
and
in
hardy and attractive spring flowers, white, and very pretty in some shady spot where the soil is neither very heavy nor wet.
its
R. rutsefoliuS, from the Scandinavian Alps, grows 6in. high, and bears small, many-petalled white flowers in May and June. A semi-shaded position in moist, porous
soil is
SantOlina incana
is a pretty plant for edgings, as it is very dwarf, and the leaves are of a pleasing silvery grey colour. It is happy in ordinary soils.
advisable.
R. Seguieri from the Alps, bears white flowers in and June. R. Spicata, from Algeria, grows to the height of and bears large, bright yellow flowers in the spring.
May
ift.,
and there
growth,
is
not
R.
Thora,
native
Europe,
of
Southern
bears small flowerSi of a
an
flowering
the
Suit-
May
same
year.
and June.
Rliododendrons
will
be
in
considered
which
the
Rock
shrub
Cress.
chapter.
and
requires a
warm
and
S.
,
See Aubrietia.
Rockets.
The
unthe
sandy
the
soil,
trailing
most worthy of
these plants for garden decorat
i
o n
is
doubtedly
double white
Sweet
(
Rocket
r
i
e s p e
matronalis
fl.-pl.).
alba
It
is
the
hundred
flowers
SAPONARIA
scent
OCYMOIDES
thickly
pink
fashioned
its
which
crowd
flowers,
delicious
acceptable.
and
should
spring,
rendering it particularly rich loam, thrives best in deep, It be lifted and divided every autumn or If allowed to planted in fresh soil.
in the
upon the slender drooping growths. Give the plane deep loam for soil. Splendens is a variety with flowers of rich rose crimson colour. An old cottage flower is the Soapwort (S. officinalis), which has flowers
varying in colour from white double form (fl.-pl.) is the one
things thrive this
position be a
to a rosy shade, but to choose.
same
position
in
for
any length
If carefully
the
of time
speedily decreases
vigour.
Where few
divided, every rosette of leaves will develop into a fine plant. It should be mulched with well-rotted manure in
the spring.
There
In
is
but
it
is
uncommon, and
a double purple form of this plant, is le=s attractive than the white
it
will succeed, caring not whether the rough woodland or a hot dusty roadside seems to grow every where, flowering for many
if
not suitable
is
for association
with
more
variety.
this
Rocket
will
grow
to a
flowers,
welcome because so
free,
vigorous,
height of
3ft. or more. The single form of the foregoing, though not possessing the attractions of its double variety, is pretty in wild gardens or at the verges of shrubberies, and may be propagated by seed sown in the open in April, in a sunny position, the seed being covered with a The Night-scented Stock quarter of an inch of soil. (Hesperis trislis) is a biennial, and is best grown on old
and hardy. Saxifragfa. The Saxifrages are seen in most gardens, and may be used in many ways. The majority of them are pretty in the rock garden, the larger and more robust kinds in the border, and the Megasea group in masses
to
advaniage.
walls,
ruins,
the
interstices
and such-like. The seed may be sown in between the stones during the early
Helleboms. A useful family of hardy perennials, the of which is that known as R. Newman!
divide the family into divisions, as the various kinds, so to say, group themselves. Thus some kinds are silvery, that is, the little leaves are encrusted with
We
may
summer
Roses, Christmas or
RudbeekiaS.
most
but the
Lenten. See
R. speciosa.
effective
true
name
is
It
is
sufficiently
mossy, such as the well-known Saxifraga hypnoides and the Megaseas. As regards culture, the Saxifrages want very little, as they are of extreme vigour for the most part, but the little crusted kinds, wdiich as a rule are not very quick in growth, should have a soil
silver, others
136
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
it must be a poor garden that will noi vigorous and beautiful plant.
or pieces of stone partly buried around them. Sunshine is essential. Silvery or encrusted Saxifrages number such gems as S. aizoides, S. Aizoon, very pretty in a sunny spo: on the rock garden, S. aretoides, the little silvery S. cassia, S. diapensioides, S. Hosti, S. Lantoscana. white flowers
appreciated, but
suit this
S.
longufolia makes
frequently
tive
lit.
beautiful
in
across,
to
make
7m.
the
plant
6in. or
in length, whilst in
proceeding from silvery tufts, and S. Rochewith its pure white flowers. The smaller kinds must be protected from other things of more vigorous growth. S. Burseriana is one of the Inst flowers of spring. It comes almost with (he Snowdrop, and makes charming little cushions of
in panicles
liana, very beautiful in spring
panicles of pearly white flowers, pyramids of blos c om. Plants got from their Pyrenean home are seldom
satisfactory,
but
this
plants
raised
in
transplant
well,
When
greyish
leaves,
plant
them
1
out,
p r e fe r a b y
crevices
in
in
the
white
borne
rosy
is
rock
moist,
garden,
soil is
flowers,
w here the
as
on a
stem.
little
the
This
sunny spot,
a
gritty
giving
soil.
trans plan
rocks
It
ting
the
Major is best-known
its
variety,
flowers
also
makes a
plant
being
delightful
for
the house.
green-
h e
most
ol
>.
oppositifolia
is
beautiful
the
as brilliant
Silvery
loils is
Rock-
little
flower
as
S.
Camposi.
This should be
in every garden.
It is
winter
passed.
has
It
is
known
also
hardy and
bright
as
S.
and
Wallacei, belongs to
picture
SAXIFKAGA CAMP0S1.
11s
nestling
or
against
in
the
mossy
It bl
some rocky
kucr than S. Burseriana and
is
section.
very
ledge,
making
Its
rich
vigorous, forming masses of pale green leaves, which are not much seen when the white flowers are open. It will
border.
proper
place,
succeed well
in
pots, indeed
which
it will not thrive. Propagate by cuttings, which be taken off and put in light soil under a bell-glass out of doors. Plant out when large enough.
and wherever composed of loam, leaf-mould, sandstone mixed with the other
garden,
plant
it
the
rock
soil
peat
ingredients.
and Never
may
S.
Cotyledon and
its
variety pyramidalis,
the last-
mentioned in particular. They must be included either for growing in the rock garden or in pots for the greenhouse. The floviers appear in panicles and are white, sometimes
dotted
dry spot, as moisture and cool surroundings are necessary to obtain that free growth one desires. A scorching summer sun is hurtful. There are several varieties, splendens being as brilliant as any, the flowers of a rose crimson colour, intensely rich when a spreading
in a hot,
plant on
some
cool
it
slope
is
in
full
beauty.
.Major, or
with
is
pir.k,
whilst
a
light,
the
rosettes
of
foliage
soil,
are
in
grandiflora as
is
Use
thoroughly-drained
Offsets are
pleasing also
S.
produced which
in a cold frame.
may
its
be sown
cottager calls
may
be grown readily
the greenhouse,
when
autumn.
years,
and
is
weevil
to
Divide the plants once in every two each August, as the grub of a very destructive to the root. It seems
repot
familiar in cottage windows, and the Mother-of-Thousands, presumably from the free way in which the plant may be increased by little It is not, however, a tufts upon the long slender stems. It is very hardy kind, and must have a warm light soil.
is
it
SarmentOSa
advisable to trust
have a special partiality for this Saxifrage. S. Fortunei has not only charming flowers, but the leaves,
too, are pretty.
Tricolor is a muchit chiefly in pots. coloured leaved variety suitable only for under glass, and then it must be treated with extreme care to prevent the
plant
damping
is
off.
S.
S.
a native Saxifrage, but its double white variety, flore-pleno, is the one generally grown in gardens, being pretty when naturalised in the grass but where no
is
;
granulata
the popular London Pride, which will grow almost everywhere, but is happiest in light vegetable soil, that is a soil in which leaf-mould forms a large part, The deep green leaves and panicles of and half-shade.
umbrosa
such opportunity exists in the garden, grow it in a moist position in light soil on the rock garden. This is the well-known mossy Saxifrage, S. hypnoides. which is a useful kind to form edgings of, as the growth is very free and quite mossy, making fresh green carpets throughout the winter months. Such plants as this should be used as a groundwork for spring bulbs, or the Colchicums, which produce flowers without the leaves
When the plants are ro-e-dotted flowers are charming. out, take up and divide the tufts, and seed may be also easily raised at almost any time.
becoming worn
London Pride
is
is
found
wild about Killarney, in Ireland. Othtr Saxifrages not separately described but very charming are S. ceratophylla, which will grow in almost any soil, one of the mossy group the pretty S. Hirculus,
: ;
autumn. The Saxifrage acts as a protection, keeping heavy rains from splashing up the soil. It may be easilv pulled apart to make fresh stock and flowers in the early summer. Moisture and a little shade are
in
the which requires similar conditions to S. oppo>iiifolia S. juniperina and delightful little annual, S. Cymbalaria S. luteo-viridis, both charming kinds, early, and with yellow
;
the pretty
HARDY
S. muscoides, of which atropurpurea is the best variety and S. rotundifolia, which will succeed in almost entire shade and where the surroundings are cool and moist. It m iy be almost naturalised in cool chinks in the rock garden, and the slender clusters of white flowers dotted
;
FLOWERS.
'37
with pink are attractive. These are usually known as Large-leaved Saxifrages. Megaseas. and so nearly allied to the true Saxifrage that they are placed here. They are handsome, the leaves
opens its blossoms in January. It comes from the Mediterranean region, but it is quite hardy, the type producing spikes of dark blue flowers sonic 6in. high. There are many named varieties of this Scilla, some of the best known being the white alba and Candida, the pink carnea and rosea, the stronger-growing taurica and maxima, and the early-flowering precox, all of which are worthy of culture. A sunny and somewhat sheltered position in the rock garden is best suited to its requirements.
S.
large, leathery, and in winter turn to charming tints ol crimson and rose, or bronzy green. The plants will succeed almost anywhere, and should be always grouped in the rougher parts of the rock girden or in wilder places where a mass of noble foliage is well seen. They may also be planted with good effect by shrubberies. Not only for their leafage, but also for their flowers, must this family be commended. And the finer kinds are worth growing in pots, as when the flowers appear very early out of doors frosts usually cut them off. They may be raised from seed or divided, and of the many forms a good selection would be Coidifolia and its beautiful variety purpurea, which has deep purple flowers, Crassifolia and the rich rose-coloured variety orbicularis, ligulata and
eampanulata or hispanica
strong-growing
light
species
blue bells lit. prevent its attaining the grace of S. nutans, but it may be naturalised in shrubberies and woods with good effect. Of this there are white, rose, and other forms, all This Scilla grows well in shade. free and vigorous. S. italica, from Italy, bears pale blue scented flowers on stems 6in. to loin, long in May. It should be treated
similarly to S. bifolia.
S.
{Spanish Scilla), a from Spain, bearing spires of to lift. high. Its rigid stems
and the handsome 1'urpurascens, of are rose purple borne on slender purplish stalks. Stracheyi is worth growing also, but all the early-flowering varieties must have a sheltered corner. SeabiOSa CailCasiea is a beautiful perennial which makes most vigorous growth upon well-drained, fairly
the
variety
rubra,
Wood Hyacinth, Wild Hyacinth, or Blueknown over the length and breadih of England. Though so common, it is, without doubt, the There are many most graceful of all the hardy species.
nutans
is
[the
bell)
well
which
the
flowers
light
soils,
especially in
the case of
the
variety alba.
The
type has delicate bluish lilac flowers, a clear, pretty shade, and grows about 3ft. in height, branching out freely. Propagate by seed and root division. It varies from seed, some forms being much finer than others.
Sehizostylis
like a
COCCinea {Winter
3ft.
Gladiolus).
its
This
is
of colour in the Wild Hyacinths, plants white flowers not being uncommon in some woods, while there are also rose-coloured and French grey varieties, but none are more beautiful than the typical blue form. peruviana, from the Mediterranean shores, is a S. sturdy-habited plant growing from I2in. to iSin. high. It produces blue flowers, which are arranged in a closelyIn its native packed pyramidal spire during May. habitat it is found growing on rocky slopes, and should in this country be planted in light soil in a sunny
variations
bearing
late-flowered Gladiolus,
hence
in
name, and
in
situation.
is
In
damp heavy
soil
it
often perishes.
There
crimson in colour.
It is
plant
S.
against a
warm
good and
is
a charming
spring-
not too dry, as it appreciates moisture but not stagnation at the roots. When severe weather arrives during the flowering time it is wise
to
blossoms.
hardy, free, and with deep blue This Scilla should be liberally planted.
Scutellaria.
This very
is
not
give
protecas the
imporlant
tion,
family,
and
in
crimson
are
cutt ng.
spikes
for
somewhat
uncommon
gardens,
possess
yet
useful
Mixed
few kinds
much
beauty.
all
As
neces-
regards culture,
that
is is
S eillas. The
Scillas
are
sary
sunny
family
compris-
ing
nearly
plants,
eighty species of
bulbous
the
increase
or
of
majority of
cul-
stock,
sow S which
.
which need
glasshouse
ture.
seeds in a cold
frame.
alpina,
A few are
number
of
has
purplish
is
flowers,
of
spreading
growth, and the
are spring bloomers, and
are
worthy
for
cultivation.
They
alone
years after being once planted; the S. nutans, the Wild Hyacinth, appearing by millions in our woods during April and May. Scillas may be propa-
variety versicolor
is
welcome
contrast of
gated by offsets, or may be raised from seed. for the garden are the following
:
The
best
S.
the Tyrol, carrying indigo blue flowers, few in number, on weak stems about 6in. in height. It
amoena, from
bifolia.
Scillas,
This
in
is
the
earliest
to
flower
of
all
the
and white, whilst the deep blue colouring of S. macrantha is distinct and attractive. Sea Pink. The Sea Pink or Thrift, as it is also named, " Sea Pink " is an Armeria (A. vulgaris), and is called for the reason that by many bleak sandy shores, and upon exposed cliff-tops, even when swept by the salt spray, this charming little rose-coloured flower grows as thickiy almost as the Heather upon the moor. A few strong tufts caie ully lifted from their native wilds will live in the garden, even of a town suburb. Of course one does
colour, blue
and
warm
often
not
mean wholesale
pillage.
38
THE
(Stonecrops).
CENTURY
family,
to
BOOK
which
OF
GARDENING.
So
height,
late
is
Sedlim
This
is
large
;
flowers.
its
belongs the little creeping Stonecrop but the many kinds are of varying habit of growth, some fitted only for the rock garden, others happy in either this place or the mixed border. All will grow in ordinary garden soil, and may be propagated freely by parting the roots in spring. The most frequent kind is S. acre, which is seen on walls,
rocks, and similar places
;
sometimes
3ft.
grows between
2ft.
and
it
for
edging,
its
greyish
winter months.
aureum,
Ewersi,
growths Another good kind which has rosy purple flowers and all the
following
pretty are
edgings
is
S
in
in profusion
summer,
needs a rich loam and moisture. Give this plant a rather shady spot sheltered from harsh winds, not from any tenderness of constitution, but to shield the flowers from frost and protect the big fleshy "leaves. Its flowers, carried on branching stems, are of rich colouiing, deep purple rose set off by a golden centre. The way to propagate this kind is by taking root cuttings in spring. Cut them into 1 in. lengths, and place in shallow pans of light soil, and in * greenhouse, which will afford sufficient warmth to stimulate growth. S. Doronicum is effective, and the
in
and
like
S. japonicus
little alpine
orange- flowered
S. abrotanifolius
on
the
may
in
be
the
placed rock
garden.
desired
S.
.
glau c u in S Kamtschaticum,
,
the purple-
flowered
pulchellum, Lyd um
i
,
S.
S.
plant
mon
from
S
t
rupestre,
h e
gardens,
over.
and
frilled
The
little
The
p u
on
It
short
crimson-
toned stems.
is
very free
and
tuft
phium,
or
the
blooming,
dwarf
Sieboldi and
makes a
of
its
SEDUM
grown
in
is
variegated
variety, so frequently
which change in
leaves
autumn
to
brilliant colours.
The
plant
is
quite hardy,
As popular
as any Stonecrop
which
is a
little
and delights in loamy, well-drained soil, with sandstone about the collar, whilst it is charming grown in a cool or
house, as the flowers are purer than in the open. Propagate by seed and division. SilphilimS are strong-growing perennials, more fitted for ihe rougher parts of the garden, such as by woodland and shrubbery walks, than for the mixed border. They are of vigorous growth, with stems from 6ft. to 8ft. in height, and yellow flowers. S. laciniatum, S. terebinthinaceum, and S. trifoliatum are amongst the bestcold
summer, these continuing to appear until the time of frost. It is a plant for town as well as country gardens requiring no particular soil, and will even grew
in
shade.
useful
Its
SemperviVlim.
and
for
glaucous, fleshy leaves are also pretty. This isthe Ilouseleek family, interesting
rock garden or to add a note of S. tectorum is the common Ilouseleek, which colours many a cottage thatch, and is sometimes used as an edging to beds in the flower garden. Houseleeks may be placed where few other plants thrive, such as dry sunny spots in the garden, chinks in walls, and even in the border. They are difficult to kill, and may be increased with the utmost ease by offsets. One of the prettiest kinds, which should only be planted in the rock garden, is the Cobweb Houseleek (S. arachnoideum ), so named because the little tufts are covered with a veil suggesting a cobweb. S. alropurpurea is used in forming carpet bed designs. A handsome Ilouseleek is californicum, which is a deep green rosette of leaves tipped with a brownish red colour. This should be planted in every garden, as it is as free in growth as the common
the
known
kinds. They are not unlike the single perennial Sunflowers, needing a strong soil, and may be increased When planting in by root division in autumn or spring. the woodland, the only true eftect is obtained by grouping
them.
Sisyrinehium grandiflorum.
so called from the satiny sheen
petals.
Iris,
having grassy leaves, and slender stems about 8in. upon which are poised the purplish bell-shaped They appear in quite flowers, white in the variety album. the early spring, and the bulbs require light sandy soils,
high,
selecting
Houseleek and much richer in colour. Other good Houseleeks are S. flagelliforme, S. glohiferum, S. montanum, and S. triste. SeneClO. A bold, showy group of hardy flowers, S. elegans, the purple Jacobcea, being the annual kind. Of the perennials, S. japonicus is very handsome, and may be naturalised in moist places, such as by the waterside, or in some damp hollow where the soil is deep rich loam. It is useless to plant it in poor ground. The growth is upwards of 5ft. in height, and the leaves quite leathery in textuie and much divided, whilst the flowers Another noble are large and deep orange in colour. kind is S. pulcher, one of the brightest of late autumn
To
SoldanellaS. See rock garden. SolidagO. The Solidago is the Golden Rod which flowers The various kinds are rich so freely in the autumn.
yellow, for the most part, and too coarse as a rule except for the rougher borders or wilder parts of the garden.
S. arguta, S. canadensis. S. serotina,
as
good
as any.
hardy plants are more graceful and P. multiflorum is the most beautiful of all, its arching stems from 2ft. to 3ft. The in height, and lined with creamy white flowers.
as Polygonatum,
Few
HARDY
worth growing for cutting alone, but there is in a colony of Solomon's Seal sheltering in the shade of tree, copse, or shrubbery, and in grass too. Rich loam, not too heavy, suits the plant best, and it seeks shade, which is not congenial to most plants. Top dress the soil about the plants yearly with leaf-mould, to promote vigour, and if more are desired, seed may be sown in autumn, and will germinate freely in the following spring, or the root stocks may be divided in autumn or spring, and will soon make strong tufts. There are several varieties, but none are so fine as the type. P. officinale is smaller, but gives quiet beauty to many English woodlands, and also worthy of culture are P. latifolium commutatum, also known as Giganteum, 1'. bi riorum, a very pretty kind, P. roseum, which has rosecoloured flowers, and 1'. verticillatum. These >hadeloving flowers are suitable for all kinds of gardens. The ordinary Solomon's Seal will succeed in the shade of a suburban garden, but it is also suitable for sunny spots if
plant
is
FLOWERS,
lake, or
39
distinct
charm
pond side. Many plants struggle for existence in mixed border, but flourish exceedingly in a moist loam or some damp hollow. A selection of plants is
the
given for the sides, then for beautifying the surface of the water itself. )f the former, choose from amongst the following: Day Lilies (Hemerocallis), a beautiful family
<
which appreciates greatly damp and shade, but no!: There is a difference between stagnation and mere dampness, a soil through which water drains away, leaving the earth fresh and sweet. Herbaceous Phloxes may be named, strong perennials which often fail in hot weather through lack of moisture. It docs not seem to
stagnation.
occur to many llower gardeners that some things are far nobler by the stream than in the mixed border, in which they are usually put. Irises of course, delight in moist
moist.
Spiderwort, Virginian.
&
Tradescantia virginica.
only under these conditions that the Japanese KEempferi) is seen at its best, and it is worth while grouping or planting it freely, margining the water with its fine growth, and in late summer big handsome flowers of varied colours. The self varieties are the most effective, one decided colour painted upon the florets, not
soil.
It is
Iris
(I.
will
Starflower, Spring . See Triteleia. SternbergiaS. There is really only one Sternbergia, or "Winter Daffodil,'' of consequence for the ordinary
1
is S. lutea, which bears its yellow Crocus autumn with the leaves. This is supposed
Other kinds are Fischeriana to be the Lily of Scripture. and macrantha, but plant S. lutea before any others. Such bulbs as this, flowering so late in the year, must have a warm soil and sunny position, where for example Put the the Belladonna Lily or the Zephyranthes thrive. bulbs about 6in. deep in light sandy loam, and choose, if possible, a narrow border skirting some warm plant house. It is necessary to get the bulbs thoroughly ripened, and
Pure white and purple mottlings or indistinct mixtures. Under very effective, but there is a rich choice. the Siberian Iris conditions may be grown similar (I. sibirica), a charming grassy plant, which delights in moist soil. It will, indeed, grow almost anywhere, but is The Flag freer and brighter with its roots in a cool soil. or German Iris will also flourish in the moisture of stream or pond bank, and big groups thus placed give
are
If the colouring to the garden in the early summer. lake is large, establish the yellow Flag of native streams (I. Pseud-acorus), as lovely as any Iris from other lands the big-leaved Gunnera scabra and G. manicata, Rheum (large-leaved Rhubarb), Ferula, as beautiful almost as any
soft
;
Under such only possible in quite warm spots. them, as in it will not be necessary to lift severe weather a light mulch will be sufficient protection. Stonecrop. See Sedum. Streamside Gardens. -By this is intended gardens of flowers that are only happy in the moisture of stream,
this
is
conditions
Fern in foliage, the glorious American Swamp Lily (Lilium superbum), Loosestrife (Lythruin Salicarica roseum), which makes drifts of rose purple flowers in summer, Ferns, especially the Ostrich Fern (Struthiopteris) and thf Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis), and Marsh Marygolds or These Kingcups, Caltha palustris and its double form.
golden flowers of spring are reflected in the clear water of river back-waters, and come with the earliest Primrose
'40
HARDY
and Lady Smock. A moist the bushes are not so thick as
FLOWERS.
Flowers
surface.
thai
14
Rive in Water. host of lovely flowers the water, beautifying the quiet unruffled hard
to
way through
to.
a copse,
where
preclude sunshine filtering through them, is lined sometimes with these tufts ofgreen and yellow, Primroses scattering their softer flowers near.
actually live in
It
is
establish
anything
aquatic
in
in
swift
streams.
A
a
the
uncom
1,
is
sense:
oides),
the truest
(Villarsia
nymphx-
wort (Ranunculus Lingua), a vigorous pen nnial wilhquite tali stem and large Hutlercupdike Mower. Il is 01 e of
hmdsomest
of native planls,
Forget-me-nots clustering round its stem a sweet picture by the stream or pond. The Globe-flowers
(Tiollius) are a host in themselves.
in
blue
Buckbean (Menyanlhes trifoliata), an exquisite Reed Mice (Typha), Bulrush, Cy perus longus, very graceful, Water Dock, delightful colouring in autumn, the leaves changing to rich tints, Burweeds (Sparganums), Arrowheads (Sagittaria), the single and
native
flower,
moist
soil,
comfortable. of fine colour, and establishing themselves thoroughly in moist places, where the Kingcups and he Primulas spread
t
Then' run riol literally but in a diy hungry border a: e seldom This is a beautiful family, rich in Mowers
double
forms
especially,
Nile
or
Arum
Lily
(Cal.'a
extreme Southern Counties of fin-land and Ireland, Bog Arum, Golden Club (Orontium aquaticum), Acorns Calamus and its variegated
variety,
Cape
Pond-flower,
the
fragrant
Aponogeton
distachyon,
japonica)
is
never
Violet
finer than in moist sod, not actually in water, but in louse damp places. Il is surprising how strongly this Primros;
Morsus-Ranae), Pontederias, Water Plantains (Alismas), and Water Sold.'er (Stralioides aloides). Of couise be.'ore
will establish itself in a shady place by the lake, forming a colony, and in time becoming naturalised by self-sown seedlings. The plants seed about freely, and the seed in congen al soil quickly germinates There are many forms, pure white, crimson, and white with dark centres, the
:
many weeks. The flowers expand up the spike, and in the subdued light of a woodland by water the deep self shades seem richer still. Of a different type of plant life is the Willow Herb (Epilobium), which fringes many river-sides with its pinktinted flowers, and to the list may be added the Great Reed (Arundo Donax), this only in mild districts, New Zealand Reed (A. runspVua), Lyme Gra-s (Flymus), Sea Buckthorn (Hippophrea rhamno des), Bamboos, Butterbur (Tussilago Peiasites), K otweeds (Polygonum cuspidatum and the taller, broader-leaved P. sachalinense),
flowering time lasting
in tiers, so to say,
any of these the glorious Nymphaeas, or Water-lilies, must be named. By referring to many of these plants under separate headings additional information will be found. A comprehensive list is given, but it would not be desirable to attempt to cram everything mentioned into one place much depends upon the extent of the water-side and water. A small selection of the most beautiful
;
Spiraeas, not
which
loves
feet
in
water,
Willows,
the
eautifui
in particular,
and the
should include the following By the water-side, Day Lilies, Herbaceous Phloxes, Irises, especially I. Kaempferi in its many lorms, Loosestrife (Lyihrum Salicaria roseum), Marsh Marvgolds, Great Kingcups or Spearwort (Ranunculus Lingua), Globe-flowers (Trollius), Japanese Primrose (Primula japonica) in variety, Spiraea palmata, and Polygonum Sachalinense or cuspidatum, whilst ot actual water flowers choose first the Nyrophaeas (WaterBuckbean, double white Arrowhead, AiUm lilies), Lily (where il will succeed), and Cape Pond-flower (Aponogetnii).
:
Sunflower, Perennial. v
r
Heli ntims.
142
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
me
:
Sweet Williams. A
it
quaint garden flower is this, and belongs to the Pink family, being named Dianthus barbatus. Plants may be raised in almost any garden, and they will spread freely too much so until the growth becomes matted, when it is well to lift the stock and throw it away, two or three years being sufficiently long for Sweet Williams to remain in the border. There are many varieties, and one group is named Auriculaeyed ; but the golden rule is to choose only self colours, those spotted in any way losing greatly in effect. Deep crimson, clear rose, white, and similar shades make a The single and double deep rich and bright display. crimson varieties are charming garden flowers. Seed may be sown in April, in a sunny bed out of doors, thinning out the seedlings in due course, and planting out in their permanent positions early in the following September. To increase any particular kind resort must be had to
T. europaeus
is
one of the most charming of 2ft. high, and bearing pale yellow flowers with the scent of Cowslips. There isalso a very dwarf form, almost white, known as T. europoeus
native plants, growing rather over
albus.
cuttings,
which are
from
T. napellifolius has rich yellow flowers with orange stamens, large, and borne freely on the branching Another handshoots. This is a bold and showy kind. some kind is T. japonicus fl-pl.(Fortunei fl.-pl.), the flowers semi-double, deep orange, and effective. Orange Globe is a variety of it, with large flowers of rich yellow colour, and may be considered the finest of the family. Gibsoni is a striking variety of T. japonicus, and the goldencoloured T. asiaticus may alsob; mentioned. The way to propagate Globe-flowers is by root division immediately after blooming or early in September, not later, otherwise they cannot get established before winter. If not done
then, wait until
under a bell-glass
growth commences
is
in
March
spring division
Thalietrums
leaves,
are chiefly
grown
used
very
for
which
as
may
be
even
cut
flowers,
they are
much
like
Seeds sown in a cold frame in September or early spring will germinate freely, and reproduce as a rule the parent. But they are slow indeed to germinate, and three years must elapse before any effect
can be expected from the seedlings. polyphylllim. This is a noble hardy tuberous Tropaeolum, and should be grown in every garden where such a plant is admissible. It will notsucceed
is usu lily most vigorous when planted on the upper parts of the rock garden in a loamy soil, and where its prostrate stems covered with greyish leaves can creep along, through dwarf shrubs, perhaps, and hang over a ledge. It loves to wind about amongst shrubs or to
is as charming as any, but there are many T. aquilegifolium is very handsome, with its elegant foliage and tall stems of soft yellow flowers. It will gro.v to a height of 4ft. Ordinary soil, if not
T. minus
others.
Tropoeollim
too heavy and cold, suits these Meadow Rues, as the Thalietrums are popularly called. See Armeria. Thrift. Thymes are useful for edgings or the rock garden, and may be increased freely by cuttings placed in a lit tie bed of light soil, and covered with a bell-glass. A beautiful kind is the variety of the British Thyme (Thymus Serpylluin) named Coccineus, which is covered in summer with crimson flowers. Bees will cluster thickly upon its carpets of blossom. Tradeseantia virginiea is the Virginian Spiderwort, a hardy, vigorous, free-flowering plant, the most beautiful The type has purple flowers, produced over of its race. a Ion; season, but there are varieties of it, in one wellknown catalogue no less thin eight being recorded, from white to double red. If increase of stock is wanted, divide the roots in spring. Any sod and position will suit this Tradeseantia. It is sometimes vigorous by a shady woojland walk, and in a hot mixed border. Trilliums. The most beautiful of this race is the White Wood Lily (T. grandiflorum), which opens out its large It loves a somewhat moist, white flowers in spring. peuy place, and grows lieely amongst dwarf shrubs, in the lront of a shrub group, or in association with hardy Ferns. But it may be grown too in the border and rojk garden, especially in a rather shady pea'y recess. Other kinds are in a measure attractive, though net as beautiful as this, such as T. erythrocarpum, T. erectum, etc. Triteleia Utliflora. This is sometimes known as Milla, and is a small group ol pretiy, early flowers, which may be planted amongst dwarf bulbous plants, such as the Windflowers or Anemones, at the foot of Rhododendrons, or in front of shrubs in general. Uniflora is the most common kind, and known by its whue lilac-tinted flowers, which in the variety violacea are blue striped Biflora is very pretty with violet. its flowers are white. Whilst it is advisable to grow this kind in pots and plant out in March, the oth.rs may be planted in the autumn. Tritonia. See Montbretia. This is a charming family of TrollillS [Globe-flowers). hardy plan's, running riot in rich soil, and enjoying shelter from the full sun. It is unfortunate that a family so rich in beautiful flowers should receive scant attention, but perhaps the plants fail through being on hot borders, where too often the soil is poor. This is not the way to grow Globe-flowers. Plant them in colonies on the fringe of shrubberies, beds of peat-loving shrubs, or by a pondside; indeed, it must be a sorry garden that fails to satisfy the Trullius. Spring and early summer are the limes when they
everywhere, and
cover some fairly moist bank. Once established, leave it alone to increase in beauty with age. The grey colouring
of the leaves
;
is
the plant
this
when
summer, one can unders:and th.it is handsome indeed. Tropaeolum speeiosum is popularly named the Flame Nasturtium, an apt title, but unfortunately this species is far less amenable to cultivation than T. polyphyllum. Cottages are sometimes aflame with its rich vermilion flowers in the highlands of Scotland, and it seems only
rich yellow flowers in
tuberous Tropaeolum
It is,
however, a
planting it in a position where its graceful shoots can hang over some rocky ledge, or creep through evergreen shoots, which it will festoon with glorious blossom. The soil should be loam and peat, moist, and the position When the plants are vigorous, growth is fast, shady. the shoots mantling over shrubs and everything near to Plant the roots about half a foot in depth in them. spring, and increase by division or seed, but the roots
This, should be left alone once they are established. Seed should however, is the way to propagate it. be sown as soon as ripe in a pan of light loamy The seedlings, soil, moist, and placed in a cold frame. if the seed be sown in autumn, will appear in the following spring.
Tulip, The.
the
is
the Tulip,
in their
flowers bold in
and
rich
and varied
of spring until it has passed away, this group gives colour to the garden. During late years the sumptuous May-flowered or Gesner's Tulips have been planted, and they should continue to be sought
colouring.
From
the
for.
pictures
it
of great splendour
itself,
and
, ;
HARDY
FLOWERS.
blaze of bizarre colouring
is Oiiental in its splendour. of Parrot Tulips in Mr. Walker's nursery
at
II
I
m
ill
in
heir intensity.
(
are a brave sight, colour pictures painful almost The flowers arc bulky, florets gashed
ami
grotesquely,
self, sometimes yellow against a curious but never inharmonious medley. The flowers are too heavy for the stems to support, and therefore it is wise to plant the bulbs in groups, colonies, or in a carpet of some low-growing plant, as the
blotches,
sometimes
crimson
Saxifraga, to prevent them being splashed by rains beating up the soil. Through the uncertain flowering of these Tulips, it is advisable not to plant them too
freely.
When
used, plant a
little
PARROT TULirS,
parks a id gardens early in the spring. Gesner's Tulip, described in catalogues as T. Gesneriam spathulata, or T. G. major, should lie planted in hold groups by itself or with other plants. happy association is a colony amongst Quince trees, the great goblet-shaped crimson flowers, when expanded
familiar
in
Dutch Tulips,
The late-flowering Tulips, described as Darwin, are of undoubted value, and from an almost complete collection of them the following are selected as not only distinct, but clear and agreeable in colour Carminea, carmine, tall and handsome Dorothy, lavender shot with Luff Early Dawn, rose purple, silvery towards the margin, a pleasing shade Charles Dickens, bright crimson Flambeau, brilliant carmine: firebrand, deep crimson, a bold flower on a tall scape or stem Glow, wellnamed, its neat shapely flower aglow with crimson colouring Loveliness, right carmine Bronze King, rich bron/y, outer segments margined old gold, the inner ones entirely of the latter shade Phyllis, a beautiful Tulip, white, margined rose, the centre of the segments feathered with bull yellow Salmon King, salmon and The Sultan, which is almost black, so intense is the
:
I.
colouring.
in the
May
tall,
sun, glowing as
if
alight with
colour.
this
and
ineffective
are all
other
kii
ds against
Dull splend d
flower,
made
still
more
The early Tulips are familiar in parks and gardens before the nobler later kinds are in bloom. Such clearlycoloured varieties as Canary Bird, yellow, or Chrysolora
Cottage Maid, rose pink the Thols, of course not omitting the scarlet and yellow form, Keizerskroon Pottebakkers in their several shades Vermilion Brilliant, vermilion, and
of the
: ;
so by the bluish centre. In large gardens fill distinct beds with it, and use it too in the hardy border or permanent
same colour
various
Van
beds of perennials as a relief to other things. T. elegans, the dark crimson florets reflexing at the apex, Fulgens. crimson, Golden Beauty (also known as Bouton d'Or), deep yellow, and Golden Eagle, also yellow, but w ith a margin of crimson to the florets, are also handsome. A delightful kind is Macrospila, a form undoubtedly of Gesneriana, but the flowers are rose carmine in colour and sweetly scented no Tulip is so fragiant as this sturdy kind. Then there are various varieties of Gesneriana carminea, with its white centre, and alba marginata, ivory white, thinly margined with rose. Picotee is dainty in form and colour, and not quixotic as some kinds T.
;
in
its
behaviour.
The
flowers are
pure white, the florets narrowing towards the apex, where they recurve, and the soft rose edge adds to their delicate
Viridiflora is quaint, the flowers green with beauty. yellow colouring towards the margin, but this should not be thought of before any of those previously named. T. Didieri is a hardy graceful kind, bright crimson with black base, and the variety alba is a good kind, also T. vitellina, the flowers soft yellow, a tender shade, and T. flava, a handsome, bold, very late yellow flower. A host of Tulips less vigorous as a rule than those mentioned compiise such gems as T. australis, yellow the brilliantly-coloured T. Batahni the wild Tulip
;
;
and T. suaveolens, pretty in the grass whe e they can be established T. Clusiina, or the Lady Tulip, T. lanata, and a slender dwarf variety of rose and white T. linifolia, scarlet the dwarf T. persica, sweetly scented
Sylvestris,
;
The Tulip and yellow in colour and T. undulatifolia. family nnmbeis, however, many beautiful species and varieties, and of late ears their number has been greatly added to through the introductions from Russia, Armenia, and Eastern Europe generally. The Parrot Tulips are a strange group, and their
;
DOUBLE
for
TULIPS]
forcing,
or leaving
come on gradually
welcome reminder
greenhouse.
A potful
some
T. platystigma is probably a group of it flowers show gashed florets similar to those thai distinguish the Parrot race. Whatever their origin, they possess distinct charm, but the bulbs sometimes disappoint. Unfortunately, gaps
in
mystery.
bright-flowered Tulip
ol
in
are not
bed
is
a success the
in the room early in the year is a lengthening days and sunnier skies. The double Tulips are less graceful, but they have their value. They possess a great virtue a longer bh ssoming lime. Loam mixed with rathsr l<iss than half welldecayed manure, or a mixture of old leaf-mould, loam,
144
and
the
century
book
of
gardening.
wind and
rain that Tul'ps ask for,
manure, with sharp silver sand, forms the lest When potted stand outdoors under a sheltered compost. hedge or wall on a hard bottom, and cover the pots over Here 6in. deep with coal ashes or cocoa-nut fibre refuse. they should remain from ten to twelve weeks at least,
and
When the tops begin exposed to all autumn rains, eic. move, remove the pots to the greenhouse alter to removing the fibre from the surface, and give a weak liquid manure water until growth freely little begins. The way to get even potfuls of Tulips is to see that the bulbs are of an even size when potting, or the very early pots may be made up from store pots or boxe% that is, bring the bulbs on in gentle heat, and Give transler to the pois before the flowers expand.
plenty of water
easily
The wdse to give canvas protection if possible. disease and Tulips appear less susceptible to self Early injury from storms than the striped forms. November is the time to plant, putting the bulbs 2jin. deep, and once in two years lilt them, planting in fresh ground. The dwarfer, more delicate species should be
it
is
Turkey's Beard. See Xerophyllum asphodeloides. A sweet, TllSSilagO fragrans (Winter Heliotrope).
Tulips are very obtain early bloom, say at Christmas, the bulbs must be potled up in
forcing the bulbs.
into
when
a plant that spreads Its freely in dry soils, near shrubberies or on banks. greyish floweis are quaint, and, if not bright to look at, exhale a delicate nutty perfume. Veronica. This is a large and beautiful family, the
fragrant flower in winter.
This
is
brought
early
flower,
but
to
tall
September.
The
so-cailed
florists'
Tulips,
V. longiflora is as conspicuous as any, and grows almost anywhere, so robust is the growth. A strong, handsome kind is the variety
and handsome
in
the border.
subsessilis,
in large spikes,
same value in the garden. But they are amongst the famous flowers of history, and the favourites of certain men who have raised new kinds, each to be as perfect as possible in distribution of colour fixed by rule. Those who wish to grow these remarkable flowers should see such a fine named collection in bloom as that of Messrs. Barr and Sons of Surhiton. There are fewlarge collections in the country, although for centuries they have been cultivated in English gardens. The flower is self at first, but will break in course of time (sometimes many years elapse) into ano'.her form a flamed or feathered Tulip, a remarkable change, and not the least interesting phase of plant life. Florists' Tulips are far less effective than the selfs, of which T. Gesneriana is
forms, nor are they of the
and there are forms, such as alba, rosea, and Hosti. Other beautiful Veronicas are V. chamcedrys, V. gentianoides and its varieties, the dwarf silvery-leaved V. incana, V. pectinata, a trailing kind, pretty on the rock garden with
its
rosea
and the
as V. prostrata. Propagate the herof these are difficult to grow. baceous kinds by division, and the shrubby ones by
V.
saxatilis,
None
cuttings.
Violas
from
Violets).
Violets
we
the
Besides the tufted Pansies and the sweet love so well, a beautiful race remains, the kinds mountain pastures of the world, flowers of
most splendid.
Tulips require careful cultivation, especially the florists' forms, byblremens, and those of that class, and when in the early bud stage storms of hail and heavy rains try them considerably. Many promising flower displays are destroyed through weather troubles, and the leaves also get damaged, with sometimes unfortunate results. It is
hedgerows
Violet in spring dyes the grassy bank with These lovely flowers are generally softest blue or white. fit only for the rock garden, where in sandy loam and
when
the
Dog
cool
position
its
they bloom
neat
little
with
so,
too,
HARDY
Violet (V. pedata), V. calcuata, the pale blue V. cornut i, once so popular for bedding, before the tufted Tansies
into force so prominently, and its while variely V. cucullata, V. Mundyana, alba must not be omitted a delightful blue-flowered Violet, the Rouen Violet (V. rothomagensis), purple or white, and V. sylvestris and
FLOW
RS.
is often troublesome, but it may generally be got rid of by mulching and an occasional soaking of water.
red spider
came
The double
Violets,
successful out of doors, unless in very sheltered gardens, but are the best kinds for (lowering in frames. If planted out of doors, scatter a
its
is
No daintier flower group exists. Every kind forms. precious to the flower gardener. Summer and Winter. These fragrant in Violets
handful of long straw over the beds on the approach of sharp frosts; they bloom under this when otherwise the buds would be destroyed. A scattering of straw during
severe frosts
single kind
is
flowers are ever welcome, and to have them over a long season the plants must be well grown, an important point being to transplant them frequently. A close, thick bed of
Violets
is
always beneficial
to all Violets.
The
finest
Princess of Wales, the flowers being very fragrant, large, home on a long stem, and rich in colour.
is
charming
flowers
in spring, but
It is finer
The way
select
Vinca.
there
This
than California.
is
the
well-known
Periwinkle
or
at
least
supply
of
in
is
to
s'rong,
healthy
I ft.
single
are two
popular kinds,
V ma
and V. minor,
crowns
apart
on
ground
ougher parts of the garden, rock shady places in the woodland, and the margins
of shrubberies
;
deeply
dug.
Trench ground
winter,
at
the
in
indeed,
these
vigorous, creep-
giving
ing
so
plants
are
the
same
hardy
and
time
able,
any
fresh
will
in
almost
any-
manure
suffice,
and
give
March
name
winkle,
implies,
further dressing
of short decom-
and
varie-
there are
charming
gated varieties which of it
April
rake
over
the
set
keep their
colour well.
ground, and
minor
given
seveial
V has
to
rise
forms,
the
soil.
Keep
from
if
is
one
white
with
flowers
them
free
weeds and
runners, and
the
and
rich
another
blue,
this
season
perfectly double. A
pretty kind
is
compost of any
we
d V.
kind.
Old
acutiloba,
which
late.
blooms
Water
dens.
GarSee
Stream side
Gardens.
materLl. This Water-lilies. XEROPHYLLUM A SPH ODELOIDES (Turkey's Bean!). See Nymphceas. saves watering and encourages growth. The Giant or Czar grown in this Welsh Poppy. This is dealt with un er Meconopsis. way, and planted at the end of September in a sheltered Willow Herb. See Epilobium. position at the foot of a wall or warm hedge, will flower all Xerophylllim asphOCleloid.es. This is the Turkey's Beard, a quaint and uncommon grassy plant, which must the winter. Marie Louise, Princess of Wales, or any other variety, doubleor single, grown thus.and either potted up in have a moist, peaty, and rather shady corner, where it will September or planted in frames, will flower throughout the produce a strong stem supporting a compact white raceme. winter, the blooms produced under glass being clearer and Moisture and peat are essential. It needs much the s.ime The Improved Russian finer than anything from outside. treatment as the Trillium and Marsh Marigold. varieties are frequently, however, very fine in sheltered Yuccas will be described ill the chapter upon shrubs. borders. Plants under glass, that is, in cold frames, will ZailSChneria ealiforniea and its variety splendens must need little water in winter, and they must be near the hive a warm, sunny corner or border where the soil is glass. Remove the lights in warm, dry weather, as anylight. So necessary are these conditions that this brilliant thing like coddling treatment is fa' al to success, and pick scarlet-flowered plant will even root into the crevices of off dead or decaying leaves. As regards Violet growing old walls. It is suitable for the Southern Counties of in the open air, it is a good plan to leave a bed or two England, and is sufficiently bright and pleasing to merit undisturbed the second season, because this produces such more care than is usually given to perennials. Increased a wealth of blossom, but after the second season Violets in the usual wiy by root division in spring, or by seeds
want a change of
soil,
or they deteriorate.
On
hot soils
sown
in
gentle
warmth
at the
same
time.
'46
M7
MIXED
W. Fitzherbert.
innumerable
is
OF
at
its
late
years there
growers,
a
have
cult
been
that
accessions
to
the
rank's
of
hardy
flower
slowly but
surely ousting
ith
its
the
inartistic
and
w hich, w
sway
many wears
ago,
that
this undesirable
when
was
were examples
restful
of the
be
found, attached,
of
probably,
some
had
old
manor
house
reign
the
old-fashioned
Little
favourites
little,
continued
by
is
vogue, and
now
been
there
a
scarcely a
large
plants.
or
does
not
contain
certain
number
criticised
The term
of
" herbaceous
border,"
has
severely
as
being
an
infelicitous title,
probably serves better than any other to denote the nature of the majority
of
the
denizens
certain
such
a of of
bed, for
these
are
mainly composed
a
of
plants
that die
down
foliage
during a
portion
the the
year,
first
and after
period
of
rest
throw up fresh
One
questions asked
garden
?
"What
shall
it
plant to have
the
at
bed gay
during the
"
and therefore
its
may
with
be as well
no time
the
the
colour,
since
extent
of
and disposition
tints
change
the
changing
picture infinitely
of
in
more
eye than
is
afforded
by the
bedding plants.
planting the
herbaceous
border
to avoid
all
appearance of
of
is
The
art,
characteristic
Nature's
beauty
is
artifice
not
which
"itself
Nature."
be
rigidly
148
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
in informal masses. Here and there groups may be allowed where they approach one another, the taller-growing subjects of which one section is composed becoming less closely set as they approach the confines of their allotted space,
they advance in scattered by the neighbouring dwarfer-habited group. Narrow borders, naturally, do not admit of the same latitude in the disposition of the plants as is afforded by those of greater width, but even in the former the breadth of the groups
the
ground
occupied
should not be unduly limited, or the effect of foreshortening, when the border is viewed from the end, will give it the appearance of being planted in lines. For this reason it is better, in very narrow beds, to allow one giroup to occupy the entire space from front
to back rather than to divide
the
width
between
singly
two
of
genera.
dotting
The practice
plants
about
border
is
one
that
cannot
be too strongly
yet
it
condemned,
unfortua
is
one that
in
nately
obtains
vast
number
custom
of
cases.
entailed
has
This much
" contused
laid
muddle "
but
w hen
sense
of
of
the rightful
values
colour
Having
briefly
touched
of
till
upon
plants
the
grouping
to
the
destined
the
their
border,
with
regard
natural
of
to
presenting a
the
question
effect,
colour-asso-
ciation
has to be considered.
Plants
may be
disposed
in
unconventional
masses,
and
yet
the
herbaceous
border
A
may
attractive appearance,
to the fact that
owing
harmonies and
contrasts.
strictly
The border
colour and
in
form.
tabooed on the
artist's
canvas, and
it
is
Harmonies should, as a
as
in
contrasts,
though,
if
employed sparingly,
tall
Nature,
of the
the border.
rising
Thus the
distinctly
from an
rule,
undergrowth
Salvia
an
exception to the
cited
general
charming, and
valuable,
will
many
these
might be
are
not
only
allowable
or
but
but
that
should
be
used
moderation
and
with
discretion,
the
border
lose
MIXED
of
BORDERS
rose
colour,
AND
the
ROCK
tints
GARDENS.
respectively
of
in
149
the
close
the
garden.
of
Scarlet
and
Oriental
Poppy
but
and
many
and
the
herbaceous Pasonies,
merge'
should
never be allowed
proximity,
into
scarlet
crimson
agreeably
into
orange
and
blues
yellow
of
and
purple
the
latter
straw
in
colour,
white.
The
;
different
lighter
shades
and
through
blue
pale
form
the
also
associating,
yellow,
latter
while
also
lilac
and
in
mauve
harmonise well
to pink
with
tints.
soft
In
yellow.
this
The
may
a
be used
juxtaposition
and rose
manner, though
disposed
in
discordant
colours
may
be
represented
in
the
allied
such
into
to
manner,
that,
melting by
the
infinite
degrees
as
others
by gentle gradations,
rather
eventually
offensive
harmonise with
effect.
opposing hue,
already
produce a delightful
than
an
As has been
other,
observed,
is
and
it
there-
the
places
of
subjects should be
by others
will,
of
the same
colour
that
are
planted
in
close
proximity,
of
or
carefully-considered
as
colour-scheme
will
be marred.
Many
for
the
earlier-blossoming
plants
they die
behind
down,
others
become
that
unsightly,
their
and
this
reason
later
they
should
be
placed
immediately
make
growth
at
date,
imperfections.
In
arranging
mixed borders,
especially
if
these
be wide ones,
many
subjects other
may
removal
be
before
the
advent
in
winter, are
of
such
the
may
well
allotted
positions
the
border.
Of
latter
large-flowered
Cannas,
their
Cactus Dahlias,
while
of
Lobelia
a
fulgens,
large
list
Salvia
patens,
may
of
be
mentioned,
of
the
former
might be given
nobilitv
of
plants
valuable
by reason
contour,
almost as great
importance
in
in
colour.
Of
may
be cited Bamboos,
of
Yuccas
and
variety,
Eulalias,
Arundos,
shrubby
the
Spirasas,
flowering
shrubs
many
rule,
kinds,
Although,
subjects
front,
will
in
arranging
occupants
of
the
border, as
general
the tallest
in
the fore-
graduated scale
from back
will
to front should
not be
followed throughout
pleasing.
in
of
taller
flowering shrub,
in
or
of
giant
reed
standing
forward
to
position,
makes an
of
artistic
break'
the
continuity
the
view
Rock gardening
of
phase
as
floriculture
that
possibly
does
of
not
number such an
border,
it
votaries
do
that,
though there
cause
that,
no doubt
but
the
charms
the
is
herbaceous
particular
branch
once essayed,
is
usually followed
to
up with a
of.
zest
that
feel
no
fact
in
be
ashamed
do
all
One
is
reason
this
is,
doubtless,
is
the
when
soil
amateur
can,
he
at
all
skilled
gardening
porous
his
lore,
own hands.
pull
little
He can
he can
the
rock
garden
of
the
rare
microcosm
and
of
gardening
plants
is
to
be
studied.
In
square
culture,
yards
in
hundreds
of their
interesting
may
it,
be
collected
plants
feet
of
few whose
who,
spite
for
difficulties,
in
here
are
denizens
of
at
the
a
fringe
of
the
Alpine
snowfields,
their
native
into
habitat, are
months
time
buried
beneath
several
is
snow
and
and
burst
blossom
almost
immediately
their
white
covering
dissipated,
THE
have
and
the
CENTURY
their
BOOK
ere
OF
the
GARDENING.
barely
time
long
to
ripen
seeds
snowy mantle
different
again
descends
upon
them
of
winter
darkness
ensues.
Very
by
are
the
climatic
of
conditions
frost
the
English
rock
garden
mild
and
muggy
winters,
biting
if
with
spells
sharp
alternating
with
north-east
little
winds and
cutting
hailstorms,
and
on
ad
rest,
infinitum.
Small
in
wonder
a
the
strangers,
bewildered
by these unforeseen
for
vicissitudes,
enveloped
just
steamy mist
mild
just as
their
long
winter's
to
frozen
as
the
weather
has
tempted
For the
the
sap to
flow
again,
fail
grasp
the
situation
and
eventually
succumb.
enthusiastic
difficulties
must on
entirely
no
account
be
concluded,
from
the
foregoing
remarks,
that
the
rock
garden
is
These
rare gems,
whose
plants
that in
it
year
with beauty;
may,
all
fact,
may
merit
of
is
against
will
all
precedent to expect
deterred
that one
of
who
the
has
made
his
branch
at
of
gardening his
hobby
be
by fear
failure
in
from trying
hand
Alpines to
make
permanent home
abode for as
their
reception.
to
offer a congenial
so
constructed
as
many
Some
species
of
mountain-loving
the
varied
conditions
and
exposures
best suited
to
their
individual
needs.
plants,
such as Ranunculus
glacialis,
may
little
snow
other
growing
in
what
is,
apparently,
Alpines
may
the rock into which the blade of a pen-knife will barely enter
.*i
152
but
to
THE
if
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
will
be found,
very possibly,
plants,
the
of least
resistance
foliage
to
great depths,
considering
the
size
of
the
remain
permeated
with
the
warm
followed
our
English
similar
with
deep
will
crevices
testify
where
their
they
may
enjoy
and,
is
where
this
done,
they
will
by
appreciated.
will flourish
Androsaces
as on
its
to ledge a
little
very cataract
of
bloom, Edelweiss
bells
in
native
Campanulas bear
their frail
profusion.
Rock
gardens
gardens
should
not
as
some
is,
of
their
constructors
appear
to
imagine,
of rocks.
The
and protection
in
the plants.
During the
if
first
will
systematically carried out, the main portion will soon be hidden beneath flower and foliage.
Piling
if
it
were desired
past,
this
to
make
has
of
a stone-yard,
is
not the
way
truly
to
create
beautiful
rock
for
is
garden
evil
been
pointed
out
by
authorities
many
rock,
or
years
form
gardening,
which
flowers
may
can
plants
be
" rockery,"
painfully
common.
together
for
No
their
alpine
meadow
thought
of
garland
that
evil
these
dreary
wastes
of
of
soil
put
without
the
need
is
deep
pockets
of
crevices
combination
with
to
rockery
but
and
" rootery."
roots
A
and
constructed the
best
rare
fill
taste,
putting
place
here
the
rock garden
In
is
way
the
whole
with
objectionable
fungoid
growths.
few
Far
years the roots commence to decay, fungi follows naturally, and the flowers
sicken.
MIXED
better
is
it
BORDERS
rock
AND
ROCK
than
not
to
GARDENS.
attempt
simple
153
elaborate
It
to
make
smaller
garden
is
an
design
a
with
insufficient
material.
Rock garden
to
find
making
a
task.
demands
is
know-
ledge of
artistically
formed
a never-failing
source of delight.
Making
A MIXED
therefore
features of
border,
artistic
if
the
and
should an
in
Mixed
laid
Border.
with
a
carefully
made,
it
out
due
regard
to
the natural
and
aspect
which
present,
constitutes
one
in
of
the
most pleasant
for
its
the flower
garden.
Many
no small degree
after
year with
Unfortunately mistakes are often made, w hich are not easy to rectify without
Take care
plants,
is
laid.
There appears
of the
of
border
should mainly consist, can grow anywhere, and are indifferent alike to the depth and condition
of the soil
in
in
This
is,
numerous gardens, the plants show by their want of vigour that their requirements are insufficiently studied. In some the SOIL OF THE BORDER is too shallow, and in hot summer days the roots of the plants are parched in others the border lies too low, the soil is stiff
;
and
during continuous
rains
the
plants
suffer in
consequence;
of the
while,
border
its
The
ideal
3ft.
much
their
plants as
Pasonies are
when
soil
in
vigorous
should
Besides
battle
is
;
being
deep, the
be well
enriched, for
good
beginning
half
the
and when
plants start
away
As
is
regards
soil,
nothing
;
is
this
no
but
is
in
many
one must
make the
and
if
peat,
best of
what
nearer at hand.
Mix
light soil
pro-
manure
should
be
for
used
enriching
it.
Heavy
should
a
soil
have
liberal ad-
mixture of
road
-
grit,
coarse
sand, burnt
earth,
old
or
mortar
rubbish to
render
it
porous,
while
for
'54
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
fertiliser.
In
manure, while
to the
upper
In
half,
roots
will
first
come
into
contact, add
only well-rotted
manure.
attain
full
stored with
will
food, the
plants will
retain strength
unimpaired
until
necessary,
light
soil
if
and
may
but a
the
dormant, cannot
utilise
rain.
spring
is
and
summer
At
the
different.
former
season
the
convert
to
their
while
in
the
summer
to
a slight
mulch tends
soil
moist,
even
and
very
dry
weather,
progresses
root
action
unchecked.
ling of soil
will
slight sprink-
be sufficient to render
inconspicuous.
Planting the
Border.
the
it
;
AFTER
directing
point,
it
making
plant
border,
one must
and
to
in
attention
this
should
be
is
most
rigorously
banished
Here
there
must
be
no
geometrical patterns,
no planting
of single
in lines,
no dotting
family
will
specimens
bed,
of a
about the
such as
a
tend to produce
in
confused,
muddled
effect.
if
The
all
of
an exact size or
contour, and
the outlying pickets of a troop of tall-growing subjects stray into the territory
much
to
8ft.
offering
will
better
opportunity
filled
for
artistic
grouping than a narrow width, and the background This should not,
will
necessarily be
of
with the
tallest-
where they
create
break
in
uniformity of height.
Some
care should be exercised in selecting the positions for the different plants, or groups
which flower
in
the early
summer and
later
MIXED
as the
BORDERS
AND
ROCK
GARDENS.
155
Lyre-flower,
sites
or
occupy
w
ill
making
thus blot out the former w hen they are no longer ornamental.
Of
white
if
may
it
be mentioned as types.
follows that the colour
in
As regards
colour,
the
grown, as suggested,
in
masses,
scheme
will disclose
itself
manner
of
In
some
of these flower
masses,
allied
;
form
a delicate
harmony,
Columbines
while striking contrasts are often valuable for effect, such as the vivid scarlet of the Oriental
Poppies flaming over a colony of white fragrant rockets, Gladiolus brenchleyensis associated with
white Phlox, and the vermilion scarlet Lobelia (L. cardinalis) with the deep blue Salvia patens.
If
pinks and scarlets, colours that invariably clash, are kept apart, direct contrasts or
colour,
gradations of
passing
by
half
tones from
one decided
tint
to
admirable.
If
may
be covered with
manner
of
beautiful creeping plants, climbing Roses, Jasmine, Honeysuckle, Wistaria, Clematis, and scarlet
of
Gypsophila
other places
in
may be allow ed, here and there, to encroach over the may be hidden by the grey-green leafage of Pink's, or
will, of
course, succeed.
One must
plant shadein
loving
perennials
light
;
the
L)av
Lilies,
in
variety, a
in
subdued
(Spanish
its
Irises,
the
German
kinds
Scilla),
and varieties rose and white, Ferns, Solomon's Seal, and the Bluebell and
forms.
is
never a blaze
it
of colour
is
from end
its
is
no season,
without
charm
Amongst the
number
:
of
offers a representative
selection
In
the spring
of the
bulbs of
Scillas, the
Glory
Snow (Chionodoxa
Daffodils, of
of the
and N.
Emperor,
N.
N. Grandee, of the bicolor trumpets, as well as N. Sir Watkin, N. Stella, and N. Cynosure, of
the incomparabilis type, are vigorous varieties
;
conspicuus.
Many
of the
Anemones
will
add
while, later on, A. narcissiflora will bloom, and, about the edging, such plants as the Aubrietias,
Arabis, and
Alyssum
will
flower.
be planted
among
The
Lyre-flower
(Dicentra
speetabilis)
and
of
the Giant
Leopard's
Bane (Doronicum
the herbaceous
into
plantagineum
section,
excelsum
Harpur
Crewe)
;
are two
the earliest-blooming of
flower,
C. grandis and
grandiflora).
of
brilliant
orange
flowers, creates
spot
its
colour
in
or
Burning Bush
Rocket,
which
latter subject
benefited
every autumn.
MIXED
BORDERS
Of
AND
ROCK
GARDENS.
157
The
themselves.
Xiphium)
is
the earlier,
Snow Queen,
white,
Canary
(I.
Xiphioides),
handsome
be
flowers,
and
dark'
and
taken to procure self-coloured, and not splashed or mottled, varieties, and to plant each variety in groups by itself, as by this means a far broader colour effect is obtained than if the
different varieties are
mixed
In the large those bearing splashed flowers are made use of. known under the name of German Irises, there are a large number amongst which some of the best are Princess of Wales, white tlavescens,
or
pale yellow
pallida
of different
of the
;
May,
soil
rosy
lilac
Madame Chereau,
;
Virginius,
violet
is
and white
rich,
Other good
I.
where the
deep and
orientalis, also
known
as ochroleuca and
These
in light
three Irises are of precisely similar habit, and, under favourable circumstances, attain a height of
almost
soils in
6ft.
1.
stylosa and
its
warm
The
March.
cultivation
in
number
the
mixed border.
anthers, a
The handsome
bloom
is
L.
somewhat
offensive smell.
In
southern
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
gardens
flower
in
this
commences
to
L. bulbiferum, also L.
known
as
L.
umbellatum, to which
is
Davuricum
Lilies
very similar.
These
flowers
of
shades,
spotted more
less heavily
with
e
dark
dots.
Good
rectum,
immaculatum,
bicolor,
Incomparable,
and
Lily
Sappho.
The
old
is
Orange
a
(L. croceum)
vigorousattaining,
growing
species,
which
is
a cross
is
Lilies,
its its
extended culture.
The Turk's-cap
water.
L.
in
though
pretty
its
gem
of the first
in
pomponium verum
is
is
little
forward positions
very decorative.
in
In
This,
when
vigorous health,
more
The Panther
Lily,
Swamp
Lilies,
grows well
in
on the extremities of long footstalks, thrown out from the slender, graceful stems, more than
sixty blossoms being sometimes carried on a single stem.
Lily, succeeding in
L.
is
with lake.
in
fine
Bloomerianum
Late
garden
Lilies flowers.
blooms being
Last of
Lilies, of
L. tigrinum splendens
and L.
t.
Fortunei.
The
latter
of
a height of 7ft.
Their orange red flowers, spotted with purple-black, are well known.
Of new
worth a
introductions L.
flowers
and the
coral pink
in
L.
rubellum
are
well
are
year
in
As
their cost,
however,
will
is
may
be well given a
trial, as,
add materially
soil,
border.
Lilies should be
porous
that
if
planting-time.
They
soil,
flourish well
manure comes into contact with the bulbs at These latter require planted among herbaceous Pasonies.
no
in
September.
When
in
full
Mixed
adapted
Lilies, for
borders
and
rock
gardens.
fl.-pl.
159
The
Pearl, Peruvian
or
Alstroemerias,
gentle colour
with their graceful, long-spurred flowers, whose yellow and white cups are shown
by wide
the
perianths of purple, blue, grey, scarlet, pink, and flesh colour, and which form exquisite pictures
when grown
in
breadths.
in
the old
profusion of
one
of the
for
bloom
at
is
the end of
May and
in
continues
grandiflora
equally decorative.
is
Sea
Hollies,
in
unique
in
in
Eryngium amethystinum and E. Oliverianum, provide a steely-blue that is quite the border. Chi vsogonum virginianum is attractive when bearing its yellow flowers
when
it
perfects
its
The Dav
Lilies
are
handsome
both
in
flower
and
leafage,
is
the
earliest
of
them,
This
ith
large,
its
narrow-rayed star-flowers
of a bright
orange colour.
Geum
coccineum
fl.-pl.
produces
its
bright
of
billows
composed
of
countless
minute white
of
its
maze
of
hair-fine
its
stalks,
is
invaluable for
companions
the border by
distinct
habit.
The white
i6o
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
all
washed-
out purples and pink's, Pentstemons, Poppies in variety, especially the gorgeous Oriental
its
Poppy
mammoth
in
sheltered
most beautiful
of all the
Poppy
Romneya
Coulteri, that bears wide-spread, crepe-like white blossoms, deliciously fragrant, with a central
may
be grown.
tall
spikes of pendant
crimson blossoms,
is
Newmani and
then
in
Anemone
is
is
flower
Scabiosa caucasica
is
valuable for
its
Ranunculus
a
known
pretty
when grown
in
mass.
latifolia,
all
latter of
which bears
flowers
acceptable
(Trollius),
distinct
Orange Globe, an excellent variety, with large flowers of a brilliant orange, is a acquisition. The Cardinal Flower (Lobelia fulgens) can only be left out during the
ith
winter w
of
impunity
in
is
such
a glorious sight
little
w hen bearing
its tall
spires
well repays a
same
may
Of
tall
Cimicifuga racemosa,
form,
may be named The Plume Poppy (Bocconia cordata), Cactus Chrysanthemum maximum, Delphiniums, Galega officinalis and
OEnothera
Lamarckiana,
Dahlias,
its
white
taller
Hollyhocks,
Kniphofias,
Pyrethrum
uliginosum,
the
Starworts, or
Mellish,
perennial Asters,
Miss
H.
laetiflorus
situation.
such positions, too, flowering shrubs are decorative, Primus Pissardi, Almonds, Lilacs, and
and
herbaceous sections,
Various bulbs
Berberis
Darwini, the flowering Currants (Ribes), Viburnum plicatum, Weigelas, Abutilon vitifolium,
many
may
be
white Gladiolus Colvillei The Bride, the scarlet G. brenchleyensis, the white Cape Hyacinth
(Galtonia candicans), Camassia esculenta
bretias,
in
whose
is
is
such a feature
its
Where
of noble leafage,
and the Acanthus, Arundos, Yuccas, Funkias, and Cannas are valuable
respect.
THE
least
spot w here
i8in.
it
is
stagnant moisture
is
fatal to
soil
the health of
many
of
in
can be accommodated
As regards the
render
it
porous, will be
is
not,
however,
all
rock'
some preferring pure peat, some a richer soil, some apparently containing little It is, else than grit, some a limestone soil, while others object to the presence of lime. generally, only by experience that the needs of each individual plant are learnt, both in the
this staple,
matter of
soil
in
failing in another.
it
is
where the
lie
of the land
all
inequalities
Thus
advantageously by enabling
161
162
THE
CENTURY
in
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
little
Where water
is
at
hand
these differences of elevation are particularly valuable, since they admit of a streamlet being
down by
a series of picturesque falls or cascades from the upper to the lower levels.
Some
rocks of large size should be used and rock masses built, which will provide a nobility of
of a
uniform
employed.
of
A screen
shrubs
situated at such a distance that their roots will not penetrate the rock garden,
a break to the prevailing winds,
is
and acting as
a distinct
advantage
the fullest sunshine, and shade should be provided for such things as need
by planting them
The
soil
should be deep, so as to admit of the roots descending or running back between the interstices of
the stones, and reaching a depth where the earth remains moist and always of an equable temperat
If
shallow
it
soon
cccomes parched
i
h o
r
weathe
and
the
all
but
most
to
perish;
but by
providing
a root
deep
-
run
between
and
at the
bases
of
of
so
the plants
full
may
them appreciate
highly, namely, a
In the
exposure
may
be formed,
(Cypripedium
spectabile,
C. acaule, C. Calceolus,
Wood
Lilies
(Trillium
grandiflorum and T. sessile californicum), and some of the finer Orchises should flourish, while
if
of
to
the other
attractions
of the
garden,
Marliac's beautiful as to
Water-lilies,
their
varied
colours,
may
be grown.
in
A few
cultural
directions
the
is
requirements
of
named
soil
this chapter
may
prove useful.
root-run
will
is
The Arabis
in
any
it
A deep
preferable, but
even
soil
comparatively shallow
in
soil
Acasnas
succeed
ordinary
section do best
when
planted in porous
soil
are indifferent as to
soil or situation,
soil.
not sunless.
in
;
well-drained
garden
sandy peat
MIXED
they should be grown
in
BORDERS
AND
ROCK
GARDENS.
163
the
full
garden.
in
They should
a partially
in a
porous
soil
in
sunny
of
position.
The Anemones
is
thrive best
in
shaded
site in
sandy loam.
warm
soil.
position.
Anthemis carpatica
not
particular
the matter of
montana
in
is
in
sandy
peat.
It is
a pretty
Arenarias
for
grow readily
covering
A.
in
montana
an open
in
any ordinary
to the sun.
soil
position.
and
full
exposure
Aubrietias will
164
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
grow and
surface.
flourish in
soil,
when
may hang
Calandrinia
in
and C. umbellata,
brilliant
warm
soils.
fill
Campanulas,
them-
variety to
They
In
in a
in
sandy loam.
and varieties do not prove perennial, but as self-sown seedlings usually appear C. abietina, C.
c.
The
pelviformis,
following kinds are amongst the best for the rock garden
its
Allioni,
c.
forms C.
turbinata and C.
C.
C.
cenisia,
nitida,
C. C.
excisa,
C.
fragilis,
C.
garganica,
C. isophylla, C.
Loreyi,
Raineri,
C.
mollis,
patula,
C. pulla, C.
pusilla,
C.
Portenschlagiana,
C.
Cardamines
to
grow
in
any open
of
soil,
but prefer
in
damp
situation,
soil.
and do
not
object
shade.
Cerastiums are
easy culture
ordinary
in
garden
The Cheiranthus,
it is
or
Alpine
same may be said of the Dianthus family. Dicentra canadensis likes moderately rich, light soil. The Dodeeatheons, or American Cowslips, prefer a moderately shaded, moist spot, and grow well in leaf-mould and loam. Dryas octopetala succeeds in moist sandy peat, but should not be shaded in any way. The Edelweiss requires an open position, and succeeds in well-drained sandy peat or loam. Erysimums are hardy plants of easy culture in
ordinary garden
soil, in
will
also
flourish.
Gentians
of
the verna
section do best in a position fully exposed to the sun in peat mixed with disintegrated granite,
its
varieties will thrive in a rather richer soil and are not so impatient of
MIXED
slight shade.
BORDERS
on the
AND
soil
ROCK
GARDENS.
in
I6 5
Chips
of stone placed
keeping the
Geums
soil.
Gypso-
of
sandy
soil.
large
patches,
in
porous
soil,
in
shaded
The
sun and
garden
soil
if
air.
gibraltarica,
compost
if
it
is
to
Ionopsidium acaule
itself
in light soils.
soil,
Libertias
grow well
loam
is
in
the matter of
in
though a porous
to be preferred for
at
home
in
sandy loam
porous
on a sunny slope.
succeeds
soil
The Malvas
soil of in a
will
soil.
Morisia hypogasa
in
in a
deep, gritty
that
may
be kept
moist condition during the whole of the growing and flowering season,
is
also beneficial.
in
Nepeta Mussini
or
will
in
grow
in
any
light
in
sandy
shade.
of
will
succeed
light
heavy
soil,
full
sunshine or
grit
Onosma
in
a well-drained,
sunny portion
Pentstemons
The Oxalis
in
thrives
situations in
sandy
foliage
soil.
flourish in a rich,
porous loam.
The dwarf,
soil
when
given
a
to
deep,
moist root-run
porous
fully
exposed
the sun.
satisfactory
sun, in
The dwarf Polygonums will grow in ordinary soil. Ramondia pyrenaica is most when planted in fissures on the north side of perpendicular rocks, where it gets no Saxifrages and Sedums will grow in any open, porous soil on the rockwork, gritty peat.
A COLONY OF CYCLAMENS.
THE
the
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
sunnier
the
spot
the
better.
little
Soldanellas
alpina and
flowers,
minima, dainty
bell-like fringed
soil
and
light,
partial
shade.
soil,
The
will
Silenes flourish
Scutellaria
in
any
loamy
as
(foam-flower),
and
the
creeping
Veronicas.
Wahlenbergia
in
serpyllifolia
grows
be
sandy loam
sunny
situation.
We
grown
kinds
in
append
the
omitted,
list
of plants
that
may
all
rock
garden.
but
if
Of course many
anyone has
the
collection will be of
are
beautiful flowers
named, the
extreme
interest.
Many
:
of
the flowers
named
Acapnia
/fithionemas,
microphylla,
Alliums,
Adonis
vernalis,
Alyssums,
Androsaces
deeply
chips;
(espe-
(sunny
into
soil
fissures
of
is
where the
peat,
in
roots can go
loam,
and limestone
dryness
necessary
winter),
Anemones
EDELWEISS.
cially the
Antennaria,
Arabis,
Arenarias,
Arnebia echioides
(Prophet-flower),
Borago
soils,
boggy
in
the
rock
garden),
barbata,
Catananche,
Cerastium,
Marshalli,
Chelone
of the Valley),
Corydalis,
Daphnes, especially D.
rupestris, D.
Crinum Powelli, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Cyanthus Cneorum (Garland-flower), D. Fioniana, and the
lobatus,
fragrant
alpinus
(warm
fissures in
rocks),
Geraniums
Habeiiea
(on
rougher
parts),
Geum, Gnaphalium
Gypsophila,
rhodupensis.
Heleniums,
Heuchera sanguinea, x o
i
Iberis, Irises,
Linum,
deep blue
Lychnis,
and
Mazus
(moist
cool,
soil),
Mimulus (moist,
soil,
loamy
shade),
and
partial
EKYTIIRONIUM.
Monarda
didyma J
(Oswego v
MIXED
Tea),
moisture,
BORDERS
AND
ROCK
GARDENS.
167
Muscaris
(Daffodils),
rivularis
Nierembergia
(a
damp
spot),
QEnotheras (Evening
roses),
Prim-
Omphalodes
a
beautiful
soil,
verna
blue
(creeping,
flower,
a
loamy
appre-
ciates shade),
Onosma taurica
azureus
(especially
and
Pentstemons, Phi
(blue
gritty
xe
flowers,
in
clefts
rock-
garden),
Plumbago
(moist
Larpenta?,
Emodi and
peltatum,
Polemoniums (Jacob's
Primulas,
ladders), Polygonatums
(Solomon's
in
Potentilla,
Pratia
angulata,
Ramondia
foliage
pyrenaica
plant,
soil,
shade),
Ranunculus,
Rodgersia
podophylla
(handsome
moist shady spot), Sarracenia purpurea (hardy Pitcher plant, peaty bog), Saxifragas,
podolica
(light
Schivereckia
Soldanellas,
loam,
sunny
spot),
Sternbergia
lutea
(Winter
Daffodil),
Zephyranthes.
may be
except
in
few
insta nces,
of easy cul-
ture.
Even
n
t
difficult
to
a n age
are
worth
consideration, for
the
sake
of their
loveli ness
when
est
is
thoroughly
a b
-
lished.
It
interest
ing indeed
to
grow
things that
will not
live
any-
FESNS ON RUCKWORK.
where.
168
Copyright.
COUNTRY
LIFE,'^
'69
A PANORAMA
OF ROSES.
of Waltham Cross.
all
HIGH, hemmed
is
down
weight
of
with their
Damask
breath
"
!
have a garden
in
of
who
among
his
own garden
which was met with in Damascus and brought into notice by the facile pen of the author And to obtain such is the easiest tiling imaginable. Plant some score or of " Eothen " ?
regular
in
or
irregular
3ft.
piece
of
well-manured and
first
well-
plants
position
apart.
year,
and then leave them to their own devices. " high above your head, and on every side
all
three years
of flowers.
We
is
and emphasise
this
and But
let
it
may
be
single
clusters of
Roses
we cannot leave the Rose with this brief notice. Grand as are the masses of we have occasionally met with, we have never yet seen anything even approaching
of
our conceptions
the
scenes of grandeur
varieties
of
massing
either as
of
the
modern
Roses.
A Rose garden
or
is
now almost
indispensable,
It
a part of or
may
be
botanical
of Roses.
If
what we
are
now advocating
a massing
in
in
original
of
garden
it
with
the
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
general arrangements, then a separate piece of ground should be set apart for the purpose.
This
we have
often
seen
done,
and
always found
is
it
most interesting
to the varied
adjunct.
But
a
for
in
owing
they
capable of assuming,
place.
pillars,
either
by
training,
are
seldom
anywhere out
trailers,
What
and
with
dwarfs,
dwarf
standards
and
standards,
to
climbers,
weepers,
position,
pot
Roses,
the
there
exists
ample material
adorn
into
the
most
select
or
to
obliterate
them
design.
masses
of
We
briefly
will
give
pos-
our ideas
sible.
It
as
as
should
of
in
be
formed
with
of
few beds
the
sizes suitable
to
space
hand,
few points
do not
fill
or angles, as
Roses
factorily.
admit
of a
between them
foliage,
in
sake
of
which
spaces
Roses are
too
often
or
deficient.
The
walks
between
which
best
advantage,
with
a
only
of
here
and
in
there
walk
that
gravel,
order
the
flowers
may
in
be conveniently
reached
wet weather.
should
the
The
be
of
ground
free
occupied
from
influence
and
with
well-
FRAGRANT BOWER.
varieties
to
to
plant
in
them
This
the
wi
on
the
uses
looks
for
to
for
which
the
proprietor
intends
put the
flowers,
or
direction
which he
(i)
gratification.
Taken
or for
Roses
decorating the
garden
massing;
(2)
for
Roses
at
for
decorating
the
dwelling-house
(cut
Roses);
in
(3)
of
Roses
growing
might
prizes
for
flower
shows.
of
Now,
other,
of
although
the
some
of
vital
each
these
classes
serve
the
purposes
the
best
is
selections
for
each
purpose
of
would be widely
disappointments
different.
This matter
selection
of,
importance.
life,
Most
been
the
to
that
;
injudicious selection
during
Itself,
long
have
to
due
in
but
no
fitted
objects in view.
ROSES
In
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
to
171
conclusion,
of
we
would
or
say
to
everyone about
selecting
plant Roses,
principle
massing
not,
before
if
the
varieties
want
in
make up your mind what you know Roses, delegate the choice of
sorts to
whom
plants
to furnish
realise the
sorts and
to
view.
Propagation of the
Rose.
a
THE Rose
of
is
too
beautiful
and
lightly
important
pass
it,
flower
the
English
garden to
over,
hence
charming
in their
degree, and
some
little
valued,
in
beds,
is
As propagation
amateurs,
frequently a
are
first
vexed
matter
this
with
remarks
made upon
culture.
increasing Roses.
PROPAGATION. There are many methods of They may be rooted from cuttings,
matured
and
both
seed
;
of
young wood
the
from eyes
by
and
by budding and
foster-stock'
grafting.
is
Budding upon
plan
returns,
often,
some
suitable
It
generally
FIG.
i.
adopted.
gives
to
much quicker
varieties,
imparts
especially in
colouring.
more vigour
many
and
the
case
of
the
will
darker-coloured
more
brilliant
This matter
be referred to
BUDDING.
rough
Although
is
simple
1
operation,
it
is
not
easy to describe.
But
it
Therefore a
illustration
given.
Fig.
inserted.
before one
goes further
subject
will
be
well
to
Always
select
from
a healthy tree or
plant,
too
much
a
the
wood,
not
only
because
there
natural
is
carrying
many
is
seem
to be
This question
if
of selection
importance, for
is
buds are
poor,
got from
plant
that
in
any way
less
one
even
parent.
bud
or
eye
is
half ripe.
in
The
the
fig.
stage
off
so,
too,
are
those
If
left
below a
snap
off
full-blown
freely,
flower.
It
is
good
test
to
if
break
a
it
few
is
prickles.
they
the
the
the
wood
is
ripe
enough, but
they hang,
either
too
old
or
reverse. piece
of
The bark must lift easily, so that one can remove wood which will be covering the seat of the bud.
a small
Fig.
1
portion and
also
of
shows
a piece
Rose growth
172
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
of
OF
all
GARDENING.
leaf
is
First
the
cut
off
about half
an
inch
at A.
it
Now
is
and cut
off
it
out.
In
practice
found better not to bring the knife quite through, but to tear
C.
Rosewood covering the seat or The piece of wood must be detached, as unless root of the eye. can rest upon the wood the root which will be referred to later Turn back the strip of the stock the whole operation will fail. of bark, and the point of wood (D) will be easy to seize, when
removal
portion of
it
must be snatched
direction,
or
jerked
out.
It
is
better
of
to
take
a
;
downward
the
bud
wood
remain,
it
FIG.
3.
direction. As a matter of fact, unless this Rosewood comes away easily the bud is not in a fit condition. Now cut off the bark as shown at E, and the root or seat of the eye should show prominently inside Unless this seat or root be down so that this portion (see F). it can rest fairly upon the young wood of the stock, they
portion of
If
the
bud
is
tear
away with
Such a
tiny
hole
often
as
large as a pin's
head.
bud
is
useless.
Fig.
2
illustrates the
of
inserting
the
bud.
Make
may
thin
The
cross cut at
is
operation
the bark
more easy.
Use
slip
Now
beneath the
is
it
down
to the end
of
(D).
to
without undue
bud exposed as at
E.
One must
Our illustration portrays a dwarf stock raised from a cutting, such, for example, as the Manetti, De la Grifferaie, or Briar might be but a dwarf from a seedling would need working in the same way. It will be seen that the bud is inserted as close as possible upon the
;
roots.
This
is
to
and
to
may
issue from
its
base.
are
When
placed
budding a standard
in
stock the
buis
their
standards
much younger
August as
that
far
stock than
general here.
but
it
is
obvious
one must
be
guided
by the
season
and
FIG
4.
rough
illustration
of
half-
ripened
a
cutting
taken
from
growing
that
for
shoot,
to
growths
below
faded
bloom,
in
and
also those
failed
and yet
have stopped
growing, are
to
6in.
excellent condition
this
class
of cutting.
long,
of
the
older
dotted lines at A.
also
root
if
cut
ROSES
into
AND
ROSE
off
GARDENS.
below
an
eye, but
173
lengths
of
is
4m.
to
6in.
and
3.
trimmed
close
by
far
the
most
valuable form
In
that of Fig.
still
in
leaf,
it
is
not advisable to
remove the
foliage,
except
it
and
turfy loam
in
equal
proportions,
firm,
pot,
and and
thoroughly
stood
in
drain this.
The
cuttings should be
made
be
well
watered
of
at
at
once,
some squares
if
glass can
all
be placed.
partially
they get
In
thorough soaking
will
preference
ball
to
overhead sprinkling.
from
six
to
weeks they
of
have formed a
a
of
white substance
of
callus
at
some
if
them
will
still
it
have produced
found
turn
few
roots.
Give them
little
possible, but
When
after
is
which,
them
the
cutting-pots
and
repot
into
is
the
2jin.
same
class
convenient size
Thoroughly water
is
in
have taken
to
the
new
after
be advised
Ripened cuttings
as
will
of
Roses
may
made
in
the
autumn and
treated exactly
the
same
be
described
when
the
dealing
with
Preparation."
Rose eyes,
for
in
same
5.
condition as that
if
recommended
need no more
be rooted freely
as
shown
in Figs.
4 and
This method
same
soil
if
and
given
is
formed, and
is
when
be
about a
the
of
an inch
of
silver
of
sand
spread over
surface
the
pots.
Either
these methods
may
own
roots.
is
of
Preparation and Selection of Stocks. This great importance, for if the wrong stock is chosen for
to
*
a
FIG.
5.
is
of
any
common hedge
It
Briar
is
used.
The
off to
to
be,
and
better
heel,
even to
than
to
split
leaving only
of
the
older
root
as
have
than
at
is
coarse generallv
knob
old
root.
Younger
should
stocks
its
knobs
may
at to
also
be
in
cut
a
back much
fairly
stiff
harder
soil,
practised.
In
all
They
cases of
after
be
it
planted
is
once,
plant
and
least
4m. deep.
better
them somewhat
beds,
thickly,
lift
the
Rose the
first
season
maiden growth, trim the roots carefully, and replant into their permanent quarters.
space,
This
saves
of
blanks
in
the
stocks
during their
first
season.
rich
a soil
as will
be beneficial
stock
will
it.
to
the
future
Rose;
indeed,
they
without,
as
coarse-growing
Standard
asunder.
in
Briars
may
be
4m. apart
the
rows,
which should be
3-J-ft.
a severe frost.
When young
one
branch
growth breaks
the
stem
of
the future
Rose
never
allowing
to
be directly
beneath another.
distinct
stocks,
viz.,
the
De
la
Grifferaie,
Manetti,
174
ROSES
and Briar,
in
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
first
175
both
in
cutting
The
of
of
Briar,
are
made up
late
the
to
the current
season
being used
cut
and cut
out,
into lengths
of Sin.
of
the lower
sufficient.
and
Even one
of Roses,
however, the eyes should not be cut out; the reason, when preparing stocks,
suckers, but
in
to avoid future
the
the
own
this,
most valuable
in
growth.
Insert
sandy loam,
until
another
are
for
inserted.
Continue this until the whole row can be set in 15m. from the first. Hoe between them during the following spring and summer, and plant out
early
in
budding upon
in
the
spring.
Seedlings
are raised
from
heps,
which should be
hands
placed
to
mice,
and
rubbed
between the
separate
early
in
February.
light
soil,
Sow
or
in
boxes
of
a cold
frame,
transplanting
spring.
Any
as
will
cedar
wood
Consideration should be
given to the matter of distances
at
If
which
a
to
plant
the stocks.
ift.
few be placed
that
will
apart
2ft.
in
apart,
for
medium
varieties
and
weak
Gloire
growers.
de
Dijon,
a
Ulrich
third
more room
be needed.
stocks
are
When
lifted
the
of
side
growing
be
the
from
should
cut
off
and
all
also
coarser
ones of
other
roots.
to within
two
or
three eyes.
Always
plant
dwarf stocks very shallow, and draw some of the surrounding soil around their base as Unless planted shallow, it is almost impossible to work the Rose bud as low as protection.
is
desirable
(see
Fig.
2).
Previous to
lifting
inserting the
bud,
to
draw the
the
soil
will
have
moist
easily
bark,
and be able
use
get
bud
well
of the roots.
The question
of
of
what
of
stock's
to
is
soil
and variety
Rose
to
The Manetti
Hybrid
Bourbons,
of either
and
few
the
Teas
here
plants
but
for
is
almost
fatal
the
weak growers
It
section,
the
does not so
much
or
matter
is
with
pots,
as
the
Manetti
earlier
of
blooming,
in
and
worked
It
generally
light
be
The week
soils.
two ahead
others
the
same
position.
is
suitable
for
and medium
176
THE
cutting
;
CENTURY
of
BOOK
all
OF
GARDENING.
as
it
The
soils
Briar
is,
is
the
most useful
dwarf stocks,
If
will
suit
all
Roses and
the tap root
but
it
unfortunately,
lifting
is
them
is
in
their
far
permanent quarters.
The
all
Briar
a stock
can
scarcely be
la
surpassed, and
is
now
De
Grifferaie
a rank grower,
and
climbers.
selection
Almost
soil,
any
given
soil
will
varieties
be
made and
a
is
attention
to
the
suitable
manures.
Of
a
light
is,
course,
Roses enjoy
rich
soda
stiff.
in
the case of
or
soot
for
those
are
naturally
very
close
and
This
subject
therefore,
area,
It
more
the
a question of judicious
manuring than
of
selection.
as
exhibitors'
for
all
cards
at
any
the
to
National
Rose Society's
reveal.
at
is
not unusual
three countries
of
in
be
represented.
As a matter
the
Crystal
Palace Rose
Show
is is
1897 no
less
and
in
many
to
a
The golden
rule
is
to add
most deficient
naturally
stiff
and never
to
manures
easily be
that
and moist.
made suitable by adding a few loads of with pig manure while, by adopting the opposite into equally good condition. The ideal material is
;
stiff
and clay,
poor
also
by manuring
be worked
plan,
stiff,
soil
may
3ft.
to 4ft.
in
depth.
will.
ENEMIES AND DISEASES. These probably afflict the Rose as much as any other plant, and some of them are serious plagues. Among insects are the aphis or green-fly, scale, thrips, red spider, maggot and grubs, caterpillars, weevils, beetles, and the larva? of
the
stem-boring
saw-fly.
In
diseases, as
the
worst are
rosae.
mildew, red
last
is
rust,
orange
fungus
(
canker,
years,
Actinonema
The
of
will
very prevalent
in
some
which
autumn,
It
and consists
dark'
in
purplish
brown
spots,
soon
of
all
spread
foliage.
all
over the
a short time
The first leaves should be picked off and burnt as soon as affected. Mildew is by far the worst of the diseases. It is a grey, dust-like fungus, forming upon young foliage and growth in the first place, and soon causing the whole to shrivel. It
will
is
for
a season.
it
changes.
solutions
fact,
of
Many
have been
but
given
at
the
end
of
this
section
is
generally
effectual.
Still,
no remedy
will be of
permanent
that
this
disease,
therefore
point
the
solutions.
conditions of
the same
of
disease.
Orange fungus
It
small,
if
wart-like
excrescence
in
covered with a
but
powder
deep
into
if
orange colour.
red rust
does
is
little,
any, harm
this stage,
when
off,
the
matter
more
serious.
Red
is
rust soon
causes the
look as
a sharp
almost as
frost
had occurred
our beautiful
in
the autumn.
There
no
known
cure
for
this,
and
it
is
fortunate
that
also the
ravages.
It
equally
upon
all
upon Marechal
varieties
Niel,
Allen
Richardson,
and a few
upon the
when grown upon and Teas quickly showing symptoms Perpetuals Hybrid
but
it
also
affects
other
presence
if
ROSES
Manetti.
or other
soil
AND
is
it
ROSE
GARDENS.
177
This
is
yet
a second
plant,
placed
in
the
same
go
on
for
many
years
and
not
develop the
least suspicion
Canker
in
in
The decay
seems
to
work
cut
hard
back'
while
On
is
after
year
with
results.
It
not caused
isolated
by an
insect
the
fust
in
place,
or
we
should
undoubtedly not
visit
find
the
many
into
examples among
irritation
Roses
in
perfect health.
That insects
which
the
rapid
succeed
are
to
drawing
the
sweet sap
for
would
form
callus,
and
thus
failing of
writer
has
not the
The
best cure, or
of the
rather assistance to a
plant so affected,
seems
to be to
remove as
At the
much
as possible
application of fresh
cow dung.
ROSE-COVERED DOORWAY.
to
same
time,
it
is
always well
it
to
take
its
place,
and,
as
before remarked,
is
Green-fly or aphis
glass
enemy.
great
trial
It
and
in
is
the open
too well
is
ground,
and
is
generally a
early
in
the
season.
Its
appearance
known
to
Red spider
forms small
solutions.
generally
worse under
but can be
if
the
it
moist.
Once
it
upon the
foliage,
webs beneath the leaves, and it is difficult to reach them witli any liquid not red in any way, but a minute grey-coloured insect which soon causes It is
the leaves to put on a parched, starved appearance and cripples the plant seriously.
Thrips cause much the same appearance, but are a tiny, dirty brown insect with a
178
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
kill
OF
GARDENING.
long body.
affects
are adopted to
both.
Rose
the the
open, more
especially
when
the
the
dry.
of
These completely
these,
spoil
light-coloured flowers.
getting
rid
and
Scale
it
is
fortunate
of
that the
first
shower
is
remedy.
with
size
resorted to
in
is
hopes
a
is
any material
value,
pest.
benefit.
small shell-covered,
difficult
brown
insect,
ranging
in
from a small
it
to a large
is
pin's
head.
it
It
to
kill,
best
to
burn
at once.
by
this
must be
killed
by hand
so too
must the
ally kill
leaf-curling maggots.
to
No syringing seems
actu-
these without
being
itself.
Pinch
insect
the
curled
leaf
and
and finger.
tion
between
distinguish
between
the
curled
those
or
full
curled
by
enemy,
before
naturally
expansion,
for
and perseverance
few
for
days
will
early
in
the
at
season
keep
rest
them
of
bay
the
the
sum mer.
Weevils
especially the
are
great
They
and
and pod
also
of
gnaw
bud
around the
to
the
spoil
Here,
again,
the
WK^,^^mm^^mPs^.^\^k T
quietly
slip
it,
it,
late
in
the evening,
sheet of
paper below
light
on
many
they
their
may
can
be
caught
before
regain
drop
and
shelter.
Amongst
saw-flies
the
worst
and
early
in
summer
it
pests
are
the
stem-boring
and
their
larva?.
These
annually
the points of shoots, and the maggot soon hatches, eats the pith out of the
to
stem, and
ruined
in
causes
this
die
above.
Many
the
promising
shoots
and
blooms
are
manner.
Among
the
kill
generally
eating through
pith
Standard
stem,
is
where these
a very
little
an important branch
resin,
cut.
Pitch,
wax
or
in
will
make
a good mastic
boiled
down
together.
This
may
be applied
ROSES
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
easily,
179
warm enough
can be
the
when
a large
If
number
for
of
wounds
let
a short time.
fumigation be used,
fumes
in
be
a couple of
hours,
Insecticides.
of
Boil
21b.
boil,
soft
soap
in
two gallons
it
water;
while
still
on the
and immediately
has been
removed from the fire, add half a pint of paraffin nil and a The black' sulphur quarter of a pound of flowers of sulphur.
is
less
Stir
when
add
cool.
Before using,
a
shake
solution
the
to
bottle
a
well,
and
soft
then
half
pint
of
the
gallon of
water, applying
with
is
syringe,
to.
and
all
at
This
suitable
washes,
if
but
red-
spider
and
thrips
FIG.
G.
are
very prevalent
it
may
a far
be
used
is
little
stronger,
The sulphur
in
deposit
left
upon the
foliage
more uniform
below the
insects and
manner,
both
above
and
to
is
foliage,
ingredients
deadly to
all
A?
mildew germs.
from the
bottle,
used
direct
brush, letting a
come
PRUNING.
satisfactory
No
prune
how
well
the
Roses
may
is
during
previous
summer and
if
winter,
cannot
all
expected
bad
pruning
allowed.
To
Roses
upon
one
system would
obviously
mistake, be
a
11
fig
when
one
remembers
the
vast
in
difference
habit
and
and
growth.
The
more
little
Fairy
or
Lawrenceana
whilst
Roses
Niel
In
seldom grow
than
15m.
others,
high;
often
Marechal
15ft.
exceed
of
many
in
we
find
these
little
Is
it
extremes
considerato
growth.
to
tion
the object
view
when
be
pruning.
obtain
?
a quantity of bloom or a
few flowers
laid
Only
w
few general
rules can
of the
dow
the
n here,
and
in
order
subject
question of classes
be almost ignored.
Fig.
6 is
a representativeof a
old.
Not
all
of
growth
same system
blossom
is
of
pruning
may
be
of
wanted.
The
cross
i8o
THE
to prune.
lines,
CENTURY
If
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
of high quality the plant should
be
of
Fig. 7
its
is
a strong
grower
almost intact,
pegging them
down
to
To
cut
away
the
whole
of these
if
long, flowerless
number
of similar shoots
being
made, and
the same system of pruning was again followed, the variety would probably be
condemned
with
spot
as a
shy
bloomer.
It
is
strong
growers
when
upon
Standards.
same with climbers upon walls or fences, and In fig. 8, the cross marks again show the
off
at
far
as possible.
system
ARCHES OF ROSES.
would be comparatively
a
bare
but
with
long
branches
will
effect.
A Standard
of
medium grower would be pruned similarly to the dwarf plant shown in Fig. 6. HOW TO PLANT A ROSE may seem a simple matter, but many have laid the foundation
through bad planting.
into direct
of failure
Never plant
hole
in
very wet
soil,
manures
Plant
to
come
naturally,
not
pressed into
dwarf kinds
original
2in.
root
the hedgerow.
is
To
is
chance whatever.
vigour
will
medium growers
4ft.
good distance,
greater
need
be from
to
6ft.
apart.
Do
not
plant
against a wall,
but
leave
some
4in. or 6in.
of the plant.
181
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Roses
of
in
Pots, and as Climbers Under Glass. Mention has already been made
All
in
pots,
the open.
Drain well,
half,
pot firmly, and use, as nearly as possible, the following compost: Turfy loam
one
with
of leaf soil
the
is
coarser
Ventilation
endeavour
starting
slight
to
secure
an
uniform
4odeg.
45deg,
when
first
growth, gradually
is
increasing
in
65deg.
If
bright
suns and
keen
winds prevail,
shade
necessary to assist
risk of
by
far
Give
weak'.
liquid
manures freely to growing plants when their roots are established, but
not fear to
be
Do
little
of the
is
much improved
General Remarks.
need a
the
Roses
when
or
when
in
an exposed situation,
in
severe weather.
if
much
upon
same way
will
as potatoes are,
few branches
or laurel be stuck
Standards
straw tied
come through the winter safely. among the heads, if much exposed. Maiden Roses
stocks,
Dwarfs and Standards, should be cut back close to the Rose bud inserted during
the previous
will
summer.
A mulch
while
of
in
summer,
if
dry,
be a great help,
watering
upon
whether
one
or not.
and
Soils.
Pinks.
Goubault,
Jules
Margottin,
W.
J.
Grant,
Pots.
General
Yellows.
Madame
Francisca
Hoste, Medea,
[acqueminot,
W.
F. Bennett, Princesse
Isabella Sprunt,
WHITES.
Pinks.
Niphetos,
Apricots.
Souvenir de
S.
The
Mme.
Kruger,
and
G.
Bride,
A.
Jules
Finger.
Souvenir d'un
Nabonnand, and
Ollivier,
Dr.
Grill,
Mine. Lambard.
Yellows.
.mil
I
Marie
'erle
de- |anlins.
General
Mrs.
Jacqueminot,
Alfred
Colomb,
Abel
(climber).
Pinks.
Princess
of
Wales,
and
Comtesse
de
Twen
Reds.
No.
y- six
Climbers.
Reine
Marie
Henriette,
Waltham
Climber
Cheshunt Hybrid, Mine. Desir, Reine Oiga de Wurtemburg, Crimson Rambler, and Longworth Rambler.
III.,
Whites. Boule de Neige, Merveille de Lyon, and Aimee Vibert (climber). Yellows. Marie Van Houtte, Mme. Hoste, Emily Dupuy (climber), and Medea. Apricot. Francisca Kruger, Safrano, Reve d'Or
Win
ies.
Aimee Vibert,
Madame
(climber).
Climbing Niphetos.
Felicite-
Salmon.
G.
Nabonnand,
Bouquet d'Or
(climber),
Perpetue, and
Alfred Carriere.
Pinks.
chal
Setina,
Yellows.
Niel,
Belle Lyonnaise,
Marquise
Baroness
and
de
Salisbury,
Cheshunt
Scarlet,
Dijon.
Bouchard,
Richardson,
Whites.
Pinks.
Augustine Guinoisseau,
Rothschild,
Merveille de Lyon,
d'Auerstadt,
William
Allen
d'Or,
Madame
Chauvry,
Reve
and
Mme.
La France, Heinrich
Isabella
Berard.
Schultheis,
General
Yellows.
Jacqueminot,
Prince
C.
de Rohan,
W.
F. Bennett,
Amazone, Marie Van Houtte, Mme. Hoste. Salmons. Viscountess Folkestone, Dr.
Common
China.
Grill,
G.
Fugier,
fcOSES
Six
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
Twelve Roses Very Sweetly Scented.
183
Position.
Carriere,
Gloire de
Emily Dupuy.
Mine.
A.
Reine
Marie
la
Henriette,
Mme.
Berard,
and
Climbing
Souvenir de
Malmaison.
Mme. Alfred Carriere (yellowish white, climber), Waltham Climber No. III. (crimson, climber), Goubault (rosy buff), Mme. de Watteville (salmon and pink),
Socrates (salmon and apricot), Catherine
Mermet
(pink),
Twiti vk
La
Frame
and
(salmon
white),
pink).
Viscountess
Folkestone
(salmon
Laurence
Allen
(flesh),
Heinrich
red),
Boule
Souvenir
de
la
Malmaison,
Testout,
Schultheis (pink),
and
the
Hovnt:re,
Viscountess
Folkestone,
Caroline
Charles Lefebvre.
There
lists
will be
found
in
Brunner.
This
is
mixture of
Tea
and
so
useful for
Hybrid Roses,
all varieties
each
purpose that
it
it
could
not
because
The
Tea
Rose.
When
that
the
Blush
midst
old
in their
Tea Rose came from China in 1810, few flower gardeners were aware was a plant destined to change the face in no small degree of the English
Roses
of
garden.
the
old
The
Tea Roses
of our time,
which had
is
their
the
order of things.
Rose time
BUNCH OF TEA
until the
late
ROSES.
autumn
Ten years
later
than the Blush Tea came the Yellow Tea, with the result that the
was born
Alba
into the
this union.
Few
kinds, however,
were raised
to
until
this
the
world,
including
Rosea,
Belle
Catherine
of the
Mermet,
race,
Jean
Pernet,
of the
most beautiful
Niel,
whole
Mme.
in
Margottin,
It is
Noisette
1864.
know
was one
exhibit Tea-scented
show
held
in
THE
Their
are
in
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
an
interest in
subtle
tints
and
the race.
in
Tea Roses
careless
the
most
but
queenly flowers
the
for
family, tender
their
leaf
tints,
in
and beautiful
especially
spring.
colouring,
growth,
welcome always
group,,
It is
when
the
young shoots,
house their an autumn
in
as crimson as the
found
in
any other
is
or
when gathered
into
in
the
delicacy
delightful.
indeed
to
wander
over
the garden
colour
on
even than
summer, when
and
let
Roses
fling
their
odorous
burdens
shrub and
hedge.
There
is
an
;
Tea Rose nothing prim or suggestive of the show-board summer until the late autumn, even winter when
its
the weather
precious
gifts.
Culture
TEA-SCENTED ROSES
by trees
or walls
of
They
Tea
Roses.
sunny
position, well sheltered
of
delight in a very
many months.
a group by
if
never mixing up the kinds indiscriminately, say twelve plants to one group, with,
Pansies
or
desired,
to
Make
2ft.
the
If
border
in
a similar
soil
way
if
one
for
the natural
be poor,
take out
of
it,
and put
in
ft.
of
brick'
rubbish and
of
which
somewhat stony
Add to the loam some crushed bones or bone meal, and thoroughly decayed cow dung and wood ashes. Put turf at the bottom on the
will
If
the
soil
it
burnt
and
throw
off
superfluous moisture.
An
up
for
Tea Roses.
air
When
or
in
sandy
add
stiff
and
frost.
The time
to
October
or
early
November,
March and
in
April,
choosing
may
be even planted
August, September, or
ROSES
throughout
transferred
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
the
spring,
if
from pots.
Pre-
pare
the
"round
month
before planting.
dw
hut
a
tile
cutting
Briar
is
also
good stock,
la
and
both the
De
are
employed.
simplify
the the
matters
To use
a
Manetti, which
makes
bad
unmn.
the
Much
stuck'
depends
and
be
upon
used,
frequently
failure
may
wrong
GLOIKE DE DIJON ROSE.
root
Where
i.e.,
possible, always, r J
however,
plants,
procure
own
When
of course, as a stock'
the familiar
Dog
Rose.
annihilation by frost.
fern
Tea Roses make buxom Standards, which, unfortunately, are subject to A hard winter will kill them wholesale, even when protected by sticking
Standards should be frequently transplanted, or
This practice
will laid
in
under a
autumn
until spring.
naturally retard
The way
April.
to protect
Tea Roses
is,
in
them
or
in
the following
Unless the climate and situation are very favourable, movable glass copings are advisable
if
severe weather
is
anticipated.
the border be
their
made
in
as advised, very
little
been
in
present position
An
excellent fertiliser
in
is
night
soil,
drawn
Rains w ill wash it down to the roots. A safer liquid manure is made with cow dung, sheep's dung, wood ashes, and bone meal, but always remember that weak doses given often are more effective than a few very strong applications. Special Treatment of Various Kinds. Many kinds, such as La Boule d'Or,
Souvenir d'Elise
Vardon,
Medea,
and
Cleopatra,
are
best
grown
give
at
the
foot
of
a wall.
liquid
cavity
period.
for
around each
plant,
and
good
doses
in
of
Remarkable
exhibition.
blooms
Certain
may
kinds
to
be
of
obtained
poor
this
way,
be
growth, of which
It
may
is
be instanced, require
be
well
thinned.
off
will
down on
the
soil
when
superfluous
moisture
in
wet seasons.
in
Hoeing
If
much
much water
a hot year.
the
freely afterwards
of the
flowers before
Roses
will
require
abundance
of
in
hot
weather,
If
the
drainage
lights
be
and
this
movable
were
and
over
some beds
Tea
Roses
in
better
THE
INSECTS AND DISEASES.
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Tea Roses are perhaps freer from insect trials than other They cannot stand stagnant moisture, which causes the leaves to drop. Thrips are troublesome, and sully the flowers, but w hen flowers are required for show it is well to tie them up in a paper bag. They suffer less from fungoid troubles than the Hybrid Perpetuals, otherwise all Roses share about the same fate. PROPAGATION is effected by budding in July, by cuttings, by grafting, and by layering. Cuttings should be selected from wood that has flowered, and put them in during July in sand under glass. Make the cuttings about 3m. long and do not remove the leaves. Sprinkle the cuttings occasionally and keep them slightly shaded, when they will quickly root. This Pot up when rooted and grow on in gentle heat, and plant out in the following spring. course is strongly advised. Lay Grafting is done by using the roots of Briars in November. them in a shed in sand, and bed out in April. Strong growers, such as Gloire de Dijon
classes.
and
Grace
Darling,
can
be
is
the
for
the work'.
TEA-SCENTED ROSES
plants,
IN
POTS. This
disappear.
and under glass the colours are very pure, although frequently the charming
in
seen
is
on the petals
A good time
to
in
or
pof
to
of
doors
is,
if
for
year.
in
desired
flower
that
to
flower
until
February and
March, prune
are
of
in
November.
long,
Keep the
soak"
plants
dry,
after
pruning,
the
new growths
is
2in.
or
3m.
and
them
chills
first
warm.
This
point
much importance.
appreciates
Cold
water
Be careful
class
rising
of
rather
too
than
otherwise.
55deg.
at
This
night,
Rose
warmth,
in
preferring
temperature
Meteor
tlie
is
about
to
6odeg. or 62deg.
the daytime.
it
The
o*
a very
useful
largely
grown
After
in
America, where
It
is
considered
best winter
red flower,
but
it
is
useless out of
rise
doors.
first
by day.
in heat,
They
should then
necessary, but
of
Specimens
liquid
for
this
the
pots
are
full
of
roots,
would require
artificial
liberal
feeding
with
manure, and an
Roses should
occasional sprinkling of
consist
leaf
some good
of
little
fertiliser.
The compost
part each
of
pot
of
three
parts
and
well-decayed
mould with a
obtained
wood
under
in
ashes, and
bone meal.
successful
The most
glass,
however,
is
from plants
the
in
in
borders
not
pots.
When
and
will
this
practice
followed,
trench
pots
ground
June.
as
In
well,
working
or
some
years
bone
the
meal,
plants
plant
out
3ft.
from
to
48
4ft.
sized
two
as
three
finger.
be
for
from
three
high,
with
in
wood
thick
one's
Give the
to
plants
a rest
weeks
beautiful
of
or
month
in
July or August.
They
so as
will
then
and
produce
flowers
September
should
be
and October,
movable,
continuing
to
the
winter.
fall
The
lights
the
at
houses
times.
allow
rains
and dews to
When
stand
the Roses are in pots, and they have been taken out of doors after flowering,
brick's
them upon
off
all
plunge
in
coal
ashes or
If
cocoa-nut fibre
are desired
to a cold
refuse.
at
Keep
give
manure
will
occasionally.
flowers
Christmas,
the
buds
until
September.
plants
house,
buds
will
be
produced which
develop, with
scented
the
past
plants of
Marechal
Niel
is
best
grown,
where space
is
way
ROSES
to
AND
prune
ROSE
back
GARDENS.
hard the
first
act
plant
of
this
kind
is
to
year
and
train
two shoots
will
horizontally.
Take growths
flower
will
Then,
them down
others
to the
main stems.
of
They
he
make somewhat
same year
to
blossom.
W.
in
A.
nature.,
may
grown
pots,
down
after
like
a
to
These shoots
blooming cut
pot vine
heat to produce
new growths
halt
for
Some
of
the
climbers.
Plants fully
oft.
may
be seen
at
Hatfield
flourish
They
are
in
a conservatory
where Camellias
the borders.
very
charming race,
in
it
as
rule,
of
stiffer
and
sturdier
growth
than
the
true
every way.
is
closely the
difficult to trace
They
and
will
ROSE
Will IE of
fEJ
l.\
OKEi' JAR.
is
The
in
first
it
1867;
is
to
know
raiser
that
well-known
later
Captain
Cheshunt
as
famous hybrids.
This
gave
to
the world
such exquisite
Roses
Grace
Darling and
Viscountess Folkestone.
a cross between
in
the
The Noisettes, which so closely resemble the true Teas, originated from Musk and the Chine Rose, and were obtained by M. Noisette in America
are
1820.
is
The
so thin
flowers
that the
produced
in
Anna
Ollivier,
Marie Van
.
bronzy shade;
Mm< j
Hoste,
88
ROSES
Princesse
AND
and
ROSE
GARDENS.
Innocente
Pirola,
de
Sagan,
Sylph,
pink
white;
ivory
white;
Francis
Souvenir de S. A. Prince;
the
flowers
as
rich
Mine.
apricot
Charles, a beautiful
in
garden
Rose
of
delightful
as an
colour
;
Safrano, a mingling of
;
many
tender colours
Mine.
to be rather uncertain
Catherine
Gilford,
white
pink;
Mme. C.
Pernet,
Ethel
;
Brownlow,
bronze,
yellow, and
other
Adam, Rubens, Jean Ducher, Souvenir de Paul Neyron, buff G. Nabonnand, a Rose of charming colours, strong, free, and very Corinna, pink and hardy, a variety to make large groups of; and the now popular Maman Cozhet and its
white form.
Grace
Darling,
a
Kaiserin
A.
Victoria,
Camoens,
Mme.
E.
Verdier;
Mme. Pernet Ducher, Clara Watson, Mme. Abel Chatenay, Souvenir de Antoine Rivoire, Princess Bonnie, Josephine Marot, Grand Due de
a brilliant self crimson, almost scarlet,
its
Rose
La France,
race, a pink
Rose
of
much beauty
Captain Christy,
Gustave Regis, Gloire Lyonnaise, a clear lemon colour, and the charming Augustine Guinoisseau, which has very fragrant flowers, white with pink suffusion in the
centre
an
;
Best Tea and Hybrid Tea roses for Cutting Under Glass. Bridesmaid, Catherine iV\ermet, pink deep pink The Bride, white Perle des Jardins, yellow Duchess of Niphetos, France, Albany, rich La pink Belle Siebrecht, Safrano, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, creamy white; Souvenir de President Carnot and Papa Gontier,
;
; ; ;
crimson.
Niel,
Climbing Devoniensis, Belle Lyonnaise, Mme. Berard, Bouquet d'Or, Duchesse d'Auerstadt,
THE
Mister Stella
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING
Mme. Chauvry, Kaiserin Frederick', Climbing Perle des Jardins, and Climbing Niphetos. Of Noisettes none are more charming than Mme. Alfred Carriere, Aimee Vibert, W. A. Richardson, Celine Forestier, Reve d'Or, L'Ideal, and Mme. P. Cochet. Of Hybrid Teas choose Cheshunt Hybrid, Reine Marie Henriette, Waltham Climber No. II!.,
Gray,
Reine Olga de Wurtemberg,
Souvenir de
Mme.
J.
Metral,
The
This
ably,
is
Roses
has
as
the
garden
concerned,
varieties
;
by the dainty
but to ignore
stronger
race
Tea
the
is
older and
wrong.
Hybrid Perpetual
The
flowers
are
often
of
resplendent
colouring
richer
and and
strong fragrance,
although
as
welcome
the garden.
Unfortunately
freshness
the
petals
seem
delicate
less
and
subtle
tints
are
frequent
varieties
may
be exhibited with the Hybrid Perpetuals, but the former will not
when reviewing the Tea-scented section. name signifies, are of hybrid origin, but the Teascented kinds have greater claim to the description of "perpetual," as they commence to bloom quite as early, and remain in beauty even into the winter when the weather is mild. They have their origin in the Damask Perpetual on the one side, and the Gallica, Hybrid Chinese, Bourbon, and allied tribes on the other. All the beautiful varieties now in gardens
be described with them, as they are alluded to
as the
of
years.
The
raisers
of old, of
whom
mention
laid
may
be
made
of
Hybrid
hybridise Hybrid
Perpetuals with the Tea-scented and lose hardiness and fragrance to gain freedom of bloom.
Some
of the
more recent Hybrid Teas are by no means hardy. CULTIVATION. When reasonable care is taken there is
little
difficulty of
in
producing
skill
handsome
is
in
the exhibition,
in
when
course greater
select an
necessary than
the garden.
Always
open spot,
away from
hurtful to the
By
shelter
is
not intended
ROSES
" coddling " treatment, as this
blows.
is
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
full
191
The
soil
must he strong,
when
this
is
made
as suitable as possible
by incorporating loam
preference should be
soil is
naturally very
lijjjit,
the Tea-scented Roses, as these enjoy a lighter ground than the Hybrid Perpetuals,
Amateur gardeners,
especially
and
indeed
gardeners
is
of
all
kinds,
are
too
is
often
inclined
to
manure
essential to
success.
This
a mistake.
soil,
heavy, saturated
with
rank
manure does not promote healthy growth, and indeed, fresh manure is not
;
unless put
It
down below
use a
in
it
in
time.
is
far better to
little
to
anticipated.
to the
applied,
hoe the
frequently to admit
It
air
is
and moisture
and
this
operation
impossible to expect
healthy growth
are deprived of
or
when
air.
the roots
Mulching,
rather
in
manure,
may
of
be
given
ing a
small
soil
STOCKS.
impossible
to
This
expect
is
It
a
is
even
closely
studied.
As
only
that
far
as
possible
stocks
own
is,
;
root plants
grown,
from
is
plants
raised
cuttings
but
to
when one
win
prizes
desirous
the
at
exhibition,
stocks
stock's
are are
Per-
needful.
Four
the
used
for
Hybrid
Seedling
Briar,
Hedgerow
and
the
stock
(Standard)
Manetti.
of
Briar,
The
the
worst
Roses
the
Manetti
but
it,
exhibitor
it
must
have
because
promotes earliness
Northern
hence the
growers
shows.
first
The
loamy
is
soil
The Seedling
Briar
and especially
to induce
abundant blooming
most perfectly formed and coloured flowers. Manetti, and the roots running so close to the surface quickly
the autumn, but the Briar cutting yields the They appear almost as early as those upon the
in
utilise
It
THE
is
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
for this reason
essentia] that
budded
make
as they are as serviceable as the taller Standards, upon which only the most vigorous kinds
should be grown.
for the
Standards
may
Tea-scented.
If
one wishes
for
from
October the Hybrid Perpetuals must not be relied upon, as the Tea, Hybrid Tea, and
called
perpetual, that
is,
summer
until
autumn.
for a
week
or
two a magniand
of
ficent
display,
the
majority
of flowers in the
be expected too.
kind, therefore
to
it is
produce a
all
good
to
have
of a similar
habit of growth,
variety
in
the
To
assist planters
this
direction
selection
of the best
is
Hybrid Perpetuals
(i) Very
;
into three
groups:
(2)
dwarf
de
robust
:
(3)
vigorous.
Dwarf
Marquise
de
Castellane,
Merveille
Lyon,
Baroness
Rothschild,
Gustave
Bedder.
Piganeau,
Fisher
Robust: Baronne de
Violette
r
Maynard,
Bouyer,
r
M
ROSES OVER ARCHES.
s.
Sha
m a n-C
wf
rd
Mrs.
Rumsey, Helen
Keller,
Verdier, Alfred Colomb, Captain Hayward, Etienne Levet, General Jacqueminot, Earl of Pembroke, Madame V. Verdier, Crow n Prince, Jean Cherpin. Vigorous Clio, Jeannie John Laing, Heinrich Schultheis, Bladud, Gloire de Margottin, Ulrich Dickson, Mrs.
:
the
Hybrid Perpetual
so called
Tea-scented Roses there are other charming races, which are herewith described
(Rosa
alb:i).
This
tribe
com-
those varieties usually known as the Maiden's It is a distinct class, although not large, Blush Roses. and a peculiar feature of all the varieties is the beautiful glaucous hue of the foliage, so marked as to leave no In many an English doubt to which group they belong.
of a maiden's cheek hence the name. a lovely Rose. The strong growers require moderate pruning, but the others must be pruned rather
as
the
colour
Celeste
is
more
closely.
They form
The
gooseberry-fruited Rose, Rosa pomifera, would seem to belong to this tribe. The best kinds are Blanche
:
Blush has grown into large bushes burdened with blossom in summer-time, as delicate
cottage garden the Maiden"s
Belgique, milky white, very free in flower and growth Celestial, the most beautiful of all summer Roses, raanv
193
194
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
down almost to the ground, the other left cut unpruned. This cutting will promote vigorous young growths that are bent down and allowed to flower the next season. The single Yellow is bright primrose yellow.
The Austrian Copper
lutea bicolor,
is
shades darker than the Maiden's Blush, and the foliage distinctly glaucous Felicite (Parmentier), another Rose that should be in every collection its flowers are rosy flesh margined with white, compact in form, very double and very free, the growth vigorous too ; Mme. Legras, flowers sulphur- white, large and full. Austrian Briars {A'osa lutea). These are very valuable hardy yellow Roses. Unfortunately they are not
;
Briar,
known
Its
botanically as
a lovely Rose.
colour
is
rich red
Rosa on
A the upper surface of the petals, but old gold beneath. most attractive Rose, worthy of a place in every garden.
A YRSHIRE
then a stray flower will appear Rose lutea, is a native of Italy, Germany, and the South of France, and was introThis single duced to England nearly 400 years ago. form is still one of the best, and in early June plants that have been allowed to grow as the)' like are covered with the rich yellow blossoms, that harmonise charmingly with the various single Roses then in full beauty. A dry soil with a good supply of chalk or lime is most suitable. R. Harrisoni forms an excellent hedge, and may be had in rich beauty by severely cutting down the plants every three or four years to keep them furnished at the base. The Austrian Briar Roses should never be pruned, save just topping the shoots and removing They dead wood, except when grown as hedge plants. make good Standards if trained in umbrella shape. The shoots then are covered with flowers. A double set of plants should, if possible, be planted, so that one set may have an alternate severe pruning to keep up their vigour. The best kinds are Harrisoni, introduced from America Its colour is not so intense as the early in the century. It Persian Yellow, but the plant is far easier to grow. Persian Yellow was is the best Rose for large towns. The introduced to England about the year 1837. flowers are of the rich Marechal Niel colour, but the It is advisable plant is somewhat difficult to cultivate. One group should be to have a double set of plants.
perpetual, although
in
ROSES.
now and
autumn.
The
single form,
called the Yellow Scotch an abundant and early bloomer. The Yellow Provence is really Rosa sulphurea, and has no relation to this tribe. Its flowers are large and even more double than the Persian Yellow. There are a few good examples in the country, but many fail to get it to grow.
It
has
flat
growths being covered with long thin prickles. It is supposed to be a native of Persia, and the flowers are much given to bursting, being so double. That it likes an abundance of lime is evident. A western aspect is best for it, and it must not be pruned. Ayrshire Roses (A', arvensis). These are our hardiest and most rambling Roses, running over banks, walls, and They are allied to thickets, and clambering into trees. the Evergreen Roses, but their growths are more wiry and slender. They are of native origin, also abounding in Europe. As Weepers on tall hedge Briars they are most effective when their pendulous growths trail on the They ground, reminding one of a fountain of Roses. The best varieties are also make noble pillar Roses. Ruga, flesh colour, changing to creamy white, large and
fairly double, as delicate in colour as a Tea Rose, indeed it is said to be a cross between the species and the Tea-scented Dundee Rambler, of medium size, pure white, double, and compact Bennett's Seedling (Thoresbyana), double white, very beautiful Splendens
:
ROSES
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
IQ5
Virginian Rambler, one of the daintiest of Roses, with white, shaded pink flowers, much expanded, and produced in large clusters Queen of the Belgians, creamy white,
;
Banksian Rose
This was named in (A'esa Banksice). compliment to Lady Banks. In warm countries, such as Italy and France, these Roses grow luxuriantly, but
in sheltered spots
As leathery in texture, and the wood is thick and rigid. one might expect, the autumn flowering of these Bourbons induced many raisers to utilise them for hybridising with other classes, and thus we have, under the name of Bourbon, Bourbon Perpetual and Noisette Perpetual, a mixed group, indeed many of the so-called
llvbrid
Perpetuals
are
in
reality
Hybrid
Unurboiis.
sub-divisions,
unfortunately they are not very hardy with us, although one frequently discovers plants in rude health. They prefer a dry, warm border, and it
to generalise one might say that, with the vigorous growers little pruning is required, but the moderate growers must be cut in hard if Roses of fair quality are
desired.
They
all
delight
in
is
to say,
much
the better.
They
are
handsome
the
flower,
in
conservatories,
filling
structure
with
the
They
(May and
should be and out
r e
shoots
good heavy loam, well cultivated, and a supply of Many, il not all, the cow dung afforded in autumn. vigorous kinds make splendid Pillar Roses and Standards. Even the moderate growers, Oi which Souvenir de la Malmaison, the oldest and best,
is
ma
n d e
one,
make
fine
merely tipped. T he n e w
remarkably
heads
Standard-;.
will
on
It
growths,
il
the
next
of
spring,
will abund-
each group
separate.
Comwith
the
really
mencing
the
True
Bourbons,
varieties
Yellow White,
the
and
worth growing
are
:
and
treat-
Acidalie,
both require
same
t
;
pure
blush
white,
centre
;
men
they
layered
July.
in
may be
freely
The established
plants are often
grown by
thousands
in
buddod
all
over
with Marechal Niel and Cloth of Gold, and splendid flowers of both these
America
bedding.
for
It
makes
fine
Roses
are
market variety
for pots.
The
Berberryleaved Rose
is
flowers
native
of
form,
to
Persia,
and has
yellow
spot.
and
seem
single
flowers with
crimson
It
is
e s s
is
BANKSIAN
ROSES.
Victoria
cultivated,
although very tender. It is really a greenhouse plant, and has yellow flowers with rich chocolate spots at the base of the petals. It is very subject to mildew, so must be planted w here it is not likely to be in a draught. It is an
perfectly
variety.
distinct, and Lorna Doone
in
is
sulphur
habit
a white
resembles
the
parent
handsome massive
;
flower of a
autumnal
variety.
(A',
Bourbon Roses
Bourboniana). The true Bourbon Rose was discovered in the Isle of Bourbon in the early part of this century, and was generally supposed to have been a hybrid between the Chinese and Four Seasons. Many years ago, before the advent of the Hybrid Perpetuals, these were the fashionable Roses of the day, and one cannot be surprised at this, for they are in every way charming for their autumn flowers. The colours are, however, very bright, and the petals round and smooth. A short acquaintance with these Bourbon Roses will soon enable the grower to pick them out from among other kinds by their distinct foliage, which is usually oval,
indica
magenta carmine colour touched with scarlet. It is very floriferous both in summer and autumn moderate in growth, very sweet, and should be grown as a dwarf. Marie Therese de la Devansaye has pure white flowers somewhat in the way of those of Kronprinzessin Victoria. It is an excellent variety for cutting, and a welcome addition in every way.
in colour
and form, which reminds one of the Camellia, The colour is pinkish and very showy upon the plant. white, and the growth quite as free as the seed parent, Madame Isaac Pereire. Queen, a delightful Rose for massing, producing numerous salmon flesh blossoms upon Robusta is of rampant growth, so short stumpy growths.
much
8ft. to 9ft.
in
196
uncommon.
rich
THE
Unfortunately
it
CENTURY
flowers very
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
at all
little in
picture,
Crimson Rambler.
in
1'axton
It
is
is,
too dull in
however, a
good variety
shrubberies.
little
smoky
Souvenir
it is
notice here, as
upon walls, pillars, or in Malmaison needs but Even to-day, so well known.
de
la
The flowers autumnal variety, it is of much use. are very charming when half-open as buds, but the flat They expanded blossoms are not generally admired. Purity is a beautiful are showy, however, upon the plant. white Hybrid Bourbon. The Bourbon Perpetuals usually produce their flowers the Noisette in clusters, and both here and among Perpetuals some of the hardiest and freest white Roses Taking them in alphabetical order, the first are found. to be named is Baron Gonella, a peculiar Rose of beautiful shading, the deep carmine and lilac and w hite harmonising Baronne de Maynard is perhaps the best of delightfully. (he white Roses, very pure, and with remarkably smooth petals, which give the plant when in full blossom an It it is also thoroughly perpetual. effective appearance i^ not unlike the next Rose in many ways, but of the two Boule de Neige, a the former is certainly the best.
as an
;
perfect
little
The which are frequently lined or splashed with red. rich green glossy foliage and pale green growths are very
distinct.
Mme.
Isaac
Eereire,
a splendid
Rose,
the
flowers
summer
i 1-
This Mme. Pierre Oger, La France de 89 and Mrs. Paul. one of the most beautiful of all Roses, the colour shading being delightful, while with heavy rose suffusion, and Reine Victoria is doubtless the the form is perfect.
rosy carmine in colour, large and lull, a good as well as autumn Rose, vigorous, and hardy. probably the parent of many Roses, such as
FOSE BL A IK 1 1
is
A'
[jure
white,
free
and
Rougemont,
white,
delicately
hardy shaded
;
Mme.
with
Alfred
rosv
de
pink.
The
tive
small
mingled
Rose for rose pale flowers Auguste Perrin, with a satiny Mme. Fanny sheen and produced in large corymbs. de Forest, a noble white Rose, larger than any
of
the
unopened buds are red, and very attracwith the expanded flowers. A useful the garden, and constantly in flower. Mme.
preceding.
It
is
showy
pot
plant,
but
is
none the
Francois Pitt et, snowballs, so pure are the we have the red buds, so
Mme.
conspicuous among the snow wdrite flowers. Paul's Single White is certainly the most beautiful of the single Roses, covering large spaces in a short time with its long s ;mi-climbing growth. Now that we have Boitrsault Roses (A'osa alpina). the Crimson Rambler, the Boursault Roses are scarcely worth retaining. They grow with extreme vigour, flower freely, and are very hardy, but the flower colouring is dull. They came to us from the Alps of Switzerland, and will flower in poor positions, but must be freed from The long growths crowded growths when pruning. of one and two years old should be left their entire length. Amadis, crimson-purple, quite The best kinds are smooth, reddish wood when matured Blush, pale blush Gracilis, cherry colour, shaded with lilac, which much mars an otherwise good Rose the prickles are very large
is rather a varied family. Originally they were hybrids of the French and Provence crossed with the Chinese, but latterly the Noisettes and Bourbon, have been hybridised with the same tribes. None o.' the varieties bloom in the autumn, as is the case with the true Chinese, Noisettes, and Bourbons, therefore
Ii
YbKID PERPETUAL
PURITY.
the whole
rule
may
pillar,
As a
or
the
a
;
colour,
It is a perfect flower, bright rose in parent of the above. and very free. The Noisette Perpetuals appear to fall in with the Bourbon group more than with the Noisette Roses, which
clothe
plants
make
excellent
Standards
pot
to flower
originated from the Musk, or Moschata, and Chinese. In this section are some excellent decorative Roses, as tree almost as a Tea or China, and far too valuable to suffer
extinction
twice in pots, they are equallv as valuable as the Hybrid Perpetuals for this purpose. For town gardens, smoky districts, or in positions not favourable to Roses, this race is
The
best are
happier than any other. The foliage is handsome, and climbing shoots are graceful. the vigorous, almost Although nowadays they are much neglected, they pay for
ROSES
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
197
good culture. Many will remember the splendid examples of Coupe d'Hebe, Chenedole, Charles Lawson, etc., that Give them were shown at the first Rose exhibitions. good soil, liberal supplies of manure, well thin the growths, and do not prune too severely, and they the early summer. in will give unbounded pleasure
petals moving with every breath of air, and making more charming still the delicate rose colouring which stains The plant grows freely, producing, in rich soil, them. It has produced thick shoots like the Tea-scented Roses. a lovely seedling in Mine. Eugene Resal, which is of a Buttercup yellow shade pervading the Craimoisie superieure is the most scarlet of all, It is not so free in growth as might and double as well. be wished, but it makes up for this by its brilliancy, If plants are budded and of course it bears abundantly. upon Briars and well cultivated the growth and colour Fabvier is a better grower than are much improved.
richer
colour,
The
Blairi
No.
flowers.
making shoots 10ft. to 12ft. Blanchrleur, a clear white, very early long in a season Brennus, carmine Charles Lawson, deep pink, fragrant Chenedole, light vermilion, at one lime a great favourite Fulgens, a Coupe d'Hebe, deep pink, a dainty colour
;
Juno, pale crimson climber Mine. Plantier, pure white, wonderfully free, this is a delightful like a huge snowball when fully out garden Rose, also a noble Standard, and it may be Madeline, grown, too, as a pot plant for the market creamy white, margined with crimson, a beautiful Rose ;
brilliant
;
rose, a
handsome
the
last,
but
its
It
is,
pot plant
however, a
borders
if
fine
showy
in
and
effective
in
all
the
planted
large
masses.
Indeed,
the
China Roses should be grown in groups to obtain effect. Manure the soil well in the autumn (and nothing is better than cow dung for them), and if available give good
A
Paul
Perras,
rose
;
Paul
and very
free, a
line
;
early
group
of free-flowering Roses, and rapidly gaining the popularity Of course the old pink monthly they certainly deserve. It may be seen in almost every is known to everyone.
cottage garden and
variety
it
in
masses
in
larger domains.
No
is
so hardy as this
common
would be a good thing if raisers employed this kind more to impart hardiness to the many beautiful varieties of weaker growth. As a climber the old Blush forms a
cover a large space, as it capital hedge plant 3ft. to 4ft. in height the variety mostly cultivated now, excepting the latter, is Mme. Laurelte Messimy. One Rose. can hardly describe this wonderlul It is as beautiful as any flower in the garden, the loose soft
beautiful picture
if
with
the
buds.
variety,
Duke
of
York
is
also
becoming
permitted
It
;
to
undoubtedly
will.
also
makes a
remarkable for its bicolor peculiarity, the centres of the flowers being often flamed with carmine and the outsides and edges almost white. Generally, however, the colour is rich carmine shaded with white. It is a good grower, and suitable for pots. Mrs. Bosanquet is so well known that it merely requires mentioning. It is certainly a useful Rose, delicate in colour, and
favourite
very
free
flowering.
Archduke
Charles
should
be
I98
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
Wherever fast-growing climbers are desired, the Evergreen Roses are welcome. The loveliest of all is FelicitePerpetue. Each flower forms an exquisite little fleshcoloured rosette, and as the flowers are produced in graceful trusses, they are effective when once a fine It is the best white companion to specimen is secured. Crimson Rambler, both varieties flowering simultaneously, Myrianthes although the latter will last rather longer. Renoncule is as vigorous and free as the latter, but differs Leoin colour, being of pale peach or rose shade. poldine d'Orleans has large handsome clusters of creamy white flowers, fairly double and globular in form. Donna Maria is a pure white cup-formed flower of great beauty. The flowers are produced in large trusses, but the growth is not quite so vigorous as the first-named. Flora is wonderfully vigorous, making very thick reddish shoots, like a climbing Tea-scented Rose, which it seems The flowers are of fine Camellia-like form, to resemble. and bright rose in colour, with pale edges. Rampante Rosea plena is rosy blooms profusely and is pure white. flesh, changing to white. It has glossy green leaves and very double flowers. French Rose {Rosa gallica). This race was formerly extensively grown. The varieties seed abundantly, conThe sequently a numerous progeny was promoted. flowers are too flat, according to modern conceptions of a Rose, but they, nevertheless, are delightful in the early days of June, before the Hybrid Perpetuals and TeaThe French Roses will scented commence to unfold. grow almost anywhere, and they have a peculiar way of In this class there are spreading by underground suckers almost all colours except yellow, and it includes the The Hybrid Chinese (a useful class best striped Roses. for large towns) have descended from the French Roses. Although they grow so freely, and almost anywhere, they
possessed by everyone, if only for its changeable nature. Sometimes the flowers are crimson, and occasionally the crimson centres give place to a light blush edged with crimson, and vice versa. Ducher is the best white variety at present obtained, but it is not quite the kind wanted, not being so free-flowering as the foregoing varieties.
Marie Wolkoff
is delightful, quite new, of a velvety crimson colour, and always in flower. Belle de Florence makes a good hedge Rose, as dainty in growth as Fellenberg, the popular Noisette variety. Its cherry-coloured flowers are produced in dainty clusters. Little Pet is a double little Rose, produced in immense clusters. When cut one would take it for a spray of the Evergreen Rose, Felicite-Perpetue. It seems to be a hybrid, and belongs more to the Polyanthas than the Chinese, although usually grouped here. It is a valuable kind for massing, regular in growth, not too strong, but sturdy enough for this purpose. A charming Rose for graves or similar positions. Red Pet is a good companion to the latter, but the colour is dull, rather inclined to maroon. It is almost as profuse as the Little Pet. The above are the cream
of the Monthly Roses. All that is wanted now is a good yellow as free as the Old Blush. The Fairy Roses should really be included with the Chinese. They must not be confounded with the Polyanthas. The true Fairy Roses are also known as the Lawrenceana Roses. They were used, years ago, in great numbers for pots, rarely growing more than I ft. in height, and the tiny blossoms are no larger than a sixpence. There were formerly several varieties in cultivation, but the white, pink, and crimson only are now to be obtained. They make pretty little rock plants if planted in a dry and sheltered fissure. DcUna.sk Roses {Rosa damascena). This group is of great antiquity, and was certainly introduced to this country over 300 years ago. They are grown by thousands in Bulgaria and elsewhere for the production of Attar of Roses. The Damask Roses have been largely utilised by raisers, first in the production of the Damask Perpetual and later the Hybrid Perpetual. Their growth is robust, and in this particular they differ more especially from the rambling-growing French The Damask Roses have beautiful bright green Roses. foliage, downy and leathery, and make splendid shrubbery plants, quickly spreading into large bushes, and their They require rather foliage has a most refreshing look. close pruning, and the centre of the plants must be well thinned they are not of much use as Standards, except Mmc. Hardy, but most of the kinds make noble Pillar Roses. The best varieties are La Yille de Bruxelles, a very early kind, of a bright rosy pink colour, the flowers very flat, but showy ; Leda, or Painted Lad)', a beautiful Rose, crimpled, and edged with rosy carmine on a flesh-coloured ground Mine. Hardy, an exquisite Rose, pure white, excellent for the garden decoration, and should be grown in the smallest place it is of vigorous growth, and makes an excellent Standard or Pillar Rose ; York and Lancaster, the true variety of this not worth growing unless it be for its
well repay for good cultivation, and this, in addition to Do this good soil, means also well thinning the plants. severely, and prune the remaining shoots to four or six
They may eyes, according to the vigour of the variety. be freely increased by layering, and quite a mass may be had in a few years, simply by layering the growths and The front of shrubberies is a allowing these to remain good place for these French Roses, and they would also be at home in the wild garden, but the plants must be from layers or cuttings. The best kinds are Adele Prevost, blush; Boule de Nanteuil, crimson-purple; Cynthie, Duchess of Buccleugh, crimson, bordered pale rose blush Kean, velvety purple Lcetitia, rose Ohl, violetThe best striped forms purple Surpasse tout, cherry Dometille Becar, a splendid Rose, and CEillet Parfait. are Gloire des Rosomanes. This remarkable Rose is one
;
;
The
almost single flowers are brilliant carmine, and it makes long straggling growths that will quickly adorn pillar and Naturally raisers have fixed upon this Rose as arch. a seed parent, and many of the kinds are well worth Perhaps of these General Jacqueminot is growing. grown more extensively than any Rose in Great
historical
associations
this
the
is
variety
known under
name
in reality
Abbe Bramerel
old
Red Damask
old
Red
Evergreen Rose
;
(R- sempervirens). This group differs from the Ayrshire, as it retains its foliage longer, hence the name but it is misleading to call them Evergreen, for the foliage is usually gone before Christmas. However, they are delightful Roses, and bear their flowers in clusters,
progeny a remarkable diversity is seen. another rich Rose, reddish crimson in Empereur de Maroc, colour, with velvety shading perhaps nowadays too small, is in colour intense maroon, Geant des Batailles has shading almost to black. gone almost out of cultivation, but created quite a sensation fifty years ago, and was then one of the best crimson
Britain,
and
in its
is
Perpetual Roses.
liant,
Gloire de Margottin
is
a great advance
is
more
for
brilIt is
many kinds
handsome
many
of the
for
Ayrshires.
The
species
is
tender,
singular fact,
the varieties
here named are as hardy as most Roses, although in some If, however, years frost cuts them down to the ground. own root plants are obtained, they soon recover from the
bedding its long growths may be so trained that an effective glow Eugene Appert is as scarlet of colour can be produced. Even the as any double Rose we at present possess. wood has a reddish hue. It is not so free as varieties Hugo, Brilliant, and Cheshunt Scarlet, like Victor
Pillar
Even
Let them run Very little pruning is needed. but prevent them becoming a tangled mass of growths, for then they are disappointing, and often fail to flower, mainly owing to the unripened state of the wood.
check.
wild,
but it is be found among the Hybrid Perpetuals is as intense as that of any of the kinds mentioned, and a useful race might be evolved from this Rose were it taken in hand by hybridists.
to
;
199
200
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
PEGGED-DOWN ROSES.
Japanese Roses {.Rosa
many
widely
rtigosa). The species was known years ago, and was mentioned by Thunberg. It is
are
shrubs, rising to a excellent hedge plants, especially the single crimson the single w hite, and a 9ft. hedge when in full bloom
fascinating flower picture, as also later
The Japanese Rose and its and form handsome height of 8ft. or more. They are
distributed,
and
is a with
The enriched with Buttercup yellow stamens. is very slender, and the glossy leaves quite small. It should not be grown unless a south or west wall can be given. One would imagine the new Rose Wichuriana to have originated from this Rose, as it greatly resembles it in foliage. The other variety, Maria Leonida, is double, with white flowers, the centre rosy and sometimes creamy.
size,
growth
when covered
showy fruit. The foliage is rich olive green, quite glossy, and leathery. They are useful Roses to plant for game covert. The flowers appear continuously from June to October. The Single Red is an excellent kind, and may
the
There are crimson anthers also, which increase its beauU. The buds of this Rose are as pretty as many of those of
the Tea-scented class.
like spines.
The
is
calyx
is
The
foliage
although many of the seedlings will come white, and vice versa; the Single White is a delightful Rose, of the purest white. The Japanese Roses are being freely hybridised, and remarkable results have been achieved. Many not in commerce may be seen at Kew Gardens, and they bid fair to become an important race. Mine. G. Bruant is double, white, and has buds almost as beautiful as the Tea Rose Niphetos Blanc double de Courbet is also white, and double. It is the purest white known. Belle de Poitevine is a semidouble, rose-coloured varietv with immense flowers, sweetly fragrant. Calocarpa is single, and of a rose colour, followed by large benches of fruit. These are not nearly so large as in the two first-named, but are produced with great freedom. The effect is somewhat marred, however, because the fruit ripens rather late in the year. Fimbriata has a fringed flower like a Primula, of a pretty blush colour, but not showy. Mrs. A. Waterer is the result of a cross between the type and General Jacqueminot. It has double red fragrant flowers of the colour of the latter, and they are produced on the whole length of the shoots. These Roses are of easy culture, but repay for good attention. Do not prune much, but cut away some of theold shoots each year to give the younger ones plenty of light and air. They are perfectly hardy, and may thus be planted in many places where other shrubs would be
be freely produced from
seed,
;
,-
form, and the flowers appear at the same time of year. It a medium grower, well suited for a low wall in front of a greenhouse.
is
Mierophylla Rose.
This is a quaint Rose, having a calyx not unlike a small Spanish Chestnut. The flowers are rosy carmine, and the leaves very small. It is a native of the Himalayas and of China. A hybrid raised
by M. Guillot is a splendid climber. It is named Ma Surprise, and is a very sweet Rose, with white flowers having rosy salmon centres. If its flowers expanded more, it would be of still greater value, and in any case is worth
growing.
MOSS Roses
may be
Rosa
centifolia).
These
that sentiment
is
they are really fine garden Roses, hardy, and in many cases vigorous. The moss-like covering upon their calyxes has given them their popular name, but they really belong to the Provence or Cabbage Roses, and are Their generally believed to be sports from this race. introduction is wrapped rather in obscurity, but most
authorities agree that they were introduced from Holland about the year 1 596. The group has not made great advances compared with others, but during recent years several good novelties in point of size of blossom have been raised, but the moss-like peculiarity of the calyx is not so pronounced. Moss Roses require rich cultivation, plenty of room, and rather severe pruning, unless it be that they are trained in pillar form, for which purpose some Those grown as Standards must kinds are well adapted be moderately pruned, not forgetting to well thin the centre of the heads. The Common Moss, Blanche
a failure.
When
it
is
desired to keep
them within a
back hard each spring. Macartney Rose (A', bracteata). Introduced from China by Lord Macartney in 1 795 a delightful while Rose, flowering in August and later. Its flowers are of large
restricted space cut
ROSES
AND
ROSE
GARDENS.
many were induced
the
the
to
201
M jreau, and
in cool
Little
greenhouses.
are preferable
own
roots; failing this the Manetti is following are the best varieties in the three leading colours Common, the most beautilul Pink and blush of all in the bud, good as a Standard, and useful to form a low hedge Crested Moss, very quaint with its parsley:
as doubtless
plant
it.
it
walls, perhaps
adapted
stake
it
to
for
It
Here upon
satisfaction
and create glorious colour effect for a long time. It is a splendid pot plant, and even plants in 48 pots will flower, whilst noble specimens trained balloon or pvramidal shape are
will
give
wrapping round the blossi mis Gloire des Mousseuses Little Gem, an exquisite miniaGracilis, extremely free ture Moss; Mme. William Paul, one of the best perpetual White White Bath, exquisite in bud, and well kinds. mossed Blanche Moreau, paper white, with dark green Comtesse de mossy growth, very vigorous and free
like
; ;
:
equally as free.
will
Cuttings strike easily, and the plant much used for hedges, copses, and spinnies, 01 in the w ild garden. The only other kind of this section worth growing is
probably be
the
De
la
Grifferaie,
which
is,
like the
last,
rampant
grower, and
good
immense panicles of blossom, very attractive, Standard or Pillar; Perpetual White Moss, very it often has pink flowers, interesting and free growing Peine Blanche, very clear white. with no mossy growth Crimsonand purple Baron de Wassanaer, the best climber, but Celina, rather small and a very good red variety Crimson Globe, grand Lanei, well mossed pretty it makes a good (lowers as large exhibition Roses Standard fames Ycitch, a good perpetual kind, ol a purplish crimson colour; Mme. E. Ory, one of the best. In addition to the above there is a single variety named It is beautifully mossed the entire Muscosa japonica. length of the growths, and the young shoots are very
Murinais,
as
much used as a stock for Tea Roses in this country. The flowers are deep rose, changing to w hite. When used as a stock for Tea Roses, the suckers are quickly
recognised, for the
foliage
is
of woolly appearance
If
altogether distinct from that of any other Rose. has this Rose it would be advisable to bud
and anyone
it all over with the Crimson Rambler, which would result in a fine
specimen
in a short time.
The second
section
is
summer-
flowering only, and of climbing forms Claire facquier is a lovely Rose, but will not display its beauty under three or
It has immense corymbs of tiny orange yellow paling to white as they expand. The growth is very vigorous, but rather tender it makes a splendid pyramidal pot Rose. The single Polyantha is not unlike a Blackberry in blossom. It is of rampant growth, and
tour years.
flowers,
pretty.
This is not a large class, although of late Mllltiflora ROSC. years one type, the Polvantha Rose, has become popular. The Multifloras proper are natives of Japan and China, and were introduced into England early in the century.
in the wild garden. A much better form is Thunbergi. The centre of the single white blossoms is a bunch of golden stamens. Grandillora is larger still, and has pure white Howers in clusters.
charming
Musk
in in
Roses. These are very old Roses, certainly known England 300 years ago. The flowers are insignificant individually, but collectively are pleasing, and appear late
August, when there
little,
if
is
usually a
dearth
^
of blossom
culture
firm,
brilliant
waned,
and Roses they are seen at their best. The variety called Fringed is very pretty, and it strikes freelv from cuttings. Its colour is white shaded sulphur. All the Musk Roses have a peculiar
very
any,
They
require good
pruning.
As
pillar
r.02
THE
s
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
flowers
a
rich
Mu
on
k c
are
of shade.
Stella
Alister
damp mornings or
still,
Gray
is
a valu-
evenings. Eliza
Verry
very
ing
is
\\
hite,
huge
corymbs
lree,
the
large
of
white
The
flowers appearin
flowers.
corymbs;
Rivers'
is
Musk
,
a pretty pink
Of
the
yellow buds are very charming. Of the very tender Noisette Roses (be following are the best (where possible they should be given
a
c
m pant
e
warm
and
posi-
growth, and an
e x
t
tion,
of
m
to
beautiful
comthe
panion
bler.
i
greenhouse)
Lais
marque
s e
lovely
white
corymbs of tiny
flowers white with innumer-
Rose,
doors here.
too
In
able
little
buff-
Cannes
to
it
grows
coloured
buds
perfection,
is
peering
g
out
in
and
them,
a
grown
Solfaterre
much for
is
e is
cutting.
not
d'Arb ay
so
tender,
although
last-named.
a seedling of the
It
sticks,
.
spreads
about
wild
:
CLIUHIKG ROSE.
sulphi
has largetrusses of
yellow
flowers,
freely in the
most
at
ome
[here.
and
true
makes
Noisette.
try
excellent
con-
Noisette Roses.
Noisettes are distinguishable Irom the Teas by the e'egant pendulous growths, and large clusters of flowers with a peculiar Musk-like odour.
The
is
Rose should
If
it
slit
They almost invariably flower from the long secondary growths of the previous year, and require careful pruning, merely thinning out old and very small wood. The long grow ths should be practically untouched with the knife. Among the hardiest kinds the best are Aimee Vibert, one ol the most useful of our pure snow white climbers. It is as evergreen as any Rose, and the foliage is rich dark green. It makes a good companion to Crimson Rambler, and is also an excellent variety budded on a tall stem to form a weeping plant. Celine Forestier is another old
:
This wiil let out superfluous sap from further injury through canker. In cultivating this Rose indoors it should have, Give it a good border, the if pos-ible, a house to itself. Induce it to make same as would be provided for a vine. long rods by affording plenty of heat and moisture during Ripen off well in autumn, and it will then the summer. give an abundance of bloom from these young rods. As soon as the flowers are over cut down hard, say to two or
plant
It
succeeds well
many
not be removed, for on these the best flowers are often produced. It makes a splendid pot plant if the long growths are twined about in balloon shape, so as to induce all eyes to break. Deschamps (syn. Longworth Rambler) one of our best rosy crimson autumnal climbers. is Fellenberg is good for bedding or massing, its colour being a rather dull rosy crimson. A splendid novelty
main stem, and give the same heat and moisture as before, to provide rods for next season's display. Cloth of Gold is not worth growing in this country, especially as Marechal Niel is a far better Rose. Fortune's Yellow is a charming Rose, the loose graceful flowers full of colour, yellow, apricot, and a minglb g of other shades. It requires similar treatment to Marechal Niel. LTdeal is beautiful in colour, but disappointing as It is advisable to grow it as a Standard or a climber.
three eyes of the
bush. Mme. Pierre Cochet really surpasses 'W. A. Its flower is an intense Richardson in some respects. coppery orange colour. Everybody should have this Rose, and if no space can be found for it as a climber, then it
will
seems likely to eclipse this old Rose. Its awful name is Gruss au Teplitz, but its colour is a bright currant red. Other good useful kinds, although somewhat tender, are Adelina Viviand Morel, small yellow and orange flowers, climbing habit. Jesephine Bernacchi has beautiful long buds of a creamy yellow. Marie Robert is a vigorous kind, with flowers of the same shade as Ernest Metz. It is a valuable pink climber. W. A. Richardson is one of the most popular of all Roses, but it has one bad qualitv,
:
Polyantha Rose
multiflora).
The
Polyantha Roses
are for the most part of low growth, the flowers being very small indeed, as many as fifty appearing in a single Doubtless they owe their existence to a cross cluster.
yielding a quantity of white floweis instead of the rich apricot shade so much admired. This is no doubt
viz.,
autumn
between the second group of Rosa multiflora and the Most of them are delightful edging plants Tea-scented. to Rose beds, and form rich groups by themselves, flowering early and late, and making a glorious mass gf
ROSES
Colour.
in
AND
plant 5
ROSE
GARDENS,
203
They
puis, tiny
lit
ecorations or for the being useful for tab! conservatory. As half Standai they are also pretty, lankecn yellow, with The best kinds are Perle d'< )r, na rloire des orange centres, as vet unsurpassed in ci ilour.
48
size
One ol Polyantha, bright rose, and wonderl'"ully free. Perle des the best decorative Roses in any class. Rouges, the brightest crimson yet obtained a little gem. Anna Marie de Montravel lias pure white flowers, A Ri )se everyone should produced in great abundance. possess. Blanche Rebatel, a rosy crimson variety, very distinct, and almost as free (lowering as the last. Little Dot, Cecilc Brunner, bright rose soft pink, very diminutive. A vigorous each tiny flower being ol perfect shape. grower, and a good dwarf hedge plant. Golden Fairy, a There is just pretty Rose, but more white than golden. a suspicion of yellow in some of the Mowers. Mine. E. A. Nolle, a delightful little Rose, with apricot buds and white expanded flowers. Very free and vigorous. Etoile d'Or, pile chrome yellow, very small ami pretty, the
and the buds are beautifully crested. It was first seen flowering upon the walls ol a convent near Berne in 1.N27. Prune hard, as the crest-like character is more developed if the growth is vigorous. Unique, or White Provence, is believed to be the York Rose. The flowers are paper white. The miniature Provence Roses are also ol this company. They give excellent results if planted in groups in shrubberies. The De Meaux 111 ikes a distinct edging Rose, as it is of neat growth; the colour is pink.
Spong
growth
is is
not
much
while
different
from
the
above,
is
but
the
stronger.
its
While
De Meaux
charming
Rose, with
cally
gundy Roses
gone out
Scotch
plant
of
stronger
dwarf growth. Magdelcinc de Chatellier, a grower than the last-named, and perhaps the
Mosella, a delightful novelty, The flowers are
Roses (A', ipinosissima). These well-known Roses are the earliest to (lower out ol doors, and are ever welcome. They are natives ol Britain, and there have been numerous varieties. The Scotch Roses seed most Ireelv, and would make excellent kinds for the amateur colours hybridiser, as brilliant are much wanted. These are obtained chiefly in the single varieties, nothing more lovely than a round bush and is of a single crimson Scotch Rose, far more effective
than
much
quite
many
Is
in
gardens.
diameter,
base
of
the the
cellent for
hedges, and as they are very
petals of a soft
canary yellu,,, the outer ones being white. A good grower, quite Tea-like
in
prickly the
hedge
is
ver
formidable one.
The
knife must
this respect.
be
used
now
1
severely
they
leafless
become
a
11
kinds
if
they
multiply, as
they are out ol place with the smaller form?.
pro-
C1
pagated by
suckers.
'1
he
Scotch
are
in
Roses
seen
best
almost
useful for
as
a shapely as Camellia. It is
growpots,
ing
a
e
i
in
The the
double
like
little
kinds are
p
t
e a
,
pretty
balls',
w h
r
o s y
wit h pi n k
the
cent-,
Provence Rose
(A',
charming.
They
o b
t
centifolia).
are
as
best
a i n e d in
ih
!
the
colour,
names differ
slightly
but
sidered
most
ol
its
conthe
from
o
t
fragrant
beautiful
AIMltE
VIBERT LOSES IN
are
wdiite,
each
h e
MID-bEPTEM BER.
the
The
usually
|.ink,
colours
obtain-
race
The
habit
Provence
Rojes
is
rather
pendulous, and they thus form excellent Standards, whilst they are, perhaps, the most perfect of the Globular Roses, and one could wish there were more ol this shape. Provence Roses prefer rich soil, rather hard pruning, and plenty of room. The best
varieties are
:
deep deep rose. There is no double crimson as variety known as the Double Yellow Scotch of Rosa lutea and not of R. spinosissima.
able
blush,
light
pink,
yet,
is
a variety
The
may
but
be obtained in similar shades of colour to the above, in addition there are some rich reds and buff and
Common,
or
form
globular,
growth vigorous.
Moss.
or Cristata,
flower,
a dainty
fawn colours. The Scotch Roses have produced one hybrid, Stanwell Perpetual, a good garden Rcse and one of the first to flower and the ist to fade.
l
204
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Single Roses. These are popular Ruses, and in early June many of them till the garden with colour and fragrance. They are charming especially in the wild
garden, where the ample space they crave for can he afforded them. Single Roses resent the pruning knife, thinning out of weakly and dead growths being all that the majority of kinds require. As Pillar Roses they are most attractive, and isolated bushes upon the lawn are effective. In whatever way they are grown, give them plenty of room, and do not attempt to alter their naturally graceful growth. Take as an example the charming wild Rose, with its arch-like branches clothed with fragrant blossoms. It is pleasing to see that this our common hedge Rose is already under the influence of hybridisation, producing some novelties in the way of colours that are destined to be of great use. The number of Single Roses is bewildering, but many are uninteresting except to botanists. The following is a selection of those proved to be the most attractive Acicularis, very vigorous, with large rosy pink flowers. Alpina, very early, purplish crimson flowers followed by long pendulous orange red heps in autumn. Austrian Copper, the most
:
but requires a
flowers,
Macartney alba simplex has beautiful white flowers, wall. Macrantha has immense white
with
yellow
stamens.
It
is
very
vigorous,
Moschata
trusses.
alba, white,
handsome
Paul's Single
The White, very showy, with large paper white flowers. habit of growth is climbing. Polyantha (multiflora), immense growths, with small Blackberry-like blossoms. Pomifera produces fruit in appearance like Gooseberries, and of a crimson and orange shade. Pissardi, a good autumn Rose of pearly white colour. It is nearly always in flower. Rugosa, or Japanese Rose the white and rose-coloured forms are well known. They produce pods of immense size, and highly attractive. These Roses develop with age into large shrubs, and succeed in town gardens. The Single Scotch type of Rose is very early, of dense habit, and forms luxuriant bushes when covered with the numerous flowers of several shades of colour. Wichuriana is of quite recent introduction, and creeps along the ground like Ivy. It has glossy foliage and white (lowers. Manv hybrids are being raised from it, and these will probably become as popular as the
HIMALAYAN SINGLE
beautiful
ROSE.
R.
berberidifolia
is
The flowers are copperyred inside, with dull gold outside, and very little pruning required. Austrian Yellow, fine golden yellow blossoms,
single
rose
grown.
species.
delightful,
Hardi
last,
and
R.
its
lucida
are
especially
the
with
low growth,
very effective. Bardou Job, very large flowers of a crimson and black colour. A superb Rose, especially for pillars,
and
blooms also
in
the
autumn.
Carmine
Pillar,
vigorous Rose with flowers of delightful colour. Gloire des Rosomanes, a fine autumn Rose, crimson, semi-double, and of climbing habit. Hebe's Lip is a large white flower edged with carmine. It is a beautiful variety. Janet's Pride,
white, shaded and striped with rose. grown as a hedge, and the leaves Sweet Briar. Lord Penzance's Hybrid Sweet
crimson heps, and shining foliage. The single Roses form one of the most charming groups ot the family, and their fruits or heps are often of much beauty, colouring the garden when the flowers have
flown.
single,
Of
course, the
many
beautiful
wild
Roses
are
This Rose
may
be
Briars are of great value, as they produce brilliantly-coloured flowers, with fragrant foliage. They form huge pillars, are excellent as hedge plants, and seem likely to displace the old Sweet Briar for this purpose. Sixteen varieties were sent
out, but
and may be roughly divided into two groups, the one more bushy in growth than the other. The climbing kinds are well adapted for pergolas, which are becoming so popular in English gardens, and their long slender shoots are wreathed in flowers in early summer, with a display sometimes in the autumn. Mr. Bean, writing in the Cardan about the propagation of the wild Roses,
is the surest method. I do not remember that it has failed with any species or vari-ty on which I have tried it. For such Roses as R. lutea (the Austrian Briar group) it is the only wav to readily get them on their own roots, for this and some others of the Roses mentioned below are not easy to raise
be
fully
few are of much value. As these Hybrids will described under the heading of Sweet Briars,
Their
further
from cuttings. Still, on the other hand, a good number can be increased by cuttings. The best time to put
ROSES
them
AND
ROSE
kind
GARDENS.
known
205
in is during fuly or early August, using the betterThey ripened portions of the current season's shoots. like a very gentle bottom heat. Seed-., of course, are produced by many species, and can be used, but where several species are grown together they are very liable to hybridise, and some of the best do not ripen seed here.
as Double Scarlet is a poor, miserable rosy and the fragrance scarcely perceptible. We get also beauty in the autumn from the scarlet heps of the
colour,
common
kind.
The
plants
to
form
for
l\.
dividing the plants, be increased quickly enough to meet the needs of most gardens." In the notes already given the finer Single Roses have been mentioned, but a few deserve fuller consideration. Of the
a certain trimness. the wild garden. danger of being eclipsed by the splendid hybrid varieties. These have been obtained by Lord Penzance after many years of patient crossing witli the Hybrid Perpetuals,
the Austrian Copper, and other types.
down now and then to preserve They look well sprawling about The common Sweet Rriar is in
An
error of judg-
climbing kinds, those conspicuous for their rambling growth, one named Moschata nivea should be more popular in gardens. It may be used to cover a fence, pergola support, or form a hedge, as its growth is hardy and vigorous. Late in July the clusters of flowers appear in prolusion, but unfortunately there
It
is is
ment was undoubtedly committed in bringing into the world sixteen named varieties, lor it must be admitted thai a strong family likeness prevails amongst them, and
probably
in a
no autumn display.
to
not
uncommon
see
thirty
expanded flowers and buds in a single cluster, and as the buds are of a charming pink colour, one can well understand that the Rose in
flowering time
is
of unusual beauty
is
w hite, faintly
touched with pink, and the deep yellow anthers add to its effectiveness, whilst they are sweetly scented. Then of importance amongst the climbing wild Roses is Rosa polvantha, or R. multiflora as it should be more correctly named. This is a delightful Rose in every way,
flowering profusely in the summer, and is so vigorous and hardy that a bank is quickly clothed. When
the long shoots are
in
is full
bloom,
to the
delightful.
multiflora,
called
Dawson Rose,
which has very charming semidouble floweis of a delicate rose tint. K. Wichuriana is little known at present, but will probably become
in
time lapanese
ailed
its
fairly
common.
It
is
of
a carpet
are
of growth.
The
floweis
ill
is
with perfume, which is poured forth freely after a warm rain. The precious virtue of this, the Eglantine, is well known on warm summer evenings,
is
drenched
in beauty of colouring of this exquisite single Rose. Anne of Gierstein is a rich crimson, a rampant grower, splendid for arches, pillars, and pergolas. Amy Robsart, a soft pink, follows next in order of merit, and Jeannie grows freely Julia Mannering, pearly pink Rose Bradwardine, Deans, crimson, and semi-double They These, then, are the six best kinds. clear rose. are suitable lor hedges, and make beautiful edging plants growths are pegged down, and they mayif their
extent
when
is
filled
with
its
fragrance.
L'ntil
the advent ol the beautiful hybrids raised l>\ Penzance there were 110 varieties of any merit.
Lord
The
It be grown in large towns or smoky districts. must be admitted that they have been somewhat overestimated, but no one will regret finding room lor at least one specimen of each ol the six kinds named.
206
20 7
BASK El
OF ROSES.
EXHIBITION
ROSES.
Secretin-)'
National
Ruse Society.
flower to reign
Sappho.
florists'
IN
which any
the "
flower has
For instance,
but
it
it
is
Queen
of
Flowers,"
annually
is
only by going
at the
why
this
it
the
first
instance, and
why
it
should have
the
unchallenged for
or
centuries.
will,
At an
exhibition
first
like
various
stands
of
"Garden"
tints,
Decorative Roses
no doubt,
of
command
attention
by
their
charming
way
in
together and raised above the general level of the other exhibits.
all
it
immature representatives
examination.
the
of
the
Rose,
and
consequently few
them
will
bear
critical
They
are mostly under-sized, and either have but a scanty supply of petals, or
No
Queen
in all
her beauty
we must
this title
as the largest
Hybrid Perpetuals, the Hybrid Teas, and the Teas and Noisettes are styled
of a
having been given them when they were the only Roses considered worthy
place at a
Rose show.
It
is
here,
notwithstanding the
stiff
and formal
manner
in
208
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
we
shall
begin to
understand
why
that
realise
of
Queen, and
for
at the
same time
how
great a debt of
we owe
to
the
Rose hybridist,
the
exhibition kinds
fifty
practically the
outcome
and
years.
He has
as yet
given us no blue or black Rose, but on the other hand most other tints will be found more or
less in evidence,
this, too,
of
flowers.
If
in
the past
to
all
other flowers,
in its
this be the
when
at
no previous time
Where,
for instance, in
following kinds
all
kingdom perfect exhibition specimens of any of the Beginning with the lightest shades, we first come to Niphetos, the whitest of
in
the floral
The
Grahame, and
of
that delightful
new Tea-scented
Rose, White
Maman
Cochet.
Then
in
various shades
de
Luxemburg!.
we have Marie Van Houtte, Marechal Niel, and Comtesse de Nadaillac. Among the choicest pinks may be mentioned Maman Cochet, Bridesmaid, Mine. G. Luizet, Mrs. R. G.
Sharman-Crawford, and Mrs. W.
J.
Grant.
we possess Suzanne M. Rodocanachi, saved from oblivion by the late Mr. T. W. Girdlestone, we need never complain that this tint has no striking Crimsons and carmines are plentiful enough. Among the choicest of these representative. named A. K. Williams, Alfred Colomb, Duchess of Bedford, and Victor Hugo. Duke may be of Edinburgh still remains the nearest approach to a scarlet that we yet have in this section,
by no means common
;
but while
while Charles Lefebvre, Horace Vernet, and Louis Van Houtte serve to uphold the dignity
of
world at a show or
his
in a large
nursery,
who would
in
own garden. Now, this can readily be done, if only, as Dean Hole says "Book about Roses," he who expresses such a wish has but " beautiful Roses
really in earnest in that desire.
fascinating
heart"
is
As a further incentive,
it
may
EXHIBITION
ROSES.
209
in
no other part
in
of the
success as
wonder, then, that we should have adopted the Rose as growing Roses
Roses, because,
1
exhibition.
for
exhibition
instead of
exhibition
although a great deal has been said and written about cultivating such
mentioned simply
experience,
of the garden,
in a
various
unless
more
common.
its
in
order that
ait
beauties
may
be fully developed.
amateur
his
attain a
skill
measure
at
against that of
at exhibiting,
other
cultivators.
to
Then only
increase his
let
him
be fairly successful
his. first
of
efforts
collection
and improve
there
is
his
methods
The
a
fact
is
no exhibition flower
which appeals
scale and
to the
a
amateur
like
the Rose.
of
It
is
with
moderate amount
ith
leisure,
entirely w
his
own hands.
ith
On
a larger
scale this
may
be done w
all
unskilled assistance, he
himself performing
flowering
be
in
his
absence.
One
army
has only to
of
amateur exhibitors
in
lawyers,
of
what not
most other
busily engaged
table,
whereas
at
of staging in the
amateur classes
left
now
how
best
may
home
good
or garden.
Roses
this,
grow best
in
somewhat
stiff
of
such
a soil, for
of a
There
however,
little
advantage
of the
in
knowing
selection
scene of his future operations, and has to grow his Roses either
it.
his
own
that
Nevertheless, there
is
this consolation,
the
Isles
where
himself himself
exhibition
in
Let an
soil,
experienced
rosarian
find
and he
are
will
soon
prove
an}'
exhibition
where
of fine
Roses
made
In
is
prominent feature.
of
This
the
shows that
chief
of
cultural skill
in
and
unremitting
attention to
flowers.
it
the wants
the
plants
are
requirements
towns,
the
production
the
immediate
neighbourhood
large
and
almost
hopeless to attempt the cultivation of the Rose, as there are few plants so sensitive to a smokeladen atmosphere.
to
But even
to
in
be found
who manage
overcome
well
The site of the Rose garden should be an open vet sheltered one. away from the roots and shade of trees, and yet not too exposed.
is
That
is
to
say,
Adjoining
If
many
such
often a
will
old
;
pasture-land.
do well
have
his
in
ts virgin soil.
210
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
much
OF
GARDENING.
Too
the garden or
elsewhere,
If
for
the
soil
the
should be well trenched, and a liberal dressing of farmyard manure and half-inch
it.
bones
incorporated with
soils
will
be
the addition of
subsoil
some
be also very
cool and
moist
b o
t t
they,
like
most other
plants, will
not
thrive
in
that
i
wh
ch
is
waterlogged.
But should
the
stiff,
soil
be
a n d
yet
not so
as
clayey
to
require
a n ng
i
i
the beds
will
proved
MER I'EILLE DE LYUN.
mixed with
soil
it,
be
if
greatly im-
some burnt
earth be
For this class
of
as this
is
will
horse manure
5 ft.
preferable
hold
farmyard
or
cow manure.
be
ready,
if
should be
of
wide, so as to
so that
three rows of
rains
plants,
a
by the end
in
the
summer,
the
autumn
in
may have
chance
of settling
the
soil
them
before the
calculated,
planting
time arrives
November.
to
The length of these beds can be easily accommodate three rows of plants, and that the
beds having been carefully prepared as previously
to be i8in.
THE SELECTION OF
described,
it
VARIETIES.
The
will
will
be
of
next
advisable to
decide
in
number
simple
of plants
be required.
The
selection
becomes
more
when we learn that exhibition Roses belong entirely to one or other of the two following classes: (i) The Hybrid Perpetuals, with which may be grouped the Hybrid Teas; and (2)
the Teas and Noisettes.
If
required
for exhibition, to
of
blooms the
amateur intends
show.
It
may
first
sight
order to stage
will
300 to
eighteen
500 plants; to
or
show
six,
twenty-four blooms, from 1,500 to 2,000 plants. But it must be borne in mind that the twelve, or twenty-four blooms, as the case may be, have to be cut on a single day, that only choice specimens are of any service, that they must be staged in perfect condition on
211
212
the
THE
following morning, often
CENTURY
after a
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
set
long journey,
1
up must he
any
of its fellows.
to start with,
say, 350 plants, which, with careful attention to their requirements, will allow him to compete
in
in
the
By
won
what
Roses do best
fit
own
locality,
and
may
in
it
the
first
having appeared
Selection of
Augusta
Mrs.
Victoria
50
Twelve
(H.T.),
(H.T.),
Mrs.
R.
La France
(H.T.),
Mine.
G.
Luizet,
J.
Marquise
Litta
John Laing,
G. Sharman-Crawford, Mrs. W.
Grant (H.T.),
Suzanne M.
Earl
Dufferin,
of
Londonderry,
TEAS
de
Nadaillac,
AND
NOISETTES. Ten
Pirola,
plants
of
Catherine
Mermet,
Cochet,
Comtesse
Marie
Innocente
Mine.
S.
Cusin,
Mme.
Hoste,
Maman
Bride.
Van
Houtte, Muriel
Grahame, Souvenir de
A. Prince, and
The
Luster
ford,
)>
Madame
When
will
ordering
these
it
be advisable to stipulate
that
plants,
either
the
Briar
Briar
cutting
stocks,
is
seedling
less satisfactory
and endurIf
ing on
lity
most
soils.
the loca-
be one
in
Briars
grow vigorously
of
the
hedgerows, instead
all
having
dwarf plants
in
half
Standards
substi-
may
down
some cases be
tuted.
Arranged at intervals
the centre of each bed,
ance
the
of the
plants
flower,
besides
which
the
Hybrid
thrive
better
on this
The
should,
if
possible, be sent in
muuel grahame.
during
October,
as
it
is
i-xumri
i<
>n
k< >sis.
213
received
so
soil
as
early
as
hold
possible,
of
that
in
they
their
in.
the
may new
Roses
quarters
before
the
winter
at
sets
beginning of
November
is
It
the
all
end
of
suitable
November
that
of
planting
much
of
to
be preferred.
Planting.
the
special
preparation
beds
is
matter
can
well-
importance,
good
it,
planting
only
be
placed
second to
the
future
When
the
bundles of
order that
none
of the
shoots
of
When unpacked
it
water.
HYBRID TEA
in in
ROSE
(Aurora).
some convenient
be taken that
If
heeling
them
in
the
soil
the
beds
if
be
in
suitable
condition
it
no time should
be
be
to
lost
in
getting
the
Roses
planted,
but
saturated
with
of
wet
the
will
necessary
plants,
wait
until
the
superfluous
moisture
1
has
in
passed
the rows.
is
out
ground.
this,
it
The
the
as
before
stated,
should be
the
place
Sin
apart
Knowing
to
it
will
be easy to
roots
arrange
at
beforehand
time
be
each
variety
intended
occupy.
As
must
no
few plants
at a time
them
When
be dug about a foot square, and sufficiently deep to allow the junction of the stock and scion to
Then removing
a plant
it
should be held in the centre of the hole, while the planter spreads out the roots horizontally, at
the
same time
3in. thick
distributing
them
fine soil
in
carefully
about
lightly
down.
first
This fine
it. Crumble some among them, then add more soil, and when soil should come from some other part of the
when
in
in direct
manure
to
in
the beds.
is
Next
fill
down round
it
the plant.
Firm planting
one
Rose growing, as
become more
the
soil
be
in
lift in
any way
loose.
The
half
Standards
should
be
treated
thi
same way
into the
as
the
of
Dwarfs,
each
the
only
before
be
firmly driven
centre
hole
roots of the
To
this stake
order
>
prevent
it
too
deeply.
They
be seen
to
came
quite sufficient.
All
them, or placed
in
front of
them
as soon as planted.
of the
soil
214
plants
to
THE
the height
of
Vin.
CENTURY
or
BOOK
This
OF
will
GARDENING.
be
Tin.
found
an
efficient
protection,
for
may
at
preserve the crowns of the plants from injury, and fresh growths
after the
away
pruning time.
protected, hut
to
it,
afterw
much may be done by placing a firm stake ards covering them with a slight thatching of
frost,
is
straw or bracken.
will not
only
but
will also
followed
by intense
cold,
kept dry.
PRUNING.
th
:
This
;
naturally
itself
into
two
distinct
operations:
In
(i)
first
Removing
place,
all
useless shoots
(2)
remain.
old,
the
decayed,
should
and
be
weakly
cut
shoots
out
however
strong.
This having
sturdy,
that are
well-ripened
left.
shoots
To
the beginner
in
the ruthless
way
which an
Perpetuals
appears
down
a
his
plants
of
is
to
within
few
inches
the
?
ground.
la france.
the
this
that
the
harder
he
cuts
leaf
his
plants
stronger
will
be
the
shoots
less just
that
from
In
the
few
remaining
of
buds.
knife
severely
the case
half their
the
Teas the
the
be
sparingly
used,
shortening
hack
to
length
Jf
shoots
that
after the
dead and
very
pithy
ones
have
been removed.
may
he
left
1111
ripened or
However long or however short the remaining shoots be left, care should be taken that the cut be made just above a dormant eye making outwards. After a severe winter it will be only necessary to remove the injured growths, and cut back' the few remaining shoots until sound wood be met with that is to say, where
old.
the pith
beds.
of
if
As
will
depend
to a certain extent on
an early or
leaving the
be dealt with
in
April.
INSECT PESTS.
begin to
No
sooner
do the
plants
show
insect pests of
The
first to
appear
These
many
of
There
only one remedy for such marauders, and that is to go few days, remove them with the hand, and destroy them.
EXHIBITION
ROSES.
This pesl should never be
in
21
little
later
allowed to
and destroyed
it
the
same way
even
It
as the Rose
maggot.
is
surprising how
finger
to
easily
obtain
footing that
alone.
is
when they
In
are allowed
prove
sufficient.
advisable, or,
still
of
the
numerous
in strict
Of
be kept
in
Rose,
it
mildew
is
and persistent
attacks.
of
If,
however,
the
be taken
in
it
tan always
pour
a
sulphur.
A simple method
sulphur
is
to
small
a
quantity
into
over the
affected
if
parts
of
in
the plants,
will
the purpose.
will
if
This plan
over
persevered
prevent
Certain
mildew
spreading, as
it
rapidly
left
alone,
the whole
collection.
Roses, like Her Majestv, are especially liable to mildew, and should on that account be planted
together
in
Rose garden.
is
Orange fungus,
particularly
or red rust,
soils
it
of
liable,
on
certain
and
in
seasons.
There
after
is
no known
first
remedy
is
for
this
It
generally
makes
appearance
the
flowering
fall
over.
to
prematurely
greatly reduces
of
autumn Roses.
Strangely enough,
it
There
the
is
little
in
active growth,
for
in
addition to keeping
all
in
will
be necessary to remove
likely to
of
crowd the
interior
the
plants.
Later
on,
when the
formed,
side
the
will
two
smaller
to be
buds
have
one
to
produce
Watering and
HOEING.
of
From
be
well
if
the
time
the
shoots
the
plants
STL'DY.
should
watered
the weather be at
all
once
week',
dry, with
weak
If
liquid
of the
each
plant
should
all
copious
the
beds be
mulching
of
finest flowers
sun, of the best time in the day to cut the blooms for a show, of the sizes of Rose-boxes, etc.,
of
in
growing from
is,
the
first
one the
plant
highest
standard
of
culture, in
comprehend
are
any
we may
1
be
about
to
grow
in
even
we
ourselves
only
able
to
meet
those
requirements halfway.
am
well
in
aware that
it,
kind
of
flower
216
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
the
that
shall
Rose
its
may
at
ieast
claim
receive
attention.
Fur
instance, from
the foreit
going instructions,
will
be
if
pro-
well-prepared
and
after
rich
all
soil.
Now
so
this
is
their
most pressing
planted
need,
will
for
Roses
to
continue
at
for
all
grow and
however
flower,
well,
events fairly
years,
ment has,
Ml".
feel
sure, arisen
A.
Richardson).
from
unprepared
censured
soil
indifferent
planting
in
for
than from any other cause that could well be named. The nurseryman is supplying such " had plants," or the natural soil of the garden is at fault, or
not,
of
whereas
a
in
should not
it
truth
if
said
is
that in
hundred
is
the
I
indifferent
afraid,
alone
that
to
blame.
Indifferent pruning
also
such gardens,
am
the
or
And yet what can he easier than to prune an exhibition Rose, where good flow ers and not In tact, it matters little how long symmetry of the plant is the first consideration.
how
short the shoots are
in left,
provided
all
out.
Another point
fa
ll
in
garden cultivation.
Whereas
viz.:
Roses may
for
two
distinct
classes,
an
as
exhibitor's
well.
garden
only;
(2) Those
which
can
he
easily
The following
selection
can
be confidently recommended
groundwork
of his collection.
Merveille de
John
Laing,
most dependable
subject
to
of
all
the
Hybrid
a
Perpetuals
Mrs.
R.
G. Sharmanfree-flowering
:
Grawford,
variety;
rather
mildew, hut
otherwise
most charming
and
pink'.
Medium
,V\.
red
and rose
Ulrich
in
Brunner,
,ts
Rose
of
Suzanne
Rodocanachi, matchless
dependable, and
all
particular
colour
:
rose
colour
good
grower.
Crimson
it
and where
of the
still
soft
a
subject to mildew
Fisher
:
Captain
Hayward,
in
its
shade
of crimson-scarlet.
Dark crimson
dark'
Charles Lefebvre,
unequalled
class;
jacqueminot; Prince C. de
very
varieties.
Victoria,
Hybrid
La very
distinct,
is
Teas.
White:
in
all
Kaiserin
Augusta
almost
Tea
Rose.
Pink:
both
excellent
flower
Caroline
Testout
red
:
and
Viscountess
Litta,
Folkestone,
and
in
respects charming.
in
Medium
Marquise
makes
growth, and
quite distinct
colour.
:
Innocente
Pirola,
Hon. Edith
Gifford,
Souvenir de
liXIIIUITION
ROSES.
217
S. A. Prince,
Maman Cochet
Ami.
those
will
thrive
as
with
alter
ordinary
all
treatment.
loss
in
The
within
summer
under
such
circumstances
of
(which
of
far
importance than
judicious planting,
varieties),
should
consist
keeping
in
reasonable
limits
the
the
Rose's
numerous
in
occasional
heavy waterings
the
removal
flowers
as
they fade.
formal as
in
an
may
be
inner
row
of
plants.
made any shape desired, provided easy access can be obtained Wherever possible, however, Roses should have beds to themEach year these beds should receive
in
good
may
left
on the
mulching.
In
be advisable.
of the
in
his
article,
the
National
pleasurable pastime,
of varieties tor
er.
show
in
have accomplished
creating a general
for
this
purpose, but
in
interest
of the
in
the family.
bis
is
reflected
in
in
the
the woodland,
their
ow
ways.
show blooms
interested
in
many
classes
have
been added
in
The
adl
illustration
It
given
alone
of
Rose
border
queen
of
flowers.
is
is
not
for
exhibition,
in
the Rose
welcome, hut
also,
itself.
of course,
garden arch, that the flower garden proper, even in the mixed
the
even
pergola and
border, or as a border by
,1
DAFFODILS
IN
FLOWER GARDENING
IN
THE
GRASS.
Snake's
DAFFODILS head
certain
fluttering
in
the lush
meadows
Fritillary rising
truths.
The
her
some Oxfordshire mead, teach us flower gardener must sit at the feet of Nature and
mysteries,
jewels
of
seek
the earth,
to
discover
hidden
dainty
her her
life,
whether
to
of
the
heavens
around
a
or
which
she
dapples
with
for
followers
fling
their
homesteads.
No
wild,
hysterical
scattering
flowers
without
in
reason,
but
judicious
the
group
plan,
in
the
in
shrubbery,
here,
there,
a
and
artlessly
and
without apparent
flowers,
yet
very
truth
with
set
system
the
in
mind's
eye.
Native
and
may
be used
the grass
to
not
mown
no meadow-land creeps up
be enjoyed,
the
pleasure grounds,
flower gardening of
simple
kind
may
planting Scilla,
in
groups, perhaps,
in
some recess
in
Here
in
Anemone Robinsoniana
happily placed
in a cool,
its frail
opens wide
Little
the
well-drained
in
groups around
of the year that the flowers of mead and hedgerow expand, is in the springtime sunnier Before the sun, however, can really filter through warmer, days. the welcome as if earth whitens the with its drifts of blossom, a mantle of flowers in Snowdrop the woodland, the
to
first
its
brown sheath.
it
some
but
in
is
uncertain.
Where
flower gardener
is
fortunate, for
But chief reliance must be placed upon the Daffodils, the garden host that comes with
"0
THE
CENTl'kW
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
of its forms, until
March
the
so
even
in
before
and continues
sun,
or
to appear, in
is
one or other
the gleaming
Poet's Narcissus
seen no more.
Where
the
soil,
is
One
in
never
cool
tires
the flowers,
fresh
the
spring
deeper
shade
the
retreat
copse
and
shrubbery.
The
Trumpet
a
Daffodils
may
Narcissus poeticus.
How
in
beautiful
is
meadow
of Poet's
Narcissus
in
in
England as
Thin
the
hill
meadows
of the
Pyrenees, and
lasting for
some weeks
that one
in
cool
seasons.
thick'
may
of
of the
beds upon the lawn than the meadow, where Nature makes open groups,
if
patches
will
become
down
before mowing.
When
meadow
any
no
flower,
is
mown
to
weakness through
plant
in
yearly disturbance.
use
the
Those who
have
meadow-lands
Daffodils
the shrubbery
margin as
copse
anywhere
found
colour
is
desired
in
Flowers
wild
in
meadows
To
of
may
the
be used some-
in
meadow.
the
for
sake
sinful.
There
peace
of
no
necessity to
disturb the
the
in
but
grow them
some reserve place, or purchase them who make, so to say, farms of these meadow flowers. The Fritillarv,
from those
or t^&)||[!ir
Snake's-head,
o1
in
its
infinite
variety
is
ImT^L l A *^aJ0WlQ)ffr*
f
full
graceful charm,
the
large
nodding
j^PEy*
s
llowers there
is
appearing
above
of
the
grass,
and
AM
much change
pure with darker
is
it
colour,
or
somepurple,
times
almost
white,
or
chequered
paler
shades.
This Snake's-head
placed
freely,
distinct
in
a flower so happily
grass that
not
in
should be established
if
the
meadow
in
then
of
in
in
groups
the
the
BL VEliELLS.
pleasure
grounds,
nook's
may
to
The Muscaris,
for,
Grape
Hyacinths,
use
English
name,
seem
race
a
little
cared
in
though
many
upon
is
of the flowers
are
blue as a
in
summer sky.
success
shady places,
blue
flowers,
thin
of
in
grass.
M. conicum,
which has
fast,
very deep
any
and
in
time forming a
thick'
mat,
always well
to select
FLOWER
them
a
GARDENING
IN
THE
GRASS.
221
proper chance, rather than select any pretty colour that takes one's fancy without
soft
blue,
purple,
and
rich blue,
family.
is
Wood
Hyacinth
or
Bluebell
(S. nutans)
Both these
colour in the
into the
grown
in
in
English gardens.
The
Bluebell,
a sea of soft
May,
may
w
be introduced
meadow-
for
variety.
Even stronger
its
hite
and
bulbs of wonderful
vigour,
spreading freely
through
In
in
tiie
tree branches.
May
some
In
weeks
fresh beauty.
audi
sunshine
shade
this
Spanish
increase
varieties
Bluebell
freely,
will
its
and
are
almost
as
vigorous.
As
Daffodil
of spring
is
dainty
the
as
the
Snow Hake
and
late
summer,
and
tall
Leucojum
aestivum
autumnale respectively,
Snowdrop-like
free
flowers
of
growth
spring
in
good
soils.
is
The
Snowflake
base
an orchard
near
the
is
or
grassy
in
acre
AUTUMN CROCUSES.
planted for
also,
its
house
At
Snowflake
both
spring and
summer
kinds
Snowdrops,
in
truth,
held on
graceful stems.
will
tlie
Where no meadows are available to make Maiw's meadows w ithal, a small stretch or grass givemanv charming effects when planted w ith flowers that delight in the green sward. Here
Tulips, T. sylvestris, suaveolens, Clusiana,
will
bloom, mingling
with
meadow Saxifrage
this plant,
or
perhaps Ornitho-
make
enjoys the
soil
and
position, will
make
a colony of
some extent
in
if
not
hindered.
Crocuses
that they
must be naturalised
the grass.
No
and white,
to
laid
when
is
strong
is is
enough
open
in
their
petals wide
and stain
gardens.
turf.
scarcely used
in
the best
in
ways
in
in
correct, but
it
broad masses,
groups
the grass,
-
verges of the
is
lawn, or
the the
the
Crocus
the
is
most
in
thoroughly
the
enjoyed.
of
This
following
ways
Nature,
the
who
scatters
flower
meadows
Europe, as
she
does
Bluebell
English
Of
little
a beautiful
September flower
to establish just
of tree
branches.
Colchicum
in its single
the grass
the
best
way
of
in
222
223
"J
H E KB A CEO US CALCEOL A HI A S.
ITS
FLOWERS.
too
BY
a
greenhouse
to
is
meant
the
heat.
tender
stand
winter
the
open
ground, and
at
the
same time do
not
require very
much
A minimum temperature
iodeg.
during the day, should he maintained throughout the winter, and as spring advances
may
ill
he allowed
course
roofed
in
the
daytime.
In
erecting
it
shape,
size,
it
and
position w
of
depend
is
to
occupy,
admitted only
where
all
possible
should
be a
span
structure,
the
light
is
then
on
sides,
and
is
consequently the
close to a wall
in
plants
grow symmetrical! v.
in
position available
is
or
dwelling-house,
slope
house
to
built
that
in
is,
one
which the
rafters
of this
direct
the
front of
the structure.
it
A house
one-sided,
building.
the
plants
contained
grow
but
on
the
a
other
hand
often
in
it
does
wall
not occupy
the
space
needed
for
of
span
roofed
Where
full
moderately
is
high
already exists,
another form
as
used.
front,
This
is
known
hackof
the
hip
roof
half
span,
which
top
of
has
the
length
to
rafters
and
at
All
the
short
ones,
extending from
it
the
wall
or
the
apex
of
the roof.
these
possible, face
due south
as
it
best
at
and south,
full
gets
maximum
of
light,
and the
summer's
should
sun
on the glass.
very
important,
part
and
of the
in
span roofed
while
the
erection
lights
provision
he
made
the
for
it
along
the
highest
roof,
at
the
sides
must be
by
as
a
will.
Besides this,
in
when
when
the
hot-water
structure
few spaces
in
the
brickwork
which
the
can
be closed
cold weather,
of
air
may
be
the
opened, and
thus
cause
circulation
without lowering
temperature,
224
cold
air
THE
from
the
outside
CENTURY
over
BOOK
the
at
OF
GARDENING.
pipes
passes
hot-water
before
entering
the
house.
Ventilating the
upper
was
of sliding
sashes, but of late years sashes that work' with a lever have
become
3ft.
general.
for
The
it
depend upon
ioft.
is
its
size,
whicn
side,
is
intended.
the
case of a
in
house
width,
wide a stage
a
wide on either
leaving
is
the
central
path a yard
Where
all
the
house
If
much wider
the
the
floor
the centre
may
be occupied with
in
leaving a
path
round.
the
the middle,
out such
but
if
large,
they
may
in
be grouped
rlv
on
of
level.
in
Another way
that
is
to plant
subjects as
for at
Camellias
centre
lean-to
it
house, but
case
bed
stage
must be prepared
on
the
In
their
reception.
house
may have
manner,
than
in
an
ordinary
tier
flat
front,
this
but
the
back arrange
the
plants
in
step-like
difficult
one
a span
above another.
structure.
case,
watering
is
more
roofed
of different
is
materials,
large slates on iron bearers being particularly durable, but the expense
use,
well
to
and wooden
painted
stages
will
are
almost
universally
made
good
material and
they
of
last for
many
with
to
years.
sea
The
surface of the
consisting
the
depth
used for
half
an
It
inch
shingle,
largely- of
cockle
shells,
so
much
walk's.
seises
Shad-
is necessary
i
n g
during
the
or
r
summer,
r
a t h e
many
ing
of
the flowerplants
will
be
protec
tion
from
the
full
rays of the
sun from
April
Shading
to
October.
is
of
THE CONSERVATORY AT HELTON HOUSE, GRANTHAM.
permanent, and secondly, that which
a
roller.
two
n d s
firstly,
The
latter
is
in
every
may be drawn up, when not wanted, by means of way more satisfactory than the other, as the plants are
a
Canvas
are
of various kinds
may
be employed for
shading purposes,
of
preparations
also
used.
For
the best
is
Summer
in
Cloud, which
may
The
instructions
to
all.
plants that
may
be
grown
greenhouse are so
varied that
no
particular
any one
kind,
Insect pests
this
purpose there
is
nothing
THE
better than the
will
GREENHOUSE
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
which, while
the
fatal to
all
XL
the
All
compound,
insects,
not
injure
flowers.
use
among
is,
it
flow ers.
Damping down
In
that
whenhe
vacant spots
is
humid
atmosphere
must
of
very beneficial
to the
plants.
great an
amount
A
of
of
moisture
great
be
the
avoided,
plants
and
free
ever possible.
placed out
that
many
that
are
wintered
is
the greenhouse
may
doors
bloom
at that
more
or
less
dormant
state.
With regard
overhauled,
it
the structure
itself,
it
all
defects
means
and
for
will
last
lifetime.
it
Provision should be
made
for
in
tank within
the house, as
this
is
then always at
water,
suitable
temperature
is
purpose rain
of
a
when
it
can be
obtained,
preferable
any
other.
The
con-
struction
green-
house
is a
very simple
and
ready-
matter,
made
cost
but
erections
little,
too,
of
structures
an
ornamental
are not
character the
always
most
useful.
The very
borate top-ventilation,
and
f
fanciful design so
and
green-
modern
plants.
villa
are abso-
More
plants
often
result
sickly
not
from
indifferent
cultivation so
much
as
houses,
and
it
is
money saved
good hortibuilder,
to
to go to a
cultural
ask'
and
him
put up a
plain, simple,
and
solid
structure
in
of
being injured
Another point
It
of
is
not to
make
in
a living
museum
in
of the
list
greenhouse.
this single of
is
folly to
the alphabetical
in
structure,
because,
course,
it
indoor
to
plants
differ
as
greatly
a
growth as
of
those
the
mixed border.
Nor
wise
cover
the
roof with
thick
growth
climbing
plants,
which simply promote lanky stems and colourless flowers upon the things below.
means dispense
entirely
with climbers,
merely
restrict
them
in
By no The
226
Blue Plumbago, climbing
THE
CENTURY
or
BOOK
the
OF
GARDENING.
Fuchsias,
one
may
the alphabetical
list
small
selection
given,
all
of
interest.
winter
of
it
is
astonishing
may be established, and if Zonal Pelargoniums are grown how bright the greenhouse may be kept with a well chosen
The
indoor
selection
called,
these
in
popular
be
flowers.
garden, or
greenhouse, as
to
it
is
usually
may
truth
made
in
an
our
interesting
abode
us
from abroad
in
and
raised
by
hybridising
own
land.
Amateurs
frequently
make mistakes
may
well
HEATING
particular.
All
If
GREENHOUSES.
if
This
long,
is
an
important
subject
for
amateur
30ft.
gardeners
of
in
things
work smoothly,
20ft.
is
ift.
about
4m.
pipes.
glasshouses,
more than
should
be
The most
is
serviceable boiler
it
the check end saddle, although for small houses the Paragon
in
can be set
end
of the
house.
But the
require
difficulty
their small
They
Too
is
little
In
some
which may be
friction
its
is
not favourable.
There
generally too
much
in
work in severe weather, and there is no economy in stinting the pipes in proportion to the work required. Whatever boiler be used, the proper setting is important if the full amount of work is to be obtained from it, especially as regards the size of the flues. When the setting is left to a bricklayer, the flues are frequently too small. No flue, not even for
all
small
boiler,
wide, and
in
for
boilers
capable
of
heating 600ft. of
pipes
well
diameter.
lessen
They
clear
should
as
also
be
thoroughly
as as
possible.
and
the
corners
made smooth,
its
to
the
friction
much
hoe,
flues frequently
and
with the
shaft or
all
a boiler
with
soot
cannot
to
perform
satisfactorily.
The
is
chimney should
fuel
be
high enough
secure a
steady
the
draught,
so
as
to
consume
the
the
thoroughly
to
and
leave
the
this
heat
round
boiler.
in fire
Slow
burning
combustion
correct
principle
go
upon,
for
and
requires
space
the
flues
is
and chimney,
up.
short
to
time
when
stokers,
difficult
induce
especially
often
boys,
to
consider
Good stokers are rare, and it is how the fuel may be economised.
by gas,
which
is
Small
houses
may
of
be
economically
gives
is
heated
;
may
is
cost
rather
but,
course,
little
trouble
when
a fire
required
quickly,
dirty
kept clean
of
the hands
a gas engineer
work.
for
Heating
attention
lamps
to
or
stoves
will
suffice
small
houses so
of
long
as personal
or
can
given
the
cleaning, trimming,
and
in
oil
lighting
the
lamp
stove,
but
when
left to
the
shape
of evil
odours, smoke,
to
necessary,
in
dealing with
lamps or stoves,
keep
in
mind
you want a thing done well you must do it yourself. incorrect to praise in any way the old-fashioned flues, but in It may be considered carrying on good and economical work, burning up all the cinders they are several places
and waste matters about the house, the sort
of fuel that
would be useless
in a
small boiler.
The greenhouse
in
is
may
measure,
as
store
tender
to say,
plants
is
brought
in
from the
especially
Ferns and
in
window
or
general
may
227
Copyright
C.L.
228
THE
CENTURY
warmth
BOOK
is
OF
GARDENING.
particular,
when
little
artificial
desirable.
them.
Indoor gardening
in
many
plants.
of those
fraught
of
with vexation
and
disappointment, because
Light
it
the
houses
are
the growth
the
is
essential,
and
for this
reason,
when
green-
placed
it
away from
structure
the residence
of
to trees or
light
is
anything to over
so necessary that
filled
shadow
a
sun and
because
span roofed
recommended,
plants
open
on
all
sides.
A greenhouse
year.
in
is
with
carefully
selected group
of
may
In
it
may
be
grown
which reference
made
;
the alphabetical
descriptions of
indoor flowers.
Daffodils should be
star
grown
the
in
variety
big
and very
certain,
varieties,
trumpet-shaped
sweetlv-scented
ot
Jonquils,
may
be
the
grown
garden
freely,
fresh
and
bright
harbingers
Scillas,
those
that
ill
in
due
course
gladden
out
of doors.
Snowdrops,
in a
Chionodoxas,
whilst,
called,
of
will
Fritillaries,
Lilies,
and
many
easilv
managed
greenhouse,
course,
Pelargoniums, or
the
"Geraniums"
months.
brighten
the
place throughout
it
winter
When
required.
the
greenhouse
or
is
well
is
easv
to
keep the
into
whatever
too,
the
may
it
be,
to
can
the
be
brought
the
when
Then,
the
how
or
delightful
see
famous
Marechal
in in
Niel
Rose
clambering
over
rafters,
waxy
ensure
in
bells
of
the
Lapageria
hanging
will
profusion,
a
blue
of
the
frost
Plumbago.
a
The
brilliant
good
gardener
in
greenhouse
merely
heated
to
keep
in
out
its
display
the
winter
fulness
Chrysanthemum.
far
and
It is
concerned
less
with
glasshouse
but
in
the
this
is
different.
who
an
around
them.
When
the
proper varieties
are chosen
abundance
of
flowers
is
easily
THE
obta n
i
GREENHOUSE
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
229
ed.
Glasshouse gardening
is
not a pursuit
beset
diffii
.
with
cult e s Failures
first
arise
ug h
of
r
neglect
or di n a
details
suppres-
sion
insect foes
and ignor-
careful
ventilation
and watering.
It
is
principles that
out, the
common-place matters
of
many
failures
understand
gardening.
AblltilOnS.
why
failures
should
may be traced to carelessness or ignorance of this simple more common kinds are so easily grown that it is hard to occur when a beginner has mastered the mere rudiments of
for
These
the
most
more or less bell-shaped. They and may be readily propagated from cuttings of the young shoots put in during the spring months in heat. The principal species, all of which are natives of South
America, are
:
cover a wall with them, and this is not difficult but in this case, if the wall to be thus clothed is of any extent, Abutilons in the border, which it is well to plant out the must be well drained with broken bricks or similar material and filled up with good loam. Free drainage is essential, as the plants during the summer will require
;
A.
Darwini.
flowers,
A
a
much
compact
from
with reddish crimson Brazil in 1S71. There is a
plant,
is
introduced
with peculiarly rough leaves, and widely expanded blossoms of a purplish crimson with blackish veins. A. megapotamieum. Though small, the red and yellow blossoms of this are borne throughout the year, and it is This is essentially in addition one of the hardiest of all. indeed, a climber, and it is best seen trained to a roof such a position is suitable for nearly all the Abutilons, owing to the pendulous nature of the flowers. This is a rapid grower, with handsome A. Striatum. Iobed leaves, while the flowers are of a bright orange yellow veined with red. Besides these there is a large number of hybrid varieties, in which many shades ol colour are represented. They include White Boule de Neige, Seraph. Red Scarlet. Yellow Golden Brilliant, Sanglant, Royal Fleece, very charming, covering the greenhouse roof, Chrysostephanum. Pink Anna Crozy, King of Roses. Purplish The Premier, Emperor and with variegated
A. insigTie
is
much
last,
in pots, plenty of drainage with a loamy soil in which some welldecayed leaf mould has been mixed. The most beautiful of all varieties, especially for covering a wall, is Boule de Neige its pure white flowers are invaluable for decorations, even for wreaths and bouquets, for this purpose the anthers being removed and the petals bent back. Many of the Abutilons are of more account for their colouring than the beauty of their foliage. Souvenir de Bonn is one of these, with lobed leaves of distinct colouring, green with a broad margin of white. Another of the section less known than this variety is Sowitzi, in which there is more white in the leaf, hence the plant is not so robust. A. Thompsoni, A. Sellowianum variegatum, A. Darwini tessellatum, Nrevium marmoratum, and the variegated form of A. vexillarium are also worth
water.
When grown
also desirable,
mention
variety,
summer garden
Thompsoni, Eclipse, Sellowianum marmoratum, Souvenir de Bonn, and Sowitzi. Abutilons are very easily grown, few greenhouse plants more so, and their bright flowers are always welcome for decorations. Sometimes one desires to
foliage
:
an overdose of white or yellow variegated foliage Moderation is especially necessary when things of such striking character are used. Acacia. This is a very extensive family, numbering some hundreds of species, nearly all of which have yellow flowers. The majority are natives of Australia, and a few kindsthat will flower freely in a small state are very popular
is
not pleasant.
in
this
country.
Cuttings of these do not strike very some kinds may often be obtained,
freely in heat.
:
for
THE
A.
CENTURY
freedom
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
armata, which
lit.
flowers
with equal
whether
or
6ft.
high.
The
manner of
a Myrtle, are deep green, while the globular blossoms, about the size of peas, are of a rich golden yellow. This is o.ie of the most distinct of the whole family, the foliage intense green against the yellow blooms, and is a veryneat
this
plant
grown
in
pots
indeed,
it
is
far
better
for
purpose than planting out in the border. Acacias are seldom seen nowadays, which is a pity, when such kinds as A. armata are so readily grown and bright in
colour.
A.
dealbata.
and
is is
This is known as the Silver Wattle tree, It one of the most vigorous of the entire family. useless for a small greenhouse because of its wonbut
it
when planted
can
out in a large
have free play, its great beauty is revealed, feathery masses of Kern-like foliage, hidden almost in spring with clouds of golden flowers. In its Australian home it is one of the most beautiful pictures in the scenery, and along the Riviera it forms delightful groups. The graceful branches are cut and sent to the English markets under the name of Mimosa.
conservatory,
where
Alter turning the tubers carefully out of the pots in which they have rested during the winter, upon some shelf or under a plant staging away from frost, put them into small pans or boxes filled with light soil, made up chiefly of leaf mould. Transfer them to a propagating pit, with a temperature of from 55deg. to 6odeg., and w hen 2in. in height put eight or ten of them in a 6in. pot. Use for soil a mixture composed of light loam and peat, or the latter may be used with leaf mould added. light yet not poor compost is essential, and to these may be added sharp silver sand and thoroughly dried cow manure. After potting, place them in a house kept at a temperature varying between the figures mentioned above, and keep the air moist, without wetting the foliage, the moist atmosphere holding red spider, which frequently attacks the plants, in check. )nce this pest gets established it is not easy to destroy. Shade during very hot sunny w eather in the middle of the day, a light scrim shading being most suitable, and put thin bamboo stakes to the stems when it is seen that support is necessary.
A.
Driimmondi.
hue,
whilst
The
blossoms are borne in is elongated spikes, just like little bottle brushes. It particularly suitable for flowering in a small slate. A. grandiS. A sturdy little bush, with pinnate leaves, which are freely clothed with hairs, and globular flowers of a rich golden vellow. A. lineata. This Ins small narrow leaves and pale yellow blossoms. They are borne in great profusion,
the lemon-coloured
A.
and it is altogether a neat, pretty little plant. One of the larger kinds, with simple longifolia. leaves 6in. long and half an inch wide. It forms a large bush, and when laden w ith its cylindrical-shaped spikes pale vellow blossoms is very handsome. ..I A. platyptera. This has peculiarly winged stems, quite different from any o) the others, and its golden flowers expand in the autumn, whereas all the rest Small plants of this in mentioned bloom in the spring. Mourn are verv showv. It flowers in quite a small state. A. pulchella. -The branches of this are very slender, bin the side shoots are pushed out so freely as to form a The leaves are pinnate, while the flowers dense bush. The elegant arrangement of the are of a rich yellow. minor twigs renders this one ot the most graceful ol all
A warm greenhouse is, therefore, more suitable to their requirements than a cool structure, in which, at any rate during their early stages, they will not thrive. But when the Hi iwer buds appear keep the house cooler until they can be brought into the conservator)' and greenhouse. As the plants go out of flower, give less water until it is stopped altogether, and store in a dry place. Although Achimenes make delightful little pot plants, their fullest beauty is revealed when they are grown in baskets and suspended in the conservatory. In this form of culture there are no great difficulties to surmount, and a mass of bloom is the result. It is a pity such handsome flowers as the Achimenes are almost lost to cultivation. One supposes it is the result of ever-changing fashion. Probably in the near future Achimenes, Tydoeas, and allied plants will be grown as largely as in the old days, when there was scarcely an exhibition at which they were not
represented.
African
Lily.
AgapanthUS.
One
its
it
Agapanthus.
associates the
Agapanthus mainly,
use as a tub plant to stand ou': in the garden during the summer, but it is a greenhouse flower
perhaps, with
A.
to
Riceana.- -A rambling
the
roof of a
plant
in
suitable
for
training
the slender shoots hang down for a long distance, and when studded with spikes of pale yellow blossoms they are very
position
greenhouse,
which
The leaves are narrow and pointed. beautiful. AcllimeneS. These comprise a verv pretty group of softwooded plants, which flower throughout the summer, and pass the winter in a dormant state. Of late years, however, the Achimenes have been little seen, though why such
flowers should
fall
it
is
not
easy to
plants
tell, for
their culture
not
difficult,
and vigorous
in full bloom are wonderfully bright, the colours ranging from pure white to deep purple. The beginner would not require a large selection, and the following are amongst the most handsome Carminata, Lady Lyttelton. Ambroise Verschaffell, Dazzle, Mauve Oueen, Longiflora and its white variety, and Rose (^ueen. Achimenes require rather more heat than the ordinary greenhouse affords. Whilst the tubers are at rest in winter the soil must be
:
may be grown A. umbellatus, which is a native of South Africa, and may be trusted in the open air in the extreme Southern Counties of England. Large masses of this, in pots or tubs, may remain for years without disturbance, save occasional top dressings and liberal watering in summer, varied with liquid manure. But over-potting is fatal to a free display of flowers. Only when the receptacle is crammed with roots can a rich display of the handsome spikes be expected. Of its varieties the pure white albus is as precious as any. and there are other forms, one with double flowers (flore-pleno), but this is of little account. The big-flowered Giganteus is seldom seen, and it does not seem to have come up to expectations. Mooreanus is a very charming kind, smaller than Umbellatus, and of Even when out of flower Agapana pretty bluish shade. thuses possess considerable beauty, by reason of their The best way to increase graceful fresh green leaves.
really,
and,
if
cannot be used
for tubs,
is
easily
under
glass.
The
chiel
species
growth and repot in Several tubers must be grouped a good light compost. It is possible by together to render the plants effective.
kept
quite
dry.
in
and
early
spring,
when
commences
again, shake
them
free
from
soil
starling the tubers at various periods of the year to secure a longer succession of flowers than could be obtained by having only one batch of plants, and, if an increase of stock is desired, it is simply necessary to break the tubers into
Those and there are still a few gardens left in which they are grown, commence about February, when the first flowers open in May.
pieces.
Each
become
established.
who
flowers,
Remove the is by division of the crowns in spring. from the roots, and then one can see where to divide. The plants soon recover with a little warmth to assist them. Insects do not seem to care much for the Agapanthus. Green-fly is sometimes troublesome, but this is easily got rid of by fumigation. Aloysia eitriodora (Sweet Verbsna). This, which is popularly known as the Lemon-scented Verbena, is a general favourite, not for the beauty of its blossoms, but It may be grown as a wall plant for its fragrant leaves. in mild districts, and if injured during the winter quickly Ordinary potting compost suits it well, and recovers. cuttings of the young growing shoots put in during the In all spring and treated as a Fuchsia strike root readily. cold climates the greenhouse is the place for it, hence it is referred to here, although mentioned elsewhere in the
them
soil
book.
THE
Ardisia.
GREENHOUSE
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
231
Berried plants in the greenhouse afford a pleasing variety to the flowering subjects, and for this The finest is reason the Ardisias are very popular. A. rrenulata, with rich deep green glossy foliage and a
profusion of bright scarlet berries which remain on for Il is sometimes described as a stove plant, but, months. although it comes from the West Indies, a warm green-
They should not be variety of colours and bushy growth. planted loo freely, as other things are showier and less apt to suller from cold rains and w inds. Begonias. Il is agreeable to know thai the Begonia becoming popular, particularly the kinds family is A host of beautiful winterthat require a greenhouse. flowering species, varieties, and hybrids are available, but
house
is
generally
suitable.
[ncrease
by seed sown
fill
the seed-pan with a peaty soil, and w hen lie seedlings arc fit to be potted, transfer them singly to small pots, thence
polling on
in
the
usual
mis.
way,
rule.
until
bin. size
in
is
reached,
which
will be
ample, as a
in
r<
11
When
may be Balsam.
used
This
is
quaint flower of
many
pleasing shades,
the petals forming quite a rosette, and it is surprising that the plants are not more generally grown in the green-
house. At one lime there was an elaborate system of stopping growth, but this is unnecessary, the wiser plan being As a rule, one to allow the plants to grow naturally. sowing of seed will suffice namely, in the spring, March and the seed will germinate readily when the pan or pol in which il is sown is placed upon a gentle hot-bed. When the seedlings are large enough, pol on, until early in rune they may be planted out in the open bed, unless Pot on until they are pot culture is desired throughout. loam mixed in Sin. size, and use at all limes a good soil Keep the with decayed manure and sharp silver sand. The plants near the glass to promote a dwarf growth. flowers appear upon the main stem, and make a pleasing balsam display when the plants are in vigorous health. culture is so simple that the beginner in gardening may
SINGLE BEGONIA.
even the more recent hybrids, biilliant in colour and longlasting though they be, are not grown so freely as one
practise
il
with success.
One
is
to get
is
first-class seed.
The
known
their attractiveness
and easy
neglected.
The winter-flowering Begonias are certainly Why, it is difficult to tell, for the majority
are wonderfully free, bearing clusters of flowers that may be used when cut, and are attractive upon the plant.
Then
there are the hybrids, those in particular raised by Messrs. Veitch and Sons, by using the species Socotrana, the result being a delightful set, bright in colour, and able to resist the fogs of winter. Gloire de Sceaux and Gloire de Lorraine, two of the finest kinds raised of recent
years, have assisted to rouse
greatly neglected
will
family,
in the near lulure for market. other hybrids will be raised soon, but there are sufficient beautiful winter and other Begonias to make our plant houses bright with colour during the dull
be
grown
largely
Doubtless
many
season of the year. The Begonia family forms an extensive group of plants, the members of which may, owing to their distinctive characters, be grouped under several heads. Thus there is the summer-flowering tuberous-rooted class which is now so popular, the winter-blooming with fibrous roots, the numerous forms of B. Rex, remarkable for their beautifully marked leaves, the dwarf kinds of B. semperflorens, now much used for bedding, and lastly, several of the original species which cannot be classed under any of the above headings. Tuberous Begonias have of late years become very popular for bedding, as well as for greenhouse decoration, one great point in their favour being the fact that they are dormant during the winter, when they may be stored in a cellar or anywhere else free from frost, provided extremes of drought or moisture are
guarded against.
popular,
as
BALSAM.
and of several shades of colour, ranging from pure white to deep red, in some instances distinct names being bestowed, such as Rosy Queen or Violet Queen. Considerable difference in height exists, the taller plants reaching iSin., whilst the dwarf or It is miniature-flowered are only cjin. the miniature group that is recommended especially for bedding, and in
of large size, very double,
the
summer garden
welcome
lor
their
generally full to overflowing in the winter. These Begonias may be propagated by cuttings taken in the spring after growth has commenced, putting them singly into small well-drained pots of sandy soil, and keeping them in a close propagating case till rooted. This method of increase, which is used for the propagation of individual plants, is not followed so much as formerly, as seedlings are now generally raised. Large bulbs will sometimes push up two or three or even more shoots, and as soon as they start, the tuber may, if needed, be cut up into as many pieces as there are shoots, and being potted they will grow
glass structures are
232
away without
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
the
GARDENING.
earlier in the year, to the
a check, provided the cutting up is carefully done. Seed must be sown early in the year, and if there is a gentle hot-bed at hand to start it. so much the better. Whether sown in pots or pans the latter should be well drained with crocks, leaving space for 2in. of soil on the This may consist of loam and leaf mould in equal top.
parts, with a liberal
warmth-loving B. manicata, that if the whole collection were grown one would not tire of the flowers.
big-leaved,
Boilgainvillea.
The
Bougainvilleas
are
of
loose
pressed
thereon,
down moderately
fine
through a
admixture of silver sand. This being firm and level, and watered rose, the seed must be thinly scattered
a square of glass laid over the pot till germination takes place. The young plants must then be gradually inured to the ordinary air of the greenhouse, and pricked off, which is done bv dibbling them into other pots prepared as for seed sowing. They should then be put about one-third of an inch apart. Directly the leaves touch they must be polled into small pots, using the same compost, and as thev make headway larger pots should be provided. Pots 5m. in diameter are a good
size
will
and
for
the
first
season.
Some
of
the
seedlings
yeai\ Winter-flowering Begonias. species and hybrids raised from them flower during (he winter, especially if they are grow n on freely throughout the summer w ith that object in view. To develop the
fl o w e rs p r o perl y h e warmest part of the greent
Many
of
the
original
rambling nature, and hence are suitable for clothing the roof, furnishing the end of a glass structure, or a similar position. They may also be grown as specimens, but in that case train them around a trellis. Though extremely showy when in bloom, the flowers themselves are small and inconspicuous but they are surrounded by bright-coloured bracts, which unless closely examined appear to be the true (lowers. When treated as climbers they are generally planted mil but w hether such a mode of culture is followed, or they are grown in pots, they must have a period of rest in the winter, during which less water should be given. far There are two or three species and several intermediate forms. The best for pot culiure, and the most floriferous, is B. glabra, and particularly its variety Sanderiana, an intense colour while the stronger-growing li. spectabilis is preferable where a large space has to be covered. A very popular class of little greenhouse BoilVctrdia.
;
;
The
very
species
are
are
attractive,
but
now
greatly surpassed
the
spring,
and treated
of
a
ol
and put into gentle bottom heat till rooted. Then, if the plants are grown on freely during the summer,
being pinched occasionally make them sturdy, they will be by autumn neat little Lmshes bristling with flower buds, and in this state may often be seen in the florists' shops of London.
to
after
the
manner
Fuchsia.
are
:
Some
;
the besl
:
Ascotensis, pink
Carrier!,
Dregei,
rose
;
Fuchsioides,
bright
red
that
Gloire
will
de
Lorraine,
soil
composed
chiefly of
flower
through
sharp
is
silver
suitable.
de Sceaux, handbronzy leaves, and rich reddish pink blossoms; blush; Flaageana, John Heale, carmine Knows-
The
cut
flowers,
too,
are
for
some
in considerable
demand
leyana,
silvery
whitish;
Metallica,
bouquets, button-holes, etc. A selection of the best comprises Single flowers Dazzler, rich scarlet ; Ho-
pink
;
carmine red
rich
rose
garth,
boldti
light scarlet
Humvery
corymbiflora,
DOUBLE BEGONIA.
ami Winter Cheer,
rich
durin^ the winter a greenhouse, but in this structure established plants will succeed perfectly in the summer, at which time they are particularly valuable for Their propagation and other particulars grouping. are dealt with under the head of Foliage Plants for tie Stove. The dwarf forms of B. semperflorens. which are used for bedding, are remarkable for the rich crimson hue the leaves acquire when fullv exposed to the rays of the sun. Of original species not noted above may be mentioned, B. coccinea. red B. corallina, coral red ; B. Evansiana, pink B. heraclei folia, pink B. manicata, blush ; B. socotrana, bright rose B. Sulherlandi, orange. To show how handsome this family is, not a single
its
B.
Rex and
varieties
require
a
temperature
above that
of
President Cleveland, intense scarlet, the best of this tint ; Priory Beauty, pale pink Queen of Roses, deep rose Vulcan, With double flowers: scarlet; and Yreelandi, white. Alfred Neuner, white Hogarth flore-pleno, scarlet and
;
;
Mrs.
Green, salmon
BrOWallia.
is in
any way
grown than others Weltoniensis, for example, being even suitable for window culture. There is such a wealth of beauty in this family, from the familiar tuberous Begonia ol the summer garden, but suitable, be it remembered, for
beaut}-,
Nearly all Ike Browallias are natives of South America, and one species, the pretty blue B. elata, This has been called the Forget-me-not of the Andes. and the nearly allied B. speciosa may be treated as half-hardy annuals, while B. Jamesoni, which forms quite a bush, is of a bright orange colour and flowers profusely for months together. The most useful, however, of the Browallias is B. speciosa major, which is easily raised from seed, and seems always in bloom, growing about 2ft. in height, and being smothered with bright violet-shaded It is so easily grown flowers relieved by a white throat. that in every small greenhouse there should be one
It
is
fashioned
cultivation.
flowers
not
likely
to
out
of
general
would be a
loss if our
greenhouses and
233
234
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
conservatories were bereft of these gorgeous flowers, with their big, rich-coloured pouches, surfaces of blossom of great effectiveness in decorations. The Calceolarias of the
greenhouse are hybrids that is, the present race has been raised by intercrossing, the same as in the case of the Primulas, Persian Cyclamens, and other indoor flowers.
There are two great classes of Calceolaria, those known as herbaceous and the shrubby section the herbaceous
;
may
be planted out in beds for the summer months. As these classes are very distinct from one another, they require
quite
different
It is less liable to be its lemon colour is verv pleasing. attacked with disease than the bedding kinds. This is a very beautiful hybrid, raised in C. Blirbidg'ei. the Botanic Gardens at Dublin by crossing C. fuchsiaefolia with C. Pavoni. The plant is very vigorous, and a place where it may be seen in full beauty is in the greenhouse in the Royal Gardens, Kew, where the vigorous groups of it are conspicuous for their freedom in growth and flower too. It may be either planted out or grown in a pot, and will reach fully 8ft. in height, bearing an abundance of its soft yeliow flowers from
treatment.
Herbaceous
Calceolarias
summer
until the
should be raised from seed sown at various times, say, May, June, and July, but the rule with the best growers is to sow about the middle of June, the seedlings from these flowering in the following summer. Sowing Calceolaria seed requires great care, for the reason that the seed is very fine, and unless carefully distributed over the surface of the soil it will be thick in one place, with very little in another. Make the soil moist before sowing by holding the pan or pot, or whatever the receptacle may
be, in a pail of water,
C. fliehsisefolia.
This
autumn.
is
growth and
This
is
and was introduced from Peru in the year 1878. Upon its upper shoots are produced clusters of clear yellow flowers. When autumn is with us this plant is very gay, and it will bloom into the winter. Shade is important, as when continually exposed to the
lull
sun
ils
leafage
loses
its
fresh
green
colouring.
and
When
the seed
is
up sown,
place a sheet of glass over the pan, and then transfer it to the greenhouse, choosing a moist, shady place. When
the seedlings are large
into other pots,
Another name for it is C. deflexa. It grows C. violaeea was introduced from Chili in 1S53. about 2ft. in height, and is one of the most distinct of the w in ile family, the purplish flowers being of a helmet-like shape. In the extreme Southern Counties, on warm,
well-drained
si. ils,
enough to handle, prick them off and from these they may go individually to
essential
in their
Many
faith to
cultivators
of indoor flowers
species
after
and
temperature are at all times required. There must be no attempt to force the plants, else the result will be failure. Keep a close watch for green-fly. which is partial to the succulent leaves, and fumigate gently with tobacco paper. To obtain those noble plants seen at the exhibitions is not altogether easy but if one does not seek extraordinary results, Plerbaceous Calceolarias are easy to manage. Certainly few indoor flowers can rival
;
hybrids raised by fertilisation, themselves are often as beautiful in every way. This is the case with the Calceolaria and Cineraria. C. alba and C. Burbidgei are both rare, but this is not because they are inferior to the
forgetting
that
varieties
commonly
cultivated.
It
would be a
distinct
these in colour, and the selfs are particularly beautiful, especially the clear golden yellow, soft lemon, and shades of the same. Guard against aphis, the product usually of
and never overbase of the stem. For ordinary greenhouses, the Calceolarias should not be potted into more than 7in. pots. Every nurseryman who grows greenhouse flowers has rich strains of 1 [erbaceous Calceolarias Messrs. Sutton, Carter, and others and a variety very beautiful for its soft colour is Cloth of Gold. There are, however, distinct groups to be obtained, such as the dwarf, James's Prize, which fills the houses of Mr.
light
and
air,
at the
James,
time.
at
Farnham Royal, near Slough, in Calceolaria The plants are remarkable for their dwarf, sturdy,
huge
many
lovely hues.
and shrubby Calceolarias of the ordinary type, there are certain species of great interest and uncommon beauty. These are as follows This is a charming white-flowered Calceolaria, C. alba. one of the daintiest of the whole family, and reintroduced but it was originally sent from Chili in 1844. It is a shrubby plant, growing about 2ft. in height, and the pretty white flower clusters are produced on slender stems. A correspondent writing of it in a contemporary says "This species is one of the most dainty and distinct of all the small-flowered kinds, and it makes a charming pot plant as well as grown in a sandy compost of peat and loam. It has been somewhat usual to predict of any distinct
advantage if more change were seen in the flowers of the greenhouse and conservatory, not relying upon a few stereotyped kinds, though these be of extreme beauty. See Richardia. Calla. The Camellia is a native of China and Camellias. Japan, and was introduced by Lord Petre about 1739. Mr. Fortune found it growing wild in the Central and Southern Provinces of China, generally in woods, partially shaded from sun by other trees, the shrubs or trees of Camellias often attaining a height of 30ft. to 40ft. Several species are found in China, but, excepting C. reticulata, none are so handsome as C. japonica, from which most of our double kinds have sprung. Many fine plants are to be found outdoors in England, thus proving that a very cool treatment is best for the Camellia. In the Royal Gardens, Kew, it has been found that given a west aspect many kinds may be successfully wintered succeed Camellias outdoors. best in a house set apart entirely for them. They will stand as much as 7deg. or 8deg. of frost with impunity. A gentle heat is afforded during the winter, but at the same time abundance of air given, thus warding off the great danger of buds dropping off, which so often occurs in smoky districts. They should be turned out of doors in June, as soon as growth is completed, and placed under the shelter of Poplar or similar trees, with the side branches cut away SO that shelter be afforded but not drip. It will thus be seen that to grow them in pots and tabs is best, so that this removal outdoors, so beneficial to the plants, may be resorted to. Thev are kept outdoors until October, and then placed in their winter quarters.
adding
to
this
sand to
lighten
it,
species that
it
and
some charcoal
to
keep
all
sweet.
few
^-in.
improvement
hands of the hybridiser ; but I hope and satisfying plant will long remain an exception to this rule, for it is quite beautiful and distinct enough as Nature made it in its native Chilian habitat." This, like the remainder of the shrubby species, may be easily raised, either from seed or by striking
that this elegant
cuttings.
bones are a usual addition. After removal to winter quirters afford as much air as possible, according to the weather, and as buds swell weak doses of liquid manure
should
be given.
A
fifty
safe
stimulant
is
five
gallons of
stable drainings to
C.
amplexieaulis.
more
But
familiar as a
is
it
This is a well-known Calceolaria, bedding plant than for the greenhouse. a bright and handsome flower for indoors, and
Never let the ball become dry, and to secure this good soakings of The buds must be water are preferable to sprinklings. thinned where very thick. When the flowering season is over, the glass must be heavily shaded and the house
gallons of water.
THE
GREENHOUSE
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
235
This treatand affording plenty of water to the roots. ment corresponds to that in which the plants naturally
revel in their native habitats.
Pruning. If this be required to keep the plants shapely, Do should be done before new growth commences. merely sufficient to balance the not prune too severely plant, and discourage the removal of wood when the blossoms are required. Fumigation Enemies of Camellias are aphis and scale. will soon dispel the former if commenced before they gain
it
poor kinds, but as the list may bewilder beginners it will probably be of some assistance to mention the finest varieties. Select from amongst the reds and crimsons C. II. Hovey, Donckelaari, Mathotiana, and Imbricata plena which is more grown, and of whites, alba Candidissima, deservedly so, than any other Camellia of blush, Cup of Beauty and Lady and Fimbriata Hume's Plush whilst of pinks choose Beauty of Waltham, and of rose, ConAdelina Benvenuti and The Duchess spicua, Duchess of York, Exquisite, and Commendatore
compound
will
destroy the
.
Betti.
Propagation of Camellias is usually accomplished by grafting, and in this country August is the best month. The Single Ked is used as a stock. Home-grown plants are r e c o m -
mended
before
reticulata. This is one of the noblest species of all Its name is seen in indoor flowers, and very rare. many nurserymen's catalogues, but the plant itself, in This spite of its magnificent flowers, is uncommon. is a species native of China,
from whence it was introduced the Royal to
latter
grown
are
under
generally
such rapid con-
Horticultural
Gardens by a capSociety's
tain
in the ser-
ditions that
they soon look
The best
varieties are as
at
it
Few, where
is
Beali,
C.
II.
out,
reached
nearly 20ft.
height.
in
and
planted has
Every
M
E
I
a x
s s
i
n a
e a
t
,
,
m
i
about
across,
111
1)
c a
when
it
is in full
bcautv.
Their
is
11
colour a
rich
Matho tiana,
Reine des K leu s. Whites: Alia plena, Candia , d i s s i Duchesse de FimBerri,
Rafia,
i
by
of
cluster
golden
un
1 i
sta-
mens, and,
k e
the
in
the not
Camellias
familiar
most
flower
fo 1
111
greenis
1 ,
bria
houses,
a
nocenza,
Marques
m
Jose
bu
Loureiro, Saudadede
C
a i 1 1 o Aureliano, Lavinia Princess Charlotte.
:
wavy and
CA MEL LI A S.
C.
delightfully
Blush Reine, Lady Hume's Blush, Mme. A. Verschaffelt, Mrs. Cope, Princeza Real, Prima Donna, Reine des Beauty of Waltham, Camillo AureBeautes. Pinks Augustina superba, Baron liano, Adelina Benvehuti, de Vriere, Contessa Woronzoff, Countess of Derby, Mme. de Strckaloff, M. d'Offoy, Principessa RospiRose and deep Pinks gliosi, The Duchess. Barao de Belli, Comtesse Paolini, Mogofores, Commendatore Maggi, Bontourlin, ConspF Duarte Comtesse d'Oliveiro, Duchess of York, Elegans, Exquisite, Henri Favre, L'Avenir, Lucrezia Gazzarrini, Marchioness of Exeter, Reticulata, Storyi, Vallavaredo, Wilderi. Any or all of the e may be chosen. There are no
Maggi, Montironi, Ninfa Egeria, Alba plena is as good as any. Comtessa de Hainaut, Cup of Beauty, Jubilee,
La
Sasanqiia. A very pleasing shrub, native of China and Japan, very free-flowering, and with flowers ot varied colour, white in the true species, but under cultivation " Sasan-kuwa " is rose pink and allied shades occur.
Camellia in Japan. a Camellia known as C. Thea, but is of no value in the garden. It is, of course, of immense economic importance, but if one desires to grow the plant for the sake of its associations a cool greenhouse will suffice, with treatment similar to that required for Camellias in general. The leaves are very deep green, and the flowers pure white. Northern India is probably the native country of the Tea plant, not China. There are other Camellias, but the varieties and Such kinds as species named are the most ornamental. C. Euryoides and C. rosseflora are of small importance.
the
this
is
irregular.
236
Canna.
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
and shifted into larger ones as they require it. C. Areturus will flower well in pots 5m. and 6in. in diameter, while in the case of C. cretica, 6in. and Sin. pots are required.
This noble race nf tender plants has been described in the chapter concerning " Tender Plants for the Summer Garden,'' but under glass the flowers are more profuse even than in the open garden, where they are exposed in some years to cold winds and rains. In such years flowers are few out of doors, and then one
rely upon the plants under glass, whilst, of course, a greenhouse is the place to raise the seedlings for the purpose of selecting those kinds that show some advance upon varieties already in existence. When grown under glass plenty of water is necessary during the summer season, varied occasionally with liquid manure, and a good soil composed of fibrous loam mixed with a moderate quantity of well-decayed manure. An abundance of light and air is necessary, and constant syringing is beneficial.
Cineraria.
must
Where flowering plants are in demand, Cinerarias are generally grown, as they supply a great wealth of colour quickly. In their best forms these garden varieties of Cineraria are fine sturdy plants, not much more than lit. high, while the head of flowers is
quite as
much
across.
The
and the
them,
circular flower.
There is a great variety of colour amongst ranging from white to red and purple, through various intermediate shades, while a particularly striking form has flowers of an intense purple-blue, a colour little There is also a represented among greenhouse plants.
group
"*v
V"
"v
""X"
'
of more recent
hybrids obtained
by
crossing
some
of the
original species,
such as C.
aurita,
C.
cruenta,
and C. mult i f 1 o r a These are
.
of great
value
for
greenhouse
deco ration,
and
quite
are
dis-
similar from
the ordinary
for
jrow
3ft.
and
produce
their bright-
coloured
starry
flowers
in
light and
.1
IICUSF.
OF C ANN AS.
elegant
i l
usters.
There is now a large number of varieties to select from, some sell coloured, also splashed and striped, whilst the leaves differ in shades of green, some almost rich chocolate. In the liapter referred to the anna is dealt
1
blooms useful, for supp'ying cut th are cry These hybrid Cinerarias are one of the most valuable
acquisitions of the
bio mi
1^
grow
(.'annas are not difficult to with at considerable length. in pots, even in a sin ill greenhouse, and when in flower few indoor plants are brighter.
A rroup o>f plants in lull century burdened with very beauulul, th e tal stem sma 11 flowers individu ilb There is showy as those of lie older type of Cineraria.
I
Included in this family are the Cockscomb and CelOSia. die numerous feathery forms of C. pyramidalis, which are now so much used lor bedding during the summer months. Some of these are of brilliant hues, the colour
varying from straw to crimson, through various intermediate shades of yellow, orange, and scarlet, while m genta and purple are also represented. All of the above are readily raised from seed sown in the spring in gentle heat, and the voung plants so obtained must be grown on There is a quaint charm about freely without check.
these,
delightful gracefulness
and
distinctness
about them,
the colours, too, very pure, from white through soft rose to It is deep purple, some prettily tipped with colour.
indeed impossible to convey, in words, an idea of their grace and fresh be.iuty, and they are sufficiently tall, 3ft. and even more, to group in the greenhouse or conservatory These hybrids will most with foliage and other plants. certainly lie much grown in the future, and one of the the flowers parents, C. aurita, is in itself very charming are about the size of a penny, and of a rosy hue, lipped with while, whilst the leaves are of a preity glaucous
;
which
is
certainly
shade.
this
it
species
is
also seen
of Senecio.
more pleasing
to those
who
like free-
Celsia Areturus
flowers in
4ft.
and
C.
eretiea
are
will reach
in
grow ing things than the stiff florists" plants. C. cruenta is also worth growing, a tall, free, vigorous species of rich colour. A few varieties have double blossoms, but though
very pretty they are not such general favourites as the single-flowered forms. Cinerarias are principally raised from see 1, which should be sow n in April and May for
early winter,
to
5k.,
blossoms
Cm.
C. Areturus is much smaller in all its parts, and more Both produce seeds freely, which should be branching. sown in spring in gentle heat, and when the seedlings are large enough to handle, dibble them thinly into pots or pans After this they must be put into small pots, of line soil.
May
time
is,
and a couple of months later for succession. however, the best month for the sowing, and this
is
recommended.
The
THE
The the following early winter. seed is small, and the pots or pans prepared for its reception must be well drained, and filled to within an inch of the rims with good light moderately fine. compost, sifted S iw the seed on this, and cover
soil,
GREENHOUSE
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
237
plants will soon make an appearance. When large enough the)' must be potted into small pots, using two thirds loam to one third well-decayed manure and sand. A light, airy position is necessary to ensure a good sturdy regular growth.
young
When sufficiently advanced the young plants must be shilted into which they are to the pots in flower, those and 6in. in sin.
diameter being suitable. The double-flowered varieties are
increased
by
offsets
that
is,
the
shoots that are pushed out around the base of the plant. They must be taken off, potted into sandy
small
soil,
and kept
in a close propagating
case in a gentle
Few
greenhouse
raised
readily
as
and
the
seedlings
when
of sufficient size
may
be transferred from the seedling pan to thumb pots, when a cool frame will suffice, shading the young plants from hot suns, and giving gentle sprinklings with a syringe. When they have become established, which will be in the course of a fortnight or so, reduce the temperature,
as
artificial
heat unduly-
used is the quickest way to bring Remember also that about failure. Cinerarias will not stand being potbound. When once the thumb pots are filled with roots transfer to a larger
LUCUL1A GKATI^SIMA.
size, say,
one potting,
then into the 32 pots, which will be quite large enough for all ordinary growers. It is wise to stand the plants out of doors during the months of August and September, Remove suckers, as this will promote a hardy growth. and when the flower buds appear give manure water, w eak at first, and gradually increase the strength, but guard Many plants are killed through not against an overdose. using caution in applying liquid stimulants, w hich if given Cinerarias are unfortunately too strong burn the roots. prey for many insect pests, of which, of course, green-fly is one. This may be destroyed by gentle tobacco fumigations, and mildew, another enemy of the Cineraria, is held in check by dusting with flowers of sulphur any plant
succeed with. The roots are so impatient of being disturbed that the seed should be sown in heat singly in small pots, and when potting into larger pots the roots The flowers, must not be interfered with in any way.
which are borne in clusters, are somewhat like an enlarged and elongated Sw eet Pea, the colour being a
;
with a conspicuous black blotch in the centre. The whole flower shines as if varnished. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand forms a very suitable compost. There is a variety (Marginata) in which the flowers are white, edged with red, and spotted black. C. puniceus is a more vigorous plant, and is well
brilliant red
and roofs in a conservatory. In this the which are freely borne in early summer, are light
old occupant of our gardens, has
is
detected.
soft
brush will do
much
to get rid
Coronilla glaiica, an
prettily divided
taken in time. Citrus. The orange family all have deliciously fragrant flowers and ornamental fruit, added to which they give but little trouble when once good thriving specimens are obtained. They succeed best in a turfy loam, with a liberal admixture of well-decayed manure and silver sand. As they stand for some years without repotting, when that operation is performed drainage and other matters must be carefully attended to. They may be stood in a sheltered spot out of doors during the summer months. Clethra arborea {Lily of the Valley Tree) is quite a small tree, which produces its spikes of Lily of the Valley hke flowers in July and August. The cultural requirements detailed for Citrus will suit this perfectly, except that there must be a mixture of peat in the soil. Clianthus. Dampier's Glory Pea, as C. Dampieri is called, is one of the most gorgeous floweis in cultivation. Unfortunately, it is also one of the most difficult to
of green-fly,
those of the Rue, and throughout the summer the entire bush is studded with rounded heads of bright yellow
sweet-scented blossoms. It strikes freely from cuttings, and will succeed in any ordinary potting compost.
Cliphea.
nearly
shrubby class, natives of Mexico, have tubular blossoms of different Some of them are used for shades of red and yellow. summer, particularly bedding out during the
pretty
little
all
of which
C. platycentra.
Cyclamen
the {Persian Cyclamen). In is white tipped with crimson at the base, but there are now numerous garden forms differing widely from each other and from the type. Pure white blossoms occur amongst them, and various shades of pink and red, even to intense crimson, are now There seems an endless series of Persian represented. Cyclamen floweis, varying not merely in colour but in
original species the flower
persieum
238
size,
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
plenty of air and light, they will
flower
loo, hence there are such names as the Giant Cyclamens, distinguishing titles which are necessary, as the varieties differ conspicuously from each other. The Cyclamen is as useful as any flower of the greenhouse, and how different are the present-day kinds to those one knew not many years ago, when the plants were straggling, the flower stems weakly, and the petals them-
and spring. They can be helped at this stage with liquid manure once a week or so. Frost must not touch litem. brum 5odeg. to 6odeg. is a good temperature during winter. If green-fly attacks
the winter
at present.
them, either syringe with clear water or fumigate gently. the flowering season is over they may be kept moderately dry and started into growth again in the
After
spring.
The
and
hen upon the plant. >ne may select from whites as pure as snow, deep rose, purple, white with crimson base, and intense crimson. A fault, however, of the dull crimson and purple shades is that the colour dies away to an objectionable magenta tone, but when fresh their intense hues are very effective. The Papilio strain will probably become popular there
as fresh as w
< ;
many days
Daphne
indiea. -This
is
a universal favourite,
owing
to
blossoms, w hich are produced in winter. It is a neat-growing evergreen shrub, with dark green leaves and little terminal clusters of bright pink blossoms. There is also a variety with white
the delicious fragrance of
its
is
a certain fascination
limes of the year in October or early November for a spring display, and in [uly or August for a winter bloom. The seed should be sown very thinly in a compost of loam one half, eat and leal mould one eighlh each, and
at
be sown
various
The
seed
may
one
1
fourth
ol
horoughly
This Daphne is very particular in its requirements, and succeeds best in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. A fairly shady position, too, is necessary for it. Kit lira is a deep-coloured variety. Datura.- The huge white trumpet-shaped blooms of arborea, known also as Brtlgmansia arborea, are very 1 >. striking, and planted out in a conservatory it forms'quite a tree that will produce hundreds of flowers. It blooms, as a rale, throughout the greater part of the summer, and w ell on into the autumn. In D. the sanguinea
flowers.
flowers
are
of
in
an
D.
1
orange-red
'a~.s
this
colour,
and
through a sieve
\\
i
chlorantha
ith
a quarter-
flore-pleno pale
n c h
mesh;
cover the seed to a depth of one-fourth of an inch; keep moist and dark
o y e double.
1
and
A new
which
freely as
1
,
kind, D. cornucopise,
flowers
treated
a n n u a
an
has
white,
edged and
marbled
purple.
during July or August. not b dishasty in carding a pan 11I seed alter a few seedlings h a ve bee n taken from il,
sown
with
Given
soil
Do
good
all
rich
of easy
culture.
Erythrina
PERSIAN CYCLAMEN
from two Id three months As soon as the seedlings
Coral tree,
is
Crista-galli,
known
very distinct from anything else.
It
as
the
as or
some more
of the
to
forms a
have
formed a tiny bulb, lift them upon the point ol a label, being careful to remove roots and bulb intact. Unless one sows thinly, this is not an easy matter. Place into " thumbs," using the same compost as above. Water overhead through a fine rose, and lie
careful to use quite clear water, or the
will be disfigured.
handsome
foliage
whence are pushed up numerous annual shoots that reach a height of 4ft. to 6ft., and are furnished with trifoliate leaves of a bright shining green, The flowers with a few scattered prickles on the stalks. with which the upper parts of the shoots are terminated are somewhat Pea-shaped, thick in texture, and of a deep scarlet hue. It flowers towards the latter part of
stout root-stock, from
This point applies all through their culture. Dirty water soon causes a sediment upon the leaves, especially in the axils, and this w ill have a very bad effect upon the health of the plants. They must be kept shaded from bright sun during summer, and should never be exposed to it during the six midday hours. When they have flowered, do not dry off so completely
the
summer.
Eupatorilim.
was the practice a few- years back, but gradually withhold water, and shake out soil from their roots as far as possible when partly dormant. Repot into a compost as advised for the seedlings, but add more of the dry cow dung and a little old mortar rubble. Never more than just bury the bulb or corm. Pot very firmly, and keep them as cool as possible during the summer. They may be fully exposed to gentle showers, and the dew~s of August and September, giving shade again during the hottest parts of the day. 11 removed to a greenhouse shelf by the end of September, and stood upon some moist cocoa-nut fibre, or upon any cool bottom close to
as
This is a free-flowering race, some of The best for which are valuable for winter blooming. this purpose are E. ripariumand E. Weinmannianum, both Two of which bear crowded clusters of white flowers. red, and atrorubens, purplish E. other species E. ianthinum, in which the flowers are of a lighter hue The two last mentioned are flower early in the spring. They are all easily increased by like gigantic Ageratums.
Franeoa
{Maidtrts Wreath).
They are both of easy culture, and readily propagated by seeds or division. In The flowers are borne in long slender spikes. F. appendiculata the flowers are pinkish red with a deeper blotch, while . ramosa is while, or sometimes slightly tinged. Very useful for mixing in groups. Fuchsia. Many of the original species or natural varieties are very beautiful, and besides these a vast number of
Chili, are popular for the greenhouse.
239
240
garden forms are
useful in
in cultivation.
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
similar
positions.
many
may be grown
Where
space
is
allowed
for their
little bushes i8in. high, or as huge plants either in The pendulous nature of the bush or pyramid shape. blossoms adapts them for the roof of a greenhouse or conservatory, while if bedded out during the summer they form an object of beauty till autumn is well advanced. A few kinds are sufficiently hardy to stand the winter without protection, as if cut to the ground
of
development they will flower nearly throughout the year, even during the winter months. H. elegans, purplish red, H. fasiculatus, red, H. Newelli, crimson, and H. aurantiacus, orange, are the best. They are all sometimes included in the genus Cestrum.
Hedyehilim
require
II.
It
more heat
Gardnerianum,
they
F.
quickly
bacillaris,
recover.
The
original
species
include
boliviensis,
gracilis,
corymbiflora,
dependens,
microphylla,
fulgens,
triphylla.
globosa,
macrostemma,
splendens,
procumbens,
spectabilis,
thymifolia,
and
A
:
Elegance, President, General Roberts, dark Royal Purple, Resplendent, Lord Lyons, Wave of Life, A. de NeuDouble dark Lord Byron, Lord Elcho.
Single
:
forms a mass of stout underground stems, from whence are pushed up sturdy Bamboo-like shoots, that reach a height of from 4ft. to 5ft., and are terminated by erect spikes of yellow sweet-scented blossoms. This is more satisfactory when planted out than in pots. Heliotropes (Cherry Pie). The fragrance of its flowers renders PL peruvianum, known as the Cherry Pie, a general favourite either for bedding out or for the greenhouse,
ville,
De
Cherville,
Comte Leon
:
Tolstoi,
Champion
of
With the World, Avalanche, Marvellous, Phenomenal. Beauty of Trowbridge, Lustre, white tube and sepals
Lady Heytesbury, Guiding Star, Rose of Castile, Mrs. Delight, White corolla Marshall, Princess May. Double Carmell's Gem, De Goncourt, Flocon de Neige.
:
which structure il is very useful for clothing walls and There are several varieties, a good light kind being White Lady, and a companion dark form President Garfield. All easily raised by cuttings in spring, which
in
pillars.
Berliner Kind, Molesworth, It is a very Jules Chretien. easy matter to strike cuttings of moderately ripe shoots in spring, and grow the plants on, using loam, leaf mould, The cuttings will root quickly and silver sand for soil.
white corolla
Ballet Girl,
Madame
a propagating frame, much in the same ould strike the Fuchsia. Himantophyllum. The showiest kind is H. miniatum, and at the same time many of the later varieties are vastly superior to the tvpe. Tliev all produce a number
strike
readily in
\\
way
as one
bottom or otherwise. Gloxinia. A very pretty group ol tuberous-rooted plants that pass the winter in a slate of rest (when the)' must be kept quite dry), recommence growth in the spring, and They do well in flower throughout the summer months. a mixture of loam, well-decayed leaf mould, and manure, and can be easily propagated by taking the leaves and At one time this method inserting them as cuttings.
and readily
in a brisk heat,
hue, and the flower spike, which is pushed up from the centre of the plant, is terminated by a large globular head
They are all more or less of a buff or orange some being much brighter than others. Two other species, H. cyrtanthiflorum and II. Gardeni, are in the same way, but less ornamental than the preceding. The Himantophyllums are also known under the name of
of blossoms.
tint,
Hlimea elegans. A
Clivia.
was
generally
The large
rough
are the
scented,
leaves
peculiarly
and
red
small
heat in
flowers,
which
plume-
F ebruary,
choosing a light
sand)'
soil
are disposed in
loose
like
tor
masses,
part
of
It
the
purpose,
e
occupy the
upper
the
will
and as soon as
t
plant.
reach
of
8ft.,
a
6ft.
enough
handle
to they
height
to
more
of
the
It is
should
pricked off. potted on
required,
be
If
than
half
is
which
pied
flowers.
occu-
as
by
and
grown without
any check, they
v, ill
easily
raised
from seed.
Ik ivver
well
Hydrangea.
In
the
districts,
the
milder
espe-
cially
along the
o n
is
from
good
sea
c
coast,
m m
Hydrangea
charming
quite
blossoms.
Habrothamnus. This
a
is
greenhouse
plant.
It
vigorous,
-
will
di-
loose
growing
attain
the
class of shrubs
par
n
i
ic n la rly
i
n g
the
pillars or walls
of a conservatory,
and
in
GLOXINIA.
mensions of a large bush, but a favourite way of growing it in pots is with one short stem carrying a huge
.)
THE
head of bloom.
o b t ai n these, the very o
stoutest
stii
GREENHOUSE
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
var
is
241
bunda,
of
or iwhich dwarfer
f1
shouK,
habit, will
bloom
freely as
]t
as
would
1
(
be
mi
are
sure
if
a neat bush.
flower
the
left
may
o
1
he planted
plant,
for
til
in
the
chosen
strike
r
irder.
cuttings.
all
They
root
v e
readily.
e
little
The
colour
pink,
natural
of
but
soils
s
branched
s
li
die
is
rub,
with
Hydrangea
some
small oval
leaves, and
tubular
blosscarlet,
in
die
111
bios
soms,
during
artificially
h e
winter
it
attained
watering
plants
by
the
months;
with
weak
of
solution
Besides
ordinary
there
is
Lobelia.
There are many
species of this,
the most useful
for
prolifera,
greenhouse
.
c h
h e
sterile
blooms
double
;
decoration being L
speciosa,
are
v a
the
suit-
variegata, with
r
i
looser forms of
e
;
leaves
ga t and
11
1
e
1
1
d
a
,
which are
able
for
the
p a n
ping of
hanging
gran di
w
i
or
stages,
li
u g e
1
p y r a 111 d a varieties a r e shaped heads of HYPR-IKCF largely used for cream-coloured bedding out. flowers. This last is hard v, but is also much used for May be propagated either by cuttings or Miss Elope, a white variety, is a delightful basket greenhouse decoration. seeds. plant. ImpatienS. This is a large family, including stove and 'lie hardy as well as greenhouse kinds. member of this genus, L. Jacobseus, has Of these latter, the Lotus.most generally cultivated is the Balsam (I. Balsamina), of prettily divided silky leaves and clusters of small Peawhich there are various coloured forms, with both single shaped flowers which are almost black. L. peliorhynchus To ensure good plants the seed should be suspended, as in this way the shoots hang down and double flowers. lor a couple of feet, and are towards the points crowded should he sown in the spring, in heat, and the young plants grown on freely in light rich soil. I. Sultani is a with scarlet flowers. rather upright-growing, soft-w An evergreen shrub that needs to be planted led plant that can be LllCUlia. out in a greenhouse, where, given the same treatment as propagated from cuttings. It w ill flower nearly throughout the year, the flowers being of a light scarlet tint. a Camellia, it will late in the autumn produce large fragrant There is also a variety with salmon and another with Hydrangea-like heads of deliciously pink blossoms. carmine blossoms. Cuttings are very difficult to strike, and seedlings need careful treatment during their earlier LagerStroemia indiea is a tree-like shrub, w hich, if kept stages. somewhat dry during the winter to thoroughly ripen the wood, will at about July be studded w ith large panicles of Maekaya bella. A shrub 6ft. high, from Natal, that bright pink blossoms, the petals of which are much in April and May bears a profusion of Pentstemon-like crisped, thus adding to the elegant character of the flowers, of a pale lilac veined with purple. There is a variety (alba) in whii h the flowers specimen. Marguerites. The Marguerite or ParisDaisy is frequently These Lagersl ovinias will remain in health are white. grown in pots in the greenhouse, as well as for planting for years, and flower well without being repotted. Large out for the summer. There is the ordinary white form, specimens may be kept in tubs. It is a very simple and the pretty yellow Etoile d'Or. matter to raise them from cuttings, which should be Lantana. Dwarf shrubby plants that produce their flattened clusters of flowers in great profusion. There struck in ordinary soil in the spring, selecting moderately are many species, hut the finest are the numerous garden ripened side shoots. Cut just under a joint, remove the hybrids that have been raised therefrom. Numerous lower pair of leaves, and let the cuttings be about 3m. shades of colour are represented amongst them, there long. Put them into pots well drained, and give gentle being white, yellow, pink, scarlet, and crimson flowers, w armth. When rooted pot off singly, and it is advisable as well as many intermediate tints. In a greenLo nip out the points of each shoot so as to promote a house they will flower throughout the summer, and sturdy bushy growth. Pot on as the roots obtain full are also useful for bedding out. They all strike freely possession of the soil, ami w hen approaching the flowering from cuttings in the spring, and need only ordinary soil. The soil to use for stage weak liquid manure is helpful. Lasiandra maerantha, with rich violet-purple blossoms general pottings should he made up chiefly of good 5in. across, is a magnificent roof or pillar plant, and the fibrous loam mixed with a little well-decayed manure,
i
242
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
(the
The Paris Daisy has leaf mould, and sharp silver sand. one great enemy, namely, the Celery-fly. This eats away There the inside of the leaf, and may be readily detected. is only one real remedy, namely, to pinch the pests, when seen, between the finger and thumb, or to pick them out. The golden rule is never Insecticides are of little value. Chrysanthemum to let this enemy make headway. frutescens is its botanical name. Mignonette for Winter. It was formerly supposed that the Tree Mignonette was a distinct variety, and was struck from cuttings to make certain the true kind was obtained. Any variety of Mignonette may, however, be grown into a tree-like form, as it is a matter of culture. An essential point, however, is to secure a good strain. All the best growers save their own seeds from selected accustomed to regard plants, and though one is Mignonette as an annual, it assumes a perennial character when planted out under glass. The way to secure Tree Mignonette is to sow the seeds in
MyrtUS
A well-known and popular everhardy in particularly favoured spots in this country, and forms quite a feature along some parts of the Mediterranean Coast. The white flowers with their prominent stamens are very beautiful. Besides the common kind there is a dwarfer form with narrow leaves. Cuttings will root if taken about midsummer, put in a close frame, and shaded from the sun.
Myrtle).
green that
is
Nerium Oleander
(the Oleander) is a loose -growing, Willow-like shrub that flowers during the summer months. There are many varieties, varying in colour from white to crimson, with both single and double blossoms. The Oleander is a general favourite in the South of Europe, and in this country it may be kept in large pots or tubs, as is often done in the case of the Camellia. It flowers in the summer. Cuttings root
March
in the centre of
or April, in small pots, putting three or four seeds each pot, which should be placed in a
warm
move them
to a light, airy
As soon house or
frame, and pull up all except the most vigorous in the centre of each pot. Shift into larger pots as soon as the soil is occupied with roots, and give small shifts, never
pot-bound until they have had their final shifl into the puis in which they are to flower. These may be from 7 n to 9m. in diameter, according to the vigour of the plants. As regards training, In either pyramidal or standard form may be adopted. the former case a stake is placed to the main shoot, and All (lowers the side ones are encouraged to grow out. should be pinched off. A well-grown pyramidal Mignonette by the autumn may be 3ft. to 4ft. in height, and hall as much through. In training a standard the main stem is led up and all side shoots pinched back to the first pair of leaves, which are left for a time to help strengthen the main stem, but they will ultimately be removed when When the plants require this assistance no longer. the leader has reached the requisite height, stop it, and encourage the side shoots to send out laterals to make a
i
.
readily either in sandy soil or in water, even in a window, but a greenhouse or propagating pit is better. Oleanders require plenty of water, especially during the summer. Oxalis. This is an extensive group, many of the members ol which are low-growing, Clover-like plants, with bright showy blossoms of different colours. Several of them form underground tubers, which in one or two cases have been used as vegetables. A selection of the best would include Oxalis Bowiei, loose clusters of bright rosy red flowers i^in. across O. cernua, yellow, and its double-flowered form, O. cernua flore-pleno O. Deppei, reddish purple ; O. enneaphylla, white O. rosea, rose O. variabilis, white, flushed red. The whole of them are of easy culture, and increased rapidly
l>v
division.
Pelargonium.
Nearly all the Pelargoniums are, in a wild state, natives of South Africa, and some of them are very beautiful. As decorative plants, however, these
native species are greatly inferior to the numerous garden hybrids raised therefrom, and which are now divided into several distinct groups. All of them are readily propa-
round, well-balanced head, a circular wire being fixed to Liquid the stake at the top to support the branches. manure may be supplied, as soon as the pots are filled w ith
roots, to promote size in the flowers. Mignonette must have good soil, and firm potting is necessary to gain the best results. Good loam two thirds, and one third of two year old cow manure with a little charcoal dust, such as is found at the bottom of heaps, and sand enough to keep the soil open, form an excellent compost. A little bone meal may be given at the last shift, and as soon as After the plants flower give liquid manure twice a week. the weather is warm and settled, in June, the plants may stand in a sheltered place out of doors where the wind cannot break the shoots. Place the plants, however, under cover before the rains and frosts of autumn occur. Mignonette in 5m. and 6in. pots. Mignonette is very useful for autumn and winter flowering when grown in the sized pots mentioned. Procure seeds of a good strain, such as a well-selected stock of the variety Machet. Make the first sowing for autumn flowering in July, and prepare the pots well, taking care that the best compost
in at any time except late in the and the principal points in their culture are to maintain a free circulation of air around them and to keep the foliage free from aphides or green-fly, which quickly injure the plants. The different sections of Pelargoniums are Zonal, which includes those commonly known as Geraniums. They are much used for bedding out during the summer, and embrace all shades, from white to
autumn and
in winter,
crimson.
Double Zonal. These resemble the last, except that the flowers are double, and, being stronger growers than the single kinds, they are not so useful for bedding out,
but as pot plants in the greenhouse they are much used. There are variegated leaved forms of both these sections.
The varieties grouped under this head are Show. sometimes called large-flowered Pelargoniums. The three lower petals are plain and unspotted, while the two upper ones are blotched with maroon, thus forming a very
regular flower.
obtained, especially as regards the loam. Ram it the pots, not trusting to the fingers, rather using a blunt stick. Fill the pots to within an inch of
only
is
firmly into
the rim.
Decorative. This also includes those to which the terms Regal, French, and Spotted have been applied, as no line can be drawn between the different groups. The flowers resemble those of the show kinds, but are less regular in shape and marking, the lower petals frequently being heavily spotted. The decorative class is that so largely grown for market. Fancy. The Fancy varieties are characterised by smaller flowers than any of the above, but as a set-off they are borne in great profusion.
sandy soil. If the soil be dry, water before sowing, and scatter the seed evenly over the damp surface. Place the pots in a cold pit until the seeds germinate, then ventilate freely, and as soon as the plants are sufficiently strong, pull up all except five in the smaller-sized pots, and seven in the 6in. ones. If the soil has been made firm the plants will be dwarf and sturdy. Sow again in August, September, or October, and for spring blooming sow in January, in heat. During winter the plants must have a light position in a fairly warm greenhouse.
lightly with finely-sifted
Ivy-leaved.
these
The
loose,
eminently fits them for many purposes, such as hanging baskets, furnishing balconies and window-sills, and in the summer for planting in vases in the garden. Both single and double flowers occur in this class, but some of those with double blossoms, though charming too stiff for the purposes for pot culture, are rather above mentioned. As regards varieties, it would be better to consult the catalogue of some specialist, such as Messrs. Cannell, of Swanley, Kent, or Messrs. Pearson, of Nottingham.
THE
There
is
is
GREENHOUSE
all
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
243
not easy to
of,
make
and
a selection
that
will
he
approved
anyone
undertaking
before
their
making a comThe scarlet Raspail Improved is of course mencement. indispensable, a free, bright-flowered variety in pots, and Henry Jacoby too, the kind grown so largely out of doors
seriously should see a collection
summer bedding. The Pelargonium is such an important many ways that reference is made to
for
flower
it
in
that condition. There is said to be enough sap in a Geranium cutting to root the same without the aid of water. That may be so, but I usually sprinkle the leaves on sunny days. If the cuttings are rooted out of pots, as suggested, take care to pot them the moment rooting has taken place, or the plants will soon run up spindly and soft. I will not detail autumn propagation, as that is so well understood, hut would advise continual striking, so that one has always young successive
I
at
con-
batches.
siderable
grower of these flowers, Mr. Shoesmith, of Woking, in an interesting paper read by him some time ago, mentioned the following facts as indispensable if one is to succeed with this brilliant family. The remarks with reference to
length.
An
excellent
Complicated mixtures ol soil are not at all necessary. had loam, a little grit and bone meal, I should have Excellent results all I needed for Pelargonium culture. may also be obtained by the use of the old partly wornout compost that Chrysanthemums have been grown in
If I
"Geraniums"
for
it
winter
is in
(lowering
the
should
he
made
It
is
common
fault
to find these
winter that one may keep this structure gay with a variety of colours, and the whole routine of culture is extremely simple. Mr. Shoesmith gave the following important details of culture
careful note of, for
Propagation. This is a matter that is not attended with any difficulty during summer and early autumn. uitings is the plan generally I may say propagating horn adopted, raising plants from seeds being confined to obtaining new
1
am sure, leads to the growth of leaves and soft wood. have in my mind's eye some remarkable specimen plants This was which were being prepared for an exhibition. some years ago, and they have remained to me as choice examples of how not to do it. In the fust place they were The compost was of the potted into I2in. pots loosely. richest description. In summer a spot outside that was
I
fairly
well
and
not
improved
1
shaded by trees
varieties.
am
of
particular
size
about the
the
used,
cuttings
but
pay
and
for
should say
finished
more
to
attention
when
the
growth
competition
or
some
u c h
4ft.
has
diameter,
but
Thus
with
i
make
all
them
at
presentable.
Now, my
Zonal
idea of a well-grown
to
cut
Pelargois
111
mediately
a
joint.
nium
under
Now,
I
in practice
this sub-
find
tively
leaves.
ject,
as well
as
most
wooded
softplants,
PELARGONIUM.
very
sight
Plants in
small
pots
are
showy
for
I
when
not
well
grown.
or
cutting to a joint is unnecessary. The gain is considerable because when we are dealing with a choice variety, two cuttings may often he obtained in the place of one trimmed in the usual way. The chief cause of failing to root Pelargonium cuttings is that they are liable to rot before the process of callusing has taken place. To prevent this when cuttings are put in early in the season, I tie each to a piece of thin stick, so that I may fasten the cutting to the earth, only allowing the base of the same A batch of 2,000 cuttings was put in to just touch it. in this way during January, and I lost less than half-aSo early in the year I would favour a dozen in 1 00. slight bottom heat, but in this case a surface of fine soil was put on a bed from which Tomatoes were removed, and the cuttings just resting fin the soil as mentioned, placing them about 3m. apart. Later in the spring is not necessary for one to go to so much it the matter. I simply take trouble in cultinc off and plant it anywhere in the soil. Pelargoniums may also be struck singly in small pots or thickly placed in larger ones, also in huxes or the like, and stood on shelves. The only danger here is that dry without they may become too me noticing
;
objects
tilled
conservatory
readily
forget was a greenhouse with miniature specimens in 4m. pots with huge trusses, only one on each This was a few plant. years back in the garden of a gentleman known for his skill in raising choice Fuchsias Mr. Banks, of Deal. Individual pips and trusses were here cared for with that
shall
florists of the old school regard Auriculas or Carnations. I will, however, take the 4jin. pot as the limit for flowering small plants,
and it is wonderful what a blaze of colour we may obtain from specimens in this size. They will need but one shift from the small size in which the plants have been placed as soon as rooted. Over the hole put one fair-
and then cover this with a good handful of quarter-inch bones, using such ordinary soil as I have indicated. Firm potting is most essential. The temperature of an airy greenhouse is one in which the plants will flourish satisfactorily, and stand them as near the glass as convenient. Before the shoots have a chance to run up tall pinch out the points, also the flower buds for a time, until you get a bushy specimen with four or so short, sturdy growths. Meantime, watering must
sized piece of crock,
44
not, of course, be neglected.
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
state.
GARDENING.
The Pelargonium will take abundance of moisture at the roots, but I do not favour sprinkling overhead after the cuttings have rooted. In stopping the shoots, I ought perhaps to mention now a fact we may easily note by observation. The plant naturally in growing makes one joint with a leaf on either side; the next is a flower bud and one leaf. Again, above Therefore we must that comes a leaf-joint, and so on. be careful, if a bushy growth is desirable, not to tup the But for shoot at the joint where the flower truss forms. the fine development of individual trusses of bloom we should snip out the tiny growth immediately above the flower, so as to arrest the further growth of leaves. When nice little bushes are obtained I would allow all flower the pots by this buds to remain on the plant, and then feed with something of time being well filled w ith roots I find any fertiliser containing an a stimulating nature. abundance of ammonia best lor Zonal Pelargoniums. Peruvian guano is first-rate. Soot water is also excellent, but this should be clear, and I would not advise the use of any manure that clogs the soil, such as thick liquid
As the blooms take a considerable time to develop, especially late in the season, I would discontinue taking away flower trusses after the early part of the last month already mentioned. The winter quarters must be satisfactory, with sufficient heat to expel damp as well as favour growth. A temperature of about 55deg. is required. All light available should be allowed where these plants stand, and the closer they are to the glass, provided all is dry, the better the colours will come out. In some instances,
in w inter are a speciality, the pipes fixed immediately under the glass above the blossom. This plan, however, is not
do I think it necesGeranium blooms in winter is thick fog, and il is next to impossible to grow such with success in or close to large towns, where the air is charged with smoke from a multitude of chimneys. Pure country air and the medium temperature named make
likely to be followed generally, nor
sary.
The
greatest
enemy
to
matters tolerably
easy.
Care
is
required
in
watering.
the plants,
As
little
as possible should be
allowed
among
a n d
the
m
air
list
be
exercised in
-
giving,
as
to
so
o id draughts as
v
m uch
possible.
is
as
It
easy
to
overdo
roots
sti
the
m
i
with u lan ts
in
the
n
t
months.
This
should
item,
therefore,
be
wa t c h ed.
Many
varieties, in
and
light
like.
Shade when
in
bloom
shades.
used,
Single
the
varieties
as
well
necessary.
they
and
into
also
passed their best may be stood in the sun for a few days to harden, then cut back to make useful material for growing large specimens another year. Later batches should be ready to take their place, it being possible by this
When
former
being
the
is
more
are
less
To
in
prevent
this, liquid
gum
to have bloom the whole vear. Winter Flowering. This phase is not the least important of all, and as a plant to provide bright, cheerful colours during the dull months of the vear the Zonal Geranium is unsurpassed. It is a matter of special culture and a proper selection of varieties. I prefer spring-struck plants to start with, and the rules as to soil and
means
the stems placed water directly they are cut, the blossom lasts a Gumming the petals applies to considerable time. single varieties at all times of the year, and for show especially the blooms would soon present a miserable appearance, after being shaken by the necessary removal,
of each pip.
If
this
be done and
Do
overpot.
The
enough.
not In
I use those above 6in. in diameter. From middle of September the plants may be stood Placed on boards along in an open sunny spot outside. the sides of kitchen garden walks is often a very convenient position. Due attention must be given to watering, stopping, and removing all flower buds when in a young
no case would
May
to the
matter were neglected. Apart from flowering plants, during dull, sunless months Pelargoniums should in all cases be kept quiet. We should endeavour to prevent much top-growth by having a low temperature consistent with keeping out frost. The roots may be on the dry side, but not so If such practice be followed, parched as to kill them. those plants that require heading back will have abundance of hardened cuttings to provide material for an
if this
Diseases
and
Insects.
Fortunately
Zonal
Pelargo-
245
?46
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
commerce
niums are not troubled with anything in the way of insect pests worth speaking of, but there are a few diseases, brought about by the careless grower in most cases. Take spot in the leaf. I seldom note this on a plant which has not been over-watered. My remedy is to remove such a plant and put the pot on its side,
neglecting
it entirely for a week or two. The soil will With care in then get thoroughly dry and sweetened. watering afterwards, the plant may in nine cases out of ten be brought round and again made to grow freely. Then there is decav at the base of the stem. This, I
that very few of the best varieties were in half-a-dozen years ago.
Although it is often caused by faulty watering. occurs with me sometimes, I am verv careful when potting to avoid it somewhat by placing the stem well up in the centre, not burying it deeply, as is sometimes done. And when water is given, do not pour it right on to the stem. It is just as easy to pour it near the inside of the
fancy,
pot's rim.
It is somewhat curious that one raiser may obtain a good break in a particular shade of colour, whilst his neighbour may surpass him in another. I find that in salmon shades Messrs. Cannell are responsible for, in my opinion, the best, namely, Mrs. Routh, T. W. Lawton, A. F. Wooten, Mrs. Robert Cannell, and others. In lovely shades of cerise, salmon scarlet, and the like, witness, Messrs. Pearson claim remarkably fine ones Kitty, Phyllis, Enid, Olivia, O. W. Holmes, and so on. The late Mr. Miller gave us whites of fine form and size in Niagara and Duchess of York among others. The crim-
Souv. de S. B. Miller
to
me.
Varieties.
Selection
of
the
best
varieties
for
me
a phase
nut less
important than culture with regard to Pelargoniums or any flower. For example, we find well-cultivated plants
exceptional merit springs up, but the three men I have mentioned raised the greater portion of up-to-date sorts. Mow many seedlings are required to obtain one good variety is unknown to me. Probably one person gets a strain that will produce more improved varieties among a hundred plants than another would in a thousand. There
cannot be
Geraniums composed of sorts like Henry Jacoby, John Gibbons, and even commoner kinds. These are good free-flowering varieties, I admit, bat why not have in their place sorts as rich in colouring and infinitely superior in form, substance, size of pip, and
of
winter-flowering
Petunias. These gay flowers have been referred to at some length in dealing with plants for bedding, and they are very easily managed, being usually increased by seed in the case of the single varieties, and the double ones by cuttings. The double forms seem to be the least popular,
and
this
is
am
rule to this.
truss
One remarkable
nium has within the
and
fact
is
this.
The Zonal
Pelargo-
the colours none too pure, but the singles are freer
in
and
quietly altered
every
way more
in
with no special the Chrysanthemum, Auricula, Carnation, Dahlia, Pansv, and I know not what, have societies devoted to their exhibition and improvement, but the Pelargonium has none. It had. This, however, died some time ago, and has never been
improved by a
lew
enthusiasts
many
as the
plants
The Rose,
clammy
off.
not wise to grow the neighbourhood of large smoky towns, nature of the foliage is against them, the
decorative.
It
is
air,
wash
place
Of
this
late
years
in
family.
colours,
self,
selection
Pearsons, and one or two others have during the past ten years given us unquestionably superior sorts. Indeed, in looking through old lists whilst preparing these notes, I may say
restored.
Yet, as I say,
the Cannells,
amongst the single and striped, serve whilst many are charmingly fringed. It would little purpose to give all the names of the varieties to be found in catalogues, but by consulting the seed lists of
of
especially
varieties,
some
others
THE
such
(Inns
GREENHOUSE
AND
ITS
FLOWERS.
n o
v a
r
i
247
e
as
:i
Sutton, Laing,
or
111
Carter,
names
are given.
Veitch,
Kelway, one
a v
easily
those
to
the
of
choo s e
kinds
likely
those
who make
a speci
please most
loversof flowers. The big flowers
are
a n
less
the Chinese
Primula
ality,
Sutton,
Carter.
1 1
free
Veitch,
Can
to
n e
'I
and
n e a
others.
raise
In-
way
by
to
blooms,
which
braver
Chinese
is
make
Primulas
seed, sion
ings,
display.
The
and
ol
secure a succesflowers
of the
Petunias
from
When
for pots,
seed.
growing sow the
m out
w
still
later,
ith, if
desired,
in
in
another
July.
Sow
:
PETUNIA.
even
soil
h e
following
thinly
on quite an
silver
surface.
Cover
lightly
and use for the general compost loam one part, double the quantity of well-decayed leaf mould, and sufficient sharp silver sand to lighten it thoroughly. Place the pan or
with
a
sand,
soil
made up
ol
compost two one of leaf mould, and one of welldecayed cow manure, adding a dash of sharp sand to keep the whole open. This compost should be passed through
parts
turfy loam,
a fine sieve
or riddle,
pot
out,
in
a temperature
lightly
with
water,
and when
of 6odeg., sprinkle the surface the seeds will be washed large and strong enough prick oul into
or
other pans, transferring from these some time in April in 60 pots, potting on in the usual way, as the pots become of roots, until is lull the 48 si/e is reached. Il necessary to give slight shade after repottings, 1ml do not
bottom of the pan, which should be fairly well drained. Make the surface perfectly level and firm, water well Some through a fine rose, and sow the seed very thinly. do not cover the seeds, bill a very light dusting ol dry cocoa-nut fibre refuse, shaken over the pan and allowed lo fall through a line sieve held or 2l"t. above, is an It.
I
excellent covering.
tile
sheet
ol
coddle the plants in any way, and. when well established, the greenhouse will suit them, giving plenty of air at all
times.
Pleroma. This
small-growing ol South America. The flowers ol most are large, and of a purple or violet colour, but the plants are difficull to grow, need a shady position, and a soil prmcip.Uly composed of sandy peat.
is
beautiful
ol
class
of
the
Andean
region
Pllimbag'O.
The
pan, anil the whole kept dark in a greenhouse temperature upon a cool bottom. As the seed germinates, light and air may be gradually admitted, but no direct sunshine. F rom the lirsl avoid watering as far as possible, and yet be careful the roots never suffer from want of For this purpose a cool bottom that is moist moisture. without being actually wet. such as a cool frame or pit in a partially shaded position, is mm h the best alter the seedlings are potted off. This should be done as soon as they can be handled, using a small pot known as
<; thumb." Keep them as close to the glass as possible, and shilt on into sin. or 5',in. pots directly roots emerge After potting, give one good through the drainage hole. sprinkling, shading and keeping close for a few days until If a hot sun the)' have recovered from root disturbance. he permitted to touch them just alter repotting, or they are allowed to become dry at any time, irreparable mischief will he done. They may stay in the cool frame or pit until the end of September, when they should be brought into a temperature of 5odeg. to 6odeg. Stand upon a cool bottom close to the glass. It is a good plan to make a shallow tray of the shelf they occupy, and have a layer
1'.
capensis
are always greatly admired, whether the plant lie trained to the roof or pillars of a greenhouse, grown as a bush
therein, or planted out of doors during the
summer,
for all
of which purposes
it
is
well adapted.
The Plumbago
more
Primula, Chinese.
chapter upon Climbers. is complete without the beautiful Chinese Primulas, or Primroses, raised from Primula prcenitens, and a witness to the wonderful skill of
fully described in the
No greenhouse
the hybridist.
new forms
For many years the hybridist or raiser of has been striving to produce a race in w Inch the flower stems are sturdy and borne well above the leaves,
the individual blooms large, robust, and of tine colour. All this has been obtained, in truth it seems difficult to surpass the splendid acquisitions already secured, but of late years the double-flowered group has undergone a
great change.
of
in.
this
fatal
will
prein
vent
In
sudden
potting,
drought,
perhaps
the most
item
their culture.
soil the foliage in any impossible to cleanse such downy and sticky leaves; besides this, the foliage is handsome in itself, and the removal of even one or An two leaves often makes an uneven-looking plant. excellent compost is made of the same materials as recom-
be careful not to
dirty,
it
a charming race, w ith infinitely greater freedom and vigour, and more easily cultivated than the double forms raised by the late Mr. Gilbert, which
This
is
way.
Once made
is
to
manage.
little
rosettes, as varied
almost as the single kinds, rose, heliotrope, white, pink, and deep purple-blue, as near to blue as one can w ell get, but a true blue, of the same beautiful colour as the Gentian of the Alps, has yet to be raised. Nothing displays the perseverance of the raiser more than obtaining this purple-
mended
One remembers the first departure, a slaty, none too pleasant shade, but improvement came, until a remarkable and effective colour has been obtained by diligent selection. As in the case of the Persian Cyclamens,
blue shade.
very pretty under glass, whilst excellent for the greenhouse or frame is P. cortusoides Sieboldi, a native of Japan, and represented by a large number of varieties, all of which are pleasing to see in the greenhouse about April. This kind is described in the hardy plant chapters under the heading of Primula, bo further reference to it is
248
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
rules as given for
unnecessary here. P. floribunda is a bright golden yellow species, which blooms almost throughout the year, and is very easily raised from seed. Fogs, however, are fatal to it, even when slight, so that in the neighbourhood of large towns it is hardly wise to grow this flower. But even when a stock is killed it is easy to raise another
management
of
P.
sinensis,
of
which
Stellata
is
from seed.
spring,
P. verticillata sinensis,
its
which flowers
in
the
has
yellow flowers arrayed in whorls, which succession the leaves are covered with a curious powder. a very
undoubtedly a form. PPOtea,. - This is an extensive class of greenhouse shrubs, natives of South Africa, which fifty years ago were very popular in British gardens, but nowadays are rarely seen. They differ considerably from each other in size, for some form large bushes, and bear their striking flowers on the ends of the branches, while others again are of a
low,
style of
spreading growth.
best
bright kind.
The two following kinds are set out
especially
as being of unusual
in
The
s
soil
suited for
them
principally
addition
little
of a
loam.
value
P.
the
They
need
greenhouse.
This
obeoniea. is the
out
of
place
ally,
t
occasion-
because of
injurious
h e
seasons,
nature
hairs
sensitive
of
to
the
as
though
is
an
some
skins.
excess of mois-
ture their
very
to
Exag g e rated
statements are made, no doubt, some declaring that it produces
erysipelas
ci
t
detrimental
welfare,
just
far
continued
drought
as bad.
is
By of
is
and
r e a
the
i
most
strik-
h e
i"
n g
the
P.
Proteas
is
probably
imagina-
cynaroides,
which forms a bold bush from
4,1.
sheer
t
to 6ft. high,
usually
consist-
ing
of
several
with
set
unbranched
shoots,
skins
up
violent
up
irritation
a n d produce unplearesults
These
which
sant
for
shoots,
a time, and in PRIMULA such cases of course the leaves and flowers must not be handled, P. obconica is sc however, that wherever o useful, possible it should be grown, and it remains in lor flower several Seed is easily raised months. in the spring, anc the seedlings when polled and grown on in the ; greenhouse during the summer flower profusely, Use soil similar to that recommended for th Chinese Primrose. Seedlings vary greatly, some being larger and richer in colon olour than others, but the pretty lilac lint i:. always pleasing, even when very pale. It is interesting to raise seed obtained from a fine strain, as then one may make a selection of the seedlings, choosing those that are very fine to grow
.
OBCONICA.
are
are
very stout,
clothed
with dark green leathery leaves, and on the points the blossoms are borne. They are of a pale flesh colour, and are produced in one huge terminal head, surrounded by large bracts, the whole being in shape like a large Globe Artichoke. They expand in spring and early summer, and remain fresh a long time. Other kinds are P. acaulis, 2ft. high, flowers purple
:
red; P. formosa, 6ft., violet; P. white; P. longifolia, 2ft., brownish; P. mellifera, 6ft., pink; P. speciosa, 6ft., white. Rhododendron. The plants known in gardens as Indian Azaleas are by botanists referred to the genus
P.
cordata,
I ft.,
grandiflora,
oft.,
on for future use. Stellata, or the Star Primrose, is a flower that should be grown freely by everyone. It is quite a departure, and a relief in a measure from the stifle r types to which one has been accustomed. It blooms profusely, the slender stems being thrown up freely from the leafy base, and bearing innumerable flowers of delicate colours the flowers are not small, although not of that fine shape characteristic of other types. It is, however, free in every way, flowering and growth, a delightful plant for decorations or to cut for vases and bowls the stem will develop to quite 2ft. in height, branching out, and making a perfect bower of blossom. White, rose, and other shades are represented,
; ;
and as they require much the same treatment, the Azaleas will be herein included under the same head. They are particularly valuable for the
Rhododendron,
embellishment
April,
of
the
and
il
a few simple
difficult
are not at
all
to
The compost
for
Azaleas should consist of sandy peat, and in potting it The drainage must should be pressed down very firmly. also be carefully attended to, for the plants will (especially when large) remain in the same pot for years, and keep After flowering they must be well in good health. syringed and encouraged to grow freely, weak soot water Then when the occasionally being good for them. growth is completed, which will be about midsummer,
. ;
THE
or a
little later,
GREENHOUSE
AND
is
ITS
FLOWERS.
2/,9
they may be placed out of doors till the then again taken into the greenhouse. While an excess of water should be guarded against, they must, on the other hand, never be allowed to get too dry, as the roots are very fine and delicate, and quickly suffer
autumn,
and
during the glowing season. Of the Arum a variety gigantea, larger than the type, and one compacta, less in stature, while a third, Little Gem, is quite a miniature, being only about ill. high, and very usclul lor culling or do oration. R. Elliottiana and
necessary
Lily there
is
of that
region
are
that
in
is,
the different
some instances
gorgeous but as many of them attain quite treelike dimensions there are few structures sufficiently large The best are for their development. K. arboreum, rosy red R. Aucklandi, while; R. barbatum, crimson campylocarpiun, pale R. campanulatum, lilac K. yellow R. ciliatum, rosy purple; R. Dalhousire, lemon alcoiieri, lilu-.li K. Edgeworthi, while K. R. lulgcns, crimson; R. grande, while; R. renkinsi; while; R. Nuttalli, pale rose R. Thomsoni, blood red; R. Veitchianum, white. Numerous hybrids have been raised betw een the above, in which light-coloured flowers greatly predominate. They will flower in a much smaller slate than most of the original species, and for greenhouse decoration about March and April they are unsurpassed. Hybrids of this
: ; ;
R. Pentlandi are two new kinds with golden spalhes. These go to rest at the end of the summer, and remain dormant lill nearly Christmas, when they start into growth, and flower in spring and early summer. These golden spathed Arums when first shown a few years ago created something approaching a sensation, the spathes
departures, namely, a rose spathed kind, and it would not be surprising if quite a series of forms appeared, as one
1'
section
Arum never knows how successful the hybridist may be. Lilies are very easily grown, and their noble ivory spathes are always welcome, especially for bold decorations, such as for churches, and in wreaths, too, they are much Growers differ somewhat in their treatment of the used. One recommends planting out in trenches in the plants. Rapid summer, another growing them entirely in pots. summer growth, at any rate, is a mistake, and when planted out the soil should not be very rich. As a rule gardeners a r e
1 1
Co
u n
i
c s s
of
intent to leave
Iiadd C oun
Sefton,
ense,
n g ton, of t e s s
them
pots,
Exoni-
Duchess of her1 a n d
,
spare time
elaborate
of
Princess Alice.
systems
ture
pot
e a
s
cul-
will
find
culture
i
the
l
known
as
the
Javanese,
tube-
The
be
well
p an plants must
e
r
flowering,
I
or
p e r ]) e u a 1 blooming Rho-
thoroughly ripened
is
that
essential
sufficient
give
w ater to prevent
them
suffering,
late years.
and
a u
t
h e y
are
divided,
transferred
or
to
and
puis
size
a
:
of
larger
then, w ith
grow
1
and
year,
throughout
but
the
to
flower
spathes
be
is
ise to
give
very
in
I
little
water
he
summer
desirable.
of
the
im nilhs, because
Some
best
blush
are:
Baroness Henry
Schroeder,
;
Brilliant,
;
succulent
green
as a n
scarlet
Ceres,
;
buff yellow
RICIIARDIA
Lor
w
bill
FLLIOTTI NA.
;
e n e
obust.
at in
After
a
flowering
the
in
late
spring
place
sheltered
from
supplv.
keen
Mangf Mam
(Ai
i/i/i
orancre
Triumphans,
radual
reduce
water
d stand
Riehardia afrieana
sethiopica
n also as Calla popular greenhouse plant that w ill flower at different times of the year, according to the treatment given it. 1'lenly of moisture
I ily),
know
a
is
journal, if rower fhese, writing ir a horticultural mentions that ''by the first week in June the plants, pots and all, are laid upon their sides or stacked in a heap. In this way during June ami July they are not permitted Early in August the plants are to have any water at all.
250
THE
CENTURY
ROOK
OF
GARDENING.
fresh
stood up, and if no rain comes by the middle of that month a good watering is given, more with a view to At soften the soil prior to repotting than aught else. this time a solid spiral crown 2in. or jin. long is all the Repotting is done about the life visible above the corm. middle of August, one to three corms, according to size, Annual repotting is much being placed in an Sin. pot. to be preferred, and the bulk of the old soil is removed,
regardless of any old roots that
and bright throughout the entire winter. Raised from seeds sown in the spring. Sparmannia afrieana. This is a rapid-growing bush,
quickly reaching a height of ioft. to 12ft., with large rough heart-shaped leaves, and clusters of white flowers, lit up in the centre with yellow and purple. very
easily
grown
Statiee
peat,
profusa
bears
numerous branched
It
lie
spikes
of
remain.
fairly
rich
compost
is
given
The
by the middle of September, by which lime the first good leaves are unfolding, and by the end of the month
splendid spathes are obtained. It is always a pleasure to see the clean, firm, vigorous growth these plants make compared with the gross, lank, and flabby leaves and The crop of stem of those planted out all the summer. spathes is also largely increased by the drying off." Labour is of course saved by this simple and successful
In the Southern Counties of England, Devonand Cornwall, and Ireland in particular, the Arum Lilies flower abundantly by pond and lake sides. Salvia.- There is quite a host of Salvias (among others being the common Sage), some of which are hardy, and others require a greenhouse. These last include some very showy flowers that are at their best in the autumn, and afford a pleasing variety to the Chrysanthemums They are which are so conspicuous at that season.
Others are S. floribunda and S. Holfordi. They are propagated from cuttings, but are somewhat difficult
winter.
to root.
Swainsonia.
very pretty class of plants of a half with clusters of large Pea-shaped flowers, varying in colour from deep reddish pink to white. They are borne principally during the summer
shrubby character,
months. The best are S. galegifolia and S. Greyana. Both can be readily raised from seeds.
system.
shire
Torenia.
suited
that are well baskets and similar purposes. If the seed is sown early in the spring the plants will flower throughout the summer and autumn. T. Bailloni has yellow flowers, and in T. Fournieri they
Procumbent-growing
growing
in
plants
lor
suspended
are violet-purple.
TydSBa.
plants
S. gesnerseS.
I'itcheri,
blue
S.
rutilans,
red
S.
splendens,
of
as
scarlet.
easily
raised
from
cuttings
fairly-ripened
one would the Fuchsia. Of late years the Salvias have been little grown, but it is difficult to understand why flowers so brilliant in every way during the winter months are not more considered. A free-growing class of annuals with SchizatltllUS.
spring, and potted on,
much
at their best during autumn and winter. The tubular-shaped blossoms have a widely-expanded mouth, which in some varieties is very quaintly marked with dark crimson on a yellowish ground. They are readily increased by division of their little tubers. Verbena. Though generally used for bedding out during the summer, the Verbenas are very bright ornaments for
Veronica. Many
principally
of
the
from
New
They
will
grow
well in the
also very useful for greenhouse Raised from seed sown in heat in spring. Solanum. The showiest species, from a flowering point of view, is the climbing S. jasminoides, but the berries of capsicastrum, which are about the size of small S. cherries, and bright red when ripe, render this the most These berries will remain popular of all the Solanums.
hardy to stand the winter in particularly favoured spots along the South Coast, but where this is not the case they are very valuable lor the embellishment of the greenhouse They are readily struck from cuttings, or conservatory. and neat little bushy plants so obtained will flower freely.
Some
Bolide, red
Imperialis,
;
Eveline,
Fleurie,
rosy
rich
lilac
251
CARNATIONS IN
VARIETY
TAKE
at
for
"The
fairest flowers
of
w as grown
our gardens
English gardens.
We
do not produce
in
larger double
Carnations
in
in
Gerarde's
"Herbal"
colour,
in
1508, or
he was the
to
first
to
of
yellow
introduced
London gardens
is
merchant,
of
named Nicholas
the
in
Leete,
from
Constantinople,
which
evidence
Ficotee
that
cultivation
Carnation
was widespread.
early
in
and Carnation
was
cultivated
England
Doubtless
in
we
meeting of experts
flower
in
in
is
these days
well
England
attested
the
of
the
old
authorities.
The Carnation
It
therefore
may w
ell
would be
or quoting
easy to verify
this claim
of Elizabeth
down
to the
end
authors
in
names
it
of flowers
no longer
all
in
existence.
The Carnation
is
now
the
held
as great esteem
as ever
who
Carnations
of
are
mostly
rich
1
garden
by reason
last
their
few
years.
the Carnation
in
for
during that
there
fashion.
was
THE
scarcely room to be found
in
CARNATION
AND
PIOJTEE.
253
they were crowded out into some out-of-the-way corner of the kitchen garden, and have even known a gardener apologise for growing them at all, with the remark' that they were useful as cut flowers. The same gardener pointed with pride to scores of beds filled with scarlet
the flower garden for Carnations
I
;
Geraniums,
bricks and
yellow
Calceolarias,
purple,
rose,
laid
and scarlet
Verbenas,
and
even
pounded
occupied
were
down
As
the
to
till
were biding
with
tlie
the
gardeners
of
were
the
fully
culture
the
bedders
neglected.
at
dictate
fashion,
culture
to,
and
as
The
layers
were not
attended
and
the
plants
became
less
robust
to
for
in
constitution,
many
choice
varieties
passed
out of existence,
and others
reverted
semi-wild
condition.
preference
Bi/arres,
the
pot
well
This section
in
is
the
Carnation
is
better
this
adapted
for
the
open
garden.
That
type can
a
be
in
properlyholds
to
;
hand
the
of
trained
florist.
The
florist
still
the
Carnation
worthy
of
his attention
and
to
many
of the
in
my
floral
in listening
and joining
the conversation of such expert growers as the late Mr. Charles Turner of
who
Ben Simonite
and
of
Horner
of
Burton-in-Lonsdale.
in
the
in
them we owe
in
varieties
now
vears
of
cultivation, for
known
that
many
all
of
ten
ago or
Flakes, Bizarres,
beautiful self-coloured
from
form,
;
these classes.
One
of
the best
was
a large,
rich,
purple-coloured flower of
The parent
the line
of this
Carnation
that
a
Picotee
are
the
white, except
is
the
or
the
petals
marked
purple colour
as
if
hair
round the
margin
of
each.
Rose-margined
will all
of a rose colour,
produce
self-coloured flowers as
in
the margin.
In
manner
coloured
will
the
give self-
flowers
in
from
seed
of
all
contained
them,
maroon,
1
scarlet,
have made
ment because a great number of amateur cultivators of the Carnation have an idea that if
they obtain
seed from a
variety
of
Carnation
will
be
this, of course,
it.
wrong, and
it
is
as well to mention
BORDER
many
beds
tions
in
KINDS.
them.
The
Now
have
great
is
charm
to
growing Carnations
with
to
have flower
filled
to
grow Carnasoil,
well
will
they
not
must
good
or
the
lor
plants
produce flowers
or
layers
another season.
The
soil
may
pass freely
is
away
L
autumn
and winter.
Unless this
the case
be attacked by "spot"
balmoral.
2 54
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
fungoid diseases.
and other
drained
there
in
is
With good,
in
well-
soil,
prepared
difficulty in
early
the
autumn,
beds
no
the
season.
of
The Carnations
are
or
masses
colour
may
be
mixed, or
only.
colours
of
one
colour
What
so
over,
many colours in self Carnamorethat every taste may be gratified a selection may be made of the more
;
vigorous indebted
growers.
to
Carnation
R.
growers
are
of
Mr.
for
Martin
Smith,
V.M.H.,
of
Hayes, Kent,
producing a
in
series
of
hardy
others.
advance
any
will
name two
of
in
their
colours.
The
;
best
white
ones
are
of yellow, Miss
;
Audrey
scarlet,
Campbell
Isinglass
and and
Andromeda
Mrs.
the
best
McRae
crimson,
Nox and
;
GARVILLE GEM.
pink or rose,
Boreas;
blush,
Nautch
Girl
and Waterwitch
;
pale pinlc,
Queen
of
of Scots
and Asphodel
at
dark" red,
The Burn and Mrs. Gascoigne deep Bella Donna and Boadicea apricot or best, but is now superseded by Midas
;
and
Prince
Orange
Haidee
and
Columbus
the
most beautiful
lavender-coloured
varieties.
are also
Six
the
true
Picotees
are
Excellency,
Empress
There
Eugenie,
Tremavne,
Dervish,
Mr.
Nigel, and
Mohican,
Of
Yolande, Brodick,
I
them under
my own
eye
they grow
well out of doors, and the flowers do not split the calvces.
IMPORTANCE OF SEEDLINGS.
If
Fur
strongly
recommend
to
seedlings.
is
the seed
give
is
saved from
tut
cultivation
all
the produce
be
sure
to
satisfaction,
the
to
flowers
15
as
good
single
as the
flowers,
parents,
all
or
even
all
double.
There
be from
io
per cent,
with
some as good or even better than the parents, but the majority wall be of uncertain quality. Much depends upon the time of sowing the seed for producing a profusion of bloom. The middle of March is suitable, or any time towards the seed will germinate in a hothouse well within a week from the the end of that month
the others having double flowers,
;
in
be planted out
asunder, and
large
in
2ft.
June
or July in
good
soil
where they are to flow er. Let the plants be 15m. Under this treatment each plant will develop into a
200 blossoms.
the
seedlings,
One
of the greatest
charms
of floriculture
floral
is
watching
and few
amateurs with
the
instinct
of seedlings annually.
are
not
nearly
so
particular
in
regard
to
soil
as
named
it
varieties.
The
It is
cultural conditions,
always best
ground
for
required
this
admits of the
being aerated.
The
shower
of rain.
Planted in June or July they get well hold before the winter, and require no further attention
THE
CARNATION
liberal
AND
PICOTEE.
answers well
it
for
the
soil is
trench
r8in.
deep
put a layer
of
manure
the
bottom, and
another
6in.
or Sin.
up
bravely during a hot, dry season, as the roots penetrate deeply after the feeding material.
A warning
trench up
is
necessary to those
unacquainted w
ith
the
nature of
soils
is
it
will
not do to
soil to
New
it
subsoil
anything
until
it
has been
well
decayed
into fairly
late as
good condition.
Named
October
or
even as
November
is
if
the weather
favourable.
There
an advantage
a
in
in
March
or
April,
losses
being reduced to
fail
minimum, and
After
the
plants
have been
well
to
succeed.
;
of
the ground
it
keeps the
better
condition,
left to
the late
The
may
be destroyed
;
or, at
least,
kept from the plants by sprinkling soot over the surface of the ground
it
is
a good fertiliser
The grubs
numbers.
In
in
their
tough outer
casing are impervious either to powdered lime or soot, but as they usually feed at night a
will
is
it
gets into
is
wcTd
soon destroy
its
it.
to get
In
its
winged state
the
as
eggs on
seedlings
leaves
of
the
Carnation.
are
It
is
found
about the
plants
in
April.
Small
than
soon as they
planted
out
are
assailed
by
it,
and
suffer
more
the
named
varieties,
This
is
best
away from
the plants
ground at the
soil
incision,
sandy
and
around them.
roots,
are ready to be
some time
of that
in
month.
them should
must be put
be
The
layers
into
;
first
pair of leaves
be
potted
up
into
in
small
flower-pots.
use
Any
in
strong layer
may
be
planted
60.
is
winter
generally understood.
Amateurs
good con-
them
in
to allow a
touch of frost
are
reach
plants
frequently
injured
by kind treatment.
duke of Orleans.
256
plants will
THE
do better
in
CENTURY
BOOK
in
OF
GARDENING.
In
in
a garden
frame than
for
a heated greenhouse.
the greenhouse
want
of
light
and
air,
whereas
drawn
air
off
in
fine
weather.
Cold
and
and they
and
light
by having the
wet weather.
the details of
in
well to give
the work' for out of doors Carnations during a period of twelve months, beginning, say,
In
that
into
if
the
ground.
is
If
so,
hares
But
out
the weather
mild, slugs
and
leather-coated grubs
plants
may
are
be active.
In
changeable weather,
a
little
such
as
;
alternate
if
frosts
sometimes thrown
of
the ground
so,
see that
in again.
FEBRUARY.
This
month
the
in
is is
much
is
like
January.
The weather
end
of
is
varied
by
frosts
necessary.
MARCH.
When
weather
this
month the
deep
plants
garden frames
may
for
be set out
in
prepared
into
them,
enough
the
ground,
and
in
if
about
14m.
asunder.
or
Sow
in
Carnation seed
flower -pots
seed -pans.
a
The seed
in
will,
good,
germinate freely
hothouse temperature
a greenhouse.
of 6odeg., but
more slowly
greenhouse
When
garden
frame.
When
young
into a
the
plants
seed-leaves are
may
be pricked
In
out
line
into
boxes,
or
garden
frame.
of
were
planted
out
in
the
frames.
APRIL.
continued.
The same treatment may be Examine the plants carefully for the
and
Carnation
maggot,
fly,
is
endeavour
to
capture
now
depositing
in
its
eggs on
state
the
leaves.
maggots Any bb J
an
active
should be destroyed.
The
of
plants will
now be growing
freely,
stir
the month.
if
When
soils
this
is
done,
in
stable manure,
in
may
be necessary to
water.
heavy
soil
caution
is
necessary, and
JUNE.
Growth
for
may
now
be well advanced,
thin
and
out
in
this
large,
handsome blooms
tied
the buds
In
on
each plant,
syringe
to the sticks.
dry,
tribe.
hot weather
This keeps
off
this
month Carnations
calyces should
will
be
in
flower,
tendency
to
burst
their
final
and the
the month,
week
in
August.
About the
is
end
of July, or
work
of
layering
may
be begun.
This process
now
THE
well
CARNATION
AND
PICOTEE.
257
notch
The lower leaves are removed from the side growths, a known and is very simple. is made through a joint, and the layer is pegged into some fine sandy soil, placed
for
the purpose.
to
AUGUST. Continue
layer
the
Carnations,
and
also
plant
out
the
seedlings.
The work for this month is much the same as last. SEPTEMBER. About the end of the month
the layers,
if
well
rooted,
must be taken
in
as
soon
as
possible
afterwards they
may
be planted
intended
the
prepared for
them.
The
it
plants
to
be
and
is
as well to shade
them
or
pot
to
OCTOBER. Continue to remove the layers from the plants, and still up. The ground between the rows of seedlings ought to be hoed
it
out
necessary
allow the rainfall to pass freely into the ground, and to keep
sweet.
NOVEMBER
in
and
DECEMBER
will
are
both months
when
over
the
Carnation grower
in
may have
from
All the
young
plants,
whether
open ground,
merely
require
looking
occasionally.
if
leaves
trees accumulate round the plants, are a shelter for slugs, and
not
Those
in
Admit
air
The
There
border
are several
Carnation
of
as
Greenhouse
cultivated as
Flower.
greenhouse plants:
(3)
sections
the
or
Carnation
(1)
The
Carnation;
(2)
the
Tree
perpetual-flowering
Carnations;
the
Malmaison
July and
Carnation.
1.
All
in
summer say
in
August
Fancies
are such as are striped on a yellow or white ground, Flakes and Bizarres, yellow and white
258
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
in
ground Picotees.
flower.
which to place
their plants
when
grown
in
The treatment
Carnation
is
may
readily
in
work
;
The
plants are
iin.
the measurement
taken about
below the
The
plants are
garden frames
60-sized flower-pots
two layers
pots
which
bloom.
of
The
four
best
parts
of
potting
fibrous
compounded
of
leaf
loam,
one
mould,
and one
decayed stable
manure,
and,
instead of
sand,
soii.
in
the
bottom
placed
particles
of
some
mixing
fibrous
material
over
of
the
soil
in
drainage
prevents
with
in
the
it.
finer
from
Plant
three layers
the smaller
may
;
be
put
in
three or four
if
weeks.
Do
in a
the weather
unfavourable they
may
not require
the middle
in
any
of
for
two weeks.
an open
if
Some
care
is
have
are
been
formed.
put
out.
3ft.
The
for
in
taller-growing
2ft.
require
stick
1'ICOTEE.
sticks,
others
6in.
but one
will
do
two
and
plants.
As the flower
require
FAVOURITE.
or
stems increase
over
height they
looking
to
occasionally,
must
into
All
be
fastened
out
of
the
until
sticks
before
They remain
taken
roof.
doors
the
flower
show
stage,
colour,
when
they
must
the
be
the the
greenhouse
ventilators
and
arranged
on
with
the
blooms
near
glass
by
thrips,
and
this
is
show
house
is
filled
smoke.
are not
that
in
smoke, which
I
destroys the
and
any green-fly
is
most
Richards's
may XL All.
find
the
or rag,
and burning
in
It
may
be as
are
insect pests
quite destroyed.
The
of
of
July
until
later.
the middle of
August,
and
in
the
North
The
flowers must be
of
It
One
The
side
of the
canvas
or
screen
is
can be rolled up easily, but the pulleys need not be used unless the house
length.
rollers
50ft. in
should project beyond the house at each end about 6in., and a grooved disc
THE
fixed on the end, to
CARNATION
AND
PICOTEE.
259
on this principle.
Some
of
which a cord is attached; the shading can be run up and down very readily As soon as the flowering period is over, layering must be proceeded with. this the surface soil must be removed, replacing it with some loam and leaf mould
;
with
a layering knife, cut into the stem below a joint, and cut
joint.
Pull the
first
firmly
at
week
in
may
of
may
be planted
The amateur who really cares for his plants will ascertain what attention they need during the winter.
are well
ventilated,
them almost daily, and will soon The main point is to see that the frames
over
the
plants.
may
to
pass
in
freely
Watering
sees the
is
also
important.
No wonder
spot
is
is
prevalent
some
that
collections
in
it,
when one
and
;
plants
taken
to
carefully
the
need
Spot
is
in
The Tree or
Carnation consists
in
Perpetual-flowering
its
Carnation.
The
value
of
this
type
of
flowering freely
in
the autumn,
winter,
and spring
months.
The
them
it
into flower in
autumn
type
all
is
natural
of
is
for
this
do
so.
is
The treatment
different, but there
the
plants
through
obtaining
no difficulty
in
good
flowering
plants.
The border
in
flower-
pass
middle of August.
month
with
bloom, and
good
management
can
be
obtained
until
the
or
Malmaisons come
into flower
to
early
in
May,
even
in
April.
is
Of course,
a
do this a heated
greenhouse
nations
are
desideratum.
propagated
lot
by
be
or
cuttings.
The
first
should
put
at
in
about
the
second
week
in
January, and
be kept
greenhouse
temperature
a
should
of
5
at
minimum
also
5deg.
in
There should
the
be
propagating frame
heat,
house, with
some
fibre
bottom
material
refuse,
The plunging
cocoa-nut
tan-yard.
off,
may
or
mould,
spent
bark'
from
The
roots
DUCIIFSS OF CONSUELO.
or six
slips
smaller
side
growths,
slipped
form
Five
are
inserted
in
small
pot,
;
may
the rim
in
the material
the propagating
case.
and
this
must be kept
in this
upward growth by pinching out the centre with the fingers. The plants heated house until they have made some growth, when they may be taken
26o
an
ordinary
THE
greenhouse
CENTURY
or
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
they
into
may
be
inured
to
a lower
in all
of air.
the
makes the plants a more easy prey to insect pests. As the season advances the plants will grow rapidly, and they require to They need be repotted as soon as the small flower-pots are fairly well filled with roots.
a close atmosphere
first
potting off from the cutting pots, and the largest size used are 32's,
little
measuring inside a
in
is
favourable
the open
air
show the
The
upon
leaf
No measure
in
of
best to
A
earliest are obtained
by putting
cuttings later
indeed,
it
is
way
obtained.
The
the
same
for
all
is
best to
well.
The
plants will
months unless
A
is
dryish atmosphere
is
also best.
The
flowers
expand better
and fumigation
in
more conducive
is
necessary.
Most
of
and
if
wanted the
be pinched out.
Given the
no difficulty
in
others.
any
of the
They
in
greenhouse culture only, as the large, handsome flowers do not open freely
England out
of
261
262
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
doors.
Many amateurs
fail
in
cultivating the
like all
other plants
The
in
plants
by
by
cuttings, these
may
be put
during the
spring months
whenever
The growths
nearest the
taken
in
off
as cuttings.
The
cuttings form
when they
are
inured
of the
greenhouse they
may
The
be potted
June
to
or
July,
before
be
in
bloom as
the better.
They should be
in
September or October.
decayed manure
a
They
is
will
do well in
that
is,
6in.
flower-pots.
Drain them well and repot very firmly, using good yellow
;
little
excellent to keep
may
be used.
None
of the
Carnations
will
bear forcing
in
high temperature, and to grow the Malmaisons to a high degree of perfection they should be
kept
in a
of
When
spot,
will
the temperature
do well
in
an unheated house
will
is
the atmosphere
in
is
moderately dry
grown
points
such a house
culture
The main
all
in their
insect
pests
that
is,
way
is
fungus
is
developed.
When
may
the
coffee-
coloured spores
easily cured
membranes
out
surface,
of the
indiscriminately
on
the
upper
or
under
cultivator
will
remove
in
way
is
will
soon
get
rid
of
the
disease.
;
scientific
name
is
Uredo
and
dianthi, but
is
it
does
not
in
seem
to be infectious,
only troublesome
varieties.
;
winter,
The
if
plants will
grow out
of
it
it
in
the spring
the
It
they
list
may
be cut
off.
may
be well to append a
Curzon,
Dr.
Hogg,
Duke
of
York,
C AR NATIONS
OF BEAUTIFUL FORMS.
THE
CARNATION
AND
PICOTEE.
J. S.
Hedderley, Master
purple
:
Phoebe.
Pink
and
Harmony,
Melody,
Skirving.
Sarah
Flakes
Payne,
Squire
:
Penson,
W.
Henwood, Florence Nightingale, James Douglas, Mayor of Nottingham. Scarlet: Alisernond, Guardsman, John Bull, Matador, Miss Constance Grahame, Sportsman. Rose John Keet, Mrs. Rowan,
Charles
:
Purple
Rob Roy, Thalia, Tim Bobbin. White Ground Picotees Red edged: Brunette, Ganymede, John Smith, Mrs. Bower,
Thomas
William.
Purple edged
Ann
Chancellor, Muriel,
Nymph,
:
D'Ombrain,
Yellow
Ethel,
Favourite,
Borderer,
Bell,
Picotees Badminton, Ground MADAME THERRY, Empress Eugenie, Heather Ladas, Mr. Nigel, Mrs. Douglas, Mrs. Tremayne, Mohican, Stanley Wrightson, Wanderer. The best Tree Carnations are Countess of Warwick', crimson Comus, white
Dervish,
Duke
of
Miss
Joliffe,
Malmaison Carnations.
The
;
blush
pink
and
:
known.
The
Calypso, rose
Horace Hutchinson,
;
scarlet
Lord Welby,
;
crimson
Nell
Gwynne, white
scarlet,
The
Churchwarden, crimson
Prime Minister,
verv free
in
growth.
264
GREENHOUSE amount
a
bulbs
may
of
be divided into
to
two
classes,
firstly,
certain
protection
enable them to
quite
the year,
section
and
are
largely
:
used
for
decorations
under
glass.
To
latter
belong the Hyacinth, Tul p, Narcissus, etc. For most bulbous plants a period of absolute rest
either
to
is
is
accomplished
of their pots
shelf, or allowing
them
t
remain
their
pots
some
me
only a
little
should
require more.
it
When
of
is
Greenhouse Bulbs
Allium neapolitamim.
The
Gin.
by the intercrossing of about half-a-dozen species, all of which are natives of Brazil and surrounding countries.
The
diameter they form pretty objects in the greenhouse during the spring months. The bulbs should be putted early in the autumn, placed out of doors till the pots are filled with roots, and as the season advances taken into a light, airy part of the greenhouse, where they
flower early in the year. Large quantities of cut flowers of this Allium are imported into this country from
will
various hybrid forms of Amaryllis flower during the early months of the year, and the seed, which as a rule ripens about July and August, affords a ready means of The seed may be sown in pots raising them in quantity. or shallow pans, whichever is at hand ; but the pans are
Amaryllis,
also known as Hippeastrum. This is a gorgeous class of bulbous plants, with flowers varying in colour from white to deep crimson, the orange scarlet shades being particularly biilliant. Most of those now in cultivation are of hybrid origin, and have been obtained
In any case thorough drainage by more convenient. means of broken crocks must be ensured. A suitable compost for the seeds consists of good yellow loam and the whole being passed leaf mould in equal parts, To the above a good through a sieve with ^in. mesh. sprinkling of silver sand must be added. The pots or pans having been filled to within |in. of the rim with the comthe
post pressed
down moderately
firm,
the seed
may be
sown
thinly thereon,
BULBS
Jin.
FOR
THE
GREENHOUSE.
265
Tlaced in a cool part deep of the same compost. or the warmest part of the greenhouse, the young plants will soon push their grass-like leaves above the soil, and may be sufficiently advanced to put singly If, however, they into small pots early in the autumn. are not large enough at that period it is best to leave them In potting the same compost undisturbed till the spring. as that recommended for sowing the seed may be used.
of the stove
kind worth general cultivation. The treatment recommende for Amaryllis will suit this. Chionodoxas. C. LuciUse, C. grandi flora, and C. snr1
densis are
that
all
pretty
little
Kept in a greenhouse, or during the summer in a frame, the young plants will grow freely, and when strong enough must be put in larger pots, at which time the soil need not be sifted. During the first winter the plants should only
be kept moderately dry, not sufficient to cause the leaves to die off, but when larger they must pass the winter in a totally dormant state. The most vigorous bulbs may flower in about two and a-half years from sowing the seed, and Pots from the majority of them the following season. 5in. to 7in. in diameter are the most suitable size in which After the to flower these different forms of Amaryllis. period of blooming is over the plants must, as before, be regularly supplied with water in order to develop the foliage, and this should be kept up till the leaves show be signs of dying off, when the water supply must autumn discontinued gradually diminished, and by altogether. Kept during the winter on a shell or some similar position in the greenhouse, they should quite early in the new year be shaken out of their old soil, and repotted, placing the bulbs at such a depth that they are Then given a temabout two-thirds covered with soil. perature somewhat higher than that of an ordinary greenhouse they will soon flower, but if kept to this last-named There are structure they do not bloom till about April. many named varieties which must be propagated by division, but the raising of seedlings is the usual method of increasing these hybrid forms of Amaryllis. The colours of the crimson, hybrid Amaryllis or Ilippeastrum are very varied
their pleasing blossoms, while if potted in the autumn, putting eight or ten bulbs in a 5 n. pot, standing them out of doors till bad weather sets in, and then taking them into the greenhouse, they will flower there quite early in the year, thus anticipating their usual flowering season bya considerable period, and at that time they are much admired.
make
blue
- i
Convallaria majaliS
the Valley,
that,
is
the
universally
grown Lily
of
though scarcely a bulb, and perfectly hardy, is so much employed for greenhouse decoration that it is entitled to a place here. There is now such a demand for it that some of the extensive cultivaiors keep enormous quantities of the flowering crowns in large refrigerators, so that they remain dormant long after the period at which they would have flowered out of doors.
forcing others,
roots,
Lily of the
may
be
For
Berlin
early forcing
the
German-grown
known
as
Crowns, should be employed, and when potted they must be plunged in a bottom heat of about 75deg. with a cone-ponding top temperature. The crowns, which may be allowed to protrude about J.in. out of the soil, must be covered with moss or cocoa-nut refuse, in order to keep them in an even state of moisture, which greatly
,
assists the
forcing
process.
In this
had in bloom about Christmas, and as the reason advances the flowers develop with much less trouble. In the case of retarded crowns all that need be done is to pot them, give plenty of water, and gradually inure
to the light.
Cpintim.
An extensive
rose,
AllOmatheea eruenta.
splendid race indeed. little South African bulbous plant with branching flower spike that well overtops the tender green sword-shaped leaves, the whole being The flowers, which are nearly not more than ift. high. tin. across, are of a carmine red, blotched with a deeper lint. It is readily increased by division of the bulbs (which that sown are no bigger than a large Pea), or by seed early in the spring will produce seedlings that will flower
pretty
which are hardy, while many require the temperature of the stove. The greenhouse kinds are C. Moorei, huge club-shaped bulbs, and heads of large
plants, a few of
:
blush-tmled blossoms borne in August. C. Powelli, a hybrid with deeper-coloured flowers than the preceding. The variety alba is white. These Crinums may be grown in pots, tubs, or planted out, but in any case they should not be disturbed at the roots more than is absolutely
necessary.
the
same
Grown
in
masses in pots or pans this Anomatheca is very attractive, while in a sheltered border it will do well out of doors. An iris-like plant with Antholyza aethiopiea. branching spikes of blossoms somewhat after the manner It of a small Gladiolus, but scarlet and green in colour.
reaches a height of 3ft. to 4ft., flowers in the summer, and should be kept dry during the winter, and potted
early in the year.
Babiana.
with
A pretty race of plants natives of South Africa, Crocus-like bulbs, and spikes of bright-coloured
shaped leaves of growth, while the branching spike The flowers, which are reaches a height of about Iyd. over 2in. in diameter, are of a deep brilliant orange tint, thus rendering it about July one of the most noticeable plants in the greenhouse. The bulbs should be potted soon after Christmas, taking care not to injure the long It is underground stems that this Crocosmia produces. a native of South Africa, and is at present not grown so much as it deserves to be.
are
erect
in
CyrtanthUS.
freely
useful
class
of plants that
will
flower
blossoms, usually at their best in May and June. The flowers, which are nearly 2in. in diameter, are in most Babianas are largely grown varieties of a purplish shade.
in the Channel Islands, and are sold at a very cheap rate, reaching here during the autumn months. The bulbs should be potted as soon as possible in a well-drained soil consisting of equal parts of loam and leaf mould, wilh a liberal admixture of sand. About six bulbs in a pot 5in. in diameter will make an effective specimen. After potting they may be kept in a frame for a time, being on the approach of severe weather taken into the greenhouse. A selection of the best would include Alro-cyanea, purplish blue purpurea, purple plicata, violet, marked yellow rubro-cyanea, red and blue; sambucina, white, wilh and stricta, purplish blue. Babianas in purple spots many gardens may be grown in warm borders out of
:
under much the same conditions as a Pelargonium. They are all small growers (reaching a height of about obliquus, which is three times that size. 1 ft.), except C. The bulbs are about as big as a Snowdrop, and should be They are soon grouped in well-drained pots or pans.
increased by means of offsets, but will keep in good health and flower freely even when the bulbs are closely packed together. The foliage is evergreen, and the plants should at no time of the year be subject to the drying off
process.
spring,
selection
A
;
the
tubular-shaped blossoms of this are of an orange red and borne, several together, on a stem about lit. high. C. lutescens, like the last, but with pale yellow
colour,
flowers.
are crimson.
last.
doors.
EranSVigia Josephinse.
shaped leaves.
in height,
Macowani, in the same way, but the flowers C. M'Keni, pure white, in shape like the obliquus, a large bulb, agood specimen of which
C.
large bulb
with strap-
It pushes up a stout spike iyd. or so crowned by a massive head of bright crimson Amaryllis-like blossoms. It is a native of South Africa, where several other species are found, but this is the only
need a pot at least bin in diameter; the flowers, w hich are borne in an umbel on the upper part of a stem iyd. high, are about 3m. long, tubular in shape, of a
will
and green,
266
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
great
GARDENING.
profusion
of
Eueomis punctata.
bloom,
as
well
as
the
delicate
up a number of long, wavy, strap-shaped leaves, arranged in more or less of a vasiform manner. The flower spike,
3ft., has the upper half packed with small greenish flowers, spotted with brown. It is not showy, but very interesting. There are several kinds, but all are much in the same way. Freesias. These beautiful South African bulbous plants
closely
are
now
fragrant.
Immense numbers
country
every year from the Channel Islands, Bermuda, and the South of France. Though not the largest, the Channel Island bulbs can be most depended upon to flower well,
extremely valuable for greenhouse decoration. Half-a-dozen bulbs in a 6in pot, or larger if needed, will form effective displays. They should be potted in the autumn, placed in a frame, and when well rooted removed to the greenhouse. The best varieties are Adonis, orange scarlet, blotched white ; Colvillei, rosy purple Colvillei alba, known also as The Bride, pure white Delicatissima, white, blotched crimson Duke of Albany, purplish scarlet Emperor William, brilliant scarlet, blotched white Fairy Queen, blush, blotched crimson Mary Anderson, blush, marked with lemon and red Prince Albert, salmon scarlet, blotched white Princess Royal, salmon rose, white blotch Queen Victoria, deep red, marked white Rosy
are
:
Gem,
rose,
marked
blush.
Haemanthus
{Blood-flowers).
showy
class
of
South
African bulbs that need a season of absolute rest to flower them well. Some members of the genus require more heat than that of a greenhouse for their successful culture, the best of those that will succeed in this structure being H. albiflos, white H. coccineus, scarlet H. insignis, orange scarlet and H. tigrinus, crimson.
; ; ;
Hippeastrum. Set
HyacintllUS
{the
Amaryllis. Hyacinth). Though perfectly hardy, the Hyacinth is grown for the embellishment of the greenhouse during the early spring months. The bulbs which reach this country early in the autumn should be potted in a mixture of one-third each of loam, leaf mould, and well-decayed manure, with a little sand, and at such a depth that the upper part cf the bulb is Jin. below the
generally preferred
the
to
the
others.
month
of August,
at once, putting eight bulbs in a diameter and a dozen in one of 6in. The compost should consist of two-thirds good loam to onein
third leaf
a little silver sand. In potting put such a depth that they are covered with about fin. of soil. Place them then in a frame with plenty ot air, this protection being only necessary to ward off heavy rains. The soil must be kept slightly moist till the plants make their appearance, after which it may be increased, but an excess of moisture must lie avoided in all stages. As autumn advances the plants must be taken into the greenhouse, choosing as light and
mould and
the bulbs at
but with
in flower earlier, though the blossoms have not so much substance as those that develop in the greenhouse. After the flowering period is over the plants must be regularly watered tili the foliage shows signs of decay, when water should be gradually withheld, and the pots stood on a shelf in order to thoroughly ripen the bulbs. They must
HYACINTHS.
surface
in pots
of the
soil.
Good
5m.
in diameter,
then be kept quite dry, and about the end of July or early 1 August turned out of their pots and the bulbs sorted over, when they may be potted in the way described. The variety generally grown is known as F. refracta alba, but
there
F.
is little
After the or boxes may be indulged in. bulbs are potted they should be stood on a bed of ashes in the open ground, and a thorough watering given to them. Then the whole of the pots must be covered to a depth of 2in. with ashes or cocoa-nut refuse, in which they can remain till well rooted, being examined occasionally to
in pots, pans,
When
the
young leaves
refracta, while
yellowish
but these
as
Gladiolus.
flowering,
The
section
of Gladiolus
known
early
break through the soil this covering must be removed, and the pots taken into a cold frame or warmer structure, The according to the time they are required to flower. miniature pure white Roman Hyacinths grown in Italy
BULBS
and the South
if
FOR
THE
GREENHOUSE.
267
of France reach this country in July, and soon potted will flower with little trouble in November and December, when they are particularly valuable. The bulbs of these are small, and should be put three in a pot
potted half-a-dozen or so in a 5m. pot, in a compost consisting of loam, leaf mould, and sand. They should be
potted
in early
in
cool part of
the greenhouse.
The
or grouped in
some way.
is
:
cut state.
is ol
herewith given Baron Van Tuyll, Cavaignac, Challenger, Single Red Charles Dickens, Countess of Rosebery, Duchess of Albany, General Pelissier, Gigantea, King of the Belgians, Koh-i-Noor, La Superbe, Lord Wellington, Macaulay, Norma, Queen of Hyacinths, Robert Steiger, Von Double Red Bouquet Royal, Vurbaak. Schiller, Empress of India, Grand Conquerant, Lord Beaconsfield, Lord Wellington, Noble Par Merite, Prince of Orange, Venus de Princess Louise, Sans Souci, The First, Alba maxima, Avalanche, Medicis. Single White Vainquer, British Queen, Duke of Clarence, Grand
selection of the best Hyacinths
:
crimson, and
quite a
viridiflora,
varieties vary in colour from white to most of them the centre of the flower distinct colour from the rest. In one variety,
in
The
the
Laehenalia.
some
of which are extremely beautiful and very popular, while many are of only botanical interest. They are besi potted in August in the soil above recommended for the Ixias,
like them should be put several in a pot. After this done, and the pots placed in the greenhouse anil kepi fairlymoist, the young leaves will soon push above ground, and the plants will continue to grow throughout the
and
is
Merveille,
King
"I
the
Whites, La Grandesse, LTnnocence, Madame Van der Hoop, Miss Nightingale, Mont Blanc, Queen Victoria, Bouquet Double White Snowflake, White Perfection. Royal, La Grande Duchesse, La Tour d'Auvergne, L' Adorable, Lord Derby, Prince of Waterloo, Princess Argus, Captain Boyton, Celestial, Louise. Single Blue Charles Dickens, Czar Peter, Duke of York, General Gordon, General Havelock, Grand Lilas, Grand Maitre, King of the Blacks, Leonidas, Lord Derby, Prince of Double Blue: Wales, Sir E. Landseer, William I. Blocksberg, Charles Dickens, Crown Prince of Sweden, Duke of Norfolk, Laurens Koster, Lord Raglan, Prince Single Albert, Sir Joseph Paxton, Thomas Moore. Anna Carolina, Bird of Paradise, City of Yellow Haarlem, Ida, King of the Yellows, Obelisk, Primrose There are a few double Perfection, Sovereign, Sybil. yellows, but they are unsatisfactory. Cape bulbs that are almost hardy if planted in a IxiaS. warm, well-drained border, but at the same time they form beautiful objects in the greenhouse in April and May. The wiry upright stems reach a height of I Sin. to 2ft., the upper half being studded with very showy blossoms over I in. in diameter. The Crocus-like bulbs should be
:
LACHENALIA.
The Lachenalias suspended pots or baskets. The best kinds are L. aurea, yellow L. Nelsoni, rich golden yellow L. pendula, red and yellow and L. tricolor, green, red, and yellow. L. Nelsoni should be
winter, flowering early in the spring.
also
are
suitable
for
growing
:
in
The Lily family is an extensive one, but the Lilium. number of those suitable for growing in pots for the greenhouse is limited, yet some of the most beautiful occur amongst them. The best are L. auratum and its varieties platyphyllum with huge saucer-shaped blooms, rubro-vittatum, which has a crimson band down the centre of each petal, and Wittei, in w hich the flowers are of a
clear unspotted white with golden bands.
L. longiflorum
and its varieties, of which the best known is Harrisi, which is usually grown under the name of Lilium Harrisi, and as such is the most popular of all Lilies.
nepalense, greenish yellow, marked purple. speciosum, known also as L. lancifolium. Of this there are many forms, the best being album, white; Krsetzeri, white Melpomene, rich crimson roseum, pink rubrum, pink, spotted red and L. sulphureum, large trumpet-shaped creamy yellow blossoms. Lilies should be potted as early as possible, but imported bulbs of some kinds reach this country much
L. L.
;
IXIA.
268
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
sooner than others. Thus we get Harrisi, from Bermuda, as early as August, while most of the others mentioned, which come from Japan, do not reach here till November, or later. A compost of two-thirds loam to one-third leaf mould, and some sand, will suit all these Lilies, which should be potted at such a depth that there is i in. of soil above the bulb, while space must be left at the top for copious watering and, if possible, a little top-dressing. Puts 5in. and 6in. in diameter are good sizes for single bulbs. When potted they should be placed in a cold frame and given but little water till the shoots appear above ground, when the supply of moisture must be increased. They need plenty of air and protection from severe frosts, while if a few at a time are taken into the greenhouse a succession of bloom is thereby ensured. Aphides or green-fly are very troublesome in the case of some Lilies, particu arly Hanisi, and must be kept down by using some of the many insecticides now in vogue. Lyeoris aurea. A Chinese bulb that requires to be grown on freely during the winter and spring, then given a period of absolute rest, and when started in early autumn will push up its flower spikes. The blossoms, which are borne in a cluster on a stem about 1 8 n. high, are of a rich golden colour. few plants of this are very
showy.
Montbretia.
numerous
class
nearly
related
to
Crocosmia, the flowers of the different varieties varying from yellow to crimson. If potted about Christmas, and half-a-dozen bulbs or so are put in a 6in. pot, they form a pretty midsummer feature in the greenhouse. NarciSSUS (Dafloai/s). Many of these are very popular, and readily lend themselves to gentle forcing. The easiest to force are the forms of Polyanthus Narcissi, including such well-known kinds as Double Roman, Taper White, Early Snowflake, Bazleman major, Grand Monarque, States General, etc. Except that they should be put three in a pot, or grouped in some way, these Narcissi may be treated much as recommended for Hyacinths. The Chinese Fairy Lily, Joss Flower, or Flower of the Gods, is a Narcissus of this section, which will flower in a bowl of water if a few stones are placed around the bulb to hold it securely in position. The Daffodil section of Narcissus may be flowered in pots, and very pretty they are in the greenhouse, but as heat quickly injures them they are best allowed to remain in a cold frame till the flower buds are showing, when they may be taken into the greenhouse. As regards varieties to be grown there is no lack, for practically all kinds may be thus cultivated, even the white Poet's Narcissus and its beautiful double forms. Especially suitable for this method of culture is Johnstoni Queen of Spain, whilst all the Incomparabilis or Star Narcissi may be grown thus. Burbidgei, Sir Watkin, Barri conspicuus, Frank Miles, Autocrat, the noble Ilursfieldi, the large
never gained the affections of flower gardeners. It is to account for the neglect of certain races of plants, and undue attention bestowed upon other things far less worthy of it. The Nerines are utterly unlike any other class of bulbs. The flower stems appear without the leaves; but the wonderful beauty of the flowers themselves, their glittering tints, and, when well grown, freedom too, should surely make them popular, whilst they appear in October, when few greenhouse flowers, save the Chrysanthemum, are in perfection. One must not forget also that the hybridist has been working to extend the variety of colours, and Mr. Elwes has accomplished unusual results, he having received a year or two ago no less than seven awards of merit from the Royal Horticultural Society for new hybrids. It is to be hoped that these splendid kinds will come into general cultivation. There are a number of well-known species and varieties, such as the scarlet corusca and its variety major flexuosa and f. major, pink the vermilion Fothergilli rosea, rose sarniensis, carmine red; undulata, rose carmine; and the little pinkish waxy-petalled crispa. N. elegans and N. Manselli are two very beautiful kinds, the last-mentioned in particular. Of course it is a matter of opinion as to which is the finest of the Nerines, as tastes differ, but those who know not this group are advised to commence first with N. Fothergilli, N. sarniensis, N. corusca major, N. The fact that the Nerines are Manselli, and N. elegans. Their culture is autumn flowering increases their value. not difficult, but care is required to flower them well. Their leaves are pushed up directly after the flowers are over, and growth goes on during the winter and spring, when the foliage dies off. After this they must be well exposed to the sun, giving no water until the middle of Use for August, in order to thoroughly ripen the bulbs. soil yellow loam with a little well-decayed leaf mould The added to it, and a fair amount of sharp silver sand. object of having a particularly fresh soil, likely to remain sweet for a long time, is to remove all necessity for potiing the bulbs often. Nerines must not be frequently disturbed, and an abundance of flowers is produced when the bulbs are packed thickly together in the pots. Give a light position in the greenhouse when growth is being made, namely, in winter and spring, and during the resting season a sunny shelf is a good place for the pots, as the bulbs must be properly ripened. A sunny frame will also suffice if the pots are not exposed to rains. It is an easy matter, however, to give a little ventilation by tilting up the light.
difficult
;
;
Scilla.
An
members
of which
require the protection of a greenhouse, while some of the hardy kinds, notably S. sibirica, if treated as recommended
Chionodoxa, will flower under glass in an equally manner. Sparaxis. A class of bulbous plants very much resembling For culture the Ixias, but of somewhat dwarfer growth.
for
satisfactory
see Ixia.
bicolor
Daffodil, Bicolor,
Sprekelia formOSiSSima
-
may
is,
select
indeed,
An Amaryllis(Ja.obea Lily). bulb which if potted early in the year will flower The stem reaches a height of I ft. and the about June. flowers are of an intense deep crimson, a very striking
like
year that one welcomes these fresh-coloured flowers of the spring. Remember that anything like forcing is unavailing
it
colour.
means failure, and the finest flowers are usually obtained when the pots with the bulbs in them are left plunged in
;
ashes until the middle of January, then there will be a rich display in March but, of course, as a succession is desirable one cannot lay down a hard and fast rule as to when to introduce the plants into the greenhouse. The earlier flowers are required so much more the heat necessary, but a temperature above 45deg. must not he given. Pot up the bulbs early, and give water liberally when growth begins. It is to be hoped that the Daffodils in their beautiful variety will be grown more for the greenhouse than has hitherto been the case, and if there is no greenhouse the bulbs may be brought on in a cold frame. Potfuls are always welcome for the house. Nerine. To this genus belongs the Guernsey Lily Nerine sarniensis, and several other very desirable kinds. The Nerines are brilliant flowers, which strange to relate have
class somewhat in the way of but instead of the purplish tints of these last the Tritonias are mostly different shades of yellow and red. The cultural requirements of both are the same. Tuberose, The {Polianthes tuberosa). Of late years this
Tritonia.
numerous
the Babianas,
strongly-perfumed flower has been largely grown and its Immense quantities of bulbs culture better understood. are sent to this country from America, reaching here The double-flowered Pearl about the end of the year. variety is the most popular, and the first consignments
usually arrive from
America early
in
December.
The
African Tuberose comes to hand in October, but this variety is not so much grown as the American, although where flowers are required all the year round a few of the African kind may be potted on and plunged in a genial Very little water is hot-bed to obtain early flowers. required until the leaves appear, as the bulbs absorb sufficient moisture from the plunging material at first, but
269
Copyright.
"C.L."
270
as soon as
liquid
THE
the plants are growing
CENTURY
freely
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
;
should be given.
When
the flower
spikes appear
crimson
pit may grow the Pearl equally as well in a greenhouse teu-ipeiature, or even in a sunny window, and the later-potted bulbs in May will succeed plunged in cocoa-nut fibre refuse in the open air.
Bride of Haarlem, white, flaked Canary Bird, yellow Cottage Maid, pink, marked white Duchesse de Parma, orange red, margined
Belle Alliance, scarlet
; ;
; ; ; ;
Remove them
soil
indoors
when
Any
Tuberoses. A very good mixture consists of half loam and the other portion old cow manure and leaf mould freely mixed with sharp silver sand. As soon as the bulbs arrive, the first batch, according to requirements, should be potted, one Iralb in a 5in. pot or three bulbs in each 6in. pot. Drain the puis well, and bury the bulbs to the neck in the soil, which should be pressed down firmly. Remove before potting all offsets which grow out round the bulbs, as if
that will
weaken the main leaves and flowers. Until begins plunge the pots under the stage in the greenhouse, and bring them to the light as soon as growth commences. II early flowers are required, plunge the hulbs in a hot-bed but they will bloom as well in the
left
they
growth
greenhouse, only, of course, not so quickly. Pot a few every month to obtain a succession of flowers throughout the season. The last potting may take place in May, and iff bulbs be grown under quite cool treatment. Indeed, Tuberoses may be hastened into flower or retarded as desired Put a neat slick to each spike and grow the plants in a light position. After flowering throw the ml is away, as they are of no further use for another year, and they are very cheap, especially if purchased by the hundred. If large specimens are required for the conservatory, pot first into what are called large-sized pots, ami when the spikes appear a few inches above the leaves make up the specimens by placing five or more in 7 11. or larger pots, according to requirements. It is nei essary to start them in this way, so as to get the plants in flower at the same time. It need scarcely be remarked that the flowers are useful in particular for bouquets and choice decorations, but their perfume is too fulsome when the\' are used in quantity upon the table. Immense numbers of Tulips are sent Tlllipa {the Tulip). here from Holland, and they are largely employed both for bedding out and for greenhouse decoration. For the latter purpose they may be treated much as recommended in the case of Hyacinths, except that about half-a-dozen bulbs should be put in one pot. A selection of the best
I
I
yellow Dussart, crimson Grand Duchess, white Keizer Kroon, scarlet, edged yellow ; King of the Yellows, deep yellow LTm La Tendresse, rose maculee, pure white Pottebakker, scarlet, white, and yellow Queen of the Netherlands, rose Queen of the Violets, light purple Roi Pepin, white, flaked crimson ; Rose Grisdelin, pink and white Scarlet Beauty, scarlet Thomas Moore, orange ; Van der Neer, purplish violet White Swan, pure white. All the above are single, the following being double flowers Duke of York, rose, edged white Imperator Rubrorum, scarlet-crimson La Precoce, white Murillo, Raphael, rose ; Princess Alexandra, red, edged yellow rose ; Tournesol, red and yellow ; Velvet Gem, bronzy crimson. Urceolina aurea, also known as U. pendula. A pretty bulbous plant from the Andean regions of South America. The leaves are heart-shaped, while the flower stem, which reaches a height of i8in., is terminated by an umbel of drooping, urn-shaped blossoms. These blooms are about 2in. long, distinctly marked with yellow and green, and of a thick wax-like texture. Flowers in the summer and
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
:
autum n.
Lily).
When
this
in
full
that
is,
in
South
African bulb is one of the showiest features in the greenhouse. The large reddish scarlet flowers are borne in good-sized umbels, and as established masses soon push After up several spikes a brilliant show is obtained.
flowering,
the
growth
be
is
perfected,
and when
this
is
WatSOnia.
A genus
VV.
of bulbous plants
much resembling
some forms of Gladiolus, and needing much the same treatment. The most notable are W. angusta, orange
:
scarlet
humilis,
rose
W.
marginata,
pink
W. O'Brieni, white. They will succeed out of doors in warm soils and sheltered positions. Zephyranthes. Some of these are difficult to grow, but
varieties is as follows
in
its
different
for the embellishment of the greenhouse. They are Z. Candida, white, flowers in Both should be August, and Z. carinata, rose, in June. grouped in pots or pans, r>~d once established seldom
coloured forms,
all
need repotting.
CLIMBING PLANTS.
A
in
CLIMBING
PLANTS
GREENHOUSE
and charm.
in
interest
this
group
many
of the
most beautiful
plants not only graceful in growth and bearing a profusion of bright flowers, but
frequently
filled
Greenhouse
formerly,
less
of
late
years than
of
when
little
was no
uncommon
sight
to
see
trails
blossom from
care
sweetness around.
Some gardeners
This
is
one
reason being that they encourage greatly insect pests, mealy bug
in
particular,
which spread
true
when
to,
and growth must not be so dense as to shade injuriously the things upon the stages.
in
may
side
be
to
cut
the
house,
to
use
in
many
pretty
ways.
There
is,
however,
another
the
during the
times
in
preferable
to
mixtures
of whiting or
A well-known gardener
"
it
writing
a good
permanent
was not
in
system
and
adopt
as
a rule,
be
it
as regards colour
white or green, or
of
any
special
mixture.
It
is
more
an
not
sound
in
practice
by
reason of
the
of
By means
of
climbers,
272
THE
in
CENTURY
a house
or
BOOK OF
be
GARDENING.
bare walls can
ungainly character
be draped
many
may
sides
with
true
climbers,
old-fashioned greenhouses
with their
considerable
depth
may
;
be
by training climbers over a part at least of the bare space. Our forefathers seemed to have a craze for height when designing their horticultural erections fortunately the presentday builders avoid
as
this,
results.
strictly
Other
we now
call
them
but
what
to
this
word implies
1
in its
true meaning
to
add
the
effect.
all
am
thinking
now
of those
walls,
of
which can
be treated
with
Climbing plants as a
space,
rule,
succeed better
permanently
planted
out
than
when grown
is
in
pots,
and
in
most
structures a border
to
may
in
As there
the
this respect,
climbers should
when
planted
be carefully trained
tion,
is
the allotted
space
shoots
covered, be
when
grace,
the
to
may
their
allowed
develop
in
true
as
this
way
out.
the
of
prominent
charac-
teristics
In
the case of
any subback
immeseason
should
the
be done
flowering
diately
is
over.
The
best
:
Greenhouse
Climbers are
Asparagus. -A
beautiful
family of
are chiefly remarkable extremely delicate frondlike branches, from which circumthe stance they are often called Asparagus Fern, though they are in
They
their
no way related
to the
Fern family.
mixture of loam, peat or lear mould, and sand will suit them well. When the plants are large they often seed freely, and in this way they can
The be readily propagated in heat. A. plumosus, thickly best are delicate pointed with clothed A. plumosus nanus, with leaves more flattened, frond-like branches than the last ; and A. plumosus even more delicate tenuissimus, than either, forming light fluffy A. shoots of the richest green.
:
j;
j|
retrofractus
arboreus,
much
grey
stronger
grower,
with
hard
ASPARAGUS SPRENGERI
Bignonia.
stems, and needle-like leaves from i^in. to 2in. in length, and of a bright green colour.
These
broader
leaves
are
arranged
others,
in
tufts
along
of
branchlets.
A.
the
Sprengeri,
the
leaves
These are all vigorous climbers that need a B. capreolata, sunny position to flower them well. B. Cherere, orange, summer ; and orange red, summer
;
and of a rich grass green It is a valuable climber, and is also very ornatint. mental when mounted on a pedestal, as the branches then droop all round and are covered with crimson fruits.
than
B. speciosa, purple, spring, are the best. family nearly related to the Bomarea.
hardy Alstrce-
The Asparagus family is of great value for cutting, so much so that the foliage has in a measure taken the place
of Fern fronds, as they are far
they are distinguished by their climbing habit. All bear clusters of drooping bell-shaped blossoms. They need the warmest part of the green
meria,
from
which
more
lasting.
house, and are rather more particular in their requireA selection is herewith ments than most climbers.
CLIMBING
given
PLANTS
FOR
THE
pressed
GREENHOUSE.
down moderately
firm.
If good healthy plants grow away rapidly, and
B. Carderi, pink ; B. frondea, yellow ; B. oligantha, reddish orange ; B. patococensis, crimson. Clematis indivisa. The starry while blossoms of this New Zealand evergreen Clematis are borne in the greatest There is a variety, lobata, that profusion in early spring.
:
Both of them are among in its lobed leaves. climbers for the greenhouse or conservatory, and will succeed well in a border if well drained. Cobsea SCandenS. One of the mosl vigorous of all blossoms climbers, bearing large purple bell-shaped
differs
only
the finest
soon cover a considerable space. The Lapageria dislikes exposure to full sunshine, so that it must be grown in a shaded structure, and during the summer freely syringed. Slugs are partial to the young growths just as they are pushing through the soil. L. alba has pure white flowers, while in L. rosea they
tint. Some varieties of this last are superior in colour and size of flower to others, the best being known as Nash Court Variety and superba.
much
Sown
young plants will cover a considerable space the same season. There is a variety in which the leaves are beautihas prettily divided leaves and spikes of orange-coloured blossoms, In mild climates it will borne in summer and autumn. succeed out of doors. F. falcata, F. minima, and F. repens are FiCUS, The. themselves to a wall shady wall, instead of being an eyesore, may by means of these Ficus be transformed into an unbroken mass of tiny deep green leaves.
useful little
fully variegated.
climbers that
of Ivy.
attach
after the
manner
A damp
A deciduous climber of quick during the summer bears a profusion of large pure white fragrant Convolvulus-like blossoms. Manettia. This family consists of several species, by lar the best being M. bicolor, with small bright green lanceolate leaves and tubular blossoms, scarlet, tipped with yellow. It will flower nearly all the year round. Maurandya Barelayana. This is best treated as an annual. Sow the seed in a gentle hot-bed in the spring, and if grown on freely the plants will produce their purple Foxglove-like flowers throughout the summer.
Mandevilla SUaveoleilS.
growth
that
Hardsnbergia.
A group
H.
Myrsiphyllum
with
It
is
Comptoniana, with three or five leaflets, and II. monoBoth have phylla, in which the leaves are not divided. dense clusters of small purple Pea-shaped blossoms, produced in the spring. Hibbertia detltata. This s a bright yellow climber with leaves about 3m. in length, oblong, of a deep green
j
slender climber asparagoides. small heart-shaped leaves of a bright shining green. the plant commonly known as Smilax, whose long
much used
group
of
Passiflora
{Passion-flower').
An
extensive
climbing plants of vigorous growth, with ornamental foliage and a great profusion of beautiful flowers. Several of
tint
a pretty bronzy
The
three
flnweis,
rr'y.
\<%
r
5
diameter,
are
fust
months
genus
Ipomtea.
bers of
An
stove,
extensive
related to Convolvulus,
some mem-
hardy, others while a few will succeed in the greenhouse. They I. are I. purga, Jalapa, pink purplish rose ; I. Quamoclit, red I. versicolor, orange. Jasminum. - Of the Jasmines thererequire
which are
are the
in
J.
grandiflorum,
somewhat
like
but looser
growth and with larger flowers, which are tinged on the exterior
with purple the deliciously fragrant blossoms of this occur more or less throughout the year and J. odoratissimum, from Madeira, producing golden yellow blossoms during the summer, and very fragrant. Kennedya. Nearly related to 1 fardenbergia, but with larger flowers The two and fewer in a cluster. best are K. Marryattse, with light scarlet flowers borne from January to June, and K. rubicunda, dark red flowers, in April and May. The Lapagerias are Lapageria. among the most beautiful of all greenhouse climbers, their wax-like bell-shaped blossoms being seen to very great advantage when clothing
conservatory wall. To succeed in their culture the plants should be placed in a bed prepared The soil should for their reception. be removed to a depth of 3ft., and of drainage material lit. at least Over this placed in the bottom. may be spread a layer of turves w ith
a roof or
downwards, and on compost consisting of peat, sand, rough charcoal, and a little whole being rubble, the brick
the grassy side
this a
PASS IF 1, R A
CONST A NC E ELLIOT
74
them require
;
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
effect at the Crystal Palace,
a stove, but many will thrive in a greenhouse, the best of them being Campbelli, purple coerulea, blue coerulea Constance Elliot, white ccerulea race:
where
it
climbs
the
up the
clusters
pillars
and
roof.
Solarium jasminoides.
of
The
most
prolific flowerer,
and
be
is
Imperatrice planted in a
border.
Plumbagos.
blossoms, which are white slightly tinged with blue, being borne in great profusion from spring to autumn. In the South of England this succeeds out of doors. It is no uncommon sight to see cottages in
charming of
climbers for the greenhouse, and will succeed in structures heated just sufficiently to keep out frost. It bears flower clusters of a pretty blue colour, and
in
it.
Sollya
when in full beauty a plant is surfaced The Plumbago need hardly be described, as it is familiar in most gardens, but some may not grow or know it. The variety alba has white flowers. Cuttings may be readily struck in the spring, and require a
so profusely that
Two parviflora. slender twining plants with narrow deep green leaves, and a profusion of small drooping bell-shaped blossoms of
heterophylla
and
S.
with blossom.
temperature of about 6odeg. placing them in pots filled with ordinary soil for cuttings in the usual way. When and put no more than five or six in the cuttings are ready a 5m. pot remove to the house and put a hand-light over them to promote quick rooting. When rooted transfer
,
singly to
3m.
pots,
until established.
Plumbago must not be coddled in any way. They may be grown on in pots or planted out the latter method is, perhaps, the best,
After this give air abundantly, for the
;
thoroughly well draining the border. During the winter reduce the supply of water considerably. RhodOChitOn VOlubile. A slender yet free-growing climber whose dark red-coloured flowers protrude from a widely-expanded calyx, thus giving it a very distinct appearance. The flowers are produced in great profusion throughout the summer months, when the slender shoots are wreathed for a considerable distance with them. Rhynchospermum jasminoides. White Jasmine-like sweet-scented blossoms, borne during the summer. RUSGUS androgynus. One of the most vigorous of all greenhouse climbers, bearing a profusion of long pinnate leaves of a stout leathery texture and of a deep green colour. It is suitable for planting in draughty places, as harsh dry winds have little effect upon it. This Ruscus is
Nearly related to Passiflora, but some have even more showy blossoms. They hang down supported by very long flower stalks, hence are on a roof seen to very great advantage. A selection would include Exoniensis, rich carmine pink Smytheana, light mollissima, pink Van Volxemi, scarlet, shaded violet. red TeCOma. All these need to be thoroughly exposed to the sun to induce them to flower, and when this is the case they are remarkably showy. The best are T. capensis, T. orange scarlet T. jasminoides, white, red throat Smithi, orange and T. stans, yellow. Thunbergia alata is a beautiful annual climbing plant of which there are several varieties, the showiest of them being those forms in which the flowers are some shade of yellow, with a dark centre. Sow in spring in gentle heat, and grow on quickly afterwards. Tropseolum. There are two quite distinct classes of Tropseolum, both of which form good climbing plants
TaCSOnia.
for the greenhouse. The first has tuberous roots and throws up annual shoots, which flower, and after that the tuber has a period of rest. To this section belong T. azureum, blue T. brachyceras, yellow ; T. Jarratti, scarlet and yellow and T. tricolorum, red and black. The second class consists of forms of the Nasturtium which Good kinds are Ball are valuable for winter blooming. of Fire, scarlet Clapham Park, orange ; and Hermine Grasshoff, double, orange scarlet.
; ; ;
275
276
MADAME PAUL
LACROI.X.
THIS
tints the
is
a flower of
autumn and w
inter.
It
and conservatory
when
decay.
One
treasures
fancifully christened,
Chrysanthemum, the " Autumn Queen " as it is and certainly without its handsome flowers of a hundred
the
interest.
of
It
is
flower of the
of
East, a
national
emblem
of
Cherry
Blossom and
in
Iris.
many
centuries the
Chrysanthemum has been cultivated with skill yearly Chrysanthemum fete in the Imperial grounds is an
p.
charming book on "Notes in Japan," makes interesting reference to the flowers. On " The first really fine Chrysanthemums saw were in Yokohama, when 178 one reads
:
in
November.
was disappointed
rain
to find that
in in
they were
in
temporary
doors as
I
sheds,
put
up
to
protect
;
them from
masses out
plants
of
the softened
are
light
of
the
shades their
are
showed
in
to
great
The
the
treated
much
as
they
with
of
us,
pots
spring,
and encouraged
with plenty
their pots
for
is
manure
colour
them.
Some
allowed to develop
a
horizontal
in
to
bamboo
and the
effect
is
very sad
but the
excellence
of
the
THE
gardeners
is
CHRYSANTHEMUM
ITS
HISTORY
AND
PROGRESS.
277
best
many
as 400 flowers of
gardener
who
shown in growing large bushes, which iiave been known to carry as medium size, all in perfect condition, on the same day. An English had visited every show within reach of Tokyo, including the Emperor's
in
celebrated collection
me
blossoms
equal to the
best do/en or so at a
London
the
The most
curious examples
of
to
be
seen
in
Dangozaka quarters
see
Tokyo.
figures
The
mainly
long,
bordered on each side with gardens enclosed with high bamboo fences,
rin,
and
you
could
groups
of
life-size
history,
drama,
or
mythology,
and were
constructed
frameworks
of
bamboo,
inside
which the flower-pots were concealed, the shoots being brought through the openings
The heads and hands were made of painted wood, and swords and other accessories were added to make them more life-like the draperies of living leaves and flowers were skilfully arranged in large folds, and, as in most of the
and trained over the outer surface.
;
popular
shows,
1
they
depicted
a
the
costumes
of
Daimio and
an
Samurai
of
the
past.
At
each entrance
was given
of
and a description
establishment."
the
different
groups
serving as
Chrvsanthemum
in
in
Japan serves
a
to
show
the
we
hold dear
Britain
is
cultivated in
a
way
in
similar to our
big,
own methods.
plants,
fashion
or
here,
but
formal
as
in
carved out
oi
huge turnips
has
modelled
large numbers, and their departure occasions in the minds of the majority of flower gardeners
no regret.
Chrvsanthemum
culture
is,
been
raised
in
Great Britain, as
in
Japan and
thai
size,
improvements
in
type,
of
introduced
from
China,
it
for there
is
a true native
was introduced into Japan. The species first opened its eyelids in the Royal Gardens, Kew, in the year 1790, plants having been sent from China in the previous year to a French nurseryman at Marseilles, Blancard by name. In Chinese literature reference is made to the Chrysanthemum by Confucius, the great philosopher, who called the flower Li-ki. Probably the blossoms which inspired Confucius were not the noble examples of the hybridists' art that now adorn our show boards and greenhouses, but it is interesting to know that the Chrysanthemum is one of the most ancient of garden flowers upon the world's surface. Although the plant was probably introduced into England before the date previously
mentioned, as Sabine
at
in
in
existence
in
in
as
in
it
is
called,
was
the
like
the family
may
of
know
that the
first
illustration
of
it
was given
the
"Botanical
Magazine"
1796,
and represents
a flower of
much charm.
became
the
Chrysanthemums
work
to
quickly
known
to
gardeners,
and
for in
many
1824
raisers
set
to
extend
we know
that
twenty-seven
appear
Fortune,
the
varieties
cult
were
of
in
Horticultural
;
Gardens
it
at
Chiswick.
until
Book's
began to
upon the
the
Chrysanthemum
but
was not
1846,
when Robert
time collecting for the Horticultural Society, sent over from China
national interest, so to say,
was beginning
to arise.
278
CENTURY
its
BOOK
native
OF
isle
GARDENING.
little
named from
of
Pompon
group.
Chusan and its Daisy-like formation. The work of the hybridist was
in
now
to
being revealed, for the incurved varieties had been moulded into the form
which we
see them at the present day, globular, regular, and painfully formal, and other types began
be heard
It
of,
little
reflexed varieties.
visit to
Japan
in in
1861, sent
Chrysanthemum
anything
became
measure
the
may
flowers
utterly
hitherto
seen,
and setting at
defiance
all
rules that
down by
a shock,
big
masses
petals,
rugged
and
gloriously
unconventional
Standish
the
incurved
varieties
Adam
Forsyth
to
saw
in
these
the
Japan great
until
possibilities,
and forthwith
constitutes
commenced
in
enlarge
all
group.
The
race extended,
this
section
the
principal feature at
exhibitions, whilst for the greenhouse and for cutting none excel
them
freedom
or
range
of beautiful colours.
The
National
Chrysanthemum
Society
has
accomplished
much work
the
culture
is
in
promoting
the
plant.
in
of
There
hardly a town
and
in
America and
is
exhibiting and
varieties.
of
new
The
the
foundation-stone
National
Society
the
society
being
known
ington
;
as the Stoke
Newan
in-
but
with
creasing
in
popular
interest
its
of
Hackney
holds
yearly
exhibitions
in
at
the Royal
Aquarium.
Records exist
of exhibitions
held at
1836, but probably only pot specimens were shown, not cut
One
section
has
never
this
against the
Japanese
varieties,
politic,
never ardently
to see
in
in
is
interesting,
however,
into
the
England variety,
commerce
until
an exhibition flower,
distinct
is
spite of the
many
form
of
seedlings
raised
recent
years.
limit to the
range
colours
or
the
flower.
seems impossible
still
list
new
varieties
spread out
in a silky
mass.
It
will
from Japan created something approaching a furore., and this variety, Mrs. Alpheus Hardy by name, inaugurated a new division, and in this way the various groups have had their Some of our finest varieties have come to us direct from Japan, the glorious crimson birth.
mum
THE
E.
CHRYSANTHEMUM ITS
HISTORY
AND
PROGRESS.
279
Molyneux as an example, but of late years British and French growers, the British in particular, have devoted their energies with excellent results to raising seedlings. The exhibitions of the present day are in many ways vastly more interesting than those of a few years ago, when the Chrysanthemum was grown merely for show in regular boxes, with nothing to reveal the picturesqueness and gracefulness of the flower grown in
something
like
natural
way-
in
more
artistic,
foliage
their
formation, and
bold
stands that the big blooms are wonderfully handsome and effective shown in tall vases. the exhibition stimulates a national interest It must be remembered that although
in
New
we
Zealand and
that
Australia, cementing
brotherhood
hold so pre-
merely
It
for
show
is
a mistake.
gilds
the
dark
months
of
little
green-
houses of
the
amateur,
in
no
matter whether
smokeor
begrimed
in
London suburb
air.
The
annual displays
the
London
plant
to
the
evil
atmospheres, whilst
and
season
has
been
greatly
extended,
flowers
being
early
months
of
the
year,
when
of
for decoration
they are
course invaluable.
No
of
decorative
tlower
Eastern
varieties in
favourite,
particular,
of
the
which
dainty
THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AS
CLIMBER
many colours, white as pure as snow, crimson, golden yellow, and other tints. One much of even this magnificent flower, and sometimes regret that the Scarlet
Unless
simple
;
Salvias and other winter favourites dear to our forefathers have been pushed aside.
Chrysanthemum
system
in
culture
is
is
when
the
buds
have
are
to
be
of
stopping and
other
becomes something
for
Chrysanthemums
and October.
plant will
bein^
improved greatly
eater variety
the
open
early
September
in
time the
probably be grown
gi
of
ways
is
to to
embellish
corruption.
may
be, the
turned the
tickle,
tender
exotics
may
the
but the
tlower
too
useful
to disappear
from
28c
THE
have
stools
in
FIRST
STEPS.
manner
This
To
it
deal
of
with
the
the
question
of
culture
to
in
thoroughlyat
practical
is
highest
importance
begin
quite
the
beginning.
period
earlier
should
part
be
of
somewhere about the declining days of December. At this time the plants that
to
their
flower
display
fresh
are
ready
be
cut
down.
notice
Preparing
of
the
old
for of
way
develops
are
to
new
in
growths
It
from
is
cuttings
next
season's
plants
be
propagated.
their
curious
that
the
plants
sort
different
varieties
vary
considerably
constitution,
and
while
fail
one
may
to
develop quite a large number of new and desirable shoots, others often
for
entirely, at least
some
time, to
produce anything
except
perpetuate
the variety,
however handsome the blooms may have been the previous season.
in
many
of
these sorts
means have
to
Plants which have been too liberally supplied with plant foods
develop a tendency to get into a bad and unhealthy condition, which renders them incapable
of producing healthy stock for propagating.
some
bed
light gritty
of
plunge
or
them without
of
pots into
In
similar
of
is
cool
greenhouse
in
heated pit-frame.
gained
is
the amount
suitable,
and
in
made
first
by
copious
supply
close
water overhead
first,
and
shoots
at
the
are
roots,
and then
keeping
too,
the
of
structure
somewhat
at
healthy
soon
emitted,
these,
CULTURE
a
OF
ideal
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
cuttings.
FOR
this
EXHIBITION.
28l
kind
which
will
make
To some
unnecessary
method
healthy stock.
laid
preparation
Of course, thousands of growers simply cut down their old plants and propagate from the new growths as soon as they develop. In many cases, too, this has answered well, but owing to the unsatisfactory condition of many collections of plants when the flowering season is over, it is unwise to use such plants for stock purposes. A suitable temperature at this season is one that varies from 4odeg. The foregoing remarks apply to each kind of Chrysanthemum. The completion of to 55deg. this work' brings one to the period when propagation should be commenced. Cuttings may
just
commend
it.
early days
of
December
until
the
end
of
January, and
later.
It
is
well to begin
fust with
known
late
varieties,
and those
it
"crown"
or
late
"crown"
the
buds.
old
3m.
in
length,
stools,
taken from
the
surface
at
considerable
main stem.
old
As a
in
rule these,
when
rooted,
make
a free growth,
stem,
or
close
proximity thereto,
invariably
The
leaf
cuttings are
made by
cutting
the
leaf
immediately
off
below a
and
joint,
formed by a
the
of the
junction of the
also
trim
the
reception.
of
A
light
suitable
Equal parts
good
loam,
that
taken from
an
old
pasture, and
mould, and add to this a sufficient quantity of sand to render the compost
porous after a good watering, say an eighth part of coarse silver sand.
should
These ingredients
if
be well
Jin.
mesh, and
prepared
few
the
equal distribution of
of
ensured and
use
compost
pots,
In
all
also
sweetened.
A good method
striking
cuttings
to
deep
in
"thumb"
pot.
and to
cases
place
one
cutting
each
when
the
soil
young
roots.
Propagating each
grower
young plants
glass
in
later,
and avoid
space
under
early
may
the
In
number
the
root
of
cuttings
of
year
this
around
edge
3m.
pot.
way they
to
readily
pot
them up singly immediately they become rooted, otherwise the tender roots become entangled Shallow wooden boxes also are and broken. used where a large number of plants are raised. These are generally 15m. long by ioin. wide
and
about
2in.
deep.
Insert
the
cuttings
in
rows,
2in. apart,
between
should
drainage,
each
cutting.
The
one's
pots
and
boxes
proper
be crocked
otherwise
labour will
be
in
decukau\e
variety.
282
vain.
large
THE
Use broken potsherds as
pieces
of
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
quite clean
or or
arrange the
concave
side
downwards
laid
in
cover
the
larger
of
hole
fibrous
holes,
followed
by
layer
of the
smaller
pieces,
of
carefully.
piece
turfy
loam or some
rougher
itself
sittings
the compost
should
in
crocks,
it
compost
may
of
follow.
Place this
Fill
lightly,
and also
lightly press
in to
sand
blunt
in
the
centre
of
the
With
receive
of
dibber
cedar-wood
in
using the
end, of
of
course,
make
hole
to
the cutting,
this
way
rest;
carrying
as a rule
down
about
portion
i^i'n. of
the
sand.
On
this
the
base
the
cutting
should
the
at
cutting
should
the
soil
being pressed
in
the
base.
This should
all
be
soil
lot,
evenly
round.
next
first
writing the
name
When
inserting a
number
of cuttings
pot inside, do
firm.
not place them too close to one another, and also see that each one
made
for
When
propagation
is
completed for
can, and
the
time
being,
water
the
cuttings
overhead
fine-rosed
soil
apt to carry
the
soil
away from
or
the base.
of treating the
Several ways
at
cuttings during
the rooting
process have
is
been adopted
one time
that of placing a
of
by day maintained.
in
boxes on a bottom
to be preferred, as
plunge them
soil
The
the
latter is
moist,
and one
need
not
use
water-can.
This
is
an
winter.
Arrange the pots so that the cuttings can be looked over with ease, as
to
may
be necessary not be
air.
also to detach
decaying leaves.
can
closed absolutely.
Indeed, so long
as
the
cuttings
these sheets
period of from a
month
is
weeks.
the
under-side
of
the
glass
covering to the
frame
frequently
covered with
condensed
moisture, and to avoid the cuttings damping off wipe this away.
Cuttings of the
s irts
bulk' of
than
the
others, as
flowering varieties,
during
January,
although
there
are
few
slightly
earlier attention.
The
Pompons,
as late
as
beautiful
Pompon
as
varieties,
Anemone
as
well
other
varied
characteristics
the
of the
same type
of
flower,
may
be
propagated during
and some
early-flowering varieties
even
March.
single
The
and
their
for
Chrysanthemums
for the
get
display
are divided into two sections, one known as large-flowering, They are very pretty when set up in sprays for exhibition, November and December shows. A safe period over which
is
propagation
may
extend
from
January
to
March, the
latter
date
answering well
of
December
display.
The
Japanese kinds,
of the first
may
be propagated during
part
month
for preference.
POTTING.
Upon
will
be noticed,
in
course of
2 34
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
time, that fresh growth has been made, and to prove whether the cuttings are rooted, shake
the
soil
when
making
their
in
way
in
round the
ball
of
earth.
At
be
this
time,
to another
frame
should
inuring
them
plants
the
itself.
young
plants
can
the
bear
exposure
Progress
their
in
the
frames,
they
be removed
shelves
arranged
near
glass.
should be rapid
first
from
time forth,
will
soon
have
in in
filled
pots with
roots.
To prevent
into
of
a check,
3^ in.
plants
"thumb"
large
pots
should
be
repotted
others,
diameter,
in
pots,
boxes,
diameter.
to
The work
the
daily
keep the
contain
rotten
suitable
compost
for
this
first
repotting
should
following ingredients
leaf
manure,
when
plants
the
are
being re-
or
anything
in
of
similar character.
to the
frames
or
shelves
when
is
remove them
is
to a
frame
in
warm
of the
aspect of the
year, but to
in
garden.
This
cool
treatment
just
what
needed at
prevent any disastrous consequences arising through sharp frosts, plunge the pots
fibre
cocoa-nut
embed the
frame
in
any long
litter,
At
free
night mats
glass,
the temperature
is
from
frost.
be utilised then.
With
the approach
first,
more
in
genial weather,
may
be ventilated, gradually at
until
later
entirely.
to give.
Within
repotting.
period
of
from six
same
No
The
CULTURE
OF
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
when
this
FOR
shall
EXHIBITION.
he done, and one can
285
work
tell
this
by an examination
ball
of
the routs.
When
in
its
round the
of earth, then
repot.
The more
this
way
spreading
the
work-
over
A
required
of
this
richer
is
compost should
of food
Fibrous loam
sixth
on
all
occasions essential,
or
and
material
take above,
four
parts,
and
part
of
wood ashes
and
ensure
crushed
charcoal.
To
that
enrich
the
add a
sprinkling
sufficient
each
coarse
of
bone meal
to
Clay's
proper
Fertiliser,
and
mere dusting
these
it
of
soot.
Add
are
sand
drainage,
and
see
ingredients
is
thoroughly mixed.
several days
before
required,
sweeten
it.
In.
the
meantime,
the pots
readiness, and
pay
special
of
attention to the
latter.
in
Too much
this
cannot
be
bestowed
respect
may
in
rule in
testing the
readiness of the
in
Those
of
in
diameter
should
5 in
.
be
placed
the
in
diameter.
This
rule
may
be
followed with
all
kinds.
When
with the
the
rough pieces
of the
handful of
has
been
made
firm
in
bottom,
of soil
on
the
bottom.
Fill
soil,
carefully
ramming
this
down
label
wood.
A few
Just
cover
the
surface
of the ball
of the
proceed
When
completed, remove the plants to a cold frame and keep them rather close
few days.
weather
at
air,
SUMMER QUARTERS.
this
By the
week
in
Choose
In
warm and
way
sturdy
stand them
in
square blocks.
its
In
they should be
this
ample
growth
is
It
of plants
perfected.
well
at
all
Chrysanthemum
site
in
plenty of room,
frames and
plant.
It is
outside
too.
stand throughout
the summer.
possible
select
sheltered,
yet
s
Standing
room with
in
southern aspect,
a
position
is
a desirable position,
with row
such
an
the
plants
obtain
in
the
beneficial
influence
the
sun
during
the
day,
important consideration
Incurved
varieties
seem
to
appreciate
partial
less
warm
aspect,
and
are
benefited
of
by
hot
may
obtain
warmest hours
the
summer day.
at eacli
To keep
of the
the
weather,
end
row,
one at
5ft.
from the
being paths
ground.
Additional
be
given
by adding
of
other
to
here
and
from
qft.
this
usually
ample.
in
all
cases
The plants may also be arranged along the edge where accommodation is difficult to obtain.
of
the
kitchen
garden
FINAL REPOTTING.
last
This
know
n
brings
as
us
to
an
important detail
of
culture,
namely,
to
the
repotting,
generally
"
final
potting."
potful
of
Prepare
compost
similar
that
of
recommended on the
i in
.
last occasion,
A word with
286
this shift
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
in
may
Plants
in
pots into
differ
8m.
size.
Pes
vary considerably;
one
may
to
the extent of
'in.
with
increasing
care,
layer
of
.lin.
ith
loam.
When
the greatest care, removing the crocks and settling the base of the
ball
soil
of soil
on a layer of
1
new
material.
The
in
should be quite
Jin.
of the
new
pot, and
of
if
this
the
bottom
the
pot
in all
wedge-shaped
ensue.
stick
15m.
length.
Finish off
soil, or
neatly,
taking
care
ball of
serious injury
may
INCURVED.
in
when
in
finished,
this
be easily examined,
is
very
should
placed
for
warm no
have
in
water
will
be
needed
some hours,
they
arc
but
when
thorough
soaking.
When
that
progressing,
neat
should be
the
soil,
in
lightly
this.
then ready
placing
them
rows,
in
and
the
may make
f<
older of
height.
By
llowing
of
overshadowing
is
There should be
room
to
tie
a distance
between each
later.
soil
is
plant
15m.
or
leave
sufficient
For
dry,
when
a
the
or
condition
being ascertained by
a
with
the
knuckles
some
scund
substitute.
or
When
ringing
soil.
response
is
given
out
water
may
be
applied,
dull
thud
denoting
the
moist
No
hot
regular
therefore,
can
be
laid
down.
On
afternoons
of
days the
plants derive considerable benefit by a thorough syringing overhead with clear water.
LIQUID MANURES.
but plant foods, applied
until
in
Feeding
full
is
must not be
roots
assimilated
this
foods
in
the potting
soot water
When
and
has taken
place,
mav
be
in
first
applied,
for
few days
days with
or ten
in
in
100 gallons
of
water.
first,
Water on
alternate
this
preparation at
until
and afterwards
every week'
days regularly,
its
may
tlie
be
used
place.
stable and
cw sheds, placed
reliable.
a bag
larly, are
A week each
the last-
relished
by the plants.
of
patent
these
manures, each
There are many guanos and which has its good qualities, and
with
advantage,
the
JAPANESE INCURVED.
Nitrate
of
may
be
used
occasionally
and
in
accordance
soda
is
with
instructions
accompanying
but
supplies.
splendid
rate than
stimulant
half an
during the
growing period,
of clear
should
never
be
applied at a greater
ounce
to a gallon
is
same may
be carried
one-third
which
slower
in action,
and
is
useful to hurry on
may
on
thi"<ui2hout
the
summer
and
autumn,
and
the
flowers
are
about
CULTURE
expanded.
OF
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
FOR
EXHIBITION.
287
Then
until
in
the
should be used.
BUDS.
during
We
period
in
the
lite
of
the plant
when
it
is
new
growths.
May
sometimes, however,
to the
earlier,
a
The
new
growths owing
break bud,
is
foundation of
bud
the point
of the shoot.
bud
is
called the
new growths immediately the hud is formed. It these new shoots after the break' bud has been first
months each produce
as
a
rubbed
growth,
These shoots
bud
in
in
about
three
bud
at the
apex
of
their
the
this
case
being
are
described
the
first
crown
in
bud.
sue
Naturally
cases the
late-flowering
Chrysanthemums
usually
flowered
retained,
on
this
bud, and
that
is
to
and
new
left
absolutely alone.
These
then be
in
first-class
condition
November.
varieties
Unfortunately, the
are
not
greater
their
number
of the
first
finest
seen
First
at
best
when
crown
buds
of
are
retained.
size,
great
this
On
for
buds
sufficiently
early
of
the
November. Second crown buds are those which form about a month to six weeks later than tire first crown buds, and can be
by the early
clays
first
crow n bud
is
buds,
is
necessary
Reflexed,
to
take
them
in
hand
earliei
Tin
on
hi
of
the
Japanese,
buds,
Incurved,
and
Anemone
first
sorts
may
be
flowered
second
crown
these usually developing flow ers of perfect form and high colour, although they are
smaller than those resulting from a
somewhat
crown bud
selection.
Good
To
in
effect this
between the
last
week'
make
the break
grow on
at the
steadily the
new
shoots, to the
number
of three or four.
The second
set of
buds forming
apex
of
latter part of
young
of
This
rather an
intricate
foregoing
remark's
should
assist
those
unacquainted
with
this
important
aspect
Chrysanthemum
culture.
it
may
of
An
ideal
of varieties
The
week in August, and buds selected Pompons and single sorts are seen to
These buds form
sorts
in clusters,
of the plant's
grow
th.
and
it
These small-flowered
in
should carry at
number
tie
shoots retained.
the
Never
tie
the
little
Also never
tie
288
the shoot, as this
THE
is
CENTURY
and
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
off,
very
brittle,
will easily
snap
When
is
be kept
their
even development.
may
result in
irregularly.
Watch
the tying of
the shoots particularly during August and September, boisterous winds often giving trouble at
this period.
Green and
may
be exterminated by dusting
Earwigs
summer and
early autumn,
are a source of trouble, eating out the points of the tender shoots, often, too, just are about to form.
in
various ways.
Hay
or
may reward
in
in
the mornings.
fact
anything
in
which the earwigs can secrete themselves when daylight appears, answer well.
for,
The
plants
should previously have been cleaned and sweetened for their reception, by the end of September
low-lying districts, and a week' later
in
If
and
show
colour,
place
the plants
under glass,
of
and
shade
lightly.
Adopt a system
ones at the
to
of
tallest
back',
sloping
in
in
down
in
the shortest
front
the case
span-roofed
glass
structures
iii
arrange
group
path
running
those
height,
round
plants
it,
and
of
arrange
medium
of
these glasshouses.
the display
seen,
is
In this
all
way
at
times
visits
easily
and
the
Do
plants,
not
over-
crowd
the
but give
its
without interfering
one
next
to
it.
When
the
plants
are
too
of
crowded,
watering
matter.
ing,
the
question
becomes a serious
At the time
of hous-
same
Kathleen rogers
of
time.
which
dust
CULTURE
Clay's Fertiliser or any other
OF
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
FOR
EXHIBITION.
289
sive
moisture
up.
on
the
floor
mopped
lation,
Give
free venti-
windows
prevail,
temperature
about 5odeg.
will
maintained
at
Less ventilation
is
advisable to place
in
incurved varieties
house
by themselves
atmospheric
vail.
in
w hich cooler
pre-
conditions
be
ties
given
each
plant,
as
the
long
growths,
and
the
In
this
is
way
promoted,
of
"dressing"
dispensed
older
to a large extent
with.
of
It
is
the
type
in
all
the flower
which
needs
dressing,
those
of
recent
introduction
developing
naturally
regularly
perfect form.
Badly-formed, irregular, and quilled florets are removed by forceps specially made for
this purpose. this
The dressing
work.
floret
is
neat
little
particular
or
formed
flowers.
decaying
which probably
interferes
with
the
even
development
petals
of
the
Anemone
off
flowers
in
are
sometimes improved
conspicuous
by removing
This
as
few stray
florets,
from
the centre,
to
as these set
exhibition
type
should
of the
flower
dressing
of
the
flowers
be
accomplished
on
the
plants,
possible,
during
development.
No
sunshine
a matter of
importance,
more especially
the
to
case
of
richer
coloured varieties.
When
for
consequently useless
exhibition or
rings
The
way
is
to
on the
This
may
many advantages
painted
of
The
six
arranged on
green
boards
various sizes to
show
or a
dozen blooms on
each.
all
various patterns for the different types of the flowers are used,
either
these
being
obtained
from
Chrysanthemum
specialist
or
vendor
of
horticultural sundries.
2<^0
2QI
culture of
Chrysanthemums
for
exhibition
lias
methods by which the large blooms are perfected, and now the way
greenhouse and
conservatory has to be considered
:
grow the
also
for
supplying cut
autumn and early winter. The propagation of decorative Chrysanthemums may be carried out at any time between December and March, and even later with some of the freer-growing varieties. If a batch
large
of
plants
is
to
in
December, and so
be
is
on
throughout
of
succeeding
large
weeks
plants
and
months
less
the
likely
propagation
as the
later
may
continued,
the
prospect
getting
becoming
period
reached.
will
Of
the
course, cuttings inserted during the latter part of January, February, and
March
ultimately
make
pretty
plants,
when
When
HOUSE OF CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
off
cuttings
to
singly
into
pots
3m.
in
diameter, and
encourage them
prevailing in
fully to
conditions
the cool greenhouse, giving them a position on the shelves near the glass.
The glass structure should at all times be carefully ventilated, and in this way the young plants are kept sturdy. The compost for The aim should be to keep the plants growing on steadilv. the different repottings should be prepared in exactly the same way as in the case of
plants to produce exhibition flowers, so that this aspect of their culture need
to again.
not be referred
As soon
as the
young
have attained a
of
This
will
new
shoots,
or
which
must
and
be
encouraged.
adopting
this
This
treatment
of
generally
called
"stopping"
"pinching,"
by
of
method
culture
throughout
the
When
the new-
turn,
be pinched,
292
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
the last
i.e.,
the tops of the shoots pinched out, and follow this rule until
All
week
in
June
growths forming
in
mentioned must
as terminal
be
In
left
to
large
most cases
buds develop
mark'
in clusters at
known
profuse
buds,
because they
the
termination of the
growth.
If
display of
may
be
left
develop, and
in
this
way charming
D
s
n g
the
and
p ring
early
summer
to time,
to
get
what
this
in
is
getting the
pots
of
roots,
as
after
the
vigour
of
will
the
plant
will
be
to
lessened,
unless
plants
shifted
in,
into
least
larger
for
pots.
Pots
ioin.
diameter
answer
will
well
flower
in
the
at
the
larger
succeed
of a
this
As the plants attain larger dimensions the branching growths will need the support few stout stakes, to which the shoots should be lightly looped, not tied tightly. In
way
air
will
During
the
especially
when
filled
be neglected.
On
copious
may sometimes
needed, and
in
when
hard
if
roots.
manure frequently
in
small
weak
months
of
work"
may
be
lost.
summer
is
in
provided.
or a
thick layer of ashes, and as the season advances keep the growths lightly tied out.
By
this
the last
is
week
in
glass structure
rule
as possible, and
by following
treatment of
appearance.
Other
details
culture
are
similar
to
those
advised
for
the
exhibition varieties.
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
The
for their
FOR
THE
GREENHOUSE
AND
CONSERVATORY.
293
following varieties form a useful group, embracing several types and those famous
of flowering.
freedom
Golden
E.
Elsie,
light
golden
yellow;
J.
Lacroix,
white;
Mrs.
Chas.
Shea,
rich
yellow; O.
yellow;
;
John Shrimpton,
and Golden
white
crimson
Mis.
Annie Clibran,
pink'
Wm.
;
Golden
rich
Gem,
Mine.
Incurved:
Anemones
lilac
Mrs.
Robert
Owen, white
and
Fabian de
Mediana,
and blush.
amaranth; Snowdrop, small, white; Primrose League, small, pale yellow; Sceur Melanie, pure
white, early
;
Anemone Pompons:
Marie Stuart, pale
Emily
Rovvbottom,
cream white
and
To many
the
big
flowers seen at exhibitions are ugly, almost monstrosities, produced by a system of feeding and
stopping.
are
to his
own
Chrysanthemums
for
the greenhouse to
sprays
rich
is
of blossom, not
list
is
one stem.
severely
All
varieties
named
in
the above
are seen
a
true character
when
orange
not
disbudded.
Source d'Or,
for
example,
the
beautiful
flower
of
of
an
when
associated with
its
the decaying
many
colouring
intensified.
Of
exhibition,
except
in
classes
those
who simply
require
the
late
autumn know
294
BY
THE
Aralia
is
useful greenhouse foliage plants are fewer than that of those that require a higher
temperature,
cooler
but
still
many
the
of
these
last
will
be
benefited
if
taken
into
the
in
structure
during
particularly
valuable
in
masses
of
flowers.
Plants grown
the
into a
Greenhouse
:
Asparagus.
plants
The
different
good indoor plant. There which has leaves variegated with white. This is a useful room plant, and it succeeds out of doors in It is very ornamental and easily grown. mild climates.
like leaves of a leathery texture, a
make
effective decorative
is
also a variety
when grown
in small
pots, that
anything
less
ArailCaria.
nearly related to the Fir family, some members ol which are remarkable for The best their exceedingly symmetrical style of growth. are: A. Bidwilli, a bold-growing plant with deep green leaves iin. wide, and tapering to a very sharp
trees
A family of large
Aspidistra
this
for
a variety with variegated leaves. The Aspidistra is readily increased by division, which should be carried out in April or May.
is
is
more
useful than
Bambusa
much
in
A. Gooki, flat-growing branches, with the minor point A. Cunninghami, greyish green branchlels drooping A. excelsa, foliage, with irregularly disposed branches the most symmetrical of all, and ageneral favourite, being
;
An exceedingly graceful plant now faleata. demand. The long wand-like shoots are well furnished with minor branchlets, which in their turn are
ornamental obje
Carina.
The branches thousands by some nurserymen. are disposed in regularly arranged tiers, each branch, including the minor branchlets, being almost flat and Except A. Bidwilli, the leaves of those frond-like.
grown
in
varieties of Canna now take high rank as flowering plants, yet regarded only from a foliage point of view they are very desirable. In colour the leaves vary from a light glaucous green to a deep brownish purple. Their culture was fully dealt with when con-
The
t.
different
form
of
Reed
that
ift.
Carex.
pushes up stems 6ft. high, clothed with leaves over long and 2in wide, green and white striped.
The Sedges which are included in the genus Carex are a very numerous class, and many of them are
but w eeds, vet the variegated forms are very pretty green-
FOLIAGE
house
plants,
PLANTS
FOR
They
THE
GREENHOUSE.
295
especially
C.
elegans
variegata.
plants,
Grevillea robusta.
like leaves
;
ColeUS.
summer.
it
is
often
some
of the
Readily
increased
by
fresh,
which may be utilised for the embellishment of the greenhouse during the summer.
best varieties of
ISOlepiS
neat-growing
evergreen bush with particularly shiny leaves, the centre of which is bright green with a broad margin of creamy white. Cordyline. The members of this genus arc often spoken of as Dracaenas, particularly those varieties that need a stove temperature. The largest growing is C. australis, which is equally effective whether 2ft. or 12ft. high. The variety Veitchi is distinguished from the type by
forms a dense tuft whose slender gracilis. Rush-like leaves droop all around the pot in such manner as to completely hide it. for It is extremely useful draping the edges of stages or similar purposes. Leueadenclron argenteum.- This, the Silver Tree ol South Africa, is a beautiful plant, the leaves being thickly clothed with silky hairs of a silvery whiteness, but it is
seldom met with.
ith
whitestriped
its
leaf
stalks.
Smaller
equally
useful,
are
C.
Bruanti,
C.
and O. Jaluiran variegatum, in which they are marked with yellow, are a couple of dense-growing plants
is
well
known
plant
Panieum variegatum.
tuft.
hanging
ing stages,
T he bright
green stems,
from
2ft.
baskets,
drap-
and
pur-
l8in.
to
similar
poses.
high,
are
The
with
striped
narrow leaves,
arranged
u
in
white, and
when
to
exposed
an
the sun
with
i
tinged
pink.
1
also a varie-
gated
1
leaved
s
variety.
a x u
C has
leaves
broader
of
the
thinner
texture than
preceding.
spikes
-
The
in
of
grass w
i
like
argenteo variegata are Grasslike plants with leaves nearly tin. w i d e variegated with o w and y e white respec1
1
notable
of
this
tively.
feature
Phormium
(A ri-cu
Flax).
kind.
Zealand
This
tuft of
forms a
sword-like
leaves from
to 5 ft.
is
3ft.
and
away
is
the
best
Blue
the
(E.
long,
Gum
1
and
very
in
effective
large structure.
The common
form
thei
w a
has
P. tenax
deep
with brown,
DWARF CANNAS.
heat
in
These are easily raised from seed sown in gentle A group of Grasses Elllalia.
the
spring.
for
much
employed
while Veitchi has the foliage striped with green and yellow, and in Colensoi the centre of the leaf is green, broadly margined with white.
decorations.
excellent
little
They reach
specimens lyd. high may be had. The variety alba lineata has the leaves variegated with white, in univittata the leaves are narrower, and the variegation is limited to a central band of white while Zebrina has the creamy markings arranged transversely, thus
;
The
varieties
in heat in
with their large divided leaves are very showy in the greenhouse. TradeSCantia zebrina. A creeping plant of a fleshy nature whose leaves are coloured green and silvery grey with a purplish tinge, very useful for similar purposes to
the Panieum.
Eurya
latifolia
variegata.
with
Camellia-like shrub
green, yellow,
and pink,
in
FiGUS elastiea.
which
is
The well-known India-rubber plant, such a favourite for dwelling-houses, the stout leathery leaves with their polished surface resisting draughts and dust well. It is a good greenhouse plant.
A free-growing shrub with pointed leaves prettily variegated with white. The purple flowers are also very pretty. Yucca aloifolia variegata. A stately-growing plant lorming a stout stem furnished with long rather narrow leaves, terminating in a sharp spine.
Veronica Andersoni variegata.
296
AZALEA.
THIS
largely
for
section
of
for
indoor
this
flowers
comprises
many
is
kinds,
in
all
more
or
grow, and
reason their
or
cultivation
measure one
of similar
fashions
of a past age.
Twenty
show
as
large
specimens,
marvellous
productions,
to
must
form.
be
confessed,
cultural
skill,
though
not
always
handsome owing
Erica
their
rigid
Azaleas,
Boronias,
are
still
Heaths,
especially
in
the
of
beautiful
hyemalis,
Grevilleas,
and
Chorozemas
grown
gardens
list.
families
of Australia
prettily
to
mis,
tinted,
whilst a few,
Boronia heterophylla
an
grow
largely for
decorations.
group
lor
of
hard-wooded
pi
usually
considered more
growing, however, is a fashion of the past. Twentyyears ago huge Azaleas were a feature of all the more important
exhibitions, but in the present
It
A. macrantha and seldom grown at the present day. purpurea is as handsome as any. Follow the general rules laid down for the culture of hard-wooded things in general, using the best peat and sharp silver sand for soil crock Aphelexis are the pots freely, and give water carefully. not, however, plants for the beginner to try to grow. AotUS g'raeillima. This beautiful hard-wooded plant, from New Holland, is not often grown in the greenhouse,
;
would hardly be
but when planted out in the border or grown in pots it is equally charming, the deep orange and crimson flowers being produced in rich profusion, whilst the growth of the plant
of
is
Azalea.
form one of the principal families and are still held in high esteem for exhibition, especially on the Continent, from whence comes the majority of the neat little bushes so bright in Specimen plant the greenhouse during the spring.
The Azaleas
very graceful.
plants,
with the culture of the greenhouse or Indian Azalea, because in very few gardens are the plants raised from cuttings, the plants being usually grafted. At the present time the Azalea is grown to give cut flowers, and many an old specimen of Fielder's White, with gentle forcing, is one of the mainstays of the flower-basket in winter, as happily the plant does not in the least object to being cut about considerably. Azaleas, like hard-wooded plants in general, require very firm potting in a soil of sand)' peat, and strict attention paid to watering throughout the year.
air freely, and in the summer, if the plants are large, place theirr out with the Camellias in a fairly shaded place, and upon a layer of coal ashes, to prevent worn s finding an entrance into the pots and disturbing the
Give
hard-wooded
drainage.
The
object of standing
them out
in
June, aftei
HARD-WOODED
new growth has been made,
this
is
PLANTS
wood.
FOR
of
THE
much
GREENHOUSE.
value
for
297
but
the
to ripen the
At
our
houses,
Boronias are
time look over the plants frequently, as there is great danger of the soil not getting sufficiently moistened. The delicate roots quickly suffer when the soil remains dry for any length of time, and especially avoid letting the sun strike directly on the side ol the pot. There are many
varieties of
Azalea suitable
1
for
are necessary in most gardens, the chiel being the whiler culling. In some parts ol the British where the climate is very favourable, such as in Cornwall and Devonshire, the greenhouse A. indica is
flowered kinds
Isles,
<
Boronias are of dwarf, anything one can possess. elegant growth, and are very suitable 'or small planthous s, hence those wdio cannot grow things of stronger About fifty species growth may posse-is a collection. are known, but lew of great merit, ihese comprising the In their native heathlands kinds especially mentioned. the Boronias add beautiful colouring to the landscape, and form as picturesque and pleasing a pi lure as the
Heather
is
of our
own
country.
As hard-wooded plants
growths are cut down,
sufficiently
hardy
is
Amcenum
shape,
as
if
develop into large bushes out of doors. very brighl under glass, but more so in the
to
;
necessary.
When
open ground
that
alter the
flowering time
over,
make
j
cuttings ol
is,
new
]
shoots that
result
from givto
ing
warmth
the
plants.
older
When
the
about
young
I
' i
coloured
shoots are
n
flowers.
A.
is
a
mollis
cither
or in
in
delightful shrub
pots
them
in
the open
much
same
re
in
:
the as
way
case
v u
o
I
m m e n ded
he
e
of
the Ericas,
get
injured
frosts.
is
me
for
by late A. mollis
soil
n g peat
i
dis-
tinguished
size
by
flowers of large
and
won-
propagating
assisting
derful diversity
of
colouring.
Few plants
grown
glass are
under
bell-glass
rooted
off
more
selec-
When
pot
into
fascinating than
a
good
clusters
Their
treat-
general
in e
of
yellow,
in-
is
to
I
so
ha I
tense
to rose,
orange,
similar
salmon,
tints.
is
of
the
Heaths
to
and other
A. mollis
that
deal
the
further
with
is
same
sinense.
as
A.
their culture
There
111
already given.
B.
\v
This
e
elatior. is a
1 1 -
km >w
otherwise,
and
cases
in
DORONIA
as
II
ETEROPHY LLA
Australia,
species from
S
some
seedlings
of
mollis
nthbright
It
We
as
is
and sinensis, As these two supposed or hybrids between the two. distinct Azaleas are synonymous, it is misleading to
describe!
which
is
if
1
not
so
free
and
B.
heterophylla
red,
is
.
worthy of cultivation.
in
not
colour, ros
Anthony
and borne
in
Coster
very line variety, with large, evenly-shaped Mowers of an intense yellow. The mollis Azalea and its varieties are very suitable for culling, and if the shrubs
is
an
much
last
well
in
winter.
Azaleas
for
cutting
Fielder's
While, the
Deutsche Perle, and Narcissi Ik ira. bush of alba or Fielder's While will yield an abundance. Boronias. These are Australian plants, and comprise an interesting family one of the most important ol all the hard-wooded sections. Few flowers Iruin Australia aie
familiar indica alba,
Where
This should he and although known so long ago as 1S42, having been found by the traveller Drummond, it is only now becoming generally grown. It seemed to have been lost until that intrepid traveller, Miss Marianne North, whose name is perpetuated by her gallery of flower sketches in the Royal Gardens, Kew, sent home seeds from Western Australia. The seedlings flowered at Kew in 1S86, and from thence plants were distributed, until now in the early spring few
a delightful
plant.
heterophylla
first
the
species
of
the
family
chosen,
298
THE
CENTURY
DOOK
OF
ripened
GARDENING.
groups of greenhouse favourites are without its bright colour. It is no exaggeration to place B. heterophylla amongst the most priceless of greenhouse plants, and it flowers very quickly, even the second year after the cuttings have rooted. The flowers are produced in small clusters, and so profusely that the narrow deep green leaves are almost hidden. Fortunately, though hardwooded plants as a rule are frequently most troublesome to manage, B. heterophylla presents no great difficulties to overcome.
B. meg'astig'ma.
is this,
shoots resulting from cutting back a pi nt in February will strike freely, treating ihem in the usual way, that is, after they have rooted pot them off singly, and maintain a moist and shaded condition of things after each disturbance. When thoroughly established, it is not advisable to repot more than once in the course of
the year, that to take place in spring.
Beware
of scale,
The species to grow after heterophylla which possesses, it is true, little colour, but in the whole world of flowers it is doubtful if anything is more fragrant. A single plant in bloom, even a lew cut flowering shoots, will scent a large house. Its growth is very thin, the shoots arching over gracefully, and lined with the brownish flowers, filled with strong and As the growth is likely to become sweet perfume.
leggy
if
such an unpleasant foe that if a young plant is discovered to be affected with it it should be destroyed. Once scale becomes established, it is impossible to cleanse the growths. Ericas. This is one of the most useful of all the hardwooded families. The species and varieties are very
which
is
left
frequently to prevent this. For the fragrance alone this species should be grown. B. pinnata must be mentioned, although where there is only space for a small collection of greenhouse plants
sake of
It is a
having been introduced over a century ago when hardwooded plants were in high favour, especially during the time huge show specimens were fashionable. The
flowers are rose purple, and sweetly scented.
numerous, and natives for the most part of the Cape of Good Hope. Of late years, un rortunately in some respects, hard-wooded plants have gone greatly out of favour. One no longer sees the big show specimens which were the subject of endless care and attention, fa which one may be thankful, but the Heaths are useful decorative plants, which keep the greenhouse bright Individually the flowers are during the winter months. not showy, but collectively they make a brave display, their waxy character and charming tints being unlike the majority of things under glass during their season. It must ever be remembered, however, that Heaths are not
everyone's plants.
They
grown
as the
polygalOBfolia. This has flowers of a lilac shade, and is more easily grown than any of the Boronias. It is worth growing where a small collection is desired, but is not so pleasing as heterophylla and megastigma. ChOPOZemaS. These have not shared the same neglect as the majority of hard-wooded plants, and Chorozemas are too pretty to entirely forget. Many species and
B.
Pelargonium or Fuchsia, and for this rea on should not be amongst the first things chosen by the beginner, whilst to propagate them successfully is a difficult task.
very firm, especially Also thoroughly drain the pots by placing over the hole in the bottom a large concave crock, filling up with smaller pieces. This draining of the pots is one of the most important operations in connection with their cultivation. It is essential to even moderate success that water should pass away freely. Mix some sharp silver sand with the compost, especially when growing varieties of slow growth, otherwise
soil
it
The
in the
varieties
may be found
:
in
catalogues,
but
the following
C.
Lowi
is
a bright-coloured kind
rather bushy growth, and with deep green leaves, reminding one of those of the Holly. C. flavum has yellow flowers, and C. caudatum is also attractive. Chandleri may be mentioned too. C. Henchmani is seldom seen, although very pleasing and distinct. The stronger-growing Chorozemas may be used as climbers trained to wires, and grown in pots, not planted out in of
(
'.
ii When w ill become sour and not congenial to the roots. the Heaths are in full growth ample ventilation is necessary, When growth but not until they are well established. begins, pinch out the tips of the shoots and give freer
Chorozemas grow far more quickly than the majority of hard-wooded subjects, and enjoy a compost
the border.
made up principally of peat mixed with sharp silver sand, and of course the pots must fie very freely drained.
Very charming specimens may be grown in large pots, and are sometimes trained over a wire balloon-like framework.
The beginner
plants,
to
is
advised,
hard-
purchase healthy specimens and not to attempt to grow the plants from cuttings. These, however, in the case of the
strike, taking
wooded
During the warm summer nights air may be At all times pay great Hard-wooded plants are more attention to watering. difficult than any other things to maintain in vigorous he tlth, and mistakes in watering lead to disastrous results. Go over every plant almost, and never trust watering to inexperienced hands. Never place the plants away from the light, otherwise the shoots will become lank and llou c less. The best season to pot Heaths is about the end of February, and ram the soil hard, making it as firm
ventilation.
difficult to
them off with a heel attached in summer, and putting them round the sides of 6in. pots. Place them in a propagating house, and when rooted pot
on
at
in
When
is
if this is not di ne, when water is given it hrough the new compost and leave the centre dry. an increase of stock is desired, the way to proceed
;
young shoots
in early
otherwise the growth will become too long. Shade when the sun is too powerful, and after each potting keep the house close until the plants have recovered from the shift. The more vigorous Chorozemas are very
fust,
pretty
in
when
(he pots;
the shoots are simply trained to sticks placed the graceful growths are lined with flowers
the spring, and will remain in condition for some weeks. This way of training them is preferable to the more formal balloon-like support. Correa. Ilard-wooded plants rarely seen in gardens, but possessing considerable attraction, as the flowers of such kinds as C. cardinalis and C. bicolor are very brightly coloured. The hybrid race originated by crossing Correas are not so troubleC. speciosa and C. virens. some to manage as many things belonging to the hardwooded section of greenhouse plants, and they remain in flower for some months. Give peat and sharp silver sand as soil, and the compost must be good, as it is desirable not to disturb the ball of the old plant when repotting is carried out. Cuttings of young, moderatelyin
August, and put them closely round the side of 5in. pots, which should be filled with fine peat and sharp silver sand, Idling there be a layer of sand upon the surface. Moisten the cuttings occasionally with water, and transfer to a p opagating pit, covering the pots with a hand-light to promote quick rooting. When rooted remove the glasses, and in spring pot them off singly into small pots, never The soil for forgetting that free drainage is essential. the first potting should be lighter than for subsequent shifts, and do not give water at once, not indeed until root growth beg ns. Let the young plants be kept close for time after potting, but always stand them near the
1
glass.
Although air is necessary, this does not signify cold draughts which result from opening side ventilators. When thoroughly established, a few weeks' exposure to the open air, say from about early August until September, will be beneficial, choosing a position where they will Stand them upon a be under constant observation. surface of coal ashes which will prevent worms from disturbing the drainage, and year by year the routine of
culture will be similar.
HARD-WOODED
PLANTS
FOR
THE
GREENHOUSE.
CUSpidatUS.
is
299
It is impossible to give directions for the culture of every species, as they need somewhat individual treatment, but the general rules laid down will bring success. A few of the most beautiful kinds are the following /Emilia, pinkish flowers in summer, compact in growth Aitoniana Turnbulli, summer, wdiite pink-tinted flowers ; Austiniana, red, white at apex, late summer Candolleana, Cavendishiana, yellow, white and red, early summer very free, one of the most effective of all the Heaths, likes a rather warmer atmosphere than the majority, especially gracilis, reddish purple, alter the flowers have faded Marfiockiana, red and autumn and winter flowering while E. oblata, rose and white Parmentieriana rosea, of a rosy shade Propendens Tricolor Wilsoni superba Wilmoreana and the Ventricosa group, especially V. Bothwelliana, flesh, V. coccinea minor, deep pink, V. magnifica, crimson E. melanthera ; and E. carnea. E. hyemalis should, especially by the beginner, be pre:
EriOStemon
the flowers
this
when
first
This is a very charming happily not difficult to grow, expanded being of a pink tint, but
disappears with age. It is a species to plant out in the lied in the greenhouse, where there is space for sui h a feature as this, the soil to be largelv composed ol peal. E. scaber is also an attractive white flower.
major.No
greenhouse plant
It
is
grown
thousands
has a flower of more beautiful blue colouring than this, but unfortunately its culture is so difficult thai only those w ho are prepared for disappointment should attempt to The plants exhibited every spring by Messrs. grow it. Balchin and Sons, of Hassocks Gate, always attract attention. One cannot overlook a colour so fresh and It belongs to the hardbright as of this Leschenaultia. wooded section, and much better advice cannot be given than that of the late Mr. Baines, one of the greatest In his cultivators of hard-wooded plants of the century. book concerning
plants being
sent to the large
stove
and
greenhouse
plants
it is
markets
pots
in
5m.
the
menr
in
tioned, in w
il-
winter.
The
ha;
rose
ing
few
type
purplish
flowers,
and
in
"There are
several
t
i
reasons
for
.
account
.
.
Th
this
is
it
as
readily
a short-lived
plant,
liable
bad
or
to get into
down
in
condition,
re-
and
|f
quires different
when well
the o w n leathery shoots
g
.
treatment from
most other
ERICA
CAVENDISHIANA
depth of winter
with blossom. It is suitable for an ordinary greenhouse. Many of the Heaths once grown so largely in English gardens are never seen now, but E. hyemalis has always retained its hold upon the gardener for decoration in the
winter.
EpacriS.
plants,
This is a very charming race of hard-wooded and popular in some gardens. The various kinds form suitable companions to the Heaths, as they may
Fortunately their be grown under similar conditions. culture is not difficult, and the range of colouring is extensive, some snow white, others intense crimson, whilst soft rose, pink, and pink and white combined, are The slender flower spikes are of some value frequent. also for cutting, as this pruning they do not resent. Amongst the most charming varieties may be mentioned Miniata splendens, white and scarlet; the following: Vesta, pure while, flowers very quickly and the forms of hyacinlhina, such as the white candidissima, the richly-coloured fulgens, and carmine carminata Mont Lady Panmure, white and rose Vesuvius, Blanc, white crimson and Eclipse, bright red, with white apex to When several kinds are grown there is a the flowers. Cuttings of moderately ripened pleasing variety of tints. shoots will strike in summer, but not very quickly. Treat them in the way suggested for the Heaths, and their general requirements are similar, great care being taken to give water regularly and carefully. Whilst in the open air in summer, should rainy weather come
;
and any to grow it under the exact conditions that some natives of the same country want, will end in failure. Three principal things to observe are In potting not a single root must be injured that can be avoided, not even by the removal of the crocks in the winter it must not be allowed to remain long in a temperature lower than 45tleg. and it should never be The first and last of these will stood in the open air. cause the stunted condition that it often gets into, and from which it rarely recovers, and a lower temperature
plants,
attempt
an attack of mildew, ensure success it is necessary to have free-growing young plants to begin with without this there is little prospect of success."
than that
to will speedily lead to
named
it
which
is
much
subject.
To
These are the Bottle-brush plants, so MetrOSiderOS. named from the curious form of the flow ers, which in their arrang ement resemble a brush. M. floribunda is the most familiar, and when in bloom its crimson colouring is welcome. The plants require a large house, as only w hen allow ed to way is their attractiveness
revealed.
Polygala Dalmaisiana
is
pretty
purplish-flowered,
hard-wooded plant from the Cape. Polygalas are not difficult to grow, and this species is the most welcome o!
the entire family.
plants, peat should
As
is
upon
their sides
is
Much
in
watered as to their health, nothing revealing the effect of either too dry or too wet compost more than these.
soil, mixed with sharp silver Cuttings may be rooted with moderate freedom in the spring, taking them off about 3'in. in length, and Place in a dibbling round the sides of 5m. or bin. pots. propagating house, or a warm corner of the intermediate house, covering over with a bell-glass. TatrathecaS. A pretty family of light-coloured plants, which should be treated as recommended for hard- wooded things in general.
form the
sand.
300
301
GROUP OF CUOiCE
CAC1I.
THESE
in
of
plants,
capable of sustaining
of
life
for
a long time
without water.
in
Most
this
of
them
are
natives
of
cultivation
country the
supply
set in.
water must
times
be carefully
regulated,
otherwise
decay may
Some
of
them have
bright and
showy
blossoms, while others are of very quaint and curious forms, the ribs and spines especially
some of The
A^ave. Nearly
the species of Agave are natives of the New World, the best known being the American Aloe (A. americana), that forms a huge rosette, composed of numerous fleshy leaves, the stn ngest be.ng on a fully-
developed
specimen
fallacy in connection
summer. The tube-shaped scarlet flowers are borne in crowded heads at the points of the shoots. Eeheveria. The name of Cotyledon is now frequently applied to most of those previously known as Echeverias. They are largely employed lor bedding out during the
summer months,
metallic,
the leaves in
some being of a
bluish,
lint.
peculiarly
hundred years to flower, for vigorous examples will Though an bloom in very much less time than that. extensive genus, there are not many species of Agaves in general cultivation, but all are highly ornamental, and large specimens in pots or tubs are very useful lor
standing on balconies, terraces, etc., during the summer months. They are increased by suckers, which in some species is a very slow process. Aloe. Some of these are stemless, but many form quite
bushes, furnished with thick fleshy leaves, more or less The flowers in some spotted, and arranged in a rosette.
species
and
in
others of a
One
and
kind,
yellow flowers, is worthy of note for the sake of its blooms. EchinoeaCtUS. For the most part these are globular in shape, and densely covered with spines, which in some
E.
fulgens,
with
nodding clusters
of red
proportions.
The
in
flowers,
brightly coloured.
Epiphylllim
triincatlim.
While
there
many garden
varieties, all of
decidedly showy, bearing a great general resemblance to a spike of the Red-hot Poker plant
are
(
very beautiful, and especially valuable from their flowering in midwinter. The colours vary from blush to violet, scarlet
tints being also represented among them. The Epiphyllums have flattened stems, which are so weak that unless the plants are grown in suspended baskets ihev should lie grafted standard high on to a near ally, Pereskia aculeata.
ICniphofia).
This is an extensive group of large grotesque Cerei'.S. shrubs, to which the general name of Cactus is frequently
applied.
florus),
The
which has
Cactus
much
Gasteria.
dwarfer
Closely
related
to
the
Aloes,
but as a rule
of this group.
CraSSUla.
of this genus is KaloFanthes coccinea, whih forms a charming object in the greenhouse during the
The
The
showiest
member
C. coccinea, also
known
a-
grow th. Some of them flower freely. Mamillar;a. - The most symmetrically-shaped of all the Cactus family, these arrest attention from this reason alone hut tlie flowers are also pretty, and the berry-like fruits that succeed them impart another pleasing feature.
in
;
$02
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
cottage
GARDENING.
windows
in
Mesembryanthemiim.
plants,
half-shrubby Curious little remarkable for the many and diverse forms assumed by the thick flesh)' leaves. The flowers, which are a good deal like an enlarged Daisy, are in many species very showy, their colours be ng white, ytTow, end various shades of red. They do not open well in dull weather. Increased readily by cuttings il not overWi ite red.
some
districts.
Many new
varieties
and hybrids have been brought out within the last few years, and among them are some with creamy white, pink, orange, and scarlet blossoms. Several, too, have a curious blending of vermilion and purple with a peculiar
metallic
lustre.
is
The
colouring of the
flowers of the
Opuntia.
dI
Some
are
of
these form
produced. they are les^ ornamental than many other succulents. Two, however, are of decided economic value, O. Ficusindica, the Prickly Pear, and O. cochinebifera, on which the Cochineal imcct is reared. his family embraces the showiest of all PhylloCclCtUS. the Cadi, many ol those at one lime regarded as Cereus being now included wiih the I'hvllocaclus. One of the
(lowers
I
large bushes built up on the edges of which the Though exceedingly curious,
extremely brilliant. If only one group of succulents can be grown, choice should fall upon these, as they are of easy culture. The flowers may not last long
Phyllocacti
in
beauty,
but
succession appears,
range from white to self rose and glowing crimson. Columnar plants, more or less hairy, of PiloeereilS. which the best known is the Old Man Cactus (P. senilis).
Stapelia.
Low-growing
;
much-branched
plants,
many
with square stems remarkable from the these are curious thick, starfish-like flowers, which have a most foetid odour, exactly like carrion. Nearly all the succulents
named
require a soil
Lwl
known
is
P.
speciosissimus,
common
object in
and sand.
EARLY
FLOWERING.
in
our
naturally
useful
at
the
the
in
year
are,
when
wear
forced
into
bloom,
for
their
charming
brethren
flowers
still
are
much
appreciated
the
time
a winter garb.
different
outdoor
treating
scrubs that
tire
in
open
ground
autumn, and
pots,
potting
them
at
altogether confined
This
latter
method, though
preferable
as
in
greater trouble, as after the flowers are past the plants need just
after
much
blooming be protected
After
all
in
such a
way
that the
is
by
danger
in this
respect
over,
a spot
fully
During
summer
them
attention
in
must be
given
the matter of
liquid
manure
will
be
of
in
servLe.
this
tion,
As shrubs treated
way need
the
is
constant attengenerally
method
to
lift
adopted
them from
them
the
Christmas, or
of
the
early
months
New
to
Year.
of
A
heat
in
considerable
is
amount
get
necessary
flower
them
by
excep-
cases,
it
seldom
attempted.
in
In selecting plants
AZALEA MOLLIS.
in
FORCING
Spot well exposed to sun and
air,
SHRUBS
FOR
EARLY
FLOWERING.
303
as
such
to
conditions
are
conducive
the
formation
of flower buds.
Early potting
as
possible,
must, as
followed
far
in
be
intended
so doing
lor
as
to
by
a
the
roots will
the
new
soil
before
they
are
required
to
be
removed
indoors.
plan,
followed
to
pot
the
have
fallen.
They must be
to
in
if
carefully
attended
the
posof
plunged
fibre,
in
bed
cocoa-nut
are
as
the
roots
in
thereby
of
retained
an
even state
the
moisture, and at
frost.
DEUTZIA GRACILIS.
pretty
is
Azalea
mollis,
little
may
and
be
in
night
into
in
fortnight
or this
three
weeks remove
they
other
are
of
them
had
with
the
temperature
part
of
iodeg.
higher.
By
means
shrubs
tithe
is
may
kinds
be
flower
from
latter
may
soon
be
in
added to them.
the
to
Right on
as
to
March
latter
an
April
forced
not
much
the
appreciated
greenhouse, and
induce
these
at
flower with
one
trouble
in
necessary
them
to
bloom
In
seldom indulged
forcing
kinds the roots must be well supplied with water, and during bright days an
occasional syringing will be of great service in hastening the development of the flower buds.
As by March the sun commences to gain power, and the forced flowers are naturally more
delicate than those that
expand
in
if
be
much
longer than
unprotected. Azaleas, of
;
many
kinds,
of
whose
much admired
;
Rhododendrons,
Deutzia
gracilis,
Kalmia
latifolia,
Almonds,
i8in.
little
high has the branches closely packed with comparatively large double blossoms,
whits,
one kind
and
in
the other
slightly
in
tinged
with pink.
the greenhouse a
month
of doors,
much
the
same may be
Laburnum.
Andromeda
Lily of the
waxy white
may
with
little
trouble be had
304
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
all
sweet-scented blossoms
purpose, the best for small plants being the Persian, and the pure white Marie Legray
Spiraea
confusa
and
S.
Hawthorn-like blossoms
Forsythia
suspensa
and
whose golden flowers are borne in great profusion. The Guelder Rose or Snowball Tree is very striking, and much the same may be said Cytisus Andreanus, a Broom whose golden blossoms have large blotches Magnolia Lennei
F. viridissima,
;
of
of
velvety crimson,
is
not often seen, but conforms readily to this treatment, and the Hydrangeas
must
with
the
also be included.
large, massive,
The most
generally
grown
is
H. paniculata grandiflora,
whose
in
This
is
seldom met
In
case
plants
intended
Inr forcing,
they should,
when
not be pruned
to
remove
as the
;m
branch,
all
formed, and
consequently
in all
pruning
would
advice
viz.,
probability
remove some
this
of
them.
is
To
there
one exception,
to a
it
otherwise
run up
tall
and weak.
As
add greatly to
the plant-
the
attractions of
in
house
the
year
is
when
the
garden
It
outside
desolate.
must
does not
consist
into
merely
in
driving plants
bloom by
things
strong
heat, as
many
with gentle
warmth may be
in
made
colour
when
to
temperature.
enter
a
Pleasant
is
it
greenhouse
early
in
or
conservatory
year,
the
when, may
to smell the
sweet fragrance
of Daffodil,
who
love flowers.
every
warm
of
fill
Lilac should be
into bloom,
and made
is
not
and
it
repays one
in
by the quantity
of flowers
produced, which to
many
the year
than at any other season. There is nothing difficult in the process, and an old bush of Lilac or wealth Azalea, properly prepared for the purpose, will be regarded as a safe mine of flower when everyone seeks blossom to remind them of the spring to come. In small greenhouses,
heated with a boiler or lamp even, a few bulbs
may
305
FLOWERS
OF THE
STOVE.
of those subjects
THE
temperature
influence of
term "stove"
need
a
is
that
high
temperature, under
which
head
are
it
included
is
many
of
the
for
Besides this,
required
to
also
very useful
any greenhouse
to
plants
in
that
are
flower
earlier
than thev
otherwise would
of
if
allowed to remain
from 55deg.
As
may
a
he
made
in
and a
heat
is
little
more
in
the
daytime.
In
the
summer
very small
amount
of
artifical
must be given to prevent the thermometer while the day temperature may range from 7odeg.
a
moist,
to 8odeg.
delight
in
the
hot-water
to
heat
order to counteract
tit
this.
What
known
as
pans
that
in
is,
shallow
off
iron
troughs which
a continual
supply of moisture
Damping down,
to
as
is
the
weather.
This consists
sprinkling
for
with
water the
the object
floor
the purpose,
of
being
In
the culture
some
over
in
of great
service,
filled
effected
by
or
running
are
one or two
placed
hot-water pipes
the tank',
along a
shallow tank
a
water.
Slates
tiles
bed of cocoa-nut
It
refuse,
the
sides
being
walled
so
that
no steam
percolating through
plants that require
the
it
cocoa-nut
refuse,
maintains
and
moist
bottom
heat.
The
3o6
THE
CENTURY
in
BOOK
OF
In
GARDENING.
the high temperature
of
this
if
compost.
the stove
make headway
in
A
to
helps to
XL
all
vaporiser
is
fatal
pests,
which
best
removed
with
soft
handsome
it
foliage,
and as
many
of these
a
in
is
evident that
is
when
they are
necessary.
required.
grown
the
matter
it
of
shading
absolutely
The shading should be fixed on rollers, so that The advice given in the case of the greenhouse
requiring
a
can
be
to
Of
plants
to
be
grown
in
to
anything
before
much
attention
was
directed to
the beautiful
of
hardy perennials
and shrubs
to
of the
pleasure grounds.
interest in
The growth
is
popularity
the
materially lessen
stove plants,
difficult
though
of brilliant beauty.
them,
and
valuable
prizes
awarded.
Still,
them would,
of
course,
be
mistake, hence as
will
much
desire
is
given.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
THE
flowering
plants
that
require
the
temperature
of
strive
are
many
in
number,
in
others
remarkable
ways.
as such
Many may
dissimilar
be grown
is
in
a cooler
summer, but
for the
necessary.
forms exist
amongst them,
is
ample
be
is
supply of water
a
somewhat
less
all
amount afterwards.
seasons.
With
well-assorted
stove
may
kept gay at
The following are all good stove when some of them are not in bloom
:
most startling novelty of 189S. bearing throughout the year from the axils of every leaf long pendulous spikes of blossoms, like lengths of carmine crimson chenille, reminding one of the long tassels of the Love-lies-bleeding. It strikes root without difficulty, and grows freely in ordinary potting compost. Manure water is very essential as the pots get full of
roots.
Anthurium.
members more for their Still, there are some beautiful foliage than flowers. flowering kinds, for which room must be found in any The spathes of these Anthuriums stove, however limited. are in shape a good deal like the common Lords and
plants, the
An extensive group of
many
of which are in
cases remarkable
Ladies,
trudes a
consisting of a
stiff
bright-coloured,
shield-shaped
of
jEsehynanthus.
of rambling shrubs with opposite leaves and brilliantly-coloured blossoms, borne principally in the autumn months. They are produced
class
in
which pro-
horn-like substance called the spadix, and which contains the flowers proper. Good flowering kinds are A. Andreanum, with a brilliant vermilion-coloured
:
clusters
at
the
of a
spathe, which
this are
is
curiously corrugated.
Some
forms of
curved tubular shape after the manner of some of the Grown in hanging baskets they are seen to Gesneras. great advantage, while they succeed perfectly when clothing the dead trunk of a Tree Fern. .L. fulgens, crimson ; JE. grandiflorus, crimson and orange M. Lobbianus, deep scarlet and^E. speciosus, orange, are all good. Alpinia nutans. This is the most conspicuous in a small family, and pushes up from the base numerous cane-like shoots, sparingly clothed towards the lower part with leaves, which are more numerous at the top. The shoots are terminated by a nodding raceme of blossoms, white, marked with red and yellow. Amasonia punieea. A small erect-growing shrub with pointed leaves, from 3m. to 4m. long, and spikes of small yellow blossoms. These flowers are attended by comparatively large brownish red bracts, which are very
;
much
white variety. A. Scherzerianum, known as the Flamingo Flower, a very general favourite. The spathes of this are a brilliant scarlet, but there is also a white variety (album), and another (Rolhschildianum) in w hich these two tints are May and June is the usual blended in a curious manner. season of blooming. These Anthuriums need to be potted in a mixture of peat and Sphagnum Moss with ample Copious supplies of water must be drainage to the pots. given during the growing season, and after flowering the whole of the soil should be shaken from the roois and the plants again potted, using the same kind of compost as
before.
superior to others, and there is also a A. ferrierense, bright rosy red spathes.
division,
which
attractive
limited
and uncommon. Its flowering season any particular period of the year, bracts remain fresh and bright for a long time.
to
is
not
the
purpose
307
3D 3
THE
same kind
of soil as for potting,
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Under favourable conditions they
use the
of course increased.
will flower
the seeds should be lightly covered with it. If put in a clo^e propagating cas;, or a pane of glass be laid over the pot, the seeds will soon germinate, and when large
throughout the year. When once established they are rather impatient of being disturbed
more or
less
at
be potted off. Aphelandra. A quick-growing class of half-shrubby plants with bright-coloured blossoms, which are freely Imrne on quite small specimens. The are valuable I'D winter blooming. In some the foliage is very prettily marked. The best are A. aurantiaca, orange A. aurantiaca Rcezli, scarlet, silvery leaves A. cristata, orange scarlet, large: A. Leopoldi, yellow; A. nitens, s arlet, olive green glossy leaves. Nearly related to the Pine Apple, and, like Blllbergia. it, having lor the most part strap-shaped leaves of a harsh texture, and more or less spiny. They succeed best in fibrous peat and sand, with good drainage and an ample supply ol water. The flowers, which are borne in spikes pushed up from the centre of the tuft of leaves, are not only pretty in themselves but are attended by brightcoloured bracts. Good kinds are B amcena, B. Baraquiniana, B. Moreliana, B. nutans, B. roseo marginata, B. vittata, B. zebrina. The flowering period is principally during the spring and summer. Centropogon Lueyanus. A loose, soft-growing plant, that succeeds with ordinary treatment. The flowers, which are freely produced in clusters on the points of the long arching shoots, are tubular in shape, 2in. long, and of a bright rosv carmine colour. It is especially valuable from the fact that it flowers during late autumn
see llings
enough the
may
the roots, hence to avoid repotting the necessary stimulus in the shape of liquid manure should be occasionally applied.
time for this is just as the course of drying-off is needed, but the water supply should be somewhat lessened for a time after the flowering period is over. Two or three crops are often borne in one year. Besides the species just mentioned, there are K. Candida, E. Lowi, E. Mastersi, E. Sanderiana, and E. Stevensi. F. Burfordensis is a new hybrid and a charming white flower, very fragrant. It will probably become very popular, as
best
The
flower
spikes
are
visible.
No
it
is
free
and
Euphorbia.
Two
in
one of them, E. jacquinueflora, or fulgens as it is also called, being largely grown lor winter blooming. This produces long slender wand-like shoots, clothed with deep green lanceolate leaves, and wreathed for some distance along the upper part with a profusion of bright orange scarlet flowers. To succeed in its culture this After flowerEuphorbia requires very careful treatment. ing, the plants should be kept moderately dry, and in a somewhat lower temperature till about May, when if taken into the stove growth will recommence, and when the young shoots are about 4m, long they may be
taken off as cuttings. If three cuttings are inserted around the edge of a small pot, and sandy soil is used, they will soon root if in a propagating case. Great care must, however, be taken not to keep the case too close, and not to over-water the cuttings, otherwise they quickly decay. When rooted they must lie inured to the air, and when suffi en tly established shifted into pots 5111. in diameter, in which they will flower. Loam lightened by sand, mortar rubbish, and decayed leaf mould suits this Euphorbia well. The plants are benefited by being placed )ld plants out of doors in a frame during the summer. that have flowered may be grown on the following season by cutting them back bird after a period of rest, and potting them as soon as the young shoots show themselves. E. splendens, the second species, is a rambling-growing plant, well suited for furnishing the roof or end of the It stove providing it is thoroughly exposed to the sun. The i. a rough spiny subject, and dangerous to handle. bright red flowers are borne in great profusion throughout
i
CostUS.
and winter. There are about half-a-dozen species of Costus in cultivation, but onlv one that can be particularly recommended. It forms This is C. igneus, a native of Bahia. a fleshy root stock, from which soft stems are pushed up to a height of 2ft. They are terminated by a conelike head, from whence numerous flowers are produced. The blooms, which are thin in texture ami do not last long, make up for this by the succession that is kept up for weeks from one head. They are about 2 in. in diameter, and of a rich fiery orange colour. Ordinary potting compost with a liberal water supply, will suit it well.
<
An upright-growing plant, reaching a height of 2ft.. the blossoms, which are borne during the summer in many-flowered spikes at the points of the shoots, being of an orange salmon tint. Cyrtodeira metalliea.- This is a soft-growing, creeping plant, with hairy leaves, ovate in shape, and of an olivegreen tint, the central portion of which more particularly is overspread with a metallic lustre. The flowers arescarlet, and freely borne during the summer months. This p'ant is very useful for grow ing in suspended baskets, for furnishing the surface of large pots or tubs, or for planting
Crossandra undulsefolia.
the spring.
Gardenia.
that are
several Gardenias,
It will grow on rockwork in the shady part of the stove. well in any light comp >st. Other kinds much in the same way are C. chontalensis and C. fulgida, with lilac and crimson flowers respectively. Eranthemiim. This family consists of quick-growing plants of simple culture, and contains many diverse forms. Several of them are of erect growth, with the flowers borne in spikes at the points of the shoots. E. Andersoni, white and purple E. cinnabarinum, rosy red; E.
d mble forms of G. florida and G. radicans, the lirslIt forms a lined especially being a general favourite. neat-growing bush, with deep green glossy leaves and pure white blossoms, which are highly fragrant. According to the treatment given, the Gardenia will
11
flower at different
way
towads
in plenty of heat and moisture during the spring in order to encourage a liberal grow th, Cuttings then more air and sunshine to ripen the wood. strike root readily in the spring, and they will flower
in early
autumn.
Briefly, its
Cooperi, white, dotted purple E. pulchellum, rich bright blue, particularly valuable for winter; and E. tuberculatum, white, are all good. EuchariS. A class of bulbous plants, all of which are
;
plants
whose season
of
favourites. Far and away the most popular, however, is E. amazonica, or grandiflora, whose flowers are in such demand for bouquets, w reaths, and other purposes. It is grown in enormous quantities by some cultivators, the yield in cut flowers being very great, and the demand for them always good. The soil best suited for the Eucharis is about two-thirds good turfy loam to onethird well-decayed leaf mould, with a liberal sprinkling of silver sand, and nodules of charcoal about the size of Hazel nuts. The bulbs may be put singly in pots Sin. or 6in. in diameter, or large masses may be formed by
universal
a rule during the summer or even later, Whilewhile a few may be had in flower in the winter. all of them are remarkable for their show y blossoms, thereare a lew with very handsome foliage. Some of them
blooming
is
as
are tuberous, while others form a mass of curious caterpillar-like roots. Both, however, die quite to the ground
about to start them in the spring the tubers should be shaken entirely clear of the old soil, and potted in a light compost, such as equal parts of loam and leaf mould, with a good sprinkling of sand. G. cardinalis, scarlet G. nsgelioides, in different G. elliptica lutea, yellow forms G. exoniensis, large dark velvety leaves and orange scarlet flowers and G. refulgens, with rca blossoms and beautiful foliage, are all good.
:
When
. ;
FLOWERS
Grifflnia. This
genus
contains
hall'
OF
THE
STOVE.
-OQ
innumerable
garden
ties,
I
varie-
some
dozen
a selection
species
of
bulbous
t
plants
same
a
1.
coccinea,
red;
;
orange
I.
I
Colei, white
c
r
r
Euch ar
are
s.
c a
They
at all
not
1
a n g e
I.
common.
(ixiana,
deep
I
.
G. hyacinthina,
orange;
floribunda,
with blue
flowers
lit
sal;
up
is
mi
'ii
red
t
I.
with
white,
macro
(Duffi),
hy
a
r s
the best
know
tall-
and
the
most
to
growing plant,
w
i
amenable
cultivation.
huge
;
heads of crimson
[.
I
Henfreya
seandens.
ilossoms
odor at a,
[.
rare
stove
yellowish
while;
grimi,
Pil-
plant seldom seen outside botanic garalthough its long loose clustersof white
dens,
flowers
termi-
orange
I
.
scarlet;
Prince
Orange,
princeps,
I
.
of
I
bright buff
orange:
der
Westi,
deep pink
1.
:
blush, changing
to
branches possess
and
liamsi,
Wilreddish
delightful
to train
salmon.
plant
against a wall,
pillar, or trellis
in the hothouse,
and
clusters of
vases are
pretty.
Hibiscus.
is
There
not
many
H. rosa
which
sinensis,
in
represented
by
numerous
forms,
the
many
tropical
countries are
among
commonest
of shrubs.
are all quick-growing subjects that need a constant use of the syringe to keep down red spider, which is often very troublesome. The ordinary form of II. rosa sinensis
is
They
there are also several double - flowered very distinct species is II. schizopetalus, a rambling-growing bush which may, if needed, be trained to a roof. The flowers are pendulous, and borne on particularly long stalks. They are about 3m. in diameter,
single,
but
varieties.
and slashed as to give to the flower a very uncommon appearance. H. rosa sinensis may be grow n in a greenhouse or even out of doors during the summer. ImpatienS. This group, which includes the common Balsam (I. Balsamina), also contains many quick-growing,
cut
free-flowering species.
The
best are
;
I.
Episcopi, rich
;
purple
I.
I.
I.
Hawkeri, red, shaded violet in the centre; I. Hookeriana, white, streaked crimson; 1. [erdonia:, yellow and red and I. Sultani, a well-known plant w ith rosy scarlet flowers. There are two distinct varieties of this carminata, bright carmine, and salmonea, salmon. Except I. Jerdonise, they all need liberal treatment and a fairly open soil. This last-mentioned is a small succulent kind, and should be grow n in a suspended basket near tlie roof, and kept dry during the w inter. Ixora. These aie for the most part compact grow ing shrubs, the majority of which have neat rounded heads of
;
shrubby plants most part of erect growth, and bearing large terminal heads of blossoms. J. carnea, pink; \. chrysostephana, yellow; [ coccinea, scarlet; and |. Ghiesbreghtiana, bright crimson, are the best. Medinilla. By far the finest member of this genus is M. magnifica, which forms a large sturdy-growing shrub, The clothed with handsome ovate shiny green leaves. flowers, borne generally about May, are produced in huge They pendulous clusters at the points of the branches. are of a pleasing shade of bright rosy pink, and last in When in lull bloom this well merits beauty a long time. the specific name of magnifica. A second species, amabilis, has the flower clusters erect, and is therefore wanting in a good deal of the grace and beauty of the other. To flower the Medinilla well, the principal consideration is by liberal treatment to induce it to grow away freely after bloc ing. and then when growth is complete by giving air and a reasonable amount of sunshine to thoroughly ripen the wood. PentaS Carnea. A neat little shrubby plant with bright green leaves, soft in texture, and rounded heads ol fleshcoloured blossoms. It flowers, on and off, throughout the year, and is particularly valuable from the lact that the greatest quantity of blossoms are borne during the w inter. The variety kermesina has carmine tinted
of easy culture, for
the
is
more
Fiteaimia.- - An
nearly
related
to
extensive family of Bromeliaceous plants Bilbergia, with lor the most part red
tint.
blossoms, and large showy bracts of much the same the spring and summer months.
as follows:
1'.
aphelandreeflora,
1'.
corallina,
and
P.
fulgem.
Pltimbag'O rosea.
This
there
West
Indian
species
needs
blossoms, borne during the summer months. The principal tin's represented among them are orange, salmon, and bull, but there are a few quite distinct therefrom. They
all
stove temperature, and a beautiful feature it forms during the flowering season, which is in the summer months. The flowers, borne in terminal spikes, are of a rosy
scarlet
need the warmest part of the stove, and should be in a soil consisting of three parts good sandy peat to one part of loam. There are about too species, and
potted
colour,
but
is
variety,
ol
coccinea,
in
the ordinary
3io
Foinsettia puleherrima,
THE
also
CENTURY
as
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
known
Euphorbia
Reinwardtia.
at
pulcherrima, is a popular decorative plant, Lit its best during the winter months. The beauty consists not in the flowers themselves, which are small and inconspicuous, but in he large leaf-like bracts which surround them. They are of a bright scarlet colour, and arranged in a The usual horizontal tier at the ends of the branches. way is to grow the plant with a single stem, which is crowned with a huge head of its gorgeously-coloured
i
A near ally of the Linums, indeed it was one time classed with the members of this last-named genus. There are two species, R. tetragynum, with pale yellow blossoms, and R. trigynum, in which they are of a Both are free-growing plants of much deeper tint. easy culture, from I ft. to 2ft. high, and flowering during the winter months, from which circumstance they are
paitDularly valuable.
Rivina.
bracts.
There
is
while the double form (plenisshna) has an increa-ed Plants are, as a ru'e, propagated each of bracts. year from cuttings, which are yielded by those that have Alter their beauty is over the plants should be flowered.
number
Slender-growing plants whose blossoms, borne in racemes, are not at all conspicuous, but being succeeded by small berries, which are brightly coloured when ripe, the plants are in this stage very ornamental. R. humilis has bright red berries, and in R. flava they are yellow. They will remain on the plant throughout the greater
winter. Increased from seed sown in the and the young plants given ordinary stove treatment, while in summer they may be kept cooler.
put in a
warm greenhouse
and kept
part of the
spring,
They must, of course, order to give them a rest. be occasionally w atered to prevent them becoming quite Then, towards the end "I April, it more dried up.
dry
in
moisture both at the roots and overhead is given, the young shoots will soon lie freely pushed out from different hints. As soon as the shoots re 4111. long parts of the they may be la Is en as cuttings, stripping them from the old wood and leaving what is commonly known as a heel at They must then be inserted firmly into small tile base. If pots of sandy soil, putting one cutting in each pot. ul in a close propagating case, and care is taken not Directly this to overwater them, they will soon mot. happens the voting plants must he inured to the ordinary atmosphere of the structure, and soon shifted into larger
;
| I
Rondeletia. A large class of shrubs, natives principally of the West In lies and tropical America, all of which
succeed with ordinary stove treatment. The flowers, whii h are borne in compact heads, are not unlike those of
the Laurestinus, hut
of a different colour.
selection
would include: R. amcena, pink, golden centre, spring and summer R. cordata, pink, summer R. speciosj. (odorata), which flowers at different periods, and in the
;
autumn
of
it
is
particularly attractive.
The
flowers of this
varieties
two good
Ruellia. Soft-wooded
somewhat upright
from cuttings
in the
most
of which
are of a
A 5m. to bin. in diameter. soil consisting of equal parts ol loam and leaf mould with liming the a sprinkling ol sand will suit lliein well
pots,
which should be
lmm
style of growth.
spring,
summer
grown in a cold frame, but if a wanner they will flower earlier than
the season the cuttings
potting compost. The young plants must have their tops pinched out during the earlier stages of growth, in order
to encourage the production of branches, as
if
this is
not
the bulk.
To prolong
taken about the middle of June. get full of roots liberal doses of liquid manure may be given, foi the size of the bracts is largely increased When grown in cold frames care must betaken thereby to remove them to a warmer structure by the end of
may
done they w
ill
run up
tall
and
thin.
particularly valuable
lmm
The
Some
R.
inter
K.
Herbsti,
purple,
autumn;
rose
R.
rose,
macrantha,
rosy
purple
;
winter; R.
Portellse,
pink,
autumn summer
e
1
i
August, or
earlier,
R u
accordl
juneea.
This
forms
1
i
s s
a
a
ing
chill
to
Will
ol
h e a the
weather,
as
mass of twiggy
cause
turn
a
11
many
v e
1 1
leaves to
drop.
number.
Prctea
roides.
strange
eynaThis
plant
ul
The
tips of the
shoots v e r
graceful
II
droop
1
a
h e
man-
is
interesting,
flowers,
which
proe
though
possess
it
few
in
are freely
duced about
III i
dsu
111
are
tubular
I
in
in.
shape,
long,
requires
rather
the
cool
stove
scarlet
colour.
1
and bright in
When
w
i 1
e n
flowers
are
succeeds
in
r
ing
scales
equal
o f parts of
e
loam, leaf
mould, a d peat, with
11
inside
head
is
h e
a tassel n k blossom.
about
part
hilf
of
pi
of
sand.
PROTE.i
CYNAR01DES
TI.e
dram--.:
FLOWERS
in
OF THE
STOVE.
pink,
31'
u s
b e
magenta
red,
r. ;i
,
rose, light
ma
v
i
u v e
1
o e
blue,
during the
growing season.
being also
represen ted
These Slrepto.
c a
r p proved
i
Saintpaulia
ionantha.
-
h a v e
to be of
A
ge
pretty
s
little
s
eraceo u
thai
great
the
use
for
plant,
will
flower months
gether.
forms
a
for to1
1
dense
from
rosette-like tuft
of leaves
whence
pushed up
are
rich
pans
soil,
spring in of light
and
of
il
if
a large Violet.
coveied with a
T his Saintpaulia
pane
they
glass
in
may
be
will,
increased
by
division, by in-
commence
SAIN TP A
seed,
VI.
I
to
ION A N Til A
glass must be remove:!,
grow.
1
Directly
which should be sown earl t in the spring. It is very minute, and needs no covering except a pane of glass laid over the p it or pan in which it is
sown.
Scutellaria Moeeiniana. a
plain
rather upright shrubby with ovate leaves, and terminal heads of showy blossoms. The individual blooms are about Ijin. long, and of curved tubular shape, while their colour is a brilliant
scarlet,
lit up with yellow at the mouth. They are I> irne throughout the summer and autumn months. It strikes readily from cuttings, and succeeds with ordinary treatment. The showiest Siphoeampylos Humboldtianus. member of an extensive genus, whose scarlet tubularshaped blossoms are borne more or less throughout the summer and autumn. Stove culture suits it w ell, but care must be taken not to overpot. Musa like plants, one species of which, S. Strelitzia. Kegince, is a valuable plant lor the stove. The leaves, which are ovate in shape and about lit. in length, are borne on long stalks, so that the tuft of foliage reaches a height of 5ft. It blooms, as a rule, about Mav, the landscape just overtopping the leaves. Several flowers are produced from one cluster, the individual blossoms suggesting the head of a bird. The colouring is very bright, being a brilliant orange and purple. It needs rather large pots, good loamy soil, and should not be disturbed at the roots more than is absolutely necessary. A
his happens the on a shelf near and the p ins si the glass. When large enough to handle the seedlings must be pricked oil into other pans, and in lime polled singly in small pots. K pal p uis ol" loam mid leal mould with The next shift will le a little sand will suit them well. into puts 4in. or 5m. in diameter, according lo the vigour Some of the plants, and in these they will flower. individuals arc more prolific than others, but many of them will bloom nearly throughout the year.
1
Tabernaemontana eoronaria.
a
StreptoearpUS.- This
very beneficial. placed here because it blooms in the winter in a high temperature. There are about half-a-dozen species, which have been crossed and intercrossed to such an extent that a new race has been formed. Most of them are of a compact habit, and produce their flowers in great profusion. The colour varies from white to purple, different intermediate lints, such as
little
liquid
manure occasionally
family
is
is
A shrub much like Gardenia, with pure while, sweet-scented blossoms, There is a double-flowered borne during the summer. variety (flore-pleno) which is more popular than the Should be given the same treatment as single form. a Gardenia. An extensive genus of Bromeliaceous plants, Tillaildsia. many of which are, if regarded only from a foliage point of view, very handsome, as their long strap-like leaves are arranged in a regular vasiform manner, while in addition the blossoms of some are remarkably shows'. Their cultural requirements are the same as the Bilbergias. Particularly desirable forms are T. carinata, yellow and T. Duvaliana, scarlet, red T. crocata, saffron yellow T. yellow, and green T. Lindeni, bluish purple T. psittacina, red and yellow Morreni, yellowish green T. tessellata, T. splendens. yellow, fiery purple bracts Many of these flower during handsome striped leaves. the autumn and winter 111 inths. Soft-wooded shrubbv plants nearly related to our Vilica. V. alba oculata, native Periwinkle. V. alba, while and V. rosea, pink, all need white, with reddish eye stove treatment, and in this structure they will flower The blooms, which are borne on from spring till autumn. the points of the shoots, are about I in. across. The cultural requirements of these Vincas are not at all exacting.
FOLIAGE PLANTS.
A LARGE number of stove plants are remarkable for in some instances owing to the shape and contour of
the colouring
that
constitutes
in
the great
beauty
while
of
in
their
foliage,
it
the
leaves,
of
others
is
their
chief
attraction.
Many
and
form
tints
blended
pleasing
and
some the
of
bright
colours
contrast.
As
in
the
leaves are
retained
for
the
'
have a decided advantage over those grown flowers alone, as the last-named lose their attractiveness when the blossoms fade.
THE
CENTURY
EOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Some
classes of stove foliage plants are extremely popular, and are largely used for
plants.
table
for this
members
of Aralia,
When
warm
little
of
them
some
do not require any special treatment, there are a few, notably the Bertolonias (known as Jewel
Plants) and
some
of the
best
when covered by
a bell-glass or
corresponding protection.
list
of the
is
Palms and
here appended:
marked with silvery white ; A. insigne, huge three-lobed leaves; A. Veitchi, leaves 2ft. to 4ft. long, and ift. wide at the broadest part the principal veins are deeply sunk,
;
Acalypha.
The
best
;
Soft
irregularly variegated
:
generally red
are A. Godseffiana, green A. Macfeeana, red, blotched crimson A. macroreddish brow n, paler blotches A. musaica, phylla, A. tricolor, irrebronzy green, marked red and yellow gularly blotched and splashed with light red, crimson,
yellow
thus giving to the leaf a wavy appearance A. Waroqueanum, leaves as long as the last, but broader at the base and more pointed, rich velvety green, with lighter
;
and green.
AlOCRSia.
shield
The Alocasias bear lor the most part heart or shaped leaves, which are prettily marked in many Plenty of heat and moisture, and an open diverse ways. compost, consisting of rough peat, Sphagnum Moss, pieces of charcoal and sand, will suit them well. A. Chelsoni, A. Jenningsi, A. Lowi, A. macrorhiza variegata, A. metallica, A. Sedeni, A. Thibautiana, and A. zebrina
are all good.
is
the
variegated- leaved
Pine Apple, which was boldly arching leaves, 2ft. or 3ft. they are of a bright green, heavily edged with long yellow, which becomes tinged w ith red. While several forms of Anthurium are Anthlirium. valuable as flowering plants, there are many others with very handsome foliage, prominent among them being A. cordifolium, large heart-shaped leaves of a bright shining green ; A. cryslallinum, velvety green, all the veins
coloured midrib and veins. The same treatment as that for Alocasia will suit the Anthuriums. Araiia.- -Upright-growing, sparely-branched plants, with prettily divided leaves. In a young state they are very popular for table decoration. The best are A. Chabrieri, with long narrow deep green leaflets, and a reddish midrib A. elegantissima, with much - divided leaves of an olive green tint A. reticulata, with strap-shaped leaves A. Veitchi, with of deep green, veined with a lighter hue nine to eleven leaflets, which are arranged like ribs of a fan these leaflets are very narrow, wavy, and of a bronzy green. The variety gracillima is even more slender than the last. Of the above, A. Chabrieri and A. reticulata may be struck from cuttings, but the others are increased by grafting them on to young plants of A. reticulata. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand is very
recommended
ArtoearpilS Cannoni.
This is a free-growing shrub of easy culture, with lobed leaves of a rich bronzy crimson,
FOLIAGE
PLANTS
OF
THE
to bin.
STOVE.
313
tinged with purple. It is very showy when associated with other plants, and quickly attains an effective si/e. Begonia. While many of the Begonias need only the protection of a greenhouse, there are several that must be
regarded as stove plants, though most of them may be kepi in the greenhouse during the summer. To thiselass belong Rex and its numerous varieties, which have
being a very suitable one; and a few of the having been removed, they should be inserted singly into small pots in a mixture of loam, peat, In a propagating case in the stove they will and sand. soon root, when more air must be given them anil by
4m.
bottom
leaves
ol
may
Two-
large oblique leaves variegated in numerous ways. Generally the ground colour is of some shade of green, and this is marked more or less with silvery white, arranged in one large zone, or in spots, freckles, or blotches. Besides the varieties of B. Rex, other handsome-foliaged kinds are Arthur Malet, Acerifolia, Decora, Eudoxa, Margaritacea, Naomi Malet, and Ricinefolia maculata. The forms of li. Rex, which are universal favourites, may be readily propagated by the leaves, all that is necessary being to take a mature leaf and lay it on a pan of sandy soil or a bed of cocoa-nut refuse. It may be secured in position with a peg or two, and if the principal veins are just cut through here and there with a sharp knife, young plants will be produced from the wounded portions, and when large enough they may be potted singly. Ordinary potting compost will suit them well. The propagation must be carried out in a stove temperature, and if in a close case so much the
:
thirds fibrous loam to one-third leal mould, and a liberal sprinkling of sand, will suit established plants ol Crotons. To develop the bright colouring to tin- fullest possible extent, as much light as possible, and a reasonable amount of direct sunshine, must be allowed them. The list ol varieties is a very long one, a lew ol the best being
Aigburth Gem, Aigburthiensis, Angustifolius, Frank Selliere, Baionnc lames de Rothschild, Chelsoni, Countess, Disraeli, Flamingo, Golden Ring,
here given
:
Baron
Magnificent,
toria,
Newmani,
Prince
ol
W ales,
Queen
ii
Reidi,
i.
Warren
seen
to
Cyanophyllum magriificum.
the best
better.
Bertolcnia.
that
Dwarf-growing plants of difficult culture, need to be covered w ith a bell-glass to keep them in health. They should be potted in a mixture of equal parts of peat, leaf mould, Sphagnum Moss, and sand, and good drainage must be given. The exceeding beauty of their foliage forms the most prominent feature of the Bertolonias. B. Van Houttei, with olive green leaves spotted with rose B. superbissima, dark green leaves with large bright pink spots; B. alba
;
A bold-growing plant, advantage when confined to a single stem, under which conditions the broadly oval-shaped leaves, which taper to a point, will attain a length of 2ft. or more, and a width of nearly 1 ft. The leaves are on the upper surface of a rich velvety green, with the midrib and principal veins ivory white, while the under-side is ol It succeeds in a mixture of loam, a reddish purple colour. peat, leaf mould, and sand, in about equal proportions, and must be well drained, as a liberal supply of water is necessary. Can be increased either by cuttings of the shoots, or single eves put in very sandy soil, in a close propagating case with bottom heat, but even then it does
not strike readily.
DiefFenbachia {Dumb
with
Cane).
Erect-growing
Aroids,
punctatissima, with a profusion of wdiite dots; and B. punctatissima rosea, are charming. An extensive class of beautiful foliage plants, Caladilim.
good deal the shape of an arrow-head, various ways. Descriptions of a few are given just to show the great variety that exists among them Assungay, large transparent leaves of a deep rose pink, edged green Botafogo, red centre, yellowish margin Cardinale, bright red, with crimson veins Comte de Germiny, red. with crimson veins, mottled white, dwarf; F. W. Moore, bright crimson; Hebe, white ground, with pink veins and spots Ibis rose, bright rose Martha Laforge, a mixture of pink and green Monsieur Leon Say, bronzy red, deep rose spots Princess Beatrice, yellow centre, green edge; Silver Cloud, silvery white, pink veins Tennyson, bright green, mottled white. The recognised garden varieties number some hundreds, and there is one of the original species which must be included in any selection, however choice. This is the little C. argyrites its bright green leaves are heavily marked w ith pure silvery w hite. Caladiums all form a tuber, and pass the winter in an entirely dormant state, during which time they must be kept dry without being absolutely parched up. Then about February they may be shaken quite clear of the old soil, and repotted in a mixture of loam, leaf mould, and sand, at such a depth that the upper part of the tuber is from Jin. to in. below the surface of the soil. Placed in the stove, and kept slightly moist, the young leaves will soon make their appearance, when more water may be given, and the
with
leaves a
and coloured
:
in
ovate leaves in most cases bright green, marked in various ways with white or creamy yellow. They are plants of noble port, and not difficult to cultivate, but caution must be observed in cutting them, as the juice is of an acrid, poisonous nature. DraCKina. Upright-growing and, with one exception,
spreading
unbranched plants, clothed with large, handsome foliage, which in many varieties is very brightly coloured. While the leaves of many are of an olive green tint, the variegation is in most of them confined to various shades of red. They are propagated by cutting up the stem into lengths of about 2in., and laying them in a bed of cocoa-nut refuse with a gentle bottom heat, when young plants will Loam and soon be pushed up from the numerous joints. peat, with a little charcoal and sand, will suit these Dra-
Good varieties are Anerleyensis, Baptisti, Bansei, Cooperi, Ernesti, Excellent, Jamesi, Lord Wolseley, Mrs. Freake, Princess Charles of Denmark, Prince Manouk Bey, Terminalis, and The Sirdar. Besides these varieties, there are a few totally distinct therefrom, viz. Doucette, with a great profusion of narrow leaves, arranged rosette fashion, green, edged white; Godseffiana, Goldieana, a branching bush, ovate leaves spotted cream
caenas.
: :
In the autumn, as they go to rest, water must be gradually discontinued. Propagation is effected by
offsets,
Croton,
as Codkeum. The members of shrubs are remarkable for their handsome leaves, most of which are brightly coloured, while the singular form of some attracts notice. Apart from
known
marbled, and banded with dark green and silvery grey Lindeni, massive drooping leaves, green banded gold and Sanderiana, which has small leaves heavily margined with white. FittOJlia. Trailing plants, with broadly ovate leaves from 3m. to 4-in. long. In F. argyroneura the leaves are bright green, every vein thereon being traced with a network of silver. F. Pearcei is in the same way, with carmine veins. The Fittonias are charming subjects for draping the front of stages, for rockwoik, or for similar purposes. Heliconia. Bold-growing, Canna-like plants, two forms of which are remarkable for the beautiful colouring of their leaves. They are H. aureo striata, in which all the
light green,
; ;
many
of
marked out with gold, and 11. illusvariegated in a similar manner, but with bright rosy Ordinary potting compost of a rather light nature, red. such as equal parts of loam and leaf mould, with some
is
as
table
plants.
They
are not
smd,
very suitable.
propagate and cultivate, providing good cuttings and plenty of heat and moisture are available. The cuttings should be taken about April or May, a length of
to
Leea amabiliS.- -A
leaves, consisting of
loose-growing
plant
with
pinnate
two or three
tint,
pairs of leaflets,
which
arc of a
. ,
5 '4
THE
the centre.
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
arching leaves about
down
This extends
It
in a less
marked manner
and
is
P. Veitchi, with
much
Maranta,
also
known
as Calathea.
genus are numerous, and include some of the most beautiful of all stove foliage plants, the leaves being marked in an almost indescribable manner with various tints. They all need good open soil, such as loam, leaf mould, and peat, in equal parts with half a part of sand. Repotting should take place every spring, and the old soil must be to a gieat extent removed. Drainage must be ample, as the plants need a liberal amount of water during the growing season. Bright sunshine is very injurious to them. The tubers of M. arundinacea furnish the arrowroot of commerce. A selection from
the
\\
i
P.
long and of a P. Sanderi with yellowish markings, while is inferior to the other two.
2ft.
green-leaved kinds are P. graminifolius, P. ornatus, and P. Vandermeerschi. Peperomia. A singular class of plants, some of which are of trailing habit, while others stand up erect. In most of them the foliage is mottled and marbled in a distinct manner. They are all of easy culture, and need P. arifolia, P. a shady spot. Distinct kinds are
P. pacificus, P. utilis,
Good
brevipes, P.
P. Saundersi.
eburnea, P.
Philodendron.
An extensive group of Aroids, most of which are of a climbing or creeping character. The leaves are more
or
less
long
list
:
heart-
mid include
shaped, and in
M.
arundiivicea
also
i
some
prettily
kinds
marked
different
variegata,
known
as
in
with
tints.
Phr
) n
ti
They are
of easy culture,
being
1
are
P.
ndeni
gloriosum, dark
M. Makoyana,
green
leaves
M.
ge
o
r
Massana n a
,
nata
M M
princeps, M.
roseo
-
silky;
P.
lineata,
M.
roseo-picta,
M.
wiczi,
Warsceand
M.
zebrina.
Monstera
deli-
ciosa.
stout
-
A
a
t
and
P.
growing
with
Aroid
some
creeping
h a
stem.
which
leaves are
deeply cut and perforated with
show
good-sized
holes, thus pre-
same as
verrucosum.
-
senting a most
singula rappeara n c e
.
Phyllanthus.
Fre e
ticular
P.
g row-
It
quickly o i s t
will
ing
shrubby
no
par-
grows in a
stove,
plants that
need
culture.
in
and o u n t
to
up
FINE FOLIAGE PLANTS AT KEU
tinged with are spreading foliage
atropur-
against a
wall,
damp
which
pureus,
purple
P.
;
the
leaves of w hich
P.
This Monstera is sometimes used for gardening during the summer, the leathery nature of the leaves standing it in good stead when so treated. Its fruit is very rich. The Musas are all bold - growing Mlisa {Banana). subjects of rapid growth with long leaves. They need a rich soil, and ample water supply when growing freely. The Abyssinian Banana (M. Ensete) is often placed out of doors during the summer. PandailUS (Screw Pine). Trees and shrubs with, for the most part, long arching leaves, furnished more or less with spines. In a small state many of them are valuable decorative plants, the leaves being arranged in a very symmetrical manner. They succeed in a mixture of twothe aerial roots cling.
sub-tropical
Chantrieri,
with
;
long and P.
Phyllota^nium Lindeni.
The leaves are green, with the midrib and principal veins marked white. It succeeds with ordinary treatment. Sonerila. All these are for the most part compactgrowing plants with handsome foliage, the leaves being
generally striped, spotted, or freckled with white on a selection of the best would include green ground.
S. S.
margaritacea,
metallica,
S.
m.
Hendersoni,
S.
S.
S.
Madame
Madame
A compost of peat,
Sphagnum
thirds
loam
to
one-third leaf
There
being
are
three
variegated
leaved
Moss, and sand is suitable for them. They can be increased by cuttings, and sometimes by division.
STOVE
Strobilanthes Dyerianus.
free
CLIMBERS.
may be grown
plant.
315
pretty
foliage
plant of
growth and branching habit. The pointed leaves, which are 4in. to 6in. long and 2in. to 3in. wide, are of a bright metallic purple, veined and edged with deep green. It needs full exposure to light in order to develop the colour, which owing to its metallic lustre appears to
be
of different
it
the greenhouse, or even used as a Cuttings strike very easily in the spring. Theophrasta imperialiS. An upright shrub or tree generally confined to a single stem, which is furnished In a with huge leaves of a particularly harsh texture. well-developed specimen the leaves are quite lyd. long
in
bedding
tints
from
and nearly
which
is
viewed.
this Strobilanthes
ry
It ift. w ide, deeply serrated at the edges. be struck from cuttings, but is difficult to increase.
STOVE CLIMBERS.
NO
the
is
plant-house
is
of climbers,
is
many and
varied.
One
of the
must popular
cut.
waxy white
:
select
list
of climbers
as follows
Allamanda.
part,
Vigorous -growing
rambling
In
plants,
that
Some
of the
Dipladenias are
among
the
summer
most
with
widely-expanded blossoms
blossoms.
common
most other climbers, they succeed best when planted out in a prepared border, though they are often grown in pots, and trained round a trellis in bush form. A. cathartica, A. Chelsoni, and A. Schotti are all good, while A. grandiflora, which has blooms of a light yellow, must have
a place with the best.
They bjing usually of some shade of rose or rosy red. need a compost principally consisting of sandy peat,, and A notable feature of good drainage must be ensured.
some
varieties
is
the
manner
in
AriStolOChia.
part
for
Robust climbers,
quaintly- shaped
mandas, are often trained to a trellis in bush form. Neat small-leaved evergreen climbers that FiCUS.
remarkable
for the
-
most
and curiously marked majority require a good-sized structure f >r their development, but there is one notable exception, viz., A. elegans, with heart-shaped glaucous leaves, and
their
blossoms.
The
shell-like blossoms,
of which
is
whitish,
about 4m. across, the ground colour marked in an irregular manner w ith
quaint yet pretty flowers are borne
purplish brown.
Its
Among the other species of this extensive genus may be mentioned A. gigas, known from the Pelican - flower, blossom as the huge
e .en in a small state.
:
when
to a bird
bearing considerable resemblance the beak. When expanded it is more of a funnel shape, with a particularly long tail. A. Goldieana is a difficult plant to succeed with, and one that requires partially drying off in the winter. It is one of the most singular of all flowers, being in shape somewhat like the cap of a brewer's drayman, but larger, being nearly I ft. across. The colour is yellowish, marked with chocolate. A. ornithocephala, greyish
in
bud
state
hung up by
themselves to a wall after the manner of Ivy. Further details are given under the head of Greenhouse Climbers. Gloriosa Sliperba. A tuberous-rooted plant which has elongated stems mounting upward by means of tendrils produced from the point of each leaf. It passes the winter in a dormant state, pushes up its succulent shoots in the spring, and as these grow away the blossoms are borne on the upper part towards the end of the summer. The flowers are in shape somewhat like a Turk's Cap Lily, but larger, and the petals reflex more abruptly. Their colour is a mixture of green, vivid orange, and bright red. Hoya. There are several species of Hoya, but they are not all of a climbing habit. Far and away the best of them is Hoya carnosa, known as the Wax-flower, the star-shaped blossoms being of a thick wax-like nature. The flowers are borne in rounded clusters, and are of a pinkish white tint. A mixture of loam, broken brickbats, and sand will suit it well. The clusters of flowers should not be cut, as a succession of blooms is kept up from one
attach
shape
tails.
a singular flower, somewhat of a bird's head A. ringens, green and blackish purple and A. tricaudata, purplish brown, each flower with three long
purple,
;
cluster.
Bignonia.
Bignonias require a sunny position to flower them well, and the water supply should be lessened during the winter months. They bear flowers usually in
clusters,
The
IportlEBa.- Convolvulus-like plants, some of which do best treated as annuals, while others are of a more woody nature. Jasminum Sambae. The flowers of this evergreen There is a variety climber are white, and very fragrant.
and more or
less of a
being variable.
berlayni,
A
;
;
selection B.
A thriving named flore-pleno with double blossoms. specimen of this Jasmine will flower, more or less, nearly throughout the year. Passiflora. A great many of the Passion-flowers will
yellow
magnifica,
Tweediana, yellow and B. This last flowers in autumn and winter, the others principally during the summer. CiSSUS discolor. A free growing climber, nearly related Vines it has elongated heart-shaped leaves to the charmingly coloured with a blending of green, purple, red, and silver. It is readily struck from cuttings in the
succeed in the greenhouse, the best of those that requir e a stove being P. Decaisneana, carmine P. alata, crimson P. edulis, white tinged purple, fruit eatable P. Kermesina, P. bright red P. princeps or racemosa, bright scarlet quadrangularis (The Granadilla), white and red, fruit oblong, about Gin. in length, much eaten in tropical countries P. trifasciata, white, the leaves hairy purple
;
;
spring.
Clerodendron.
twining plants, remarkable for the great profusion of their attractive blossoms, most of which are borne during the summer months. The flowers are produced in large crowded clusters. C. Balfouri, with bright red flowers protruding from pure white inflated calyces; C. speciosum, deep rose; and C. splendens,
bright scarlet, are the best.
Useful
Paullinia thalietrifolia.
Watsoni, purplish red. A moderate-growing climber, The thriving well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. triangular-shaped leaves are almost as finely divided as a Maiden-hair Fern, so that a thriving specimen forms an It is evergreen in character. exceedingly pretty feature. There is a variety argentea just like the preceding, except that the leaflets are suffused with white.
midrib
;
P.
Clitoria
its
temata. This
S.
Wendlandi.
climber, which
best treated
The Solanum
diverse
family
as an annual,
is remarkable for the intense rich blue of pea-shaped blossoms. There is a form with white flowers, and another in which the two tints are blended together, but the rich blue kind is the more showy.
forms,
(S.
and
tuberosum). The two species above mentioned are worthy of a place among the best of stove climbers, Seaforthianum, having prettily - divided the first, S.
Potato
16
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
have an
unin-
o o p
-
n g
clusters of
lilac
deep
will
seldom
freely.
if
grow
but flower
coloured blossoms. S.
vigorously,
Hence
out the
off.
planted
to
the
allotted
space
roots should be
dividual blooms
portioned
suitable soil
for
turfy
the
is
clusters across.
colour
flowers
of
is
Stephanotis a mixture
peat,
liberal
of
The
the
loam and
with
of a
sprink-
adeep
lilac-blue.
They
ling
sand.
summer.
Steph an otis
This,
car in
floribunda.
which
position,
such a being
the formation of
flower buds.
After the season
of blooming
over, the
is
plants,
white
fragrant
clusters of ivory
plant
highly
blos-
may
be
kept
somewhat dryer
than usual at its roots for a few
It
is
weeks
starting
before
again.
is
growing
No
need
I
pruning
(1
to assist
lie
production
bloom
ferent
at
dif-
times of
It is
all
the year.
weak and
plant to
exis
not at
of
a difficult
shoots of about 4in. in the spring and put into small pots of sandy soil, which should be plunged in a gentle bottom heat in the stove and covered with a small frame or bellglass.
the
short-jointed
hausted
woi id
may be
cut
out.
The Stephanotis
of
mealy bug,
which
may be destroyed by washing the plants with Gishurstine. Thunberg'ia. The Thunbergias requiring a stove are for
When
rooted they
may be
shifted on.
If plants
the most part vigorous-growing climbers that need a large structure and a fair amount of sunshine to flower them well.
CARNIVOROUS PLANTS.
a glutinous substance or
power of entrapping insects, either by means of up and enclosing them. In others, again, the leaves develop into somewhat the shape of a horn, with the mouth uppermost, and the stiff hairs with which the throat is furnished all point downwards, so that though easy enough for an insect to enter its exit is rendered impossible. The most noted kinds are
are strange plants that possess the
THESE
by the
leaf shutting
called the
Cobra
furnished
tip,
Plant, from the resemblance which the curiously-hooded leaves or pitchers bear to that venomous snake. They are green, mottled with white and veined red.
has circular leaves, furnished around the edges with long hairs. On either side of the midrib, towards the centre, are three short bristles, and on either of these being touched the two lobes fly up like a trap, the long hairs at the edges interlocking with each other and thus effectually preventing the escape of any fly that may have caused the When the insect is dead the leaf graduallv disturbance. reopens. This is plentiful in the marshes of Florida.
'J
rap)
Drosera rotundifolia
(our native
Sundew) has
its little
is
on the leaf it is made D. dichotoma, is Australian. Nepenthes {Pitcher Plants). These are loose-growing shrubs, most of which have long leaves, beyond which the midrib extends, and serves to support a peculiar urn or pitcher, which forms the termination of the leaf. These pitchers are furnished with a lid which shut at first opens after a time. Hairs, bristles, and an excessively slippery portion around the mouth all prevent the escape of any insect that has fallen into the pitcher. Sarraeenia. The Side Saddle Plants, as these are called, inhabit the swamps of Georgia and Florida, so that they The pitchers need only the protection of a greenhouse.
so that directly a
prisoner.
A second
species,
in
hairs,
each of which
are
marked
many
ways, but
all
are beautiful.
317
318
A GROUP OF CATTLEYA
LABIATA.
THE
ORCHIDS. AN
of flowers
INTRODUCTION.
to the
THE
wonderful family
known
interest.
history to surround
and species
floral
children of
many
lands, and
in
exotic
of
is
Orchis Mascula dyeing the moist meadows with colour, and occasionally
discovered or the yellow-pouched Cypripedium Calceolus.
pastures where
Throughin
snow
insect
lays
thick
in
winter,
the
English mead and the tropical jungles, these flowers scatter their fragrance and resplendent
colouring, assuming wonderful shapes, as
if
to attract
agency
of the
to
effect
fertilisation
The
new
A
one
record
the
year's
to
show that
of
manifested
as
this
if
the
flowers,
although
hears
its
rumours
the
"decline
the
Orchid,"
But
beautiful flowers
is
at
the time of
immense
is
prices
given for
may have
love
for this
wonderful family
in
deepening and
become more widespread as the more easily-grown kinds decrease One of the most remarkable features of Orchid life is the
price.
resemblance certain
THE
kinds assume to living things, called
ORCHIDS.
319
represented
the velvety
so
"minicry."
there
The Bee
Man,
is
in
Bee Orchis
from
their
(Ophrys
apifera),
and
things
are
Fly,
and
Frog
Orchises,
named
one
frog,
resemblance to
imagination
the
indicated
by the distinctive
likeness
names.
Sometimes
or fly,
between flower
human
but
startlingly real,
species,
more
so
in
the
tropical Orchids,
or
the
ihe
Dove Orchid
is
(Peristeria elata),
the swan-like
if
shaped Phalcemopsis.
wings,
the
to
flower
living
cidium
is
Papilio,
and
we
or
the
purpose
of
this
great
be, to
resemblance
fertilise
things
to
coax the
provision
insects,
of
may
the
flower
wonderful
Nature
promote
seed-bearing
for
the
The beginner
sealed
in
Orchid culture,
create
a
or those to
whom
life
are a
book,
of
would probably
hundred
the
families
from
the
great
Orchid genus,
little
because
various
a
species.
There seems
a
of the flowers;
in
affinity
Cycnoches,
or
between
Cypripedium and
Dendrobium,
but as that
interest only,
of
it
is
lengthy disquisition
lip,
this
work.
it,
The
the
plant
in
an
Orchid flower
shapes
or
the
or,
as
the
botanist
to
names
the
which
assumes
in
distinct
according
to
the
it
genus
of a
which
Thus
the
Cypripedium,
Lady's Slipper,
in
is
pouch-like
form,
the
prolonged
the flower
a
it
slender spur.
Sometimes
form
this
it
is
attached
so
lightly to
it
main part
colour
of
that
in
and again
is
being
revealed.
of
Much
of
the
in
the
is
flower
is
concentrated
and
diversity
form
Nature's
way
work'
of
of
to
effect
seed formation.
Readers
who wish
vegetable
to
understand
of
of
intense interest
who
of
care
to
know
the mysteries
the
This
is
leads
much
Orchid
due to
the
shown
at the
meetings
as
to
of
Royal
Societv,
which sometimes
that
is
is,
settles
long-standing
disputes
in
the
parentage
haunts.
natural
hybrids,
Orchids crossed
of
by insect agency
fascinating
in
their
of
native
The
to
Orchid
family
one
form,
the
most
the
the
world
flowers;
interesting
colour,
or
life.
perfume alone,
but for
wonderful
ways adopted
In
effect
fertilisation
by insect
from
over the
as fresh
as
when
shipped
tion
in
when Orchid
in
cultiva-
and
collecting
were
is,
in
their
infancy
losses
particular,
trees,
that
have
in
their dwelling
of
living
upon
caled
air
moisture
the
atmosphere.
to
Eveiy
of
species,
everything,
to
indeed,
that
in
was
an
Orchid,
was supposed
moisture. are
require
tropical
treatment,
that
of
be
bathed
hot
close
and perpetual
We
almost
know,
course,
such
treat-
ment
is
absolutely
wrong.
Many
the
last
species
hardy,
of the
natives
beautiful
mountain-tops
of the
snow
line, as in
the case of
many
that
Odontoglossums.
has
is
only
within
thirty
years
Orchid culture
formed
any
part
of
English
horticultural
first of
pursuits,
th ise
in
species
and the
Vanilla,
to
amongst the
it
Orchids grown
an
English
hothouse,
was
of
known
Miller, as
is
mentioned
1768,
the second
several
Gardening,"
published
in
with
Epidendrums.
states,
writing
320
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
art yet of
GARDENING.
known be
them
cultivated
in
the ground;
they
be brought
to
thrive,
many
produce
very
fine
flowers
of
in
the Royal
Kew,
whilst
in
1794
fifteen
species of Epiphytal
officers
Epiphytal
now commenced
want
of
more
to the
knowledge
treatment.
leafless
Case
succumb
the
wrong way
began
to
of
growing these
upon certain
masses, and
followed
was
not until
some
of
collectors
insist
rules
being
that
the death-rate
was
in
lowered.
The name
these
isles,
of
in
Messrs.
Loddiges
is
familiar
in
the
history
of
Orchid
cultivation
we read that these famous nurserymen had a sale in their nursery at Hackney, when the many beautiful species introduced by these enterprising horticulturists were sold for considerable sums. Many genera or families now commenced
and
1812
to
appear,
as
Vanda, Dendrobium,
most charming
Orchid groups
still
introductions,
much
risk"
and sometimes
who
in
all
grow
the
Orchids
from
temperate
climates
stilling
course
followed
by
Dr. Lindley.
He considered
of
was
wrote
of
abundant display
flowers.
of
Joseph
Hooker
words when he
things
described
of
tropical
Orchids."
But
course this
deplorable condition
tinue, for
built espe-
Orchid
cultivation,
Collections of Orchids
are
numerous
in
the present
day, and
may grow
of
kinds with
the
plants
well
are
now
thoroughly
understood.
A few
well
will
species
for
and varieties
their
chosen
beauty
ing
the
plant-house,
and
for cutting,
welcome
for
l.hlia
perrini.
even
THE
days,
the
ORCHIDS.
321
Cypripediums
Collectors
for
in
particular.
arc
floral
hunting
treasures
still
the
of
countries
yet
untra veiled,
species
are
and
glorious
occa-
introduced
to
sionally
startle
the
a
distinct
less
Kinds
e
in
those days
of
Reliance
great
novelties
has
been
placed
upon
his
the
hybridist
who
in
own
by
glasshouse
manufactures,
progeny.
collectors
at
Many Orchid
obtained
their
treasures
of
life
itself,
and
it
is
interesting
to
read
in
Veitch's manual Orchidaceous plants of the labours of that celebrated of George Ure-Skinneri, " by whose untiring energy and disinterestedness the most
traveller,
beautiful
of
Orchids
of
Central
America
became denizens
particulars,
in
for
the
first
time
of
the
glasshouses
Great
before
will
Britain."
The following
Horticultural
interest.
extracted
chiefly
from an
address
delivered
the
Royal
Society
February,
1867,
of
be
to
read
with
Mr.
Bateman,
one
wrote
of
Mr.
the flowers
the
tropics
home,
" laboured
the forest
pursuit of
treasures of
this object
In
in
Guatemala and transfer them to the shores of there w as no sacrifice he did not make, or a danger
in
native land.
In
sickness or
health,
amid the
calls
of
quarantine on the shores of the Atlantic or shipwrecked on the rocks of the Pacific, he
suffered
.
never
of
adding to the
long
discoveries
It
it
is
sufficient to
tell
if
would
be
in
long
story to
write
of
called
pioneers
of
in
Dominy, Seden, Sander, Veitch, and main others. No halo of romance surrounds Orchid cultivation
that
at
The
flowers
now
may have
life
his
Orchids
It
too,
Cypripedium insigne
may
is
The notes
advice to
try the
by one
of the greatest
Orchid growers
day.
Good
to
varieties that
patience and
or
less,
skill
that will
their flowers
without
the
possessor.
When
and
the culture of
the
of
mastered others
Failure
for
may
is
if
be added,
hence a collection
the
glasshouse.
not pleasant at
any time
it
is
less
so
a loss of
many
pounds,
some kinds
32^
CULTIVATION
BY W. H. WHITE, Orchid Grower
to Sir
OF ORCHIDS.
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., President R.H.S.
MANY
there
is little
lovers
of
these beautiful
grow, but
this
is
will
to
show
by no means
is
difficulties.
When
;
ordinary care
exercised
will live
what these
fulfil
them
is
now
some
generally
is
where
large
number
of
particular
in a
species
is
grown, cultural requirements are more readily met when the plants are placed
structure by themselves.
limited
collection should
cool
some
Where
Orchids
is
The East
a
Indian
House
should be
It
somewhat
lofty, so as to allow
room
for
suspending
number
of
Angra^cums,
Phala^nopsis
(Moth
Orchids),
Bulbophyllums,
Cirrhopetalums,
Phaius,
and
Eulophiella,
of
all
of
part
of
the
house,
in
none
Other species, as
324
THE
Catasetums,
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Cycnoches (Swan Orchids), Calanthes, Schomburgkia, and Cyrtopodiums thrive best where given a moderate amount of light always. The following are well-known kinds Aerides odoratum, A. suavissimum, A. Fieldingi, A. Schroderae,
:
Dendrobiums,
all
grow
The
pots should
be quite three-fourths
filled
with drainage
materials, the
remainder
being
A.
freshly-gathered
Sphagnum Moss. The large ivory white Angraacum sesquipedale and potted in the same manner, but the drawf-growing AngraBCums, such as
A. A.
eburneum should be
Ellisi,
A.
A. K' tschyi,
articulatum,
metallicum,
A.
modestum,
to the
A.
arcuatum,
A.
fastuosum,
in
A.
citratum,
A.
when grown
of the
Saccolabiums, S. Blumei,
S.
in
ampullaceum,
S.
curvifolium,
violaeeum,
S.
shallow teak
Sphagnum Moss and small crock's (about one half of each) to root in. These Saccolabiums may be suspended by the s de of the small-growing Angraecums. The beautiful Renanthera Lowi and R. Storiei are most satisfactory in pots, using the same kind
baskets, with cl^an-picked
;
of
compost.
R.
coccinea,
R.
matutina,
A.
a
Clarkei,
being of
rait
perhaps better
still,
narrow upright
in full
made
full
of
When
growth these
plants require shade, but at the end of the growing season they should be placed in nearly
sunshine,
in
new
foliage
and stems.
well grown.
All
when
in
Sphagnum Moss
P.
to root in.
The
following kinds,
P.
Schilleriana,
P.
amabilis,
P.
grandiflora,
Stuartiana,
P.
Sanderiana,
of the
leucorrhoda,
P. casta,
violacea,
Luddemanfor
all
times.
P.
similar
P.
position
is
necessary
P.
such
as
Phaius
P.
tuberculosis,
P.
Wallichi,
bicolor,
Humbloti,
Sanderianus,
P.
Cooksoni,
Martha?,
P.
Norman,
Calanthe
veratrifolia,
C.
masuca,
Owenias,
As they
in
of crocks for
drainage
the
compos
1 :
should consist of
loam,
leaf soil,
ith
it
crocks
mixed w
greenhouse
plant.
Galeandra
Ellisi
Devoniana,
i.l
G.
nivalis,
in
Grammatophyllum
speeiosum,
G. Measuresianum, and G.
parts of peat and
light
Moss
to root in.
plenty of
but no strong sunshine, whilst during the resting period they require as
much
sunlight as
possible.
watering.
all
times as regards
much water
after
The
best and
most
practical
way
is
to give
young
way
through the compost, w hen the quantity should be gradually increased as each plant becomes
properly re-established.
When
in
full
to pour
will
otherwise probably
withhold the
decay
When
the season's
growth
is is
completed,
absolutely
gradually
water
and apply
no
more
direct to
Orchids to
cultivate.
C. Sedeni, C. bellatulum,
or Ladies' Slippers, as a whole, they are among the easiest of The most popular of the warm-growing kinds are C. Stonei, C. barbatum, C. Lawrenceanum, C. Morganke, C. Rothsehildianum,
CULTIVATION
OF
ORCHIDS.
325
C. Schroderas, C. albo-purpureum, C. grande, C. leucorrhodum, C. Curtisi, C. superbiens, C. Swanianum, C. superciliare, C. Calypso, C. Sanderianum, C. Harrisianum, C. oenanthum, C. niveum, C. concolor, C. Law rebel, C. Godefroya\ C. orphanum, C. T. B. Haywood, and C. Chambei lainianum.
When
repotting,
it
is
neither
above the rim of the pot, therefore keep the compost just below
easy.
so as to render watering
fibry peat in equal parts,
soil
consist of rough
it
to
Cypripediums
is
When
well
it
may
well
Cypripediums do them from strong sunshine at all seasons. such curious and suspended be over them may standing down upon the side stage, and
Megacliniums,
etc.
lr
is
impossible to
of the
may
be
GROUP OF MiLTONlAS,
adding
to
M.
MORELIANA.
collection
:
mentioned
B.
as
being
well
worth
any
Bulbophyllum
barbigerum,
tissimum,
C. Mastersianum, C.
in
Colletti,
C. guttulatum,
root and
of
Mej;aclinium triste, M.
minutum,
etc.
those which have a long creeping rhizome teak-wood baskets are preferable.
They
L).
all
grow freely
in
:
Dendrobium
D.
D. Wardianum, D. crassinode, D.
Findleyanum,
crepidatum,
L).
lituiflorum,
primulinum,
I),
D.
cretaceum,
D.
aureum,
D.
D.
nodatum,
D.
Parishi,
D. superbum,
A few
of
now
in
commerce may
which
all
the
sunny
side
of the
house.
326
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING
grown
sides,
to tlie
in
small
holes
pans,
with
perforated
around the
Pots
are
more
stood
growing kinds,
and
may
be
housfianum,
D.
D.
Calceolus,
clavatum, D. binoculare,
D. dixanthum, D. fimbriatum
should
be
afforded
similar position.
These
in
full
Dendrobiums
growth require
of
when
liberal supplies
water at the
root, but
when
fully
the
made up gradually diminish the quantity. sary that each plant should make but one
thoroughly ripened.
In
is
neces-
set of
growth remove
it
from the
is
house
drier
in
which
it
in
a far less
and
less close.
No
better place could be selected than a cool greenhouse, or, perhaps better
fall
still,
a vinery from
Orchids
will
Under such
profusely.
treatment the
the proper
in
season
bloom
None
of these
to
rest
lower
temperature than
50deg.
water.
They should be carefully looked over periodically, show signs of shrivelling should be watered. Overthe
plants
weak-en
the
growths.
buds,
When
have had
sufficient
rest
they
will
commence
to
to
show
ri
their flower
temperature
emit
to flower.
Alter the
when they may be removed to an flowers fade new growths appear, and
if
intermediate house
quickly
commence
new
place
ots
and
repotting
if
them
in
very large
pots,
because
in
all
the
get
into
mass
of
sodden
Therefore
proportion to the sizes of the plants, and they must be well drained, leaving space for about
of
2in.
compost, which
repotting
it
should
in
equal parts.
When
is
important
make
being tied to the wire of the pan, using neat sticks for the upright-growing
Such
roof
in
secundum,
to the
of sunlight,
which
is
indispensable
to success,
and
are excellent.
root
of the
growing season
After
an abundance
plants
of
water
both
at
the
and
rest,
in
necessary.
the
placing
them
at rest
in
moderately
dry
house
about 6odeg.
the bulbs
to
While
shrivel.
dry
as
to
cause
The
such
as
CULTIVATION
D. suavissimum,
rare
OF
ORCHIDS.
1).
327
1).
in
puts,
the
D.
Harveyanum
upon
a
block's of
Lowi and D. omentum are happier wood, whitethorn being the most suitable. The whole of this section requires
shallow
pan,
while
0.
warm
off
moist temperature
and rather
shady
position.
to
apply to
bark'
the
pretty D.
Jenkensi,
block' of
being
taken
some time
its
use.
D. Brymerianum,
macrophyllum,
in
1).
D. chrysanthum,
D. Falconeri and
the whole
\
distinct variety
1).
an intermediate temperature
lin^ueforme, D. teretifolium,
of the cool
mf andibulum,
during
Jamesianum,
in a
sunny corner
highly
of
greenhouse.
which
bloom
flower
winter
are
a
appreciated,
and
perhaps
none
Where
for
number
or
succession
of
may
be
kept
up
three
four
months.
of
the C. vestita
section,
C.
be a
1
C
first
Burfor liense,
to
C.
Harrisi,
in
C. rubro-oculata,
C. luteo-oculata, and
last
C.
nivea,
are the
open
their
flowers
well
into
January.
When
commence
to
open ant
until
To
in full
it
growth, the
is
soil
of the
is
The
when
the
out.
the
new growths
are a
or just before
young
The whole
the
soil
should be shaken
away from
about
iin.,
to suit
the plants.
As
pot
may
of
be
filled
with
crock's,
a thin layer
loam
or
Sphagnum
is
Moss.
The
soil
of
great
importance,
rich
and
should
be
of one-half
one-fourth oak-leaf
(well
fourth
decayed),
finely
-
and
one
chopped
Sphagnum
silver sand,
mixed
When
firmly
being
the
iin.
filled
up, shake
to
down
about
the
soil
of
the
rim,
then
made
328
The
by pressing more
After
repotting
soil
century
eook
of
gardening.
same time
side
of
firm
on
the
lightest
East Indian
between
the
weather.
the
When
In
the growths
show
of progressing,
a
in
water
vigour,
may
be
given, and
quantity
gradually increased
the height of the
the
plants
are
full
watt-ring
of
will
be
beneficial,
of the
year,
when
the
first
fbwers commence
to open,
it
is
amount
a
of water,
and by
should be discontinued
altogether.
be at rest,
whilst
in
and
a
may
be
arranged
upon
T.
dry shelf
the
warm
house,
T.
giving
no
water
dormant
state.
Thunia
Marshallia?,
T.
Bensoniae,
almost
full
sunshine.
They need
with
the
be repotted annually,
of
exactly
as
advised
for
the
Calanthes.
Place
them
tips
the
bulbs
nearly
the
touching the roof glass, and give them an abundance of water during growth.
flowers are over, stand the
so as to consolidate
plar.t;
in
When
full
cool
sunshine,
the
long pseudo-bulbs.
until
have
fallen,
quite
dry
at
the
root
growth
C.
recommences.
C.
Few groups
spinosum,
of
plants
remarkable
C.
M.
scurra,
C.
barbatum,
longifolium,
maculatum,
Rolfae,
C.
discolor,
M. Hookeras,
chlorochilom,
small shallow
luxatum
having
is
eburneum,
a
Cycnoches
versicolor,
All
C.
peruvianum,
C.
in
attached, so as
up
to
maximum amount
to
When
compost
it.
the plants
commence
in a
of
peat
and chopped
Moss with
as
moderate quantity
for
of
with
recommended
dry
at
the
Calanthes,
the
resting period. The handsome Oncidium Lanceanum, O. hoematochilum, and O. guttatum should also be grown on the lightest side of the house. Basket culture seems to suit them admirably, using a of mixture rough peat and Moss for them to root in. These remarks apply also to the yellow-flowered Oncidium ampliatum, w hich should be removed to a cool part of the When in bloom, Cattleya house when at rest, and be kept rather dry at the root. Vanda teres and V. Hookeriana are always admired. To grow them successfully and secure
deciduous, must be
kept thoroughly
long
an annual display
of flowers
special
treatment
is
necessary.
The
principal requirements of
both species are sunshine and moisture, especiallv during the growing period.
hot
sunny
fall
corner of the
plant
stove
would
suit
When
days
of
insufficient
water
is
and
During the
dull
should be syringed
tall-growing plants,
rods,
often
enough
leaves
from
is
Being
to
some support
pot,
and a good
method
to
them
teak
The lower
should
be inserted into a
living
ioin.
crock's,
surfacing the
drainage with a
layer of
in
Sphagnum Moss.
pot,
To economise
rods
at
may
be grown
a
air
arranging the
roots.
even
of
distances
similar
apart to
allow
free
circulation
of
amongst the
are:
Other Orchids
of support
high temperature,
CULTIVATION
but in
OF
ORCHIDS.
329
beautiful
more shade, otherwise give them much the same kind of treatment. The following Orchid collection a place in every species deserve Bollea ccelestis,
:
Dayana,
All
Batemannia
Burti,
B.
Wallisi,
B.
Colleyi,
B.
grandiflora,
discolor,
Huntleya Meleagris,
H.
Candida, Warscewiczella be
to
in
Lindeni,
W. Wendlandi, W.
and
W.
cochlearis.
should
grown
in
three parts
Sphagnum
Moss
point
one
their
of peat.
Raise them as high as possible above the rim of the pot, an essential
cultivation.
at
of the
summer
of
the
intermediate
be
house
is
the
best
position a
them.
At
all
times
be
the supply
water must
sun-bine.
Z.
of
constant,
and give
Mackayi,
Z.
them
Z.
position
where
grown
they
Z.
in
may
pots,
protected
Z.
from
Zygopetalum
Burkei,
peat
Sedeni,
also
Z.
crinitum,
rostratum,
brachypetalun,
equal
parts
and
and
Clayi
should
be
using
about
Moss
and
rough loam and sand mixed well together for them to root
the
in
well-
shaded
position
of
in
warm house
stem
C.
;
will
is
suit
them.
Z.
maxillare
Gautieri
succeeds
best
upon a piece
C.
Chelsoni,
or
tree-fern
it
a cool-growing
species, and
should
be placed with
the Odontoglossums.
C.
Sedeni,
and
C.
limminghej
to
may
be
grown
in
teak-wood
baskets
shallow
pans
suspended
of
close
treatment as
Dendrobes.
Chysis generally bloom about March, and the flower spikes push
up
in
con-
young growth.
soon
as
When
flower
but
as
the
spikes
appear
increase
the
quantity considerably.
is
Immediately the flowers fade, the young breaks commence to emit new roots, and this
best time to give more rooting space to plants that require
A. chinense
it.
the
(syn. A.
Philippi)
well
CULTIVATION
OF
ORCHIDS
but rather more
They
deciduous Calanthes,
shade.
The
same remarks apply also to the i;are Eulophia guineensis, known by some The Cattleya, or Intermediate, House must be a high, light
contain
as E. congoensis.
such
plants
as
its
Cattleya
beautiful
Aclandias,
C.
Bowringiana,
C. C.
bicolor,
C.
Chocoensis,
C.
Dowiana
and
variety
aurea,
C.
Eldorado,
gigas,
C. Gaskelliana,
C. Luddemanniana (syn. C. speciosissima), C. maxima, C. Mendel i, C. Mossiae, C. PerciC. Regnelli, C. Schilleriana, C. Schroderae, C. Skinneri and C.
Trianas, C.
its
valliana,
C. superba,
Warneri, and
C. Walkeriana. C.
Parthenia, C.
the
A few Cattleya
Pheidooa, and C.
hybrids
may
C. Lord Rothschild, C.
Cattleyas
Wendlandi.
in
and
La-lias
are
very closely
allied,
is
the number.
The
is
due
to the
richness of colour on
some kinds, as
pencillings and
Among the
L. har-
worthy
L. crispa, L. cinnabarina,
L. flava,
L. grandis tenebrosa,
Exceptional interest
readily with
each other,
many new
of colour
will
will
suffice to
mention some
best
known
of this fascinating
group.
To denote
the
together, viz.,
L.-C.
L.-C.
Amesiana,
L.-C.
Bella,
L.-C. Blessensis, L.-C. Canhamiana, L.-C. Clive, L.-C. Dominiana, L.-C. Digbyana-Mossiae,
L.-C. eximia, L.-C. endora, L.-C. Henry Greenwood, L.-C. Hippolyta, L.-C. Ingrami, L.-C. Lady
Warn-
native habitat
it
are identical.
is
well to bear in
mind that
is
in
all
cases
Overpotting
a great evil,
and
as a rule the smaller the pot the stronger the safeguard against excess of moisture at the root.
as free as possible, and should consist of broken crocks, filling the pots to
of their
Sphagnum Moss.
peat and
latter,
The
plants,
This
may
consist
fibrous
Sphagnum Moss
If
in
the proportion of
ith
the
addition of a moderate
quantity of small
a
crocks
in
to
ensure porosity.
to
large
and
be
heavy
insert
few neat
base.
sticks
the
pot,
which some
is
of
the pseudo-bulbs
may
to
Laelias
when
commence
repot Cattleyas or
These then
to
"dry"
before applying
is
always
When
grow th
until
is
the
amount
of
only sufficient
is
necessary to prevent
The
distinct
a
Cattleya citrina
direction,
flower:..
one
of the
most remarkable
of the bulb
downward
They
332
THE
CENTURY
lip,
BOOK
is
OF
GARDENING.
which
white.
This Orchid
;
may
be grown on blocks of
wood
with
or teak
rafts,
and fastened
to
the
leaves
downwards.
root,
ordinary greenhouse
receive the
maximum
light
and
air.
The
plant requires
water
at
the
quantity
being applied
when
the
developing.
In
Vanda
suavis,
same manner
by repotting
lust
is
as
or
freely.
for
They should be potted and treated in the Aerides. The proper season for root disturbance,
is
top dressing,
the operation
at
likely to be
than
when
out
carried
of
any other
time
the
year.
One
of
a cool
moist
and
surroundings
fairly
be
all
kept
times.
moist
V.
casrulea
may
in
be
grown
successfully
or
tall
teak cylinders
and
crock's
surfaced
to
with
in.
Sphagnum Moss
Suspend the plant
one
of
root
close up to
the
roof
light
ventilators
air
where good
can
be
and fresh
given.
pale
in
This Vanda
blue flowers,
has large
and
is
held
high
esteem
undoubtedly
noble Orchid
when
in
flower,
considerable
this
experience
find that
it
plant,
whatever, and
moist
but
shady
raft
posi-
tion.
Keep the
or
The dwarf-growing
the
of
Pleiones,
Indian
Crocuses
of
all
as
they
are
sometimes
they
are
called,
are
amongst
brightest
and
all
most
open
distinct
Orchids,
the
P.
and, as
time,
produce
complete
decorations
sheet
flowers
on
plant
at
same
effective
of
for
generally.
its
The
kinds
usually grown
are
maculata, the
prettiest
the
whole family,
pure white
sepals and petals contrasting finely with the white, yellow, and
magenta
its
lip.
P.
Lagenaria
flowers
has
also
lip
^always been
purple
in
high
repute
amongst Orchid
and
w
P.
hite
amateurs,
being
rose
lilac
and
with
streaks and
blotches
margin
very pretty.
birmanica.
lightest
Other
desirable
little
Wallichiana,
and P.
on
the
These
of
plants
may
be
grown
in
shallow
pans, and
suspended
side
the
CULTIVATION
house.
of
OF
ORCHIDS.
soil
333 should
consist
About
half
fill
of
equal
parts
the bulbs
the
centre,
should be
gradually
be
above the
to
level
level
the
pan,
rim.
say
about
higher
a
in
coming
to
down
settle
the
soil,
the
After
repotting
gentle
to
watering should
given
the
and
until
the
send up their
leaves
limited,
and
as
roots
if
are
seen
pushing through
at
this
the
supply
of
water
to
must be very
decay.
When
the
plants
time
the
growths are
a
liable
they
the
may
leaves
receive
large
quantity.
until
Being deciduous,
flowers fade,
rather
dry
to
after
have
fallen
and
the
when they
recommence
grow, and
may
a
then
light
be repotted.
P. humilis
in
and
P.
the
ith
The
S.
Ruckeri,
Lucasiana,
S.
S.
Lindeni,
S.
Liliastrum,
in
S.
albo-violacea,
S.
speciosissima,
S. Veitchi,
and
not
blooms do
last
rarely
or four
days,
that
in
growing.
the
indi-
When
provided
compensates
strong rooting,
few plants
All
they
possess.
Sobralias
soil,
are
and
require
being suitable.
should
have
are
position,
as
near to the
roof glass
as possible, as
if
they
liable
to
become
remarks
-
drawn.
The
apply
to
same
the
of
tall
growing
the
Epidendrums,
which
magenta-crimson
barinum,
E.
cinnaof
dense
racemes
;
E.
elon-
gatum,
E.
bright
E.
rose;
reda
Frederici
;
Guilielmi,
purple
O'Brienianum,
of
handsome hybrid,
a
strong
of
;
carmine
E.
radicans,
general
of
favourite,
with
panicles
which
for
open
or
in
succession,
three
four
months
E. Schomburgki, bright
ver-
milion red
and E. xanthinum,
of
with
dense beads
with
bright
orange.
well
in
well-
and
they root
FORMS OF CYPRIPEDIUM.
334
freely in three parts
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Sphagnum
of
Moss
to
one
part
peat.
the
flowers
few
violet
spots on the
E. falcatum,
and column),
inversum,
E.
E.
nemorale,
E. radia-
E. prismatocarpum,
and
Enele-
and
E.
gantulum,
in
may also
be planted
the
-
same compost.
growing to
'
The
CCELOGYNE CRIST AT A.
taller
Epidendrums
in
should be placed
tor
pots,
and
the dwarfer
may
in
be
suspended
to the
roof
are
more
suitable.
E. vitellinum
of
its
majus
It
popular species, so
desirable for
a
the
flowers.
should
air
be
all
grown
times.
rather
beautiful
light
dry
where
it
may
hot
obtain
plenty of fresh
at
in
The
white E.
bicornutum
requires
shallow baskets
of the
hanging up close
is
to the
roof glass.
One
earn
for
it
of the
most beautiful
title
Miltonias
M.
vexillaria,
beauty so great as to
of the
" Queen
of
Orchids."
rose
of this
species,
carmine
almost
white.
Its
nearest relatives
M. Endresi,
M.
Phalasnopsis,
by
Pansy-like flowers.
appearance and
As regards
culture, those
grown
All
in a
Sphagnum Moss
the other
(a
little
may
be added to
of
it),
potting material
either
in
species should be
the reverse.
them
grow
with
at
pots or
pans, which
should
be
filled
to
quite
drainage.
rest
During
little is
liberal
supply
moisture, but
plants
in
when
to
very
Repotting should
be
done
immediately the
be
begin
the
push
up their new
growths.
but
in
grown
cool
of the
where
they
have abundant
well
light
is
without
actual
Its
(Dendrochilon)
filiform is
when
flowered
very
of
pleasing.
very pretty.
luxuriantly
Although a native
will
thrive
It
when
suspended
in
shallow pan
root,
damp shady
August.
corner of this
of
house.
must
flower
at
all
and
requires
abundance
water
when the
spikes
flowers
in
July
and
will
The
silvery
spring-flowering
P. glumacea, also P.
of
flourish
is
One
Odontoglossums
of a
O.
citrosmum,
its
long pendulous
racemes
from
pure
white to
lilac.
several distinct
shades
of
rose,
some
Owing
to the
basket culture
most suitable
for
the
plants, as
Cultivation
of
and
orchids.
this
335
parts
Only
very
shallow
compost
is
needed,
of
peat
and Sphagnum.
The
at
rest
best
time
for
rebasketing
is
immediately
after
the
flowers
fade.
Water
in
should be given frequently and liberally during the growing season, but
when
the
plants are
keep the
soil
quite
it
dry.
Grow
this
species
in
the
lightest
position
available
this
may
obtain
plenty of fresh
L.
air,
especially at night.
albida,
These
L.
cultural
to the
Mexican
L.
Laslia anceps,
autumnalis, L.
of
furfuraeea,
in
Gouldiana,
L.
Marriottiana,
majalis,
etc.,
all
a cool,
about 5oJeg.
in
L.
purnila
and
its
small
pans.
Grow
the
plants during
cool
summer
in
the
house, and
the winter
Where
number
C. barbata, C. cristata,
C.
corrugata,
C.
conferta,
C. Cumingi, C. Forstermanm,
C.
fuliginosa,
C. granulosa,
ocellata,
C. Massangeana, C.
and
C. Sanderiana, C. sulphurea,
C.
tomentosa,
one
in
or
other of
them
the
will
be
flower
fore
will
require
time.
repotting
at
the
same
The
tion
starting into
and
and
Moss
be
used.
cristata
The well-known C.
its
varieties alba
(holo
Lemoniana,
a moderate
etc.,
should have
of
amount
the
rough
During
growing
in
season
copious
Ccelogynes delight
waterings
at
long
fine
intervals,
weather
will
growths
Such Cypripediums as
C.
hirsutissimum,
C.
insigne,
C. C.
Juno,
C.
C. Schlmi,
C.
Spicerianum,
C.
Statterianum,
all
Sallieri,
The
this
butterfly
O.
on
papilio, a
will
light
or,
position
in
bare
block'
wood
with a
little
peat and
Sphagnum
to root in, in
pot or basket.
The
highly appreciated, and the long stems will continue to send out flowers for a long period.
336
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
As each bloom fades another
opens,
but those
who study
should cut
it
off
blooms.
Grow
Oncidiums,
ampliatum,
Cavendishianum,
hasmatochilum,
,
guttatum,
either at
this
of
Lanceanu m and
house
the
or
in
du
m
of
the hottest
end
a cool
part
East
Indian
house,
it is
shady
kinds,
and
as
moist.
Other
O.
Altissimum,
O.
aurosum,
O. Brunleesi-
anum, O. chierophorum,
O. flexuosum, O. incurvum, orn:O. obryzatum, O. thorhynchum, O. phyiruuochilum, O. pulchellum, O. reflexum, O. sarcodes,
thrive
best
in
VdRA.
O.
sessile,
O.
triquetrum,
and
O.
Warscewiczi,
concolor,
shady
part
of
O. crispum, O. culcullatum, O. curtum, O. dasytyle, O, Forbesi, O. Gardneriana, O. hastatum, O. lamelligerum, O. loxense, O. macranthum, O. Marshallianum, (). nubigenum, O. Phalasnopsis, O. prsetextum, O. serratum, O. spilopterum, O. superbiens, O. tigrinum, and O. varicosum should be grown under the same conditions as the cool Odontoglossums. Experienced cultivators who have grown these Oncidiums know what splendid spikes of bloom may be
the intermediate house.
O.
bifolium, O.
obtained
it
from
the
the
majority
to
of
the
species
enumerated,
after
and they
know,
too,
how easy
but surely
is
for
plants
It is
overflower
themselves,
to
which
they
gradually
dwindle away.
of the
advisable,
therefore,
if
cut
away
in
These spikes,
placed
In
water,
beauty
a group of
of the S.
in
most
are:
S.
Amesiana,
S.
devoniensis,
S.
eburnea,
S.
florida,
Lowi,
shallow
and
S.
Wardi.
Stanhdpeas succeed
is
roof.
Ordinary drainage
not required,
because the flowers, being produced on scapes that are quite pendulous, generally push their
way dow
n into the compost, and either come out through the bottom or sides of the basket. The compost should consist chiefly of Sphagnum Moss and fibrous peat, the last in the smaller proportion. The proper time for supplying fresh rooting materials is when the plants are
of
winter very
little
allias
bella,
also
is
pass their
downward
most suitable.
proving
the atmosphere
The
fatal.
plants
summer
is
of the cool
suit
them
better.
O.
Insleayi,
CULTIVATION
OF
ORCHIDS.
337
the species and varieties requiring a cool temperature, and amongst cool Orchids are
many
most treasured
it
of
all
the Odontoglossums.
There
houses, and
is
at the
warmer end
;
A.
Lycaste Skinneri
is
many
alba.
colours,
from
the
pure
in
white
L.
Skinneri
Sphagnum Moss
well
off
if
well drained.
of the pot,
When
for
repotting
is
The
Cymbidium eburneum
is
certainly a
deserving a place
Cymbidiums, C. eburneo-Lowianum and C. Lowio-eburneum, both Other kinds well worthy of culture are:
C. giganteum, C. gran Jiflorum,
the
rare
C. Devonian urn, C.
Parishi
C. Hookerianum,
C.
C. Mastersi, C.
Winnianum.
be added a
Cymbidiums, having
a
little
and Moss,
which
may
Instead of raising the plants above the rim of the pots, keep
so as to facilitate watering.
the
so
at
least
below
it,
much
in
pot
room as the others, and when properly potted and well cared
may
remain
undisturbed for
many
its
when
kept
pot-bound condition.
An
of
when sending up
flower spikes.
especially the
No Orchids are more worthy of cultivation than the new Grenadan Odontoglossums, O. erispum and O. Pescatorei types. Most of them are easily managed, and yet
they
give
sometimes
more
atmosphere
in
is
of
the
house always
condition.
It
a saturated
advisable to
to
for
allow
the
atmosphere
to
off
Nothing
to
more conducive
growth
strong
this.
sturdy
than
When
water
as
if
watering go carefully
watered
some aquatic
of
decay.
It
is
also
great
c
-
of fresh
ALBA c.erulea.
338
air be
THE
admitted.
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
it is
obvious
Without
shading
air
even
and
the
houses.
hot
Odontoglossums require
weather
little
to be
times,
during
very
additional
may
in
keep
Use as
fire
heat as possible
the
artificial warmth is among the plants. To assist in maintaining the proper temperature in winter, and to keep down the fire heat, cover the house each night with thick' garden mats, and take them off at daybreak. The proper time to repot Odontoglossums is during the month of September, as at that time they commence to grow and
often
cause of deterioration
become
well
rooted
before winter
of
sets in.
;
When
parts
repotting
select pots
filled
that
are
small
in
the plants
with
drainage, and
may
consist of three
Sphagnum Moss
trifle
it
to one
To
quantity of broken
crocks
well together.
When
be of
Owing
to the great
all
number
here
;
of species
it
and varieties
Odontoglossum,
to
impossible to
enumerate them
but
are
may
some assistance
the
cooler
inexperienced cultivators to
:
know
kinds
suitable
for
division
O.
Alexandras
(crispum),
O.
aspersum,
(this
owing
to
its
in
long narrow
basket
and suspended
close to the glass), O. Edwardi, O. excellens, O. gloriosum, O. Halli, O. Harryanum, O. luteo-purpureum, O. maculatum, O. mulus, O. nebulosum, O. nevadense, O. cerstedi, O. Pescatorei, O. polyaxthum, O. praenitens, O. ramosissimum, O. Rossi, O. Ruckerianum, O. Sceptrum, O. tripudians, O. triumphans, O. Uro-Skinneri,
O.
hystrix,
Few Orchids
are
more
brilliantly
:
coloured
The
following
M. amabilis, M. caudata, M. Chelsoni, M. Courtauldiana, M. cuculata, M. Davisi, M. Gairiana, M. Gargantua, M. Harryana, M. ignea, M. macrura, M. racemosa, M. rosea, M. splendens, M. tovarensis, and M. Veitchiana.
These may
prefer
all
for
the
Odontoglossums,
heiroglyphica,
but they
pretty
slightly
:
when
these
well flowered
M.
Estrada?,
M. floribunda,
M.
Gemmata, M.
polysticta,
M.
infracta,
All
M. ionoeharis,
M. melanopus, M. muscosa, M.
shallow pans that
and M.
Wageneriana.
grow best
in
may
The
Restrepias,
Cochliodas,
same conditions as the Masdevallias, viz., Colax jugosus, Pleurothalis, Ada aurantiaca, Neottia picta, Zygopetalum maxillare, Trichosma
Promenaea, Epiphronites Veitchi, Sophronitis grandiflora,
etc.
Temperatures
maintained by
fire
;
of
Various
Houses.
The
5
temperatures
of
each
division
as
65deg. to 6odeg.
entirely to
If
Mexican Orchids
5deg.
5odeg.
The
higher
morning.
When
do no
atmosphere
65deg.
is
comparatively
;
dry.
In the
summer
cool as
rise
7odeg. to 75deg.
;
Cattleya, or
cool, or
Odontoglossum, house, as
is
possible to
keep
By
at
day, with
the
same
it
collections
if
of
Orchids
is
One
scale,
of the
safest insecticides
is
XL
vaporising fumigator.
must be used.
339
340
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
not possible
is
for
those
who have
cram
many
Orchids.
;
The
and,
family
or
as has been
already
mentioned, some
the
species
and
hybrids require
is
management, so
much
kinds
so
that
only
experienced
Orchid
grower
likely
to
succeed.
The
:
following
may
a collection
Orchids
a
Requiring
deci-
duous
and
most
of
the
supply
an
of
uninterrupted
flowers
succession
for
suitable
cutting
during
the
winter
to
months.
The
best
kinds
i ,
grow are
S
eden
i
Ve
t ch
C. Victoria Regina, C.
white C. Harrisi,
are
bella,
which
this
hybrids
raised
in
country.
Among
lutea,
the species
C.
v.
C.
v.
rubro-
oculata,
nieri,
C.
rosea,
C.
Reg-
C.
Sanderiana,
and
C. Stevensi.
Owing
to their
native
habitat,
but
if
anyplants
fix
one
to
has
deal
imported
he
in
with
should
the pseudo-bulbs
position, in
an upright
possible to
them, using
to
keep
them
AERIDES.
firm.
Immediately they
After being repotted, place the plants on the lightest side of the house, and give
until
activity
be
gradually increased.
After
the
season
Calanthes
the
roof
require a
glass.
to
long dry
rest,
and
should be kept
repot
in
the
warm house
is
on a shelf near
The
grow.
proper
time to
established
plants
about
March, when
to
they
commence
for
Dendrobiums
cultivate, and
varieties of D.
nobile,
D. Wardianum, D. crassinode,
Dendrobiums D. aureum, D. Dearei, and D. Phakenopsis Schroderianum are unsurpassed. newly imported should be placed in pots just large enough to hold them for one
season, the pots being nearly
filled
with
drainage
crocks
in
materials,
firm
to neat sticks.
The
CULTIVATION
sparingly watered at
first,
OF
ORCHIDS.
341
fairly started,
in
peat and
an
intermediate
in
have
made
good
start,
placed
as C. barbatum, C.
may
after
arrival,
but such
C. Stonei, C.
etc.,
Lowi,
C.
Rothschildianum,
in
C. Parishi, C. Chamberlainianum,
of
C. Sanderianum,
should be placed
small
the foliage on a
and
Tilling
They
with moisture through the crock's, but w ater must not be allowed to get into the grow ths or
in
the axils of the leaves, as the}' are extremely liable to decay from this cause.
PLANTS LOR
beautiful
INTERMEDIATE
HOUSE. Few,
of these
if
Plants
species
may
be had
in
January,
with
of
February,
the
and
March
varieties
numerous
fol-
C.
Trianas,
in
lowing
which
then
April
are
C.
Schrodera?,
in
C.
Law-
renceana,
May and
L;elia
pur-
tenebrosa,
August, C. gigas,
its
C. Dowiana and
ber, the
variety
well-known C. labiata
C.
r
i i
autumnalis,
Gaskelliana,
,
C
L.
Bo w
pumila
n g a n a
a n d
November
L.
and
December, C. Percivalliana,
Laelia
autumnalis,
anceps
and
its
many
distinct varieties.
on their arrival
similarly
In
be
treated
to
the
to
Dendrobiums.
order
kept
moist,
and
two
or
three
times a week',
ONCIDIUM ORXITHORIIYXCfl UM.
rhizomes, especially those of the L. anceps type, for fear of rotting them.
plants begin to grow, or
Immediately these
young
roots
commence
in
full
to
in
Moss, and
it
is
advisable to intermix large crocks with the compost so as to prevent rapid decay
When
when
the
soil
is
is
properly
dry,
and then
thorough
it
watering
being
should
as
a
be
given.
Miltonia Vexillaria
a general favourite
it
among
Orchidists,
useful
decorative
is
show.
At
THE
the present time
it
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
be
is
may
purchased
at
very cheap
rate.
This
plant
requires
but
similar
imported,
when
root
management to Laelias of the anceps type on being should action commences it be potted in Sphagnum
of small
freshly
Moss,
in
crock's
and
silver
all
sand
with
it.
Place the
plants
sunshine
it
until
properly established.
it
Coelogyne
is
cristata
is
is
so readily increased
Imported plants
sprinkled overhead
the pseudo-bulbs
occasionally with tepid soft water, using a fine syringe for the purpose.
When
have regained
their
them
to root
in.
C.
pur-
the
temperature
of
as
recommended
C. bar-
bat-urn, etc.
Plants for Cool HOUSE. Such Odontoglossums as O. crispum, O. Pescatorei, O. Halli, O. luteo-
should
when
placed
newly
in
imported
be
pieces
of crocks
to fix
them
first
be watered sparingly at
only
sufficient
being
may
LMLIO-CA TTLEY A.
be
lost
by evaporation.
and
all
will
rapidly
plump
potted
it
and
roots
form
quickly
of equal
large
stage
they should be
compost consisting
small
crocks
keep the
soil
porous.
roots
to
overwater
them:
Then, as
the
and growth
more frequently and liberally given. Lycaste Skinneri requires identical treatment; also such Oncidiums as O. concolor, O. Marshallianum, O. macranthum, O. crispum, O. varicosum, O. Forbesi, O. curtum, O. olivaceum, The brilliant Sophronitis grandiflora and Epidendrum vitellinum majus Lawrenceanum etc. Those who are should be placed in small pans suspended well up to the roof glass.
gain
strength, water
may
be
know
allow
to
well
but
it
is
very detrimental
to
them
obtain,
do so
before
Vigorous
growth
is
the
thing
any time
is
undoubtedly an
evil.
*43
TO
gardens
the studious and appreciative eye the delicate cutting and graceful form of a Fern
are fully as attractive as a flow er, and
its
brilliant
especially the
in
little
and although
innumerable
we
find
specimens
of
one
more
is
utterly
unknown
to
Our temperate
in
island
our Western
we
with
to
we
propose
in
we can
Before, however,
it
we
phase,
all
we may
point
out that
Ferns,
incredible as
appears,
progenitors of
existed
;
our flowers.
There was
w hen no flowers
was mainly covered with warm ocean waters and steamy marsh lands, roofed in with cloudy vaporous skies. Vegetation evolved from the humble seaweeds on gradually found a footing the land, and in adapting itself to aerial conditions was developed into gigantic Mosses, Ferns, and their allies, which age after age and a?on after aeon grew and flourished and died to form our present coal-beds and make us heirs to the wealth and power thence resulting.
the earth's surface
In time
drier
conditions
and
brighter
skies
and
sunshine
bred
the
344
flower in
THE
some
subtle
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
fashion, and
eventually
the Cycads
;
only
to
the
keen-eyed
scientific
it
botanist.
is
we may
point
out that
was only
in
no
man
had
ever
seen them
until
then,
so
in
Ferns as
we know
some are very tiny and insignificant, others soar upwards to attain the majesty of and trees and rival stately Palms in size appearance. Hence on the one hand we have
the beautiful
little
P.
SUPERBUM.
be disappointed, no matter
how keen
his eyesight or
The
the Royal Fern, and exotic Osmundas, Anemias, and others bear mere
If
imitations of inflorescence, and on examination the apparent flower scapes resolve themselves into
masses
search,
we pursue
on
our
we
shall find
arranged
in
different
of
usually
the
are
under-sides
the
fronds.
in
some they
dots,
all
arranged
in
lines,
others
whilst in
are spread
out
over the
as
the
particular
be
one
of
the
most
constant
features, that
of
form,
into
botanists
tribe
arrangement.
wit, has
Our common
sausage-shaped
Hart's-tongue,
to
long
heaps
of
brown
each
case
of
two
lines
of
capsules
of
which when
ripe
coalesce
for
want
space.
to the
These
lints
give a fanciful
resemblance
hence the
Hart's-tongue has
and
any
Fern
or
which
of
fructification
j
capsule
arrangement
heaps,
a
of
Scolopendrium.
the
The
round
common
golden
Polypody
BLF.c:iNUM spicant
var lomario.des
hedges
has
without
FERNS HARDY
any such
naked
the
in
AND
in
EXOTIC.
species.
345
All
thin
cover
as
is
usually
present
other
Ferns
to
with
he
similar
round
heaps
hut
in
are
point
Polypodies,
of
and so
are
on.
We
to
seem,
however,
forgetting
flowers,
all
fact
we
coming
thorn.
The
a
little
grains
contained
distinguish
falls
not,
would
seed,
it
throw out a
little
root
once as a plant
pushes out a
row
green
cells
herring scale.
if
to the soil
and nourish
it,
we
detach
it,
we
shall
find
the flowers at
and
no longer wonder
at the
this
little
the
when found
kinds,
turn out
formal form
of species.
Plumose
sports.
two
one
round,
all
numerous,
about
and scattered
root hairs,
1
i
ke
a nd
near
the
indentation
the
heart.
them
of
fulfil
all
the functions
fertilised
seed
finds
itself
at
and from
this
up springs a
the
ordinary
in
course
the
youngster
a
little
"chip
block,"
of its
but
this
is
Dame
again
infuses
how
the
to
we know
power
itself
not
into
the
in
Fern
build
up
distinct
and
a
original
way,
spores
yield
A
.
and
as
rule
the
/.
f. f.
Virieyy.
subsequently produced
the
new form
These
;
later offspring,
endowed with
muddle
is
minds, as
may
it were some improve on the first sport, some go back to be inconstant " rogues" who shift from plan to plan and make a
Among
lie
it
due mainly
and secondly
owe that wealth of varietal types of which we are now treating, while it is a moot much we are indebted to the first for all the specific and generic variety existent in
With regard
to
point
we how
the world.
these
natural
sports
Great
soil,
is
Britain
seems
especially
or
favoured.
Whether
is
it
is
some
or general
environment,
whether
it
due
country which
'
THE
CSNTURY
is
BOOK OF
oncernatural
GARDENING.
but
the
fact
while
our native
Ferns
run
into
thousands, some
tum and
P.
annulare),
and the
(Seolopendrium
vulgare),
have
hundreds apiece,
while
the
number
has
been
immensely
seedlings.
augmented
Nearly
all
by
forty)
which which
are
curious,
beautiful
than the
It
and
types
away more
from
feature of
is
they
sprang.
is,
course,
this
improvement
main
since for
in
decorative
in
value
which
our
justification
advocating their
culture,
mere
oddities
some
of our
The
1.
Cresting
tasselling,
of the
in
which
and
the
side
normal
tapering
points
fronds
divisions are
formed symmetrically
in
into tassels,
'.Iff
J.
-'.
PL UMOSUM DEKSUM.
in
4.
some
varieties to
I.
I lie
normal form of
of "
species.
Wilt! find
3.
Frond
The
2.
fronds
raised from many stranded hunches in themselves may also be divided from merely twin
Pinnaof
bulbil of "
densum."
ball
of
Moss
parts
is
and
in
The plumose,
of
by
many
and
its
considered
the
more
side
beautiful,
which
the
normal
side
divisions
the
frond
so
that
frond
normally
bipinnate,
that
with
divisions
pinna-) divided
once
again
latter
(pinnules),
has these
recut
sub
or
divisions
thrice,
twice
result
ful,
even
the
and
the
transformation
goose
sports as well as
in
their im-
many
habit
of
some
combinaof loveli-
acme
ness
in
Fern
construction.
One
A.
F.
of our
F.
PI.
UMOSUM
/A'
POSSESSION
for instance, A.
superbum
Copyright.
j
"
COUNTR V LIFE."
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
its
delicate
plumose
immense comminuted
tassels at the
ultimate
distinctly
fanned
at the tips,
and
as even as a die.
(i)
the
in afield at
of that,
and
the mother of
this
pedigree
umosum superbum Druery, To illustrate the one described. as far as superbum, we give a
.
p:
photograph
showing
the
various
stages,
and
another showing
Lady
Fern existing
plant of
uncrested.
Ferns,
however,
their
vary
rolled
in
other
ways
some have
others
fronds
up and curled,
side
have
while
them
in
and
their a
divisions
or
abruptly
thorn,
terminated
the
with
Hart's-tongue the
plumose
frills,
character
takes the
shape
of
beautiful
and
A
edges.
Both
FRILLED HART'S-TONGUE.
these again
indeed,
a
is
may
fimbriate
tassels.
The
been
variety,
not
only
charming but
collection
at
and
of
late
years
there
of
has
established
splendid
outdoor
thousands
plants
and hundreds
dilated
of forms,
Having now
merits
of
somewhat upon
the
these
their
varietal
forms,
we may
next
for
consider
culture
and
adaptability
the
first
place,
then,
with
very
common
ones, which,
to
being
native,
are
necessarily
winters.
fitted
withstand
our
severest
but, to
inasmuch
them
every care,
is
forms
positions
or
likely to suffer
from drought
weather.
Here we
made
the
screen
trees,
some secluded glen, cool and moist, the soil the same and up of leaf mould and rocky debris,
It is
blustering
of
winds
excluded
but
not
by
the
leafy
surrounding,
also shade
overtopping,
which
them
athyrium
f.
f.
revolvens.
FFRNS
where we
utmost.
find
HARDY
AND
EXOTIC.
tribe
all,
it
349
the stateliest
Fifty yards
Lady and Male Ferns and all the smaller away, by the wind-swept roadside, we find them
stunted, and w ind-worn.
life
developed to the
is
true,
but
in
what
a different
form
of
short,
;
and vagabonds
aristocracy
in
Fern
the glen
we have
the pampered
court
array,
and
in
growing them
will
artificial
conditions the
nearer
we
and
approach
indeed,
repay
We
all
illustration,
all
the main needs for proper culture, viz., a loose, leafy, moist
protection
of
sunshine.
wall, a
It
is
in
nutshell.
of leafy
Hence
of the
for
outdoor
north
case of
need, and
we have an
Fern,
place for
of the
a
some
some
dense-growing and
Lady Ferns.
the Marsh
Osmunda
regalis,
wants
specially
is
damp
sink
position,
and
if
to
a glazed
earthen
pan or tub with the edge just below the surface, half
peaty
compost,
planting
fill
the Ferns
bit
in
the
soil
over
this
will
by
retaining
of the
water, forms a
of
bog
in
fronds.
itself
That
difficult
little
care of
We
find
this
hillsides,
shifting debris
washed
or
rolled
Fern,
we dig out a hole it with leafy mould, mixed with a little gravel. On the top we place a clump mulch it up a little with the same compost, and then dump a spadeful or two
burying
it.
Profiting
by the
lesson,
of gravel
it.
the
Fern crown
it
push
through underneath
the
it
on
the
a
north side.
Water
all
and leave
its
alone.
of
Presently
Fern,
recovering
from
old trick'
pushing fresh
fronds
and
350
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
established
surprisingly
soil.
It
clump
will
the juncture
of
the
to
may
soil la
interspersed
root-
rocks
are congenial
They
keep
if
the
from
baking
and
encourage
treated a
liberal
covering, since as a rule the crowns are better above the surface but
the shade.
little
well
as ground Ferns,
and require a
lime in
hence
if
planted at a north
The Male
or
Buckler
Ferns do well
or
in
any
soil,
but the Mountain Buckler Fern (L. montana) does not like lime
in
a yellow loam.
same
latter.
but prefers a
little
more peat
or
leaf
largest
leaf
size
in
the
where
mould has
collected,
indicates
its
predilections
thereby good
;
and
sloping
suit
Its
position
it
best.
pretty
cousins,
the
Oak Fern
(P.
Dryop-
teris),
the
Fern
Beech
(P.
Phegop-
teris),
the
stone
and LimePolycal-
pody (P.
1ERNS BY STREAUSIuE. VEN HOUSE, SOMERSET.
a looser leafy compost and a shaded
careum) want
nook
one and
all,
The Spleenworts,
well.
Finally,
those
to
do grow Ferns
especially
as
in
their
little
common forms
of the best
a large
fronting plants,
varieties at
any
rate an
equal chance.
become
clear,
and the varietal forms undoubtedly would oust the common or normal types
FERNS.
Male Fern (Lastrea Pseudo-mas Filix-mas), the Broad Buckler Fern (Lastrea dilatata), the
Shield Ferns (Polystichum aculeatum and P. angulare), and the Hart's-tongue (Scolopendrium
vulgare)
of the
is
no
in
who wish
to
grow a
In
open ground or
in
the open
ordinary
of
garden
leaf
soil,
but
or
it
is
quite
worth while
especially
if
to
encourage
soil
them
a
by
a
to
liberal
admixture
;
mould
peat
mould,
the
has
tendency
stiffness
or
a good
dressing of old and well-decayed manure would serve the purpose equally well.
As regards
FERNS
position,
HAkDY
sun
AND
be
HXOTIC.
avoided
lee
351
the
wind
foot
and
of
the a wall
;
blazing facing
should
or
as
far
as
possible
or
hence a
is
north,
under the
of a
hedge
shrubbery,
but under
of condition
through
the
soil
lack-
of sufficient
light,
owing
to the
monopoly
of
by the
for
roots of
planting,
ample room
development, and as
down
to singleis
of offsets as
A crowded bunch
of fronds
is
not
character of a variety
rarely seen to
The
;
larger forms should also be kept in the background, reserving the front for the
it
and
is
a good plan, even on a flat bed, to insert rough pieces of porous stone or
brick burrs between the plants, as these not only check overcrowding to
some
moisture
in
the
soil
is
thing to avoid
an excess of
;
heat
ideal
the
in
our
should
never see
over
the
at
thermometer
the
7odeg.
utmost.
by shading
of
either
glass,
it
;
scim
outside the
wash
white upon
is
a removable blind
of
course
With
it is
very
the
inner
is
precious
plants
in
well to have
them
one
;
two
pots,
outer
keeping the
one cool
may
be placed
in
outer pot to
stand
is
in,
while
the
inner
one
free of the
by
soil
the
percolation,
the
cannot
get
water-
logged.
Space,
precludes
however,
more than these few hints, and we will now proceed to describe a few of the best forms. Athyrium Filix-fcemina (the Lady Fern). Beyond question the most charming are the plumosums, A. f. f. Axminster and its progeny A. f. f. pi. elegans, A. f. f. pi. superbum, dissectum, plumosum Drueryi, crispatum, and kalon, all gems of first
water, large
in
cut.
A.
f.
f.
pi.
Horsfall, Wills,
is
while A.
alone
A.
f.
f.
f.
like
spun glass
f. f.
and stands
in its
f.
peculiar line.
f.
Among
f.
percristatum Cousens,
f.
Elworthyi, A.
corymbiferum James, A.
f. f.
Vernoni;o cristatum, A.
f.
regale,
A.
f.
f.
setigerum
percristatum, and A.
pi.
in
f.
superbum percristatum are all grand robust the last-named. Then we have the curious
each side division
in
to the beautiful
in
this
line
is
in
A.
f.
Victoria?,
duplicate, and
all
set
at
the world,
and
f.
look
in
their
divisions;
352
A.
THE
f.
CENTURY
in
BOOK OF
GARDENING
of
f.
revolvens has
its
pinna?
ringlets
A.
f.
f.
stipatum Grantee, congestum, Edwardsi, Findlayanum, and Whitwelli have densely compacted
fronds, and consequently form good dwarf plants for front rows
;
A.
f. f.
orbiculare,
gemmatum,
of
of
Among
finely crested
m.
cristata, the
King
if
of the tribe,
is
a splendid fellow, L. p.
p.
m. polycristata
tries
m.
plumosissima
to imitate the
is
m. ramosissima
Mossy section of Lady Ferns in a very masculine way, and L. p. m. ramulosissima does the same thing on a dwarf scale, and is in good company with the little gems
A
L. p.
C.
T.
DRUERY'S COLLECTION.
a
m. crispata, crispata
and crispa
p.
gracile, all
few inches
is
in
height only.
foil,
m. cristata angustata,
of
a good
but not
some way
it
has
allied
itself
with one
L. p.
little
beauty.
m. revolvens
in
rolling its
There are
;
three sub-divisions of the Male Fern tribe, and in each there are varieties on similar lines
the
it
choicest types.
The
Broad Buckler
Fern
(L. dilatata)
likes
a peaty
moist station
has given
us fine tasselled
grandiceps
in cultivation two splendid varieties of the same species from the Azores, and polydactyla, which are quite evergreen and hardy under glass.
all
L. d.
Howardae
is
a curiosity,
swamp
FERNS
HARDY
rivals
AND
EXOTIC?.
353
we
P.
All
Todea superha
in
delicate
division.
P.
ac.
;
pulcherrimum
it is
consequently rare.
artistic finish
tasselled forms
of both species,
and
is
many
alliances
that their
name
legion.
In this tribe,
as
among
;
the
there
are also P. ang. revolvens with rolled up fronds, very graceful, and others with infinite variety
of
In this tribe, indeed, one can hardly go and make, proliferous and otherwise. Some of the finest however, is that they mostly do best in the open. glass, their very density fronds under their the tips of rarely perfect indeed plumose ones air is provided. of unless abundance breeding a sort of mouldiness in the unrolling coils
cutting
wrong;
a point,
itself.
favourite
is
at the
foot of a
north wall,
or
under the
lee
of a
row
of
burrs or
in
rocks
facing north.
They do
well
in
with some
little
lime
the
all
soil.
The
S. a. c.
frilled
are fine,
Of
late there
and
tassels,
show
full
form.
S. v. cristatum
and other grandiceps are finely tasselled forms of the species, which varies
directions from
in
huge
S. v.
frilled
ones down to
the
Coolingii,
Kelwayii, culminating
some
Selaginella.
culture
the
lightest
and
;
airiest parts
we must recommend
is
the
best
forms
of
the
Common
P. v.
354
like
THE
variation,
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Forster,
and
P.
v.
cristatum,
is
grandiceps
Fox,
and
Parker
are
gems
of
cristation.
P. v.
pulcherrimum
all
on
Cambricum
if
There are
peat
do well
little
Plant
stand these
saucers, keeping
the
saucers
with water.
in
EXOTIC FFRNS.
THESE
easily
cut,
comprise
large
and
variable
In
class
of
plants,
many
being
popular
because
grown and
of beautiful form.
large
of
many
are
For
of
invaluable,
greenery to serve as a
foil to
the
more gaudy
Many Ferns
are of delicate
and attention
stages of growth
will
may
Again, where flowers are grown for cutting, Fern fronds are often
in
used
in their
supply
of fronds alone.
in all
height
from
Dicksonia antarctica
Though most Ferns have fronds of some shade of green, there are many exceptions, and some of those that are of that tint when mature are brightly tinged in their young state, while a few are clearly and distinctly variegated, a feature which occurs more frequently among the forms of Pteris, or ribbon Ferns, as some of them are popularly called.
In
many
kinds
the
fronds
are
crested, that
is,
ends, and this frequently leads to a more or less pendulous style of growth.
AN OUTDOOR FERNERY.
FERNS HARDY
AND
EXOTIC.
3S5
FERNS ON WALL.
Gymnogrammas
is
Curiousforms are
fronds,
popular
name
suggests.
numerous, but at the same time there are a few, while there are
will
many
are
some
distance.
The filmy
or
transparent Ferns
of the others, as
is
necessary.
to the
CULTURE.
At one
time peat
soil
successful cultivation of stove and greenhouse Ferns, but this practice has been considerably
now
in
mixture of
loam, peat or leaf mould, and sand, while only moderate shading
given.
Potting should be
if
may
succeed
perfectly in the compost just mentioned, others need special treatment, and this will be alluded
to
in
Many Ferns
growth being
in
suspended baskets
dead trunk
thereon
;
way
seen to advantage.
of a
Tree Fern
may
thus a specimen with ample leafage should be placed on the top, and various creeping
in
be hollowed out for the reception of the plant there, and the creeping kinds
may
with a little live Sphagnum Moss, which will assist them to become quicklv established. If damped overhead frequently this will soon take place. Ferns are by many regarded as waterloving plants, and this applies to most kinds, providing (and this
is
drainage
is
is
hurtful.
is,
;
as a
rule,
accomplished
is
in
three different
ways
in
firstly,
is,
by
and the
third
Ferns
These
simply need
to be
brought
contact with
35<5
THE
soil
CENTURY
their
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
is
tlie
to
produce
if it
roots
of
own.
Division
special
best
carried
will
out
in
March when
required.
read)'
repotting, and
is
carefully
managed no
treatment
be
afterwards
some kinds
at least
spores.
They
under-sides, large
masses
them being arranged in dots or bands. A careful examination will show that they are enclosed in what is known as spore cases, which in many kinds form a scale-like substance
on the under-side of the frond or
in
leaf.
some
little
distance before
it
finally settles.
This explains
a
how
it
is
that
young
be
cut
in
plants occur in
off
various positions.
earliest
frond
or
fronds
should
just
as
the
cases
In
their contents,
and folded up
the
few days,
out.
if
kept dry,
5 in.
they
will
be shed, and
operation
sowing
may
then
be
carried
Pots
in
FERN DELL.
prepared by putting
2in.
diameter are
of
suitable size
in
for
broken crocks
must be
put.
A mixture
of
loam, peat,
This must be
down moderately
firm and
a
made smooth,
fine
soil
rose,
wet, be
sown as
thinly as possible.
No
a pane
of
glass laid
covering.
in
be ensured, which
a
essential to the
of the
soil
growth
will
of
the spores.
month
or so the
it
surface
become covered
should be pricked
This
is
carried out
soil
is
very
the same way The spores are then lifted up in tiny on the surface of the new soil, and lightly pressed
as for
down.
FERNS
in
HARDY
in
AND
EXOTIC.
continue
to
357
will
position.
after
a
Then
in
if
grow,
and
are
grown
when they may be potted into tiny pots. Small Ferns way by thousands in many nurseries. The months of February and
for
sowing the spores, as they have then the entire season's growth
need only be taken
soon root.
cultivation
list:
is
Young
off
pan
of
light soil,
when they
Ferns
in
will
in
The number
best
in
of
is
exotic
enormous,
of
the
each family
given
the following
AcPOStichlim.
which
differ
An extensive family, the members of widely from each other in many particulars indeed, the various plants now included under this head were formerly split up amongst half-a-dozen families. Most of them are more or less of a creeping nature, and some in a native state attach themselves to neighbouring trees, and mount upward alter the manner of Ivy. They prefer a mixture of peat and sand. The A. acuminatum, with much divided deep green best are fronds. reaches a height of about 2ft. It A. aureum, with pinnate fronds, sometimes 5ft. or 6ft. long, very bright green and leathery in texture. It is a native of the swamps of Florida, and must be treated as a semiaquatic. A. Genopteris, with creeping stems which will encircle the stem of a dead Tree Fern, the pinnate leaves A. crinitum, known depending gracefully therefrom. This, the Elephant's also as Hymenodium crinitum. Ear Fern, has large undivided fronds which are borne on These fronds are very hairy, and short stout stalks. A. drynarioides, suggest the popular name of this kind. w ith large, once divided fronds, which are pushed up direct from the ground without any visible stem. A. HerA. minieri, sword-shaped fronds, from 2ft. to 3 ft long. osnumdaceum, the creeping stems of which mount up
;
:
.
Maidenhair, and
state, while
its
demand
in
a cut
the
varieties ar2 numerous, chief among them being A. cuneatum deliexum, with drooping segments; A. c. elegans, very slender ; A. c. gracillimum, a spreading A. c. grandiceps, plant with remarkably minute pinnules A. c. w ith tassel-like tufts on the ends ol the Ironds Pacotti, a dense-growing plant, with peculiarly clustered pinnules A. decorum, a larger and bolder plant than reddish hue .V. cuneatum, with the young Ironds ol a A. Farleyense (Queen of Maidenhairs) the bonds are very massive, and droop considerably from the weight of the large crisped pinnules A. Fergusoni, an upright plant with deeply-lobed pinnules A. lormosum, a large spreading kind lyd. high A. fulvum, a neat little Fern, with young leaves of a bronzy tint A. Henslowianum, beautifully arching fronds 18m. long, thickly clothed willi overlapping pinnules A. hispidulum, fronds distinctlyforked, and the pinnules hairy the young fronds are of a metallic hue A. lunulatum, with long slender fronds that produce young plants from the tips it should be suspended, and is quite deciduous during the winter A. macrophyllum, a distinct species, with large leaflets which when young are tinged with red it reaches a
The
The
fronds,
which are
tint.
height of 15m.
to
iSin.
there
is
variety
(striatum)
little creeping kind, with Oak-like A. scandens, known also as Stenochkena scandens, with long trailing stems furnished with Most of the Acrostichums leathery pinnate leaves. require the temperature of a warm greenhouse or stove.
A. quercifolium, a
leaves 2in. long.
witn variegated leaves A. Moorei, known also as A. amabile, is a loose-growing plant of the cuneatum section, but the pinnules are larger and set farther apart a charming basket plant A. palmatum, remarkable for its zigzag stalk and large lobed pinnules; A. pedatum,
;
AetiniopteriS radiata. The only species of The plant from a central stem pushes up
the family.
numerous
fronds rayed like a Palm, to which the entire plant, though only 6in. to Sin. high, bears a considerable It needs a mixture of peat, loam, sand, resemblance. and broken bricks, while the pots must be thoroughly
drained.
The
Adiantum
Ferns,
ticular
(Maidenhair).
This
it
best.
class,
is
an
extensive
many members
the
of which are
among
(A.
common Maidenhair
cuneatum) in par-
The greater part of being a universal favourite. them are of comparatively simple requirements, and many will succeed in a greenhouse temperature. A mixture of loam, peat or leaf mould, and silver sand, is suitable. The best would include A. assimile, a loose-growing A. assiMaidenhair, well suited for suspended baskets. mile cristatum, with crested tufts on the end of the A. aneitense, bold arching fronds about 2ft. fronds. long, well adapted for growing into a large specimen. A. Bausei, like a bold Maidenhair, with peculiar drooping leaflets. A. Birkenheadi, large thrice divided fronds, A. Capillusnearly lyd. long when fully developed. Veneris occurs in a wild state throughout the greater part of the globe, and is the only Maidenhair native of
There are many distinct varieties, one of which, imbricatum, is much like a miniature form of A. caudatum, with long once divided A. Farleyense. fronds that produce young plants at the tips. It is best grown in a suspended basket. A. Collisi, a garden plant with massive triangular-shaped fronds. It makes a grand specimen, and is useful in a cut state. A. concinnum has wide-spreading fronds, a Fern seen to great advantage in ' basket. A. concinnum latum is larger and more upright ktiun the last. A. cuneatum is the universally grown
this country.
hardy in some A. peruvianum, fronds large arching and halbert-shaped pinnules, one of the largest growing of the Maidenhairs A. reniforme, a curious little kind, which forms a tuft of simple kidney-shaped leaves A. scutum, a large, handsome Maidenhair, with wide-spreading fronds of a pleasing shade of green A. tenerum, somewhat like the last, but with deeper tinted fronds A. tinctum forms a little tuft less than ift. high, the young fronds of a bright rosy red A. trapeziforme, the large branching Ironds of which are as much as lyd. long, while the pinnules are 2in. in length A. Williamsi is distinguished from all other Maidenhairs by the young fronds being dusted with a bright vellow powder. AlSOphila. A strong-growing group, many of which are included with the Tree Ferns, and one species, A. excelsa, is perhaps the tallest of all Ferns. They do well in a mixture of equal parts of loam and peat, with a good sprinkling of sand. Most of them need a stove temperature. A. atrovirens, A. australis, A. crinita, A. excelsa, A. Van Geerti, A. pruinata, and A. Rebeccas are the best and
the Bird's-foot Fern of North America,
places, but does well in the greenhouse
is
; ;
Anemia. These
most
distinct.
fronds are perfectly distinct from each other, the latter, which are pushed up from the centre of the plant,
resembling more the feathery inflorescence of a herbaceous plant than the frond of a Fern. Owing to this feature the members of the section to which the Anemias belong are known as flowering Ferns. Our native Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) is a well-known member of this group. The Anemias principally occur in tropical America, a A. adiantifolia, about l8in. selection of the best being hijh, with twice divided leaves of a deep green hue.
:
35
A. Dregeana, the size of the
leaflets of quite
THE
last,
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
a firm leathery texture. The fertile or flowering part is borne on the upper portion of the fronds.
dwarf
B. occidentale is of vigorous growth, but of comparativelv hab.t, the fronds being about ift. long. It may
A. Phyllitidis, of vigorous constitution, often reaching a height of 2ft. The pinnate fronds are of a dark leathery green, and form a bold tuft, which, when overtopped by the slender fertile ones, resemble a plant in flower. A. rotundifolia, fronds ift. long, with rounded pinnae, which when first developed are of a reddish bronze tint. The fronds are disposed almost horizontally, and will root at the ends and push up young plants therefrom. The fertile fronds are like the preceding. A. tomentosa, distinguished from all others by the rusty-coloured hairs with which the stalks are thickly covered, though in other particulars it is
little
trouble,
and on
this
account
is
Brainea insignis.
never more than
strongest
4ft.
high.
small Tree Fern, with a stem The pinnate fronds are in the
bronzy
tint
examples about iyd. long. They are of a when young. It needs stove temperature and
careful cultivation.
A pretty little class of Ferns, remarkable Clieilanthes. principally from the fact that the fronds are very hairy, hence they should be grown in a moderately dry atmosphere, as if very moist they soon decay. A selection would
C. aurea, that reaches a height of about 6in., with triangular-shaped fronds, the under-sides of which are covered with a yellow powder. C. elegans, sometimes called the Lace Fern, from the fact that a frond presents the appearance of an intricate pattern of lace. They are very brittle, and clothed with a woolly down. C. farinosa, an upright grower ift. high, with fronds covered with a whitish powder, in the way of the Gymnogrammas, but not so pronounced. C. hirta Ellisiana, with long spreading intricately divided fronds, clothed with reddish brown hairs. C. tomentosa, a delicate greenhouse species, with quite woolly fronds. A limited group, one member of which, Cibotilim. C. Barometz, forms a large wide-spreading specimen, while the other three, C. princeps, C. Schiedei, and C. spectabile, are 'Free Ferns. C. Barometz is sometimes called the Vegetable Lamb, from its massive prostrate hairy stem. Cyathea. The members of this family consist for the most part of Tree Ferns, many of which are very rare. Two noble species for the conservatory are C. dealbata
:
include
way of A. Dregeana. Angiopteris evecta. The huge spreading fronds of this are pushed up from a swollen base, so that it never forms
something
in the
a tree-like habit. head of fronds will attain a diameter of 20ft., but of course it is very effective when much smaller than this.
Aspidium.
By some authors the Ferns grown in gardens under the names of Cyrtomium and Polystichum are grouped under the head of Aspidium, but they are here referred to under their better-known titles. Asplenium. An extensive group of fairly easy culture, the members of which in most cases push out their gracefully arching fronds from one central crown, thus forming a specimen of very regular shape. There are numerous kinds in cultivation, a few of the best being the following A. alatum, with prettily toothed oblong-shaped pinnae arranged on either side of a curiously winged stem. A. Bellangeri, in which the fronds are produced so regularly as to form quite a vase-shaped specimen. They are about i Sin. long, from 2in. to 3m. broad, twice divided, and of a bright cheerful green. A. bulbiferum, very handsome, the much-divided fronds bearing a great number of small plants on their tips. A. cicutarium, fronds very thin in texture, and of a particularly bright green. A. Colensoi, a compact, dense-growing plant
:
in the
way of A. bulbiferum, but smaller. A. dimorphum, with two different sorts of fronds. A. ebeneum, a compact
plant about ift. high, something like an enlarged form of the British A. Trichomanes. A. formosum, after
manner of the last, but with more divided leaflets. A. incisum, an upright plant ift. high, with the leaflets deeply cut. A. laserpitifolium, with extremely elegant much-divided fronds, which are iyd. long and I Sin. broad. A. longissimum, the fronds of this are 2ft. to 3ft. long and about 4-in. wide. The pinnae are arranged alternately on a conspicuous bla kish stem. A. Nidus, which has large leathery undivided fronds, borne in a regular manner, thus leaving a hollow centre ; it is from this circumstance known as the Bird's-nest Fern. A. obtusilobum, a dwarf Fern that pushes out long runners on which little plants are borne at intervals. A. rutaefolium, with very deeply-cut fronds. A. viviparum, the fronds of which are divided to the finest possible proportions, the plant being therefore of an exceedingly light feathery appearance, while the tiny
the
plants are in
some instances
at
least
thickly scattered
deciduous Fern, with spear-shaped fronds, and numerous leaflets divided into pointed segments. The stalks are reddish, while the fronds are of a greyish green hue. It reaches a height of ift. or more. Bird'S-nest Fern. See Asplenium Nidus.
Bleehnum.
Most of the Blechnums are vigorous Ferns, with either simple or once divided fronds. They succeed in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand, and grow rapidly, from which circumstance some of them are very popular. B. brasiliense is quite a miniature Tree Fern, with a stem
iyd. high, and when crowned with its massive once divided fronds it forms an imposing feature. The variety corcovadense differs from the type in the young fronds being bright red when young. B. glandulosum is a creeping kind with spear-shaped fronds l8in. in length,
The first-named, C. dealbata, is said reach a height of 40ft., but here it is seldom taller than 10ft. to 12ft. The fronds are of a bluish green colour above and silvery white underneath. C. medullaris is one of the most rapid in growth of Tree Ferns, and attains in its native habitats a height of 40ft., with spreading fronds 12ft. to 15ft. long. As C. dealbata is a native of New Zealand, and C. medullaris of the same district, and also of Norfolk Island, it follows that they The last-named is will both succeed in a greenhouse. valuable for decorations when small. Cyrtomium. Two species of Cyrtomium, both of which are natives of Japan, are valuable Ferns for the cool greenhouse, as they succeed better under such conditions than in heat. They are C. falcatum and C. Fortunei. Both have pinnate fronds about i8in. long, and of a stout leathery texture, the last-named being of a much deeper green than C. falcatum. Davallia (Hare's-foot Ferns). The Davallias form an ornamental class of Ferns, many having curious creeping rhizomes or stems which are particularly hairy, resembling the foot of an animal, hence the appellation of Hare'sThese foot Fern, as applied especially to D. canariensis. creeping kinds are better adapted for hanging baskets or They are not for rockwork than for growing in pots. deep-rooting subjects, therefore, if confined at all, widemouthed pans are more suitable for them than pots. Care must be taken not to bury the creeping stems, as this is very injurious to the plants. In most kinds the fronds are freely produced, and many of them from their firm, solid nature will remain fresh a long time when used in a cut The species are numerous, a few of the best being state. D. bullata, sometimes called the Squirrel's-foot Fern, from the curious appearance of its creeping stems, which The bright green are clothed with reddish brown scales. elegantly divided fronds are about ift. long, and freely produced. It succeeds perfectly in the greenhouse, but D. canariensis deciduous during the winter. is quite (Hare's-foot Fern) reminds one of the last-mentioned,
and C. medullaris.
to
occasionally
and
furnished
sickle-shaped
pinn*.
but is evergreen, and the fronds are as much as 1 Sin. long, D. dissecta is while their colour is a very deep green. a free-growing stove species about l|ft. high, the fronds D. elegans has being very finely cut and light green. also elegantly divided fronds, which are of a bright
359
360
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
shining green, 2ft. lung. In the variety polydactvlie the points of the fronds are distinctly crested. D. fijiensis is a vigorous kind, with bold arching fronds nearly lyd. long, and even more minutely divided than the preceding.
Filmy Ferns. Set Hymenophyllum. Flowering Ferns. Set Anemia and Osmunda.
Gleiehenia.
larly thin
feet,
Quite
distinct
class,
and of
There are
several
varieties,
that
known
as
plumosa
exceeding in grace the original species. D. fceniculacea has the habit of an Asplenium, and d >es not produce any creeping stems. The fronds, which are about 2ft. long, are divided as in the Davallias, and of a deep green tint. D. hemiptera is a creeping kind, with fronds only once divided, and from bin. to ill. long. It is a pretty little basket plant. D. Mariesi is in the way of D. bullata, but more slender. This is used by the Japanese to form wreaths, crosses, and other designs, which are sent to this country during the winter when dormant, and if placed in a warm house and kept moist they soon become a mass of delicate fronds. There is a crested variety of this. D. Mooreana is one of the most handsome decorative Ferns in cultivation. It has wide-spreading much-divided fronds of a pleasing shade of light green, while, owing to its rapid growth, it is in general demand for growing into large specimens. D. parvula is one of the smallest of cultivated Ferns, and a perfect gem. It has fronds about I in. long, with almost thread-like divisions. It is of a deli, ate constitution, and needs a shallow pan with a compost of peat, Sphagnum Moss, and sand, or it maybe allowed to creep along a piece of dead Tree Fern trunk ; ii should be covered with a bell-glass. In D. pentaphylla, the fronds are only once divided, about lit. long, and of a pleasing green. It is well adapted for a suspended b.tsket or Fern case. D. tenuifolia Veitchiana is of free growth, with long elegantly cut fronds, distinctly pendulous, thus rendering it a charming basket Fern for the stove. D. Tyrmani has silvery white scales on the creeping stems, and is thus readily distinguished from any other kind. The fronds, which are sparingly produced, are about bin. long. It is a good greenhouse Fern. Dicksonias amongst their The include Dicksonia.
the most noble, and certainly the hardiest, Tree Ferns. This is D. antarctica, a native of Tasmania, which has a particularly sturdy trunk, and a large number of wide-spreading fronds, usually disposed in an almost horizontal or partially drooping manner. In the more sheltered districts of the South and West of England and Ireland D. antarctica will succeed out of doors. In all stages, even when small, it is from its
of all
and wiry. They will attain a length of several and produce fronds at intervals throughout. Some of them have peculi.irly forked fronds and delicately cut leaflets. A favourite way of growing them is to train the long flexible shoots around a trellis or some other means of support, and when well furnished with fronds they present a charming mass of greenery. Give the plants a cool greenhouse temperature, and a soil composed principally of rough sandy peat. Good species are
:
G. circinata, G. Mendeli,
G. dicarpa,
(i.
flabellata,
Gold Fern. See Gymnogramma chrysophylla. Goniophlebilim. A small group, one species
G. subauriculatum,
is
In such a position the gracefully-disposed the stove. fronds will hang down for a length of 6ft. or even more. They are once divided, and from 6in. to ift. in width.
Gymnogramma.
grammas
that
Amongst
in
the
as
number
the
of
Gymnointerest
are
cultivation
greatest
known
Gold and
Silver Ferns,
which have their fronds completely covered with a yellow and white powder respectively. Some of them vary considerably when raised from spores, and on this account Most of them are easily the list of names is a long one. grown, the principal consideration being to see that they do not get syringed, or that there is no excess of surface
moisture, otherwise the powdered kinds lose much of their charm. selection of the best would include G. Calo-
number one of
great
profusion
of
fronds a valuable
decorative
Fern.
melanos, a bold-growing kind, with blackish stems and deep green leaves, powdered only on the under-side with pale \eliow; G. chrysophylla, completely covered with golden powder. There are several varieties of this, notably grandiceps, with large crested tufts, and Laucheana, a more compact plant than the ordinary form. G. decomposita is a bold-growing, finely-cut kind, with yellow powder. G. peruviana argyrophylla is completely covered with pure white powder. G. schizophylla gloriosa has long, delicately-cut fronds, which are seen to the greatest advantage in a suspended basket. G. Wettenhalliana is a densely crested form, covered with sulphurtinted powder. Hare's-fOOt Fern. See Daval lia canadensis. HymenophyUum. The llymenophyllums form a group
of
D. squarrosa and D. Youngi are both Tree Ferns, but not equal to D. antarctica.
filmy
all
or
transparent
Ferns,
very
distinct
class.
They
Didymochlsena truneatula
forms a short thick trunk, from which are pushed up fronds from 4ft. to 5ft. long They are divided differently and correspondingly broad. from most Ferns of large growth, being more like a The young fronds are of a bronzy gigantic Adiantum. This Fern succeeds tint, changing to a deep glossy green. in the greenhouse. Doodia. With one exception small-growing Ferns of firm texture, needing little more than protection from
need a shallow soil, which should consist of peat, chopped Sphagnum Moss, small pieces of sandA humid atmosphere stone, and some clean silver sand. absolutely necessary, and to ensure this they are is
usually
grown
greenhouse temperature is sufficient for them, but though so charming they can scarcely be recommended
robust
frost.
when
them
data,
I),
They are of easy culture, and especially valuable small for various decorations. Peat and sand suits
well.
The
D.
and
blechnoides, with fronds 2ft. long. Doryopteris. -Small or medium growing Ferns of easy
culture,
culture. A selection of the best and most would include H. caudiculatum, II. chiloense, II. crispatum, H. demissum, H. Forsterianum, H. nitens, H. tunbridgense, and II. Wilsoni. Hypolepis. A pretty class, most of which have creeping stems, from whence the fronds are produced. These are much divided and regular in shape. II. distans has fronds about ift. long, and in II. repens they are three
for general
simple
Lastrea. An
selection fronds are very distinct from many others. would include D. nobilis, with heart-shaped fronds in a young state, but as the plant develops they are more or
D. palmata has at first lobed fronds, which afterwards become deeply cut and slashed. D. sagittifolia, with fronds the shape of an arrow-head, is pretty and
less lobed.
distinct.
Drynaria.
soil
Curious
that
need a
wide.
extensive group with, for the most part, symmetrically-shaped fronds pushed up from one central crow n. They are of comparatively easy culture, and do not need special attention. A good selection is L. atrata, w ith bold arching fronds 2ft. to 3ft. long L. atrata variegata, the leafage of which is striped with yellow ; L. aristata variegata, with trapeziform fronds of a dark glossy green, and a whitish band down the centre of each leaflet L. decomposita, of easy culture, with much:
composed principally of sandy peat. D. has fronds from 3ft. to 4ft. long and I ft. to
diversifolia
I
divided fronds
ift.
or
more
in
length
L.
erythrosora,
Sin.
They
name
of quercifolia.
bronzy hue of the young leaves, L. lepida, which turn to a deep green when mature in which the fronds are once divided into exceedingly L. patens, i\ narrow and deeply-toolhed segments
remarkable
FERNS HARDY
fronds about 2ft. long Richardsi multifidum, fronds the divisions being 2ft. in length and gin. in width, all it forms a charming specimen. tasselled at the tips Nearly related to the Davallias indeed, LeilCOSteg'ia. L. immersa bears much resemblance to Davallia Mooreana, but instead of being evergreen it is quite deciduous. Lomaria. -A numerous class, found throughout the greater part of the globe, one species, L. spicant, being Most of them have fronds but a native of this country. once divided, and several form quite an erect firm stem. The best are L. aspera, a dwarf spreading plant with L. Boryana, long arching fronds about 6in. long pinnate and leathery fronds, borne on a stout stem 2ft. Cycas, indeed a variety is is almost like a high it known as L. zamirefolia L. ciliata has a slender trunk bin. high, crowned by a profusion of bright green fronds,
AND
EXOTIC.
as
35
plants
regular-shaped
plant
with
L.
useful decorative
Fern
;
6ft.
through
can be
Nephrodilim. -Nearly
of this
and the members most part plants of even growth, whilst they are very easily grown. N. Leu/.eanum has large fronds, sometimes 6ft. long, and forms a boldrelated to Lastrea,
group form
for the
looking
subject.
is
By
far
the
best
is
known member
of
which are fringed at the edges is one of the most handsome of all the Lomarias, forming a mass of bonds jit. or 4I1. high. The leaflets overlap one another, and are beautifully The colour, too, is of a particutoothed and crisped. L. gibba is one of the most popular larly bright green.
all
the
divisions
of
L. discolor bipinnatifida
Ferns, forming a
LygodJum.
Ferns, with long slender distinct twining (not creeping) shoots, which are mostly furnished L. dichotomum, with ample blight green leafage. L. japonicum, L. pahnatum, and L. scandens are all good. L. scandens is very popular.
Very
found wild throughout the greater part of the globe. Crested forms are very numerous in the case of this Fern, and in some this duplication occurs excessively. Nephrolepis. -A beautiful class of Ferns, many of which have long narrow fronds, in most instances only once divided. In some cases they are quite pectinate For planting on rockwork or comb-shaped. they are unsurpassed, while being naturally of an elegant drooping character they are well adapted for growing in suspended baskets. They also succeed perfectly in pots, in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand, and, while most of them need stove temperature, a few may be grown in the greenhouse. The best are N. acuta, with comb-shaped fronds 3ft. to 4ft. in length N. Bausei, an upright plant from lit. to I Sin. high, and with deeply cut leaflets totally unlike any of the others ; N. cordata compacta, very prolific in the production of its charming arched fronds N. davallioides, with particularly massive fronds iyd. long N. davallioides furcans, prettily crested
:
the group
N. molle, which
Maidenhair Fern.
Marattia.
Large
The
fronds pushed up from thick massive crowns. The fronds The are of considerable substance, and very distinct. plants are semi-aquatic, hence they need copious supplies
of water.
best
known
are
M.
alata,
M. Cooperi,
and M. fraxinea.
is
a strong, soft-growing
which
which are divided and subdivided in a striking manner N. exaltata, a combshaped kind, with very pointed leaflets, one of the most useful and popular of all N. philippinensis, the smallest of all, forms a dense tuft of upright fronds about I ft. high, and is popular for growing in small pots N. rufescens tripinnatifida, with broad massive leaflets deeply cut and slashed, thus forming a handsome specimen Iyd. or so high. The above are evergreen, except N. Bausei, which is totally deciduous, and produces small brownish tubers that must be kept moderately moist during the winter,
Duffi, the slender fronds of
;
N.
WOODLAND FERNS
362
Nothoehlrena.
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
very
GARDENING.
difficult
Very pretty delicate Ferns, some of which hear a certain resemblance to the Adiantums, but are covered more or less with meal as in the Gymnogrammas. They are sometimes called Gold and Silver Maidenhairs. A mixture of peat and small pieces of sandstone suits them best, and they need an open position where they will not be watered overhead. A selection would include N. chrysophylla, whose much
:
to obtain.
The
best of those
P.
in
general
cultivation
are
P.
alcicorne,
alcicorne
family,
majus,
P. grande, P.
llilli,
P. stemmaria,
and
P. Willincki.
large
and
varied
containing
quite simple fronds, while the bulk of the others are only once divided. great number of them have fronds of a particularly hard, leathery nature ;
divided fronds, less than ift. in length, are covered with a golden powder N. Eckloniana, with particularly dense leathery fronds clothed on the undersides with
;
N. Marantse, a cool house plant, the underwith reddish-brown scales N. Newberryi is a pretty little plant thickly covered with hairs varying in colour from white to pale brown N. nivea, a good deal in the way of N. chrysosilky scales
;
for decoration where exposed draughts. They are very difficult to classify, and opinions vary greatly as to their nomenclature. The plants that by one author are included in the genus Polypodium are perhaps by another split up under a dozen
sides
heads.
Most of them are of simple cultural requirements. those usually regarded as Polypodiums, a selection of the best would include P. aureum, with bold massive
Of
N. sinuata, with simple pinnate fronds 2ft. long and of a semi-pendulous nature, best grown in a suspended basket N. trichomanoides, somewhat in the way of the last, but with leaflets lobed and white underneath. Onyehium. Only two species of Onychium are in cultivation, and both are much admired because of their elegantly cut fronds. The first, O. auratum, pushes up a regular series of fronds from a single crown, as in some of the Asplenums. These fronds are I ft. or so long and about o,in. or loin. wide. It needs a stove temperature, while O. japonicum, on the other hand, is a plant for a cool structure, and is also a good Fern for the dwellinghouse. Unlike the other, this produces a number of creeping underground stems which push up fronds in various directions. It forms a bright mass ol shining green from ift. to I Sin. high. Osmiinda. The Royal or Flowering Fern (O. regalis) is a well-known British species, but there are two exotic kinds well worthy of cultivation. One is O. japonica corymbifera, a beautiful little dwarf plant with horizontally spreading fronds crowded and clustered at the tips. It is deciduous, while the other kind, O. palustris, is evergreen. It is something like a miniature form of the Royal f ern, hut the leaf stalks and young fronds are
;
one elongated terminal leaflet and a varied number of others the whole plant is of a beautiful glaucous lint, while the golden scales which
fronds, usually consisting of
;
clothe
feature
the
;
creeping
is
grown as a decorative plant, often under the name of Phlebodium aureum the variety glaucum has the bluish tint even more pronounced than
it
largely
in
1'.
;
shaped fronds
divided fronds
P.
its
long
diversifolium,
with once
;
the
;
Polypodiums from
Sin.
P. Griffithianum, with
to
leathery lance-shaped
pretty
fronds 6in.
long,
is
very
and easily grown P. lingua has simple fronds, pointed oblong in shape, and about 8in. or gin. long the variety corymbiferum is curiously crested and tasselled
;
P.
membranaceum forms
long,
a tuft of strap-shaped
thin
leaves
P.
iana,
iyd.
and
of
peculiar
as
texture
Meyenianum,
is
also
met with
;
Aglaomorpha Meyen-
known
bright crimson.
Pellsea.
Useful
in
.ill
decorative Ferns,
largely grown.
Many
the
of
stems, and
feature.
marginal
ol
cases on the
under-sides
the fronds
generic
Some of the Pellaeas are often grown under name of Platyloma. The most useful are
;
the
P.
atropurpurea, a variable kind, with bluish-tinted leaflets, brown in the centre P. cordata, with spear-shaped fronds and leaflets, the fronds ift or more in length P. falcata, the variety flexuosa has peculiar zigzag stems a low-growing Fern with long, narrow, once divided fronds; P. geraniajfolia reaches a height of about ift., the small, prettily divided fronds being borne on thin
;
;
stems a good greenhouse Fern; P. hastata, whose terminal leaflets are distinctly halbert-shaped, hence grows about l8in. high, and is excellent for its name
wire-like
a cool
house
fronds long, and furnished on either side with small leaflets P. ternifolia forms a tuft of slender
;
P.
rotundifolia,
the
drooping
fronds
ift.
long.
The
tint,
leaflets,
which
eautiful
glaucous green
Platycerium.
any other
as
The
members
of this
family are
unlike
stem the once divided leaves are about iyd. long, while the leaflets are 2in. wide, except on the upper part of the matured fronds when they are fertile, and in this state reduced to very narrow proporthe Platyceriums ; tions it needs the same treatment as P. nigrescens is somewhat after the manner of P. aureum, but the leaflets are narrower, and of a deep blackish green P. pectinatum, comb-shaped fronds 2ft. long, that bear a certain amount of resemblance to some of the Nephrolepis ; P. pilosellioides, a little dense-growing, freely-creeping kind, with simple egg-shaped fronds at P. pustulatum, with most not more than 3m. long simple fronds ift. long, on which the veins are beautifully traced it is one of the most accommodating of Ferns ; P. Schneideri, a beautiful hybrid kind, with Ironds more divided and less glaucous than P. aureum. Polystiehum. By some authors included in the genus Aspidium, but far more generally met with in gardens They are nearly all of under the name of Polystiehum. easy culture, and distinguished by regular-shaped, muchdivided fronds, arranged in a fairly symmetrical manner. The best are P. capense, which forms a tuft, 2ft. high, P. falciof much-divided, dark green leathery fronds nellum, whose fronds, from ift. to l8in. long, are of P. laserpitifolium, known also as Lastrea bright green Standishi, has large spreading fronds so much divided as P. mucronatum forms to be quite plumose in character a tuft of once divided fronds, remarkable for their curious sharp-pointed, almost iriangular-shaped leaflets ; P. setosum, a popular decorative kind, somewhat after the
stout, hairy, creeping
; ; ; ;
name
of Stag's-horn
manner
applied to them giving a good idea of the general The appearance of the massive, drooping, fertile fronds. barren ones are more or less erect, and in contour totally In a native state they grow on the unlike the others.
looser growth
P.
and similar positions hence under cultivation their manner of growth should be considered. They do well planted in the fork of a large dead branch If in a pot, remove or in a pocket made of virgin cork.
branches
of trees
;
P. triptriangular-shaped leaflets and drooping fronds teron has fronds divided into three, consisting of one large central division and two smaller ones at the base altothe pointed leaflets are much cut and overlapping
; ;
a portion of one side in order to allow the fertile fronds The compost most suitable for them is a to develop. mixture of peat and Sphagnum Moss, which must be kept Some kinds are moderately moist throughout the year.
gether a full-sized frond is about iSin. long, and of a P. tsus-sinense is a pretty little dwarf light green colour Fern, with elegantly-cut leaves, valuable for small pots P. vestitum forms a regular specimen l8in. high, and its divided fronds have an upward tendency. A widely distributed and extensive class of Ferns, Pteris. which are, as a rule, of easy culture, and contain amongst
; ;
3^3
364
their
THE
number decorative
than
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
them
better
plants of much value. Manv of are extremely graceful, and, as they resist draughts
health for years. Some species when raised from spores vary to an almost unlimited extent, hence distinct
common. In a good selection of Pteris the following are all worthy of a place P. arguta, a free, boldgrowing plant which has fronds Iyd. long, and borne on bright reddish brown stalks. P. argyraea, somewhat after the manner of the preceding, but more spreading, and each leaflet has a broad stripe of white down the centre it is one of the best of the variegated Kerns. P. biaurita, a robust Pern, stiffer and more upright in growth than either of the above. There is a variety marked with white as in P. argyraea. P. cretica forms a handsome
varieties are
:
very beautiful. It is sometimes called the Ribbon Fern, from the general appearance of the leaflets. The varieties are innumerable, among them being cristata, with beautifully crested fronds compacta, a little dense plant major forms a handsome specimen gracilis, with exceedingly narrow divisions of the fronds Regina, variegated leaved and Regina cristata, crested. P. tremula, a very popular Fern, pushes up its bold fronds in a regular way from a central crown. The fronds when fully developed are 3ft. to 4ft. long and 2ft. broad. There are several varieties, the most distinct being Smithiana, in which the fronds are very densely crested. P. tricolor is one of the most beautiful of variegated Ferns, but difficult to keep in good condition. It is rather dwarf, with leaves usually about
;
;
tult
of dark green
fronds.
It
long. When young the fronds are of a rosy red tint, 1 ft. but as they mature become marked with white, green, and purplish red, an uncommon combination. P. umbrosa
is
much grown
all
varieties
is somewhat in the way of P. cretica, but larger and more massive in all respects. P. Victoria? has narrow, prettily variegated leaflets. P. Winsetti is very free in growth, with fronds from I ft. to I Sin. long. It forms a compact and graceful Fern. Silver Fern. See Gymnogramma peruviana argvro-
phylla.
their (with
one
In they
exception)
the
in
finely
cut
and
very
delicate
fronds.
texture
of the
frond
and
other
particulars
resemble the Filmy Ferns, and, like them, must be kept a close case in order to maintain a constantly humid atmosphere. The exception just alluded to is T. barbara, also known as T. africana. This forms a short but massive trunk, from whence are produced large quantities of fronds 3ft. to 4ft. long and I ft. broad. The leaflets are quite leathery in texture, and of a bright shining green,
FERNS
HARDY
AND
T. T.
EXOTIC.
365
T. supsrba, which may lie taken as the type of the other section, forms a stem about lit. high, [nun which fronds are produced in great profusion. These fronds attain the length <>l yd. or so, and are from 6in. to o,in. wide. They are thrice divided and their leaflets are closely set. It is a charming Kern. Other species are T. Fraseri, T. pellucida, and T. plumosa. These belong to the Kilmy herns, and TricllOmaneS. differ from the Hymenophyllums previously alluded to only in botanical particulars, the same method of culture being available for both. One species, T. radicans, is the Killarney Kern. The princip.il kinds are T. alabamense, T. alatum, T. angustatum, T. auriculatum, T. Colensoi,
1
crispum, T. exsectum, T. maximum, T. parvulum, T. reni forme, T. tenerum, T. trichoideum, and T. venosum. Woodwardia. A small group of ornamental greenhouKe be made ol inu-l Ferns, of which especial mention
radicans,
W.
free-growing subject, with bonds 4ft. to to 2ft. broad, with bright sinning green suited for standing on a It is el leaflets. pedestal or some similar positio 1. \V. radii ans has long arching fronds, which bear sm II bulbils on their tips, They continue to grow and form uite effective plants u hile onic in contai still attached to the parent. )ir< v they with the soil they produce roots if their own.
orientalis, a
6ft.
[ft.
Selections of Ferns.
In order to
make Fern
we have given lists of the most Of course it would be impossible to grow all in may be chosen without fear of obtaining kinds
Alsophila australis A. excelsa A. pruinata
popular
a small
of
little
beauty or
difficult
to cultivate.
Lastrea aristata variegata
L. decomposita L. erythrosora L. lepida L. patens
Osmunda
bifera
japonica
corym-
Capillus- Veneris
euneatuni c. gracillimum
c.
Pellsea atropurpurea
P. falcata P. hastata
Asplenium alatum
A. bull iferum
1'acotti
decorum formosum
hispidulum scutum
P. rotundifolia P. ternifolia
A. A. A. A.
Colensoi
dimorphum
incisum
Nidus
L. discolor bipinnatifida
A. rutsefolium
Asplenium bulbifenm
A. Colensoi
Athyrium
pictum
Goringianum
corymbiferum
Cyrptomium falcatum
Davallia bullata
P. pustulatum
P. Schneideri
Blechnum glandulosum
Cheilanthes aurea C. elegans
C. farinosa Cibotium spectabile Cyathea dealbata C. medullaris Cyrtomium falcatum C. Fortunei Davallia bullata
Pteris arguta
r.
I',
argyraa
biaurita
b.
N. m. corymbiferum Nothochlsena Eckloniana N. Maranta? N. Newberryi Onychium japonicum Osmunda japonica corymbifera
I',
variegata
albo-lineata
P. cretica
P. P.
c. c.
Mayi
Mariesi
cristata
Ilexuosa
P. falcata
P. longi folia
P.
1.
P. geraniaefolia
P. hastata
T. rotundifolia
I',
L. patens
Lomaria aspera
L. ciliata L. discolor bipinnatifida
P. serrulata
s. s. s. s.
ternifolia
compacta
major
Poly podi u m a u re u m
P. a.
Nephrodium molle
N. m. corymbiferum Onychium japonicum
P.
glaucum drepanum
P. Griffithianum
P. lingua
1'.
1.
Osmunda
palustris
Smilhiana
corymbiferum
When
P. pustulatum P. Schneideri
a few
more
Polys'
ichum capense
Onychium japonicum
Polypodium aureum
Pteris argyrrea
1'. 1'.
P. falcinellum
P. laserpitifolium P. P.
mucronatum
setosum
cretica albo-lineata
Hymenophyllum
tum
H. chiloense
I [.
caudicula-
P. tsus-sinense
P. vestitum
P.
tremula
Nephrodium molle
Ptei
is
arguta
crispatum
P. argyrEea P. biaurita
P.
b.
variegata
albo-lineata
P. cretica P. P.
P.
c.
c.
unbridgense
H. Wilsoni
Hypolepis distans H. t pens
i
Mayi
incisa
P. longifolia
P.
1.
Mariesi
P. scabrula
366
FERNS
Ptcris serrulata
P.
1*.
HARDY
AND
EXOTIC.
brasiliense corco-
367
Trichomanes alatum
T. T. T. T. T. T. T. T.
angustifolium
Blechnum
vadense
Maratlia alata
s.
s.
cristata
M. Cooperi
M. fraxinea
coin pacta
P.
P.
P.
s. s.
major
Reginse
R. cristata
B. occtdentale
s.
exsectum
Cibotium Baromi
C. princeps C. Schiedei
P. tremula P.
t.
maximum
parvuluni radicans
Smilhiana
Davallia dissecla
T. T. T. T.
Fraseri
pellucida
plumosa
superba
Woodwardia
orientalis
Trichomanes alabamense
W.
radicans
Tree Ferns.
Alsophila atrovirens A. australis A. crinita A. excelsa A. Van Geerti A. pruinata A. Rebecca; Cibotium princeps
Cibotium Schiedei
C. spectabile
D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D.
[
elegans e. polydact)
fijiensis
f.
loe
plumosa
foeniculacea
he'miptera
Mooreana
Onychium
P.
a.
111a
aural urn
Platyceriuni alcicorne
jus
Cyathea dealbata
C. medullaris Dicksonia antarctica
I).
P.
grande
P. Hilli P.
P.
stemmaria
Willincki
diversifolium
Berteroana
Goniophlebium
latum
r
subauricu-
D. squarrosa D. Youngi
G y m n og a m m a Ca m e
an os
P.
Adiantum palmatum
A. peruvianum A. tenerum A. tinctum A. trapeziforme A. Williamsi Alsophila crinita A. Van Geerti A. Rebecca;
A. A. A. A. A. A.
G. chrysophylla G. c. grandiceps G. c. Laucheana G. decoi 11 posi ta G. peruviana argyrophylla G. schizophylla gloriosa G. Wettenhalliana Lastrea Richardsi multifida
P. P.
P.
T
(j
ft
11
11
P. pilosellioides
Poly stic h u
laxum.
P. tripleron
triangula
Lomaria Boryana
L. gibba
Pteris
trici ilor
osmundaceum
querci folium
P. Victorise
Lygodium dichotomum
scandens
Actiniopteris radiata
Anemia
adiantifolia
Adiantum aneitense
A. Bausei
A. Dregeana
A. Phyllitidis A. rotundifolia
assimile
cristatum
A. Birkenheadi A. caudatum
A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A.
Collisi
concinnum latum
Farleyense Fergusoni
Asplenium Bellangeri
A. A. A. A. A. A. cicutarium
Goniophlebium
latum
subauricu-
Gymnogramma
gloriosa
schizophylla
formosum
laserpitifolium
Anemia
rotundifolia
Henslowianum
lunulatum
Asplenium longissimum
Davallia bullata
macrophyllum
111.
striatum
D. dissecta
D. D.
fijiensis
f.
Woodwardia
radicans
Moorei
Blechnum
plumosa
SELAGINELLAS.
THE
Selaginellas are closely allied to the Ferns, and, as they succeed perfectly under similar
conditions,
are
extremely
S.
valuable
or
for
associating
as
with
it
them.
often
Some
called,
kinds
are
very
a
popular,
notably
Kraussiana,
plant
of
denticulata
is
which
greatly
2in.
forms
spreading,
surfaces,
Moss-like
for
quick
growth,
and
is
much
not
used
for
carpeting
in
bare
size,
edgings,
S.
and
similar
purposes.
The
mass
Selaginellas
vary
from the
20ft. or
for the
little
apoda, which
forms a
dense
more than
high,
to
the
more
whole
of S. Wildenovi. of
of culture
can be given
them.
some
of
them
will
succeed
is
The majority need stove treatment and a moist atmosphere, but still in a greenhouse. Most of them may be grown in shallow pans, and
in
where a
feature.
collection
brought together
this
way
it
may
be allowed to grow on
in
hanging
All
an additional feature.
soil,
the
more
fairly
with plenty
and a
humid atmosphere.
is
herewith given.
368
THE
S. africana
CENTURY
arranged
BOOK
in
OF
GARDENING.
manner, on stems
ift.
has
its
foliage
a dense frond-like
high.
S.apoda forms
ift.
high.
in
S.
atroviridis,
dark
metallic
green,
high.
pushed out
of
regular
central crown,
being thus
minor.
S.
from
most
tufted
the
others.
its
small form
known
as S.
caulescens
cuspidata, a
kind, produces
plant, with
all,
of S. caulescens.
branches
and
of a bright green.
of the Ferns.
and
is
largely
grown
for the
same purposes
as
is
some
S.
remarkable
S. flabellata,
is
S. grandis
remarkable
all
the Selaginellas.
S. inaequalifolia
high.
S. involvens, a
it
pushes out
all
Kraussiana, a
of
universal favourite,
grown by thousands
many
is is
nurseries.
Its
trailing
stems are
of a golden hue,
and
in
and
its
broad
S. Martensi, a freely
branched kind
9m. to ift. high, very easily grown, and popular as a decorative The variety variegata has white foliage interspersed with green. S. Poulteri is a small
S.
rubella,
ift.
high,
has
as
when
S.
serpens, also
known
SELAGINELLAS.
S. variabilis,
36q
is
so called from the changes that take place in the colour of the leaves at different
It
times of the day, being sometimes rich green, and at others almost white.
is
of a flattened
in
S.
umbrosa
its
is
often
of S. cassia,
foliage.
slender stems
trail to a
length of from
ft.
to 2ft.,
and are furnished at intervals on either side with regularly shaped frond-like branches.
in a
It is
also
very beautiful
hanging basket.
forms
S.
to a height of
from
2ft. to 3ft.,
its
wide spreading branches being thickly clothed with large leaves from the others.
It
of a
distinct
handsome specimen.
is
S. Wildenovi,
under the
name
of S. cassia
in
arborea,
2ft.
large
flattened
some cases
S. uncinata.
;
The few
that
may
be successfully grown
at
the
same
S.
grow equally
not,
as well
in
the stove
Kraussiana and
Selaginellas
varieties, S. Martensi,
and
S. Poulteri.
difficult
are
except
in
few instances,
to
to
manage,
as
they creep
about
fresh
in
a free
green
growths.
It
Kraussiana are
not quite,
here
referred to.
hardy, and
hardy Fernery
or
rock
moist and not too exposed to the sun, otherwise the plants would be quickly burnt
is
up.
S. Kraussiana
all,
and
in
will
A narrow border
the
of this in a
suburban garden,
in
common
every
way
happy companionship.
If
370
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
is
plant
houses where
large
planted, or rather dibbled in the soil in the pots, as then they form
and
bright, for
when once
established they
is
grow
rapidly.
Selaginellas
may
PALMS.
FEW
stili
classes
of
plants
have
advanced
so
much
in
popularity
within
the
last
few
years as the different Palms, particularly those that form light and graceful specimens while
young.
leaf
suitable
soil
for
of two-thirds
They need plenty of water at all times of the year, both at Large plants may be grown in comparatively small pots, but in the roots a ad overhead. many Palms the roots, though few, are of a deep descending nature, and much given
third
to
curl
of
lifted
the
up,
pot.
This
sometimes
the
of
goes
on
to
to
such
at
an
the
extent
sides,
that
the
of
earth
is
thus
allowing
great
a
water
the
is
escape
and
will
the
plant
in
consequently
a
suffers.
A
for
many
Palms
enumerated
kinds
are
below
here
succeed
greenhouse,
omitted
but
necessary.
sufficient
Many Palms
have
been
necessarily
from
the
but
named
for the
first.
Areea.
all
The members of this genus have prettily divided leaves even when young, and are very popular. The best known are A. Baueri, A. lutescens, A. monostachya, A. rubra, A. sapida, and A. Verschaffelti. CaryOta UreriS. A very distinct
Palm requiring stove temperature. Chamcerops exeelsa, Fm-tunei, and humilis are all Fan Palms that
are nearly hardy.
COCOS.
universal
favourite
Corypha
will
australis.
This,
which
succeed in quite a cool greenhouse, has fan-shaped leaves, the stems of which are furnished with
hooked
spines.
Doemonorops. Exceedingly
Palms
pretty
young, the much divided leaves being of a rich green. Require a stove. Geonoma. Warm house Palms that differ greatly from each other, the best being G. gracilis. The most popular class ot KGIltia.
when
Palms in cultivation, two species, K. Belmoreana and K. Forsleriana, being grown in immense numbers
for decorations.
Latania borboniea
in-
commerce,
I',
but
in
beauty
P.
it
is
greatly surpassed
rupicola,
by
reclinata,
and
P. tenuis.
is
Rhapis flabelliformis
Japan, and greenhouse.
of
a native
in
does
well
37'
IN
be generally admitted that shrubberies do not form one of the most beautiful features
English gardens.
IT an
All
of
many
Who
in
is
should be swept
of
away
by shrubs
of
infinitely greater
charm and
interest.
One
has at
command
host
beautiful
shrubs adapted to different places and positions, some unfortunately rarely seen.
rule so neglected
Their size
in a
measure protects
But the
of.
now open
to the planter
is
far
that lasted through several decades in the middle of this century, resulted in
in
our park's and gardens, with the result that the deciduous
have been sent tons from the North temperate regions have never been adequately
I
represented.
may
the Cherries,
Trees, Alders, and Walnuts of North Asia; the Limes of Eastern Europe; the Zelkowas and
It
is
lists
much to bring their value and that of many others into greater prominence. However choice and beautiful our plants may be, little is gained if their arrangement and treatment arc unsuitable. A common fault in planting shrubs is that of simply filling up the space,
regardless of artistic effect or association.
to effect,
Every
tree or
view
of its
own
flowers, or to intensify
372
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
associated.
May
be
it
is
merely
to serve as a shelter
background.
and dotting
The monotonous effect of most shrubberies is due to an about of a small number of things repeated ad nauseam.
of
indiscriminate mixing
one variety
or
species,
The beauty
is
of all plants,
in
naturally greater
this
when they
are represented
arrangement
soil, etc.),
Scotch Rose,
Cherry Laurel.
it
The dimensions
is
of a
group
size
of the
species of which
or
a single group
in
and colour.
The
following
may
be mentioned as
examples:
Prunus Pissardi, with an undergrowth of the yellow-leaved Cornus Spathi Hamamelis arborea (Witch Hazel), grown as low standards rising out of a mass of the white Mezereon (Daphne). These flower together in the early part of the year. Such
as
a
plants
Forsythias,
of
Almonds,
Holly,
Peaches,
etc.,
which
flower
early,
should,
if
possible,
have
The evergreen Barberry Holm Oak, or other evergreen. (Berberis Aquifolium) and Jasminum nudiflorum make a charming combination, the sprawling yellow-flowered branches of the Jasmine making a bright contrast to the purple-tinted foliage of the Barberry. Shrubs of spreading habit like Philadelphus (Mock Orange), Weigelas, and
background
things.
Trees
or
golden
when
a certain restraint
is,
must be observed
of
in
their use.
Pissardi, as
foliage
green,
plants
with
coloured
TREES
In
AND
SHRUBS
IN
GARDEN
AND
WOODLAND.
373
planting
new
a
by obtaining
to
the nursery.
of
soil
in
Most
trees,
bear trans-
portation
fibrous
safely
to
denuded
for
roots.
some days, must have very the nursery must be carried out,
and
it
But, as
is
furnishing a
new garden
A
careful
in
many have learnt by experience, less when such plants are obtained
;
Planters should,
they should
with long
in
all
trees
to
be
noticed
one place
Importance of Trees and Shrubs on Their Own Roots. In selecting hardy trees and shrubs, give preference to those on their own roots. Grafting and budding are undoubtedly valuable and necessary means of increase, but they have been abused. Grafted Conifers
are
invariably shorter
lived
and
less
vigorous
to
than
those
raised
from
seed, and
grafted
shrubs generally
require
constant
watching
.
keep down
suckers from
the stock.
The
Deodars worked on Larch, Evergreen Oaks on deciduous ones, Cotoneasters and Rubuses on Thorn, Lilacs and Philyreas on Common Lilac or Privet,
and, indeed,
or
all
the
separated
in
habit
relationship.
EVERGREENS.
of
No
the
class of foreign
character
our
gardens so much
as the hardy
The only native evergreen trees of Yew, Box, and Holly. The number of native evergreen
evergreens.
is,
Heath family,
of
of course,
are
of
usually
dwarf.
the
Bamboos
Northern
J l
AKK, MAIDSTONE.
374
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Asia
the glorious race of Rhododendrons that horticulturists (mostly British) have obtaineJ
of
the
America
these
Yet
this
in
knew
not.
spite of
it
all is
the wealth
surprising
evergreens available,
raised
country,
the
are neglected.
Common
an entire group
its
its
Few
its
and
Grown
and
brilliant
it
Common
Laurel
or
is,
not,
remember,
other
when
things.
of
is
twice
year,
or
jammed up with
one
of the
may
many
Berberis stenophylla
B.
most graceful
is
and free-flowering
hardy evergreens
Darwini, too,
in
sheltered
in
spots
charming.
The value
the
Common
the
There are
their
fruits.
In
soils
free
from
The
them.
exists
gardens)
but
justifies special
mention
of
Upwards
of
fifty
are
now
in
cultivation,
of
owing
to
the
similarity
of
that
between several
of
inferiority
others,
in
about half
these
only
evergreens
in
ordinary gardens.
They
shrubby
Their
No hardy
of
evergreens
exceed
very
or
;
few,
indeed,
equal
these
beauty
form,
luxuriance of
in
leafage,
bright
colour in winter-time.
all
midwinter
but to
show
Trees
must be
also a
in
and
A
shrubs
position
in
garden
and
woodland.
and east winds
is
375
vigorous health.
rich soil
;
is
important,
It
deep
a
very simple.
frequently
or later.
or
is
chiefly
matter
of
abundant water
in
and
manure.
;
The mistake
proper time
is
is
made
of
the
May
Another
species hut
into
that of
planting
apart.
promiscuously.
of
Each
plant
each
should
stand
well
This
not
only
is
allows
result
free
and graceful
underground
plants,
development,
stems
running
prevents
the
of the
each
of
other.
To those who
species
are
of
unacquainted
as
with
these
the
A.
the
following
in
selection
a dozen
of
may
be
use,
representing
best
and
hardiest
the
neigh-
bourhood
A.
London:
japonica
auricoma (both
Phyllostachys
Henonis,
Boryana,
P.
viridi-
glaucesens, P. nigra,
P.
Although a few Conifers are deciduous, such as the Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo), Taxodium distichum, the Golden Larch (Pseudolarix), and the true Larches, the great bulk
of this
family
is
evergreen.
It
comprises,
indeed,
the
only hardy
evergreens which,
in
BEECH WALK
the the
large
IN
stature
and
bulk, rival
the
Common
Juniper,
Scotch
the
whole
of
the
are
exotic.
The extreme
popularity of
Conifers,
which was
at its height of
about
years ago,
of the
gardens and
park's
this
country with
what
only
are
to
now
in
many
instances magnificent
specimens.
To
realise
in
many gardens
our
climate
Pines,
Firs,
376
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
America and Japan, many
of
which
ill-adapted to general
and
can
in
only be
grown
or
advantage
certain
soils
localities.
When
perly
judiciously
used,
pro-
selected
and
planted,
the
in
the
whole range
is
more stately and picturesque than the Cedar of Lebanon. How much we of the present day owe to those who, a century and more ago, planted
this
tree
so
abundantly
illustrations
In
in in
this this
country,
the
some
localities,
North
Britain,
certain
Douglas
Fir,
pro-
mise to be
In
of value
as timber trees.
Selecting
use
a
of
Conifers
study
planted
for
purely
garden
should
in
be
made
the
species
The
all
failures
light
dry
soil,
but
the
Lawson
well.
in
succeed
are
In
high).
Nearly
poor
all
the
Pines
happy
as
gravelly
P.
ground.
muricata,
localities
exposed to
sea-winds,
tin
Monterey
Austrian
Cypress,
Pinus
insignis,
well
as
Pines,
Cedars,
Larches,
Abies
nobilis
and
A. Pinsapo,
is
Maidenhair
Tree,
Lawson
Cypress,
Thuja
The Conifer family is especially noteworthy for the polymorphous character species. The well-known Retinosporas are generally nothing more than
of
many
forms,
existence as a the
genus.
however,
the
botanical
phase
the
matter.
What
itself
in
concerns
in
majority
more
same
in
tendency to
variation
in
that
has shown
the
numerous coloured
varieties
now
gardens, as well as
is
growth.
into
tall
stately tree,
The Common Spruce (Picea excelsa) numerous dwarf forms only a few feet The Lawson Cypress again has assumed
except a
in
prostrate
one.
A
itself
blue-
white
or
glaucous
in
most
For
conspicuously
the Blue Spruce (Picea pungens glauca) and Cedrus atlantica glauca.
the
golden
variety
;
of
the
Common Yew
and several
is
the
Lawson Cypress
IN
of
Monterey Cypress.
evergreens have added so greatly to the
is
WINTER. Although
gardens
in
full
of
beauty
TREES
then;
AND
SHRUBS
IN
GARDEN
AND
WOODLAND,
in
377
Indeed,
not,
it
is
and
as occasionally
of
Fir.
One
of
admires the
rugged strength
detail
against
we
miss then
is
that of colour
their
bark-
November
extensively
not
in
to
brighten
the
garden
with
and
the
fruits.
so
as
the
beauty
of
silvery trunks
the Birch
has
been overlooked by
the
colour effects
they
produce
our
the short
species
in
winter days.
the
clear
The Canoe
its
(Betula
papyrifera)
trees that
exceeds even
native
whiteness of
varieties
of
Other
Salix
vitellina.
striking Willow,
Salix daphnoides,
its
bark-
in
grown
in
for
colour effects
should
be
planted
in
masses and
pruned
hud every
o ten
to
year,
early
March.
them, but by
far
the best
Rubus
bitlorus,
name
of
R.
leucodermis.
Then there
bark'.
are the
It
Cornus with
in
bright green
is
scarcely
necessary
repeat
planted
that
all
these
shrubs
should
be
water's edge.
Turning
to
the
trees
and
shrubs
with
is
unfor-
many
of
of the finest
most
the
Thorns)
Birds,
too,
of
play
havoc with
in
many
hard
them, especially
Still,
weather.
the
menSea-
this connection
Buckthorn
crowding
obtain
(Hippoplue rham
orange
berries
noides), with
the
branches
plants
to
t
to
fruits
of
both
;
sexes
have
be
o
grown
Cotoneaster
remaining
till
m en t o s a
genus
condition
tine
March
Hollies, especially
the
yellow-berried
one
the
Snowberry
Pyracantha
(Symphoricarpus
and
fruits
whose
scarlet
e d
must be
b
i
protect
fro
its
retain
their
space,
Vitis
heterophylla
and
the
Hop-
silver
fir,
abies nobilis.
378
THE
variety are
often
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
of
leaved
the
wealth
of
turquoise-blue
The
Few
beauty the
Spindle-tree
(Euonymus) when
A Winter GARDEN.
in
There
1
seems
to
be room for a
new
feature in gardens
at least,
ground
or
gardens
of fair size.
This
may term
that
is,
a piece of
specially prepared
for trees,
shrubs, bulbs,
or, indeed,
November
to the
end
of
February.
we
should need a
fertile,
Some
to
of the trees
fruit or
bark
have alluded
If
already.
The following
in
list
them together
may
still
be of use to those
who wish
their gardens to
season.
November
Arbutus
Daphne Mezereon
Hamamelis virginica, Jasminum nudiflorum, December and January Chimonanthus fragrans and varieties, Clematis calycina, Crataegus monagyna variety prrecox (Glastonbury Thorn), Erica mediterranea hybrida, E. carnea and E. carnea alba, Garrya elliptiea, the Laurustinus. February and early March Berbens nepalensis, Cornus Mas, Corylopsis spicata, Daphne Blagayana, D. Laureola, D. Mezereum and variety alba, and D. oleoides, Erica mediterranea, Forsythia suspensa, Hamamelis arborea, H. japonica, H. mollis (the best), and H. Zuccariniana, Primus Davidiana, P. Amygdalus variety persieoides (the earliest Almond), Pyrus japonica, Rhododendron altaclarense, R. dauricum, R. Nobleanum, and R. praecox. A little later come
phylla, E. pungens (all three delightfully fragrant),
: :
and
Gorse.
last
F.
viridissima,
Pieris
(or
Andromeda) floribunda
in
and
P.
japonica,
and
Common
The
in
group
may
;
be said to usher
of
the
hardy trees
March
the
in
till the end of June. The zenith is reached number sadly diminishes. It is between Julv
number
in
been made
fairly
till
recent years.
list;
Of
is
in
have given
complete
:
here
August
October
Caryopteris Mastacanthus,
if
the
;
number
shoots
is
reduced early
in
the season so as to
(this
and
numerous
L.
varieties are
in
warm
localities),
bicolor
and
Sieboldi,
virginica,
Tecoma
polifoiia,
(a
very pretty
Clerodendron
trichotomum.
it
Fortunately the
is
plants
shall
to
them more
our
than to woody
vegetation
that
we
probably
always
have to look
to
brighten
AUTUMN COLOURS.
effects
to
In
Britain
it
is,
apparently,
impossible
to
obtain
the
colour
that
make
the
autumn vegetation
fail
of
North
America so
glorious.
Even
and
trees that
colour.
Still,
we
of
autumnal
as
of
livery
crimson,
ordinary
purple,
interest
scarlet,
in
gold.
:
following
may
be mentioned
more than
this
connection
The The
379
Copyright.
"COUNTRY
LIFE."
3&'o
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
American Red and Scarlet Oaks; the Tupelo, bronzy red; Carya tomentosa, yellow (one of the most remark-able of American trees) Ulmus pumila, an Asiatic Elm which has
;
lovely yellow
(
Celtis
;
occidentalis
and
Zelkowas,
yellow
the
Golden Larch
Maples
;
Pseudolarix)
Ginkgo
of the
in
Betula corylifolia,
orange yellow.
best
Among
scarlet,
shrubs
so
few
are:
that
Berberis
Thunbergi, which
it
dies
off
a
in
rich
and
is
beautiful
autumn
on some estates
great
may enjoy
its
Ghent Azaleas,
Rhus
of
;
purple and red; Enkianthus, scarlet and crimson; Fothergilla, rich red;
Vacciniums
cotinoides,
all
shrubs
autumn
colour
R.
R. typhina,
R. glabra,
Toxicodendron
(the
poison
Euonymus
alatus, crimson.
Among
son
;
climbers
Vitis
V.
Romaneti
the
Veitch's
called
mural is,
clings
to
without
;
any
artificial
support
Lonieera
red-purple.
japonica
flexuosa,
cer-
tain
m on nt
of
mystery
years
the
attends the
of
autumn colouring
trees.
Some
most
On
the
species,
in
not
usually
conspicuous
the matter of
autumn
coloured.
tints,
beautifully
bright
summer
appear
rich
soil
most favourable.
is
TRANSPLANTING.
most important items.
of
In
the
its
cultivation of trees
one of the
welfare
Upon
proper performance
much
best
of
the
future
the
the
subject.
Two
in
questions
general
must be considered,
the
time and
in
proper
or late
method.
spring.
Evergreens
Hollies
may
autumn
renewed growth.
May, and not before they give evidence of that class of evergreens with a compact
and shrubs
is
mass
of fibrous
care,
May.
The most
work
can,
as
rule,
early spring.
Tulip-tree
are.
TREES
exceptions
like
AND
SHRUBS
IN
GARDEN
AND
WOODLAND.
at
381
the
the
root
until
there
is
evidence of
new growth
that
is
to say,
not before
May.
soil
in
In shifting a
plant from one place to another preserve the fine fibrous roots (w hich are
be shifted as w
difficult to
ell,
If
portion of the
in
but,
except
often
The
a
however,
of
In
removing
large
trunk"
deciduous tree or
to
dug
round
it
far
reach
its
small
Then carefully and gradually work the soil away with a fork', and preserve the Where the tree is again to be Lay damp mats over them w hilst they are exposed. planted, a hole should be prepared large enough to allow of the roots being spread out evenly Care should be taken to break up the soil finely, round, and to their full extent. all In heavy land, too, deep especially that which comes immediately in contact with the roots.
roots.
STANDARD WISTARIA.
planting
to
is
a reat evil
in light
sandy
given,
soil
the
ill-effects
safe rule
2in.
is
not
of the
or
3m.
help
A
to
thorough
watering
is
should
and
as
summer
varies
approaches
an
additional
transplanted trees
manure.
of
The amount
held.
in
It
of care to
be yiven
to
in
transplanting
the
and
in
afterwards,
course
are
the
process and
estimation
which
not
particular
ones
may
be
said,
size
have
long
remained undisturbed,
is
should
risk'
if
possible
to the
be
touched.
However
performed, there
tree having to be
always
is
a certain
attached
operation.
it
When
is
the fact of a
removed
to
soil.
known
a sufficient
it
time beforehand,
the previous
to
fill
inter
off
this
with
new
The
ultimate removal
safer
and
easier.
When
planting
previously
unbroken
important
that
it
382
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
RHODODENDRONS AT
should
W A NMORE
of
HOUSE, HAMPSHIRE.
2ft.
Single
ones, should
never be put
unless,
of
in
holes (as
is,
hold their
roots,
course,
the
to
ground
root
in
Sufficient
in
ground should
the better.
be
The more,
important.
In
fact,
PRUNING.
Whilst not
is
in
itself
is
pruning
twofold.
He wants
in
shape and
and
also,
may
To consider
does not arise.
first
the practice
when
the
Elms,
Oaks, Beeches,
primer's aim
in its
is
some
of
or
variegated foliage.
With
all
these the
which
true beauty.
perfect tree must have a clean straight trunk, the axis from which
but height in
itself is a
source of danger
will
that
is,
or three centuries
are
The
Sequoias of Western North America, which are of immense size and age, occur
valleys and
sheltered
groves or forests.
unforked, consisting of one straight clean axis from which only minor ramifications extend.
is
what we have to aim at in the treatment of If we want noble trees and secure against isolated specimen trees in parks and gardens.' storms, the forking of the main trunk- must be prevented. If this should occur low down, the crown of the tree becomes divided into two halves, and during storms the swaying inevitably starts a crack' at the fork by means of which water, and ultimately fungoid parasites, enter the Thus the first stage towards its destruction is reached. heart of the tree. have repeatedly seen such trees, especially Beeches, rent in two by wind, and one half brought to the ground. The first thing, therefore, in pruning a young tree is to obtain a well-defined leading shoot; and
from these giants that
obtain a hint of
I
we
is
under control, or
until
TREES
species, this should
in
AND
its
SHRUBS
IN
GARDEN
AND
WOODLAND
maintained.
this country,
383
have
rival leaders
in
Some
in
trees
which
no doubt
an unsuitable climate or
a
taller,
soil, to
Much
and
take
to
may
this
be done to induce
the
crowded
branches
care
considerably
shortening
back'
those
are
in
left.
Whether
cultivators will
which particular trees are held.' Pruning Flowering Shrubs. Here the end desired is quite different. Some shrubs, indeed, never need be touched with the knife, as, for instance, evergreens and those shrubs
trouble depends, of course, on the esteem
form
clear,
well-defined
in
stems,
like
Rhododendrons
or
Halesias.
or
Whenever
it
is
to space,
is
334
THE
CENTURY
BOOR OF
GARDENING.
choked up with
after flowering
is
old,
half-dead or
again the
its
All these are apt to become weakly growths, which should be removed. Immediately best time. Take Philadelphus Lemoinei as an example. To see this
lovely shrub at
best, the
new growths
be
ft.
or
more
long,
By
this
treatment
wands wreathed with fragrant bloom The worst of flowering wood alone.
practised)
is
commonly
the
in
is
fact, treating a
much
same
as
if
it
were
Privet hedge.
is
As a
rule,
branches
should be avoided.
A
back'
judicious thinning
in
what
needed.
fact,
all
necessary,
be
cut
previous
year's
wood.
Such
plants,
for
example, as Spirals
groups where
of the
its
may
all
grown
in
beds or
is
is
The
best time to
prune
this class
growth begins
as a rule
in
February
so
as to allow as long a
season of growth
as
possible.
grow
rapidly,
may
be
Bearing some
is
that of the
old
trees.
botanical
interest
more veterans which either for associations that belong the to them are precious to their
owners.
one
of the
of old
like )ur native Oak', are picturesque in decay. At any rate, commonest applications made to tree experts is for advice as to the preservation The two more immediate causes of premature decay are starvation at the trees.
Some
trees again,
root
and
root
injury
close
Horse
Chestnut
often
that
the
surface
of
the
soil
quite
a
differently to
the
Oak
may
short
is
be
invigorated by
Artificial
covering the
ground
with
few
inches
it
of
good
soil
or
manure.
great
provided
are
is
thoroughly done,
seen
another
furnished
help.
foliage
Trees
crowns
in
of
branches
frequently
thinly
with
To
restore
it
in
may
but
be reduced by pruning out and shortening back' branches here and there,
of the tree.
some
will
old
in
trees in a
sickly
state
can
certainly
be rejuvenated
this
way.
It
is
of
no value
those like
our
Common Oak,
are amongst
which
break from
old
wood.
Oaks
Old trees with insecure branches can often be preserved from mutilation by storms
the main branches are fastened together or to the trunk.
if
The common
iron
is
practice of putting
The
better
way
is
a hole
side.
is
bored
In this
way
the weight
fit
is
sufficient bark,
be
allowed to
New
bark
and instead
is
of
an ugly iron
collar
wood
aid
be
removed
should always be
sawn
off
When
a stump,
TREES
AND
SHRUBS
is
IN
GARDEN
the
AND
bark'
WOODLAND.
385
left,
new
for
or twice
the
new
up
bark"
has closed
over,
Trees decayed
but by
in
the centre,
all
with
in
only
the
an outer layer
healthy
wood, are,
course, doomed,
filling
life
holes
early stages of decay, and thus keeping out moisture, their term of
by many years.
This,
holes
tight
if
Holes
oak
left
on a level with the bark, will often enable the latter to close over the hole. be
filled
Large
may
WE
article of
will
to
in
host of flowering trees and shrubs, and evergreens also, are rarely used
is
in
for
one sees there trees and shrubs utterly unsuitable for their
of
leaf,
possessing neither
beauty
flower,
nor
jammed
together
way
to
destroy
all
characteristic growth.
Of
recent years
in
many
in
be considered
planting
is
well
it,
in
of sufficient size to
group
is
Be
not
is
The
excellent.
little
One
consideration as to their
is
frittered
away.
386
:7
The
trees
and
shrubs,
it
that
is,
the
group
which
loses
its
foliage,
in
many
of great
baauty, and
Is
is
large
measure depen
for
rich
effects
seasons,
even
in
winter,
when
space
make
rich
pictures
varieties
as
small
as possible, without,
is
Abelia
ehinensis. This Chinese species is the only thoroughly hardy kind amongst the half-dozen species of ll forms a neat, freelyAbelia that are in cultivation. branched little shrub, that reaches a height of 2ft. to jft. The small pointed leaves about lin. long are bright green, and the pretty pink tubular-shaped blossoms are borne They do not open in clusters at the point of every shoot. all at on e, but a succession is maintained from the end It is propagated of July until September is well advanced. from cuttings of the current season's shoots, taken in They must August, and dibbled firmly into sandy soil. be placed in an ordinary garden frame, and kept close Another name for A. ehinensis and shaded till rooted. is rupestris. Other species of much charm are A. flori-
decoration, from w hich circumstance they are by many considered tender, but such is not the case, as they are
perfectly hardy.
that
is
not
bunda and A. triflora, but these are tender. AceP. The Maples form a large group, consisting principally of trees remarkable for their handsome foliage rather than flowers, and including the different forms The flowers are for the most of Sycamore too.
peculiarly-shaped seed-pods which succeed them, and popularly known as keys, are decidedly attractive. To one section at least of Acer the term tree does not apply, for this group is quite
part
insignificant,
parched up at any season, and a situation somewhat sheltered from high winds, but at the same time quite The best open to light and sunshine, suit them best. Atropurpureum, leaves of these Japanese Maples are rich purple-crimson; dissectum, very finely cut ; flavescens tinged yellow ; involution, the edges peculiarly turned inwards; linearilobum, leaves cut into strips; roseum marginatum, leaves small, green, edged with rose sanguineum, bright red septemlobum, so named from its seven lobes.
:
A.
pennsylvailiCUm. A tree 20ft. high or so, with a spreading head, well furnished with large lobed leaves.
The prominent
green, striped
is
it
feature of this
Acer
is
is
but
the
also
is
known
A. canadense
This section comprises the different forms of shrubby. polymorphum or palm 'turn, which are called A. The commoner Maples collectively Japanese Maples. are readily raised from seeds sown as s i as ripe in prepared beds in the open ground, and covered with about Where a few of one kind only are needed lin. of soil. the seed may, if preferred, be sow n in pans or boxes. The
of
A. platanoides.
ornamental
This
that
is
tree,
will
choicer forms are grafted or budded on to seedling plants the commoner kinds, the typical Acer palmatum
more. There are many and others with cut leaves. The varieties of this are Columnare, cucullatuni, globosum, hccrophyllum variegatum, laciniatum, palmatum, purpurtum, Reitenbachi, rubrum, undone of the most beautiful of all Schwedleri, its colouring is the young leaves of which are quite red
;
Norway Maple,
reach a
being used as a stock on which to graft the innumerable Grafting of the larger kinds forms of Japanese Maples. is performed, as in the case of fruit trees, in the spring, while budding is carried out in August. The Japanese Maples must after grafting be kept close under gtess, the stocks being generally grown in small pots for the purpose. Side grafting in early spring is the method usually employed. Grafting is, however, a great evil. The trees
The common Sycamore is known A. PseildO-platanUS. to everyone as a quick-growing ornamental tree, and among its many varieties are alba variegata, Leopoldi, which has leaves mottled with red and white, atroSycamore, and purpurea, a very handsome purple purpurea, with purple foliage.
A.
rubrum
and borne
still
{Scarlet
Maple).
The name
of
rubrum
(red)
own
roots.
A
A.
with
would include
to 40ft.
in
dasyearpum.---A
deeply-cut
30ft.
in
height,
most forms silvery It is a native of the United States, and under-sides. very popular there as an ornamental tree. In the variety laciniatum the leaves are more deeply cut than those of This species has many svnonvms, such as the tvpe. A. palmatum, A. saccharinum, A. Douglasi, A. rubrum, and others. This is a familiar tree in A. NeglindO {Ash leaf iVi'aple). gardens, especially its variegated form, which is extremely ornamental, but must always be planted judiciously, as its variegation is very distinct and effective. All trees and shrubs with pronounced foliage must be planted with
leaves,
and
such numbers early in the spring on the branches that on a bright day the tree seems to glow w ith colour. A. rubrum has eleven synonyms in the Kew hand list. are Its recognised varieties
in
leafless
Maple). The leaves of this It less glaucous underneath. forms a large wide-spreading tree of considerable interest,
{Stti>ar
saccharinum
and more or
it
owing
States
is
the Sugar
Maple
of the United
and Canada,
its
manufacture of sugar.
Amur
kinds,
river,
A small tree from the with lobed leaves, smaller than those of other
the
but
in
autumn changing
to
before falling.
is spotty. Variegata has green an.l whitish leaves, which are pleasing when associated with trees or shrubs having dark-coloured foliage. It may be used even in shrub form, being cut down each year. Grow it upon its own roots. Aureovariegatum is another form, in which the leaves are quite golden in colour.
jEsCllluS (//if f/orse Chestnut). The Chestnuts form an important family, and the Pavias, which are natives of North America and popularly know n as Puck Eyes, are
now
included
in
the same
group.
They bear
great
A.
palmatum or polymorphum.
-This
is
the type of
resemblance to the other forms of ^Esculus. The common Horse Chestnut is easily raised from seed, sown in beds All as soon as ripe, and covered with about 2in. ol soil. the varieties may be grafted or budded on to this, grafting
388
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
trees,
in
This
is
a very
JE. flava is a small sparsely-branched tree with light green leaves and yellow flowers. It is not particularly showy, but interesting.
Hippoeastanum. The common Horse Chestnut is by far the best known of all, and one of the most ornamental of our large trees, both in foliage and flowers. There are many noble avenues of them in the country, one of the best known being in Bushey Park, and during the flowering-time of the trees it is visited by thousands. The double-flowered variety (flore-pleno), though seldom seen, is distinct from this type. Of other forms of the Horse Chestnut a very important acquisition is the scarletflowered JE. Brioti, which continues long in beauty and is very bright and free, unlike many forms. This is also known as Pavia macroJE. parviflora. stachya, and is, unlike the preceding, quite a bush but it pushes up suckers so freely that when not more than 6ft.
JE.
clothed with pinnate leaves, from 2ft. In 3ft. long, and occasionally furnished with pendulous clusters of reddish seed-vessels, something like the keys of the Ash. This does well in towns, and can be readily increased by cutting the roots up into lengthsof Sin. to I ft. and inserting them firmly in a bed of good sandy soil, the upper portion of the root being about 2in. below the
surface.
See Calycanthus. Allspice {American). The Alders are closely AlnilS {Alder).
allied
to
the
to 8ft. high
it
is
The
under much the same conditions as the Poplars. They are propagated readily by seeds, which ripen freely, and in the case of large quantities are sown outside in prepared beds, and very lightly covered with soil, a few Spruce branches The being laid over afterwards to check evaporation. choicer kinds are increased by cuttings, put in the open ground in winter, and by grafting, which is performed in the spring, the stocks being seedling plants of the This, which is known as Alnus common Alder.
Pirch, but succeed best
in
damp
spots,
glutinosa,
is
of 50ft.
to 60ft.
prominent feature
is
furnished by
the pendulous male catkins, which are borne in great The leaves are roundish, an profusion in early spring.
rilbieunda. This is really a form of JE. Hippoeastanum, and under popular the name of the scarlet Horse Chestnut is well known. It does not
the size of the common kind, yet it forms a well-balanced specimen from 20ft. to 30ft. high, densely clothed with deep green leaves, and when studded with its pretty red flowered spikes it is very welcome upon the lawn or in the pleasure grounds. Rosea, which flowers during May or June, has flowers of a
attain
pronounced rosy
tint.
Besides the ordinary form there notably A. glutinosa aurea, with golden leaves A. g. impericulis laciniata, leaves finely cut, a charming tree, forming quite a picture of grace and elegance and A. g. quercifolia, with Oakshaped leaves. There are several other species natives of North America and of Japan, but our native Alder is equal to any of them. A. barbata, or cordata as it is also called, is a good kind, but there is a great host of The leading Alders, chiefly varieties and synonyms. cordifolia, A. firma, species are A. barbata, A.
from
are
some well-marked
varieties,
;
BEAUTIFUL
DECIDUOUS
TREES
is
AND
SHRUBS.
389
search
for
A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. japonica, A. maritima, A. nilida, A. oregona, A. orientalis, A. pubcscens, A. serrulata, and A. subeordata. Amelanehier {Snowy Mespilus). The Amelanchiers are charming flowering trees, still called in some books by the
a herald of spring.
We may
Snowdrops
old name of Mespilus. There are four distinct species given in the Kew list, and a host of synonyms. Thus A. Botryapium of catalogues is A. canadensis (the June Berry), which, though it will attain a height of 30ft. or so, flowers in great profusion when much smaller than this. The branches are slender, and in early spring smothered with pure white blossoms. The berries when ripe may be mixed with soil or sand and kept damp till the spring, when they must be sown. It can also be increased by layers, put down in the autumn. Although the Canadensis is the chief species, there are others, such as A. alnilolia, A. oligocarpa, and A. vulgaris with its form named cretica of each species there are many varieties. Amorpha friltiCOSa {the Bastard Indigo of Carolina). This is a distinct shrub, which pushes up strong shoots from the base to a height of 6ft., and clothed with pinnate leaves. The flowers, which are borne in closely packed terminal spikes, are small, but of an intense shade of purple, against which the bright yellow protruding anthers stand out conspicuously. Like other leguminous shrubs, it will hold its own better than many subjects in sandy soils. The flowers are borne during the latter part of July. This Amorpha pushes up suckers freely, which may in the autumn be taken off with their roots another species is A. canescens.
;
and early spring flowers when the Almond flowers open shyly in the gusty March days, too often to suffer from cold winds and frosts. A. Communis is the name of the ordinary species, and there are several well-marked varieties. Amara, or the Bitter Almond of commerce, is of note for the sake of its large and beautiful flowers, which are deeper in
colour than those of the ordinary species.
to
this
is
Closely allied
which is even earlier in flower than the variety Amara. A very charming variety is called flore-pleno, which has almost double flowers, and these resist winds and
the
dulcis),
frosts
shade is welcome ; indeed, it is a tree to make a group of for in the early year. its beauty Macrocarpa is a very important variety, altogether bolder and larger than the common Almond, while the flowers are nearly 3m. across, white, tinted with pink in the centre. Pendula is, as the name suggests, a pendulous variety. This Chinese species is one of the most A. Davidiana.
single rose
the
frail
petals
of
the
recent acquisitions to
to unfold
its
the family,
It
is
flowers.
a
its
flowers are profusion that the branches are wreathed with them. The earliest flowers are often borne before January has left
the
much
in
such
us.
There
is
is
Amygdalus
grouped
here, as
in
{the
Almond).
The
A.
Almonds
are
now
with
the
the Primuses, but they are set out popular botanical names have been too
much
as
is
But the true names to eradicate at once. recognised are given also. The Almond too well known to describe. Its misty pink bloom vogue
at present
is
high, with pink branches are still leafless. It is a pretty little bush that when once established pushes up suckers freely. This can be propagated by suckers, and A. communis by seeds, while this lalter serves as a stock for the others, which may be grafted in spring, or budded in August.
a
nana
lyd.
flowers
freely
the
This
Amygdalus group
Amygdalus communis.
,, ,, ,,
var.
,, ,,
,,
dulcis
,,
,,
,, ,,
macrocarpa
persicoides
,,
,,
macrocarpa.
persicoides
P Davidiana
P.
nana
P. Persica
var. flore roseo
,,
,,
= = =
=
nana.
Amygdalus
Persica.
flore
foliis
Amygdalus
,,
Persica
Amygdalus atropurpurea.
these
The
chief species
or synonyms,
nomenclature too
Kew
changes
Tree).
This
aspect.
pushes up stout,
glorious pictures in
early
the garden
in
and
spiny stems to a height of a dozen feet or so, while the huge divided leaves are wide-spreading, and impart to
the
summer.
in groups,
plant
quite
sub-tropical
It
is
also well
;
worthy
large
the of consideration as a flowering shrub terminal plume-like panicles of creamy white blossoms are borne late in the autumn when few other
when the rich colouring of the flowers is most effective, and in autumn the foliage turns to warm tints, crimson, brown, purple, and other shades intermingling, making
the bushes almost as beautiful in their autumn dress as when covered with blossom in spring and early summer. New hybrids are being raised, as, for instance, between
shrubs are in flower. Pieces of the root cut up into lengths of 6in. to cjin. and planted in light and sandy, but at the same time fairly moist, soil will soon form
plants.
Ash. See Fraximus. Azalea. Although the hardy Azaleas are now placed amongst the Rhododendrons it seems that it would
in this alpha-
reader. But must be remembered that the Azaleas, once kept are now merged, and rightly so, into the distinct, Rhododendron family. The hardy Azaleas are unrivalled for effect amongst the deciduous shrubs, and smothered with blossom before the leaves have developed. Of late years Mr. Anthony Waterer has raised beautiful forms at Knaphill, and the "Knaphill" race of Azaleas is rich in beautiful colours, from white, through yellow, orange, and buff, to crimson, scarlet, and flaming tones, which create
list,
A. mollis or the Ghent or hardy forms, and the lateflowering sweetly-scented A. occidenlalis has been crossed with A. mollis, with the result that a distinct and fragrant group has arisen. Seed may be raised in beds of well-prepared soil and just covered with a little sand. Keep the beds moist and shaded till the young plants make their appearance. Layering should be done as soon as possible after the leaves drop, and layers will take two years to root sufficiently for removal. Grafting, which is principally
employed
delicate
part of the
for
operation,
the increase of the choicer varieties, is a best carried out towards the latter
summer. The plants need to be kept close in the propagating house about a couple of months before a
union is complete. The hardy Azaleas, or Ghent as they were formerly called, because so many hybrids were raised in the neighbourhood of the old Belgian town, have originated by crossing the native North American
39Q
species
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
This
is
with Rhododendron flavum, formerly called A. pontica, and when planting them choose a sheltered position, not because the shrubs are in any way tender, but ti shield the flowers as much as possible from cold The majority of them are in winds and late frosts. bloom before the time of frosts has hardly passed, and sometimes a few nipping frosts will destroy the flowers wholesale. It is to minimise the evil of this as far as But lew shrubs, it possible that shelter is advisable. may he added, are mine suitable lor planting in woodland or on the fringe of walks than these, as here the colours are brought out in full richness, lighting up the landscape even more brightly than masses of the Rhododendrons,
most
handsome
of
it
North
in
American
shrubs,
The
is
why
so
many
many gardens, and which are frequently overdone. It may seem strange to write of Rhododendrons being less brilliant than the Azaleas when all are grouped under the same heading, but in the course of time one will get accustomed to this alteration in nomenclature. peat soil or a mixture of loam and peat will provide suitable material, and it may be useful to mention that Mr. Waterer writes as follows respecting this class ' In a general way all American plants may be said to it was delight in, and to require, what is called peat soil at one time believed that they would not thrive in any Experience, however, proves the contrary, and it other. is now found that Rhododendrons and Azaleas, which are the most important of that class, as well as any other of the more vigorous-habited plants, succeed in almost any In many sandy soil thai docs not contain lime or chalk. loams they grow with as much luxuriance as they do in peal in fact, almost any loamy soil, lice liom lime or chalk, may lie rendered suitable for them by a liberal admixture of leaf mould or any fibrous material, such When the soil is poor cow as parings of pasture land. dung, in a thoroughly decayed state, forms one of the
familiar in
because they have become overshadowed by the splendid beauty of the hybrids. The flowers of A. calendulacea are orange, and of course this beautiful colour is seen v\ ithout it the Azaleas would distinctly in the hybrid race lose much of their richness and charm. Bartram, who discovered this species in America, records his first impression thus "I saw the blossoms covering plants on the hillsides in such incredible profusion that, suddenly opening to view from deep shade, I was alarmed by the apprehension of the hill being on fire." This is a little-known A. arborescens (A. arboresce?ts). shrub, but worth planting for the sake of its very fragrant flowers, which are touched with soft rose. It is not so important as many species, but should be included for the sake of its pleasing foliage and sweetly-perfumed blossom. This is the Azalea so frequently seen in A. indiea. English greenhouses. It is not strictly hardy, but will sometimes succeed in gardens of the South of England
;
:
and Ireland. Amoenum is a variety of it. It is interesting to find a handsome bush of il in the open unprotected,
but of course only in trusted out of doors.
quite favoured climates
may
it
be
A. mollis.
shrub,
The name
is
but R. sinense
yd.
in
height.
The
and are of a
necessary
late frost.
if
is
one
is
to
is
by
A. mollis
in
charming
flowers so
large
and exquisite
best
The
A.
calendulacea {Rhododendron
somewhat spreading bush,
6ft.
but this is atoi ed for by their colouring, which varies from rose through pink, buff, and salmon, a delightful series, which makes the shrub of great value for growing in pots in the greenhouse. A variable species, native of a conA. nildi flora. siderable tract of country in North America. It grows, as a rule, from 4ft. to 6lt in height, and, as in the case
BEAUTIFUL
DECIDUOUS
TREES
AND
SHRUBS
391
of the other
in
autumn
brilliant colours.
The
To make the nomenclature of the Azaleas quite clear are given the chief species, with their true names, according
to recent classification
:
shades.
This is the species that A. OCCidentale (A', occidentah). Mr. Waterer has used so freely for hybridising with the early kinds; and as A. occidentale flowers late, the season of the hybrids is happily prolonged. This is a shrub that one should see more frequently in English gardens. It has been in a measure overlooked, but its glossy foliage and sweetly-scented white or yellow flowers are too precious to lose, and, unlike the majority of the deciduous Azaleas, blossom and leaf are together. It is worth growing for its fragrance alone, and the delicatelycoloured trusses, arranged upon the table or elsewhere, scent the apartment. This name is retained here, but it may be A. pontiea. mentioned that it is now called Rhododendron flavum. It is a native of the Black Sea region, and forms a handsome bush about 6ft. in height, and in the middle of May is laden with bright yellow flowers. This has given rise, with other species, to a host of beautiful garden
True Name.
Rhododendron ovatum.
,, ,,
,,
arborescens.
calendulaceum.
flavum.
,, ,,
,,
indicum.
ledifolium.
linearifolium.
nudiflora
occidentalis
,,
nudiflorum.
occidentale.
,,
,, ,,
,, ,,
rhom bica
serpyllifolia
rhombicum.
serpvllifolium.
pontiea
sinense.
Vaseyi
viscosa
Vaseyi.
Berberis.
,,
viscosum.
the
forms.
A. Vaseyi.
This
species
It comes from North Carolina, and makes a free, pleasing bush, covered with flowers early in May. The colouring is very charming, pink, changing to pure white with age,
measure of their showy fruit and finely-coloured leaves in autumn. Of the true deciduous kinds the chief are This is one of the most important of the B. Thlinbergi. entire family. It is a dense twiggy bush, with slender arching shoots, from the under-sides of which the bell:
shrubs
lor
pleasure
and any
it
is
size.
early,
It has proved quite hardy, and begins sometimes even in its second year.
bloom
In moist soils this A. viSGOSa [the Swamp Honeysuckle). grows with considerable vigour, and its pink-tinted flowers are very sweetly scented they expand rather later in the season than the majority of hardy Azaleas; indeed, it is the last of all to bloom, expanding even as late as the month of August. This species also has been much used fir hybridising with other kinds, and the result is a race of delicately-coloured flowers, rose, white, and other
;
brown flowers hang in great profusion. These flowers make their appearance simultaneously with The berries, which ripen in the little roundish leaves. autumn, are small but bright sealing-wax red in colour. A brilliant autumn feature is furnished by the decaying Laves, which change to a glowing crimson before they drop. It is quite hardy, and worth growing only for its luilliant colouring in autumn.
s'taped reddish
B. Vulgaris
Britain,
(the
Common
Barberry).
This
is
is
a native of
and a well-known and highly-ornamental shrub. The drooping racemes of yellow flowers render it attractive in the spring, while the
pleasing shades.
more showy.
There
a purple leaved
THE
variety called atro-purpurea,
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
which in poor stony soil is than under any other conditions. All
these Barberries are readily raised from seed fairly moist sheltered spot.
sown
in
Beech. Betula
in
See Fagus.
(Birch).
The Birches, many of them unsurpassed grace and beauty, occur throughout the temperate regions of the globe, and even extend into the Arctic Circle. They succeed best in a good open loam, but at the same time are not fastidious as to soil or situation. The common kinds are easily raised from seeds, which
main trunk divides into several large branches at but a height from the ground. The branchlets, too, are much less numerous and not so pendulous as in the common birch. The most marked feature of the Red Birch is its bark, w hich is of a reddish cinnamon colour, and in winter partially peels off, and remains attached to the main trunk and principal branches in large flakes. This gives to the tree a wild and picturesque appearance. The new bark thus exposed is of a lighter tint. This is a species little B. papyrifera (Canoe Birch).
little
ripe either in beds in the open In anv case they must ground or in pans in a frame. only be very lightly covered, and shaded from the sun (ill The varieties the young plants make their appearance. are grafted or budded on to seedlings of the common kinds, grafting being done in the spring and budding in own root plants should But grading is a mistake July. be grow n. This is the native Birch, the P. alba (Native Bircli). Queen of the Woods, the most graceful of all hardy trees. The whitened trunks stand out like shafts of burnished silver, and with their elegant drooping spray form a charming w Hand feature at all times, but especially in winter. It is extremely variable in many respects, hence There is a there is a long list of well-marked varieties. beautiful weeping form (pendula), in which the naturally drooping habit ol die common Birch is far more pronounced and another (Youngi) that if grafted standard Young's high droops almost straight to the ground. WeepingBirch,
;
seen in gardens, but it should be planted in the future for he sake of it s beautiful bark, w hich is even more The Paper Birch, silvery than that of our native species. or Canoe Birch as it is also called, conies from North
I
America, as the popular name of Canoe arises from the It is used in making canoes. when young that the silvery colour is so pronounced, as then the bark is smooth, but becomes rugged with age. There are, of course, other birches, but those kinds of chief importance for the majority of gardens have been mentioned.
fact that the tree is largely
Colutea.
Tree).
large shrub,
more, clothed with long greyish Willow-like leaves, aud about the end of May bears a great profusion of globular heads of blossoms of a bright orange colour. The flowers have the fragrance of honey. It is a native of Chili, and is often injured by
severe winters,
ailed.
beautiful
t
h e
wee pin g
In
r
i
Birches.
t
put
soil in
in
he
va
dalecarica
leaves are
e y the
t
sandy
shady frame
about August will soon root.
B. paniculata
is
very
deepl
cut
i
the
species
other
in
the
hue.
distinct
Other
kinds
lasligiata,
family
Calyeanthus
floridus (iif American Allspice) is a com-
are
which
one
m
;
pact
seldom
than
shrub,
more
high,
6ft.
Poplar;
-
the
clothed
leaved
urti-
dark
ovate
green
leaves.
Birch
(
(I!,
ifolia),
which
-
h e
flowers
in
has
B.
finely
cut
borne early
2in.
downy
leaves.
nana
Bircli)
(Marsh
is
of
a
s h
lit
lie
dwarf
rub
,
found in Russia,
and pleasantly
scented.
Lap
habit,
in
a n d
Proby-
Siberia, etc.
It
pagated
layers put
in the
isof a spreading
down
though
in-
autumn.
some
does not
stances at least
it
Two
rise
they root
c
i
suffi-
many
go hi lid.
B.
inches
e n
y
is
for
C.
a
above
nigra,
the
the
removal.
praecox
synonym
(
of the
from pean
its
widely Eurothe
Caragana.
are
relative.
There
A
As
rule
JAPANESE CHERRY.
several
species
BEAUTIFUL
r.l
DECIDUOUS
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
foliage,
393
and its appear
are
in
this,
but
is
llie
best
Tree,
the
Pea
flowers
trees
I
Siberian
attains the
which
diol
mensions
in
July
and
(//<
early August.
Cerasus
'I'll is
Cherries).
is
oi
deep green
w
I
tint
one
ile
the
yel-
the
1 t
most
ol all
harming
ree
grou ps, or
is
and no pleasure
prolusion
towards
end
It
ground
woodbind
the
April.
of
will
grow
retain
foliage
ell
and
its
of
m
the
full
even
on
sandy Seeds
readily,
dry soils.
Unci colonies to
get e lect
ripen and
il
of
their
wonderful
111
sown
asses of
The
flowers.
('berries are
quickly germinate.
now associated
but
Carp inns
Betulus.
b e a
tree,
tinct,
as
the
name
is
i
:
Cerasus
familiar
so
1
m
-
gardens.
are
all
medium
si/ed
in-
They
of
almost
high
mental
different to soil
value,
or situation.
It
bears
well,
this
cutting
are
and
reason
for
is
uns u
p a ssed
flower-
THE WILD
wnich it and if sown
is
HURRY.
Though
a
among
the majority of
tree in
often used as a
ing trees.
less tinged
hedge
ripe
plant,
for
well adapted
easily obtained,
in the
some more or
Cherry
Carya.
and covered with Jin. of soil quickly germinate. A race of North American trees nearly related to the Walnut, and remarkable for their handsome compound leaves, which in some species at least are very large. They are the Hickory Nuts of the American backwoodsmen. The Caryas, which need a deep loamy soil, are The raised from seeds sown directly they are ripe.
them have w hite flowers, there are w ith pink. While one admires bloom, in Japan its blossoming-time is
rejoicing,
made
for surely
C.
alba, C.
and C.
Castanea Vesea
so is the Spanish Chestnut our parks and woods. It grows best as- a rule in sandy loam, and the seeds should be sown as soon as possible after they are ripe. Being large, they are best sown in drills and covered with about 3m. or
satira
in
of
soil.
be a picture of no common beauty. time in England as the most delightful of all seasons. No tree is more sumptuous, hidden, indeed, beneath its flowery burden. The various Cherries may be readily raised from seeds, and the choicer varieties can be grafted in spring in the open ground, or budded in July, but these methods are not advised. A selection of the best from an ornamental point of view would include: C. Mahaleb.- This European Cherry flowers early in May, when the pure white blossoms are borne in the greatest profusion. It forms a tree 20lt. to 30H. in height, while the minor branchlets are disposed in a very
graceful manner.
Catalpa blgnonioides
distinct,
is a very handsome tree, quite and forms a rather wide spreading head, with large and heart-shaped leaves, while the flowers, which are produced in panicles at the ends of the branches, are w hite, speckled with purple and yellow. It may be raised
C.
from seeds, or cuttings of the roots about 6in. long, if planted in sandy soil with the top portion I in. below the Another name for surface, will form young plants. C. bignonioides is C. syringaefolia, and there are two varieties, one named aurea being very rich in colour. This should be pruned hard back each year, and may then be associated w ith such shrubs as the Paulownia. C. Bungei, C. cordifolia (speciosa), and C. Kaempferi are fine kinds, but less important than bignonioides. The Catalpas appreciate moist soils, and noble trees may be seen by river-side gardens, whilst it is even happy in towns. It is a tree that deserves to be thought of, as few kinds have nobler
[Bird Cherry). The flowers of this are quite from those of the other Cherries, being small, greenish white, and borne in long drooping racemes. It is a decidedly ornamental tree that flowers in May, and is known popularly as the Bird Cherry. It should be planted more in the woodland its flowers are too power-
PadUS
distinct
fully
This is one of the favourite Cherries of pendtlla. Japan, and in this country among the first to unfold its blossoms. It is of a graceful, somewhat drooping growth, and is usually grafted as a standard, in which way the long slender shoots are seen to great advantage, particularly when laden with their rather small but beautiful pink blossoms. C. pseudO-CeraSUS. There are several forms of this, the Japanese Cherry, the flowering season of which has
C.
394
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
been referred to. Though it attains the dimensions of a timber tree in Japan, large specimens are not met with in this country. The double-flowered forms have been largely imported within the last few years, and in some of them the beautiful pink blossoms are 2in. in diameter. This Cherry in all its forms succeeds best in a fairly cool, moist loam, for in drv sandy soils il soon
suffers.
Veitch,
C.
The names of Cerasus Sieboldi, lames II. and C. Watered have been applied to varieties
the All Saints' or ever-flowering Cherry,
name is derived. The shrubs grow readily from seeds, either sown in the open ground or placed in a frame. Their great value to the planter is that they will both grow well, even in poor, dry, sandy soils. This is a loose-growing bush, 1 oft. to C. arboreSGSnS. 12ft. high, clothed with bright green pinnate leaves, and bearing yellow, pea-shaped flowers, succeeded by the curious pods already noted. These pods are tinged
the popular
with red. C.
of this species.
Cruenta.
which
il
Scarcely so vigorous
in
semperflorens,
forms a tree from 15ft. to 20ft. high, of graceful growth, and remarkable from the fact that a continuous succession of its rather small white blossoms is kept up for a long
time.
more glaucous, the flowers of a reddish orange colour, and the pods of a deeper hue. The species are C. arborescens, cruenta,
differs
the
leaves being
istria,
and melanocalyx.
to
It
is
rescens
is
be
planted
C. SePFlllata, another Japanese Cherry, growth from any of the others, the
very distinct
in
London and
yet succeed,
hew
This is an extensive genus some species are by CornilS. no means of high ornamental value, while others are very
;
way.
The pointed
leaves are
marked
fashion as to give rise to its specific name. The flowers are white, sometimes tinged with pink, and semi-double.
It blooms about three weeks later than C. pseudo-cerasus, and is very beautiful. This is the common wild Cherry, a native C. Vulgaris. ol Britain, and the species from whence many ol the fruiting kinds have been obtained. There are several varieties, of which the double- flowered is the finest. Few trees are more beautiful than this.
attractive. The Dogwoods, with their bright red bark during the winter, are the show iest of all. They can in most cases be increased by suckers, or layers quickly root.
The
C.
alba,
bright
8ft.
high,
which
is
remarkably
As
the
chief kinds
ru
still
names of known, as
of trees
the
also
Few hand
list
and
is
Prunus Acida
,,
var.
semperflorens
. . .
Avium
Juliana
flore-pleno
.
Cerasus
Caproniana multiplex, C. ranRhexi flore-pleno unculiflora, and serotina flore-pleno. Chamaecerasus. Chamcecerasus I'ennsylvanica Pennsylvanica and borealis. Caproniina flore-roseo-pleno, Pseudo-cerasus Pseudo-cerasus, Sioboli rubra, and C. Watereri.
. . . . . .
= = = = = = = = = = =
= = =
Cerasus.
etc.
Vulgaris.
Serrulata
Serrulata, Sieboldi.
Mahaleb
I'adus
.
during the winter from the brilliant redo! its bark. The variety sibiricais ofdwarfer growth, and the bark of a lighter red. A group ol this is a brilliant winter picture. C. alba Spathi is one of the best variegated leaved shrubs in existence, the green portion being limited to a little in the centre of each leaf, the rest being rich golden yellow, whilst the variegation does not get burnt by the sun in summer. This is a variegated shrub worth making a group of. This is quite a tree, and flowers in April. C. florida. The little flowers are borne in clusters, each cluster being surrounded with four large while brads that are exactly like a white flower with four petals. It is a universal favourite in America, but in this country is rarely seen in a flourishing condition. It requires evidently- hotter suns than ours. C. maerophylla, know n also as C. brachypoda, is quite of tree-like habit, the branches being arranged in a peculiarly horizontal way. The large oblong-shaped leaves acquire a rich colour before they fall. There is a variety There ol this in which the leaves are edged with white. are other Dogwoods, such as the Japanese C. Kousa, but the most important have been described, although C. Amornum, Baileyi candidissima, capitata, Nutlali,
effective
and
and
vir-
stolonifera
are interesting.
Never
forget
the
rich
Serotina
Virginiana
giniana.
Cereis Siliqiiastrum.
Usually
flowers,
This,
known
to
lorms
specimen
their
12ft.
high.
The
appearance before the leaves, are of a bright rosy purple colour, and borne in crowded clusters along the branches. The peculiar leaves, almost kidney shaped, furnish another feature ol interest. The Judas Tree prefers a cool, fairly moist soil, and is readily increased by seeds, which often ripen. They should be sown, when ripe, in pans of sandy soil, covering them with about one-third of an inch of the same compost and placing them in a frame. C. Canadensis and C. chinensis are less-known species.
which make
In the w inter beauty of C. alba and its variety sibirica. Royal Gardens, Kew, there is a small bed of the Siberian form, which during the winter is as bright as any flower of summer, and its rich crimson stems are even showier when the little Winter Aconite is flowering at the base. The Cornelian Cherry, as this is called, is very C. Mas. It forms a large distinct from any of the other species. shrub 12ft. high, and is very pretty in February, at which time the leafless shoots are studded with tufts of yellow blossoms. The berries are also ornamental, but not often
produced.
There
is
a variety elegantissima,
in
which
to
CorylUS avellana
everyone,
is
the
common Mazel
its
Nut,
known
in
of the United and forms a rather upright shrub from 4ft. to 5ft. high, clothed with ovate leaves about 3m. long, and bearing towards the end of Jul}' and in August dense spikes of
prefers
a
almost any soil or situation. Besides the ordinary form there is a variety with purple and another with golden leaves, a weeping one, and one in which the leaves are curiously
and a plant
own
cut C.
will
The
greenish
white,
sweet-scented
blossoms.
It
being
borne,
with a fair amount of vegetable matter in it. Seeds of this Clethra can be sometimes obtained, when thev must be sown in peaty soil and placed in a frame, or rooted suckers may often be detached There are other kinds, but all from established plains. bear a great general resemblance to that just described. The Coluteas are remarkable Coltltea (Bladder Senna). for their large, curiously-inflated seed-pods, from whence
soil,
damp
when
at their best.
impart quite an attractive feature The husks that surround the nuts
is
Cotoneaster.
This
Like the evergreen species, the deciduous small trees. ones are of more value for their showy fruit than for the yet at the same time the beauty of their blossoms clusters of white flowers are very charming in the spring.
;
BEAUTIFUL
DECIDUOUS
TREES
C.
AND
SHRUBS.
;
395
obtain which the berries should be gathered when ripe, mixed with some sand, and kept moist till the spring or
early
lie
sown
1
out ol doors
il
in
:
)esirable kindsare
bacillariS. -A tree 15ft. to 20ft. high, which is during the spring profusely laden with clusters of white flowers, and in the autumn the slender shoots are buris of graceful growth, dened with brownish henries. It and is a tree that delights in moisture, hence may be planted l.v pond and lake side. As its growth is very graceful, it is seen to advantage in these positions. C. friglda. -This, which attains the dimensions of a hold shrub or low ree, has larger leaves than any ol the others, and they are retained till late in the season. he berries are scarlet, and in the autumn, when ripe, make a bright show. It is very strong in growth, and is worth laming for the foliage and brilliantly -< oloured fruit.
C.
1
One of the newer kinds its sturdy spread some distance, even though the The minor shoots are plant is not more than 2ft. high. arranged on the branches in a regular flattened Irond-lihc manner, while the leaves are disposed just as regularly on the twigs. The berries are ol a bright vermilion when
horizontalis.
will
branches
ripe,
C.
oil almost as richly tinted. This is one of the best of all, forming a rather upright shrub from 5 1 to 6ft. high, with roundish
Simonsi.
leaves
and bright
scarlet berries.
in
In
It is
mild
winters
it
is
almost evergreen
its
character.
'1
and is a Simmondsi, but this is incorrect. The Thorns are a large and variable class, CratCEgaiS. consisting for the most part of small or medium growing
effective fruits alone,
o'ten called C.
-
trees,
very attractive
in
the spring
flowers,
and
in
so in
IN
MAY.
395
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING
There are several
varieties,
lime they are laden with bright -coloured fruits The must valuable from an economic point of view is the common Hawthorn, which, under the name of Quick, is si much used as a hedge plant, lor which its prickly, impenetrable nature, combined with the fact that it stands trimming well, eminently fits it. Some of the varieties, too, are the most striking Thorns we have when in bloom, particularly Paul's Double Scarlet, which supplies a tint unrepresented, except among varieties of ihe Hawthorn, throughout the entire family. Nearly all the Thorns are increased by seeds, which are gathered in the autumn, mixed with sand, and allowed to lie a vear before sowing in beds in the open ground, and covered with about I in. of soil. The varieties, however, arc increased either by grafting in the spring or by budding in July. A select list
i
coloured.
notable being salicifolia or pyracanthifolia, with narrow leaves of a peculiar spreading style of growth, and so pronounced that a specimen grafted about 6ft. high will push out horizontally for some distance, so as to form quite a living table. The blackish purple berries of this Thorn C. Douglasi. are conspicuous. It is a native of North-West America, and lorms a sturdy and somewhat upright-growing tree.
C.
Oxyacantha
known
to
(the
common Hawthorn)
is
too well
need description, but the varieties or departures from the normal type are numerous, distinct, and manv of them verv beautiful. )l Ihe ordinary kind with white flowers there is a double form, both single and double pink, and single and double scarlet, the best
(
of Thorns
C.
is
Aronia.
This,
as follows
of
is
all
bring thai
so
known
early
as Paul's
Double
Scarlet.
is
The
first
which
native
of
the
South of
remarkable
Europe, forms a somewhat upright-growing tree, clothed with deeply-cut leaves and (lusters ol white flowers, whii The large usually expand about the end of May.
li
flowering
that
in
C. O. variegata,
whose
foliage
is
WHITE BRCOM.
yellow
kind.
C.
fruits
deeply cut
C.
Carrierei. Avery beautiful Thorn of free bold growth, with ample glossy foliage, which becomes tinged with orange and red in the autumn. The individual flowers Quite a are large, white, slightly tinged with pink. winter feature is furnished by the great oblong scarlet berries w hich hang on long after the leaves have fallen. This is a clean upright-growing tree, w ith C. COCCinea. leaves more or less heart-shaped, that change to various
The (lowers, shades of red and yellow in the autumn. which are borne in flattened clusters, are white, with pinkish anthers, and the berries that succeed them are
scarlet when ripe. It is a very common Thorn in North America, and there are numerous varieties in cultivation, but none very widely removed from the type. The Co kspur Thorn, as this is called, is C. CrilS-g'alli. distinguished from the others by its huge conspicuous spines, which render the name of Cockspur a particularly
pendula, weeping stricta, upright leucocarpa, yellow berried, are all distinct kinds.
; :
and
Chinese Thorn forms a tree about kind, with large, deeply divided leaves, borne on such long footstalks that they partially
pinnatifida.
size of
'I
bis
the
the
common
droop.
C.
The berries are large and red the leaves turn yellow before they drop.
tanacetifolia.
for
its
when
ripe, while
appropriate one.
late,
The
and somewhat
North American
Tansy leaved Thorn is remarkdeep-cut hoary foliage, and is valuable for its late flow ers, being as a rule the last of the The flowers are while, against which Thorns to bloom. the blackish anthers stand out conspicuously on close examination. The berries are greenish yellow when ripe. The Thorns are familiar in many old English parks and gardens, and few shrub groups are more picturesque. In spring and autumn they are ol rich beauty. CytiSUS (the Broom). The various members of this group are all remarkable frce flowei ing shrubs, and apart from their beauty they are valuable from the fact that they This succeed better than most shrubs in dry sandy soils. is to a certain extent owing to their roots going deeply into the ground, hence brooms may lie planted upon rough
able
peculiar
The
BEAUTIFUL
DECIDUOUS
TREES
D.
AND
is
SHRUBS.
a free-growing shrub, 6ft. 107ft. high, that
dry banks, or in similar positions, in which few things will succeed. They maybe raised in quantity from seed, which ripens freely, and need only be sown in a sheltered spot
out
oi
Crenata
bears
its
doors.
to
Cuttings,
too,
put
in
difficult
strike.
The Brooms do
not
fibrous roots, while the main ones if almost straight down for some distance. From this circumstance established specimens transplant badly, and when growing on in a nursery they should be shifted every year till permanently planted. A good selection of brooms includes Tins is a shrub that reaches a height of 6ft. to C. albllS. loft., ami in May every shoot is wreathed w ith small white pea-shaped blossoms. It is popularly known as the Spanish Broom.
:
white blossoms in great prolusion in fune. Thereare two double-flowered varieties which may be placed amongst the most beautiful and interesting of flowering shrubs; they are flore-pleno, in which the blossoms are tinged w ith pink outside, and Pride of Rochester, pure w kite. A little bush seldom more than 2ft. high, D. gracilis. wnh while flowers, borne as a rule towards the end ol
April.
It is
a universal favourite
his
ol
out
ol
D. parviflora.
lis flowers,
'I
is
pretty
early-flowering shrub,
in
C.
nigricans.
3ft.
to 411. high,
clothed with trifoliate leaves, and bearing almost throughout the summer erect racemes of yellow flowers. It is
elongated racemes as a flattened head. Between 1). gracilis and I), parviflora a hybrid has been raised, which, under the name ol 1). Lemoinei, has proved to be a valuable addition to the genus. I). cor\ nibosa and
instead
being borne
in
the
preceding,
are
formed
into
sometimes grafted on the Laburnum, but is more ornamental on its own roots. This flowers even earlier than the Spanish C. prceCOX. Broom, from which it also differs in being of a shorter and denser habit ol growth the flowers are ol a sulphur hue. It is probably a hybrid between C. purgans and
Dogwood. See
graceful
tree
Elceagnus angustifolia
20ft.
Wild
Olive)
is
loose
clothed with long Willow-like leaves of a silver)' hue, which w hen the slender branches are stirred by tin- breeze are particularly attractive.
high,
E. hortensis
is
synonymous.
the
C. albus.
C.
purpureas.
arching, but
it
The
slender
si
Is
in 2ft.
in
height.
no account be omitted.
a
The
C.
a variety (albus) in
which they are white. This, the yellow Broom, flowers for two SCOparillS. months or more, from early May onward. It is a wellknown British shrub, varying a good deal in height, according to the conditions under which it is growing, and remarkable for the rich golden colour of its blossoms. There is a very handsome variety (Andreanus), in which the side wings ol the flower are of a deep velvet) brown.
Spindle Tree),
;<
height of about
but
in
bit., the
flowers being of
fruits,
account,
which are ol a light and still more so alter a time, when the capsule splits and reveals the orange-coloured seeds within. There is a variety (Inn Ui
scarlet colour, are decidedly attractive,
The Broom
family
is
English gardens.
There are
E.
other kinds of some importance besides those already described, such as the dwarf C Ardoinei, suitable for the rock garden, C. austriacus, biflorus, C. capitalus,
many
C.
the
Daphnes
are
included with the evergreen shrubs, but this beautiful species is quitedeciduous. It forms a sturdy, rather upright, freely-branched bush 3ft. to 4ft. high, and its leafless branches are quite early in the year completely wreathed with charming pink, richly fragrant blossoms. To a particularly deep-coloured form the name of rubrum is applied, while in album the flowers are white. A distinct kind is that known as grandiflora (autumnalis). which
all its parts than the preceding; it forms quite a tree, and has even more showy fruits than those of E. europajus. Both are easily increased by seeds sown when ripe, a small quantity in a pan placed in a frame, and a large amount in a sheltered spot outdoors, covering with -'in. of soil. Exoehorda grandiflora (Pearl Bush). This is sometimes classed with Spirceas, and is a very beautiful whiteflowered shrub, forming a graceful specimen 6ll. to 8ft. high. It blooms as a rule about the end of April, and is often very attractive upon a wall. It can lie increased by
is
This
and
pallidus.
larger in
layers put
down
in
autumn
or
an
FagUS
blooms
others.
in
November, and the flowers are larger than the The Mezereon likes a cool moist soil, and if
The
It
is
full rays of the sun so much the belter. red berries of this Daphne are also very ornamental. increased by seeds. The Mezereon and its double
while variety are seldom made good use of in gardens. They are valuable shrubs, flowering in early spring, in winter almost when the weather is mild, and should be planted with some carpeting plant beneath. For the delicious fragrance of the flowers one should grow the
Mezereon or one
of its varieties.
sometimes as wand-like
the base to a height of 6ft. or so, clothed with trifoliate leaves, and about September they are terminated by large clustered masses of reddish purple blossoms. Very few other shrubs are in bloom when this
worthy of especial sylvalica). of which there are innumerable varieties, diflering from one another Two or three have variegated leaves, and in many ways. a good form of the purple Beech is partii ularly attractive, while the weeping kind must be included in anv selection There is also a weeping of pendulous-crowing trees. lorm with purple leaves, and mention must be made ol heterophylla, which has leaves cut and slashed in a peculiar way, asplenifo'ia or the Fern-leaved Beech, and cristata. The common Beech can readily be raised from seed, and is used as a stock on which to graft or bud the numerous varieties, grafting being usually done in the forking of the branches in spring, and budding in July. Forsythia. Two pretty early-flowering Japanese shrubs
(Beech).
is
The
only
species
mention
the
is at its best. It can generally be increased by division. These are all pretty free-flowering shrubs that Deiltzia. will do well in any ordinary garden soil that is not dried up during the summer. They can be struck from cuttings of the young shoots taken in July, put into pots of sandv soil, and kept close and shaded in a frame till they root, which will be in about six weeks. A length of 4111. to 5m. is very suitable for the cuttings. They may also be inserted in the open ground after the leaves have fallen.
SUSpensa is the better of the two, and forms a loosegrowing plant (almost a climber), which is very beautiful If so grown, alter the allotted when trained to a wall. space is covered the shoots must be allowed to develop at will, when they will droop down for 6ft. or more, and This Forsythia when in flower form golden wreaths. flowers in March, and any pruning that is necessary should be carried out immediately after blooming, as the growth that is then made will flower well the following spring'. Grown as a bush in the open ground it is also
beautiful.
398
The
century
book
op
gardening.
because
it
F.
viridissima.
the
The
This is a far more compact shrub than preceding, and is clothed with Willow-like leaves. flowers are rather paler in hue than the other. Both
put
firmly
in
the
open
frame at almost any season, while the long flexible shoots of F. suspensa often root at the points where they come in contact with the ground. FraxinilS (Ash). The. best-known species of this family is the common Ash (F. excelsior), which is represented by
in the
in a
ground
autumn, or
many
varieties. There are three distinct weeping forms, and two with peculiarly cut leaflets, while one (monophylla) has the whole of the leaflets merged into one large
leaf. The golden-leaved Ash too is very pretty. The Ash grows readily from seeds sown either in the autumn when ripe or kept in soil till the spring. The varieties
F.
americana
is
blooms so late, and remains some Other good Genistas are G. anglica, monosperma, radiata, and especially sagittalis. GleditSfihia triaeailthOS is the Honey Locust of the United States. It is quite a tree, with deep green twice divided foliage. As a flowering tree it has no particular merit. The stem and branches are clothed with large and formidable spines, which give quite a singular appearance to the tree. There is, however, a spineless form, and a weeping one. The Gleditschia is propagated by seeds principally sent here from America, which should be sown on arrival, and whether in a frame or out of doors they must be covered about I in. deep. Halesia. There are about half-a-dozen species of Halesia, the best two being H. hispida. A free-growing shrub, native of Japan,
valuable
time in
beauty.
leaves than our native Ash, while P. lentiscifolia, known also as F. parvifolia, forms a small dense-growing tree,
with slender branches and narrow leaves. F. Ornus is the Flowering Ash, and bears in May large plume-like clusteis of creamy white blossoms. Genista. This group is closely allied to the Brooms (Cytisus), and with regard to soil and propagation the same notes will apply. There are a great many species, the following being the best This is one of the largest of the family, G. SetnensiS. and will reach a height of ioft. to 12ft., the half-pendulous, bright green thong-like shoots being about the end of July furnished with golden blossoms. A particularly dense-growing spiny plant, G. hispailiea. from 1 ft. to 2ft. high, and in June a mass of golden blossoms. It is known as the Spanish Furze. Spartum hispanicum and Ulex nanus are synonymous. G. sagittalis. This is a creeping plant only a few inches high, but remarkable for its peculiarly winged stems, so unlike any of the others. It does well on rockwork. G. tillCtoria. -A ISrilish species that will flower almost throughout the summer. It is variable in habit, one form (elatior) being much taller than the type. The double-flowered (flore-pleno) is very handsome. G. Virgata, which flowers during the latter half of the summer, is a good-sized bush 5 ft. to 6ft. high. It is
clothed with ovate leaves about the size of those of the Laurel, and rough in texture. The flowers produced in May and June are individually somewhat Snowdrop-like, and borne in semi-pendulous, elongated clusters.
H. tetraptera (Snowdrop
2D(t.
high,
the a
general
being
indicated
prefer
by
trie
flalesias
fairly
increased by layers.
species of
H.
This is from 15ft. to appearance of the flowers popular name. Both these cool, moist soil, and can be diptera and parviflora are also
Tree).
is so called from the resemblance that the leaves bear to those of the Hazel. H. arborea, the most ornamental of the genus, is a large shrub or small tree, and if the winter is mild it is quite early in January a beautiful picture, the leafless branches
being clothed with peculiar starry flowers, with bright yellow petals. During a sunny day in January the tree at a little distance appears to be enveloped in,a cloud of gold.
H.
japoniea
is
in
later in flowering,
the way of the last, but it is rather and a plant of smaller growth, while the
H. Virginiea.
flowers
An irregular-growing bush, with smaller than those of H. arborea, and not so brightly coloured, while they are borne late in Ihe autumn instead of in the new year. The Hamamelis can be propagated by layers that take two years to root, but as seed of II. virginiana can sometimes be obtained, the usual
method
to
is
graft II.
arborea
on
young
plants of II.
virginica.
to
the
of
several
beautiful
kinds
Hibiscus
that require
t le
protec-
tion
of
stove or
greenhouse,
and a few
that
are of
on y one
be regarded as a hardy
shrub,
that
as
and is
H. syriacus
(also known
Althaei
of
frutex),
w
HIBISCUS.
howevc
r,
399
430
there
are
The
many
varieties
in
century
They
the
book
are
of
ga^ )ening.
cultivation.
fact
particularly
valuable
from
the
that
flowering
season is during August and into September, at which time few shrubs are in bloom. This Hibiscus prefers a sunny spot and a fairly deep moist loam, for if too dry the foliage becomes disfigured before the flowering
season.
easily
but
this
the
particular
increased
cuttings
way.
ift.
which young plants can be varieties cannot be They can be propagited from
taken
soil
about
firmly
long,
in
the
winter
spot
and
in
put
the
1
into
san
ly
in
a
the
sheltered
culling
open ground, tw
in the soil,
(-thirds
of
being
burie
pots in a
or thev may be taken in July, put in frame, and kept close and shaded till rooted,
which will be in about six weeks. For this treatment the cuttings need not be more than half the length of those put in the open ground. A selection o varieties is herewith given. With single flowers Caelestis, blue Carneus, pink Albus, white, crimson blotch at the base of the petals Roseus striatus, pink striped Totus albus,
After being open some time the flowers become more or less suffused with This is one of the most handsome of all garden pink. shrubs, forming a leafy noble group on the outskirts of the lawn indeed, it must n it lie crowded with other shrubs, but left to create a bold effect. In some soils the flower trusses are of huge size, but to produce anything like a good result the soil must be well manured, and during the winter receive a liberal mulch. very important point is to cut the stems hard down each winter. Unless this be done, satisfactory flowers will never be produced. H. quereifolia, or the Oak leaved Hydrangea, is a shrub that must not be passed over, as the flowers are pleasing in colour and the leaves handsome. This will grow with great vigour in gardens by the sea. Other species of interest are H. petiolaris, H. pubescens, H. radiata and its variety canescens, H. Thunbergi, and
H.
vestita.
pure white.
Albus plenus,
In
many gardens
white
assume a
in the
subdued
Amaranthe, reddish violet Bicolor hybridus, light pink Carneus plenus, pink Due de Brabant, reddish purple Coccineus plenus, re Lady Stanley, salmon rose
;
carmine red; purple, leaves margined white. the most beautiful of this series.
plenus,
Puniceus
wonderfully effective. Probably t lie blue shades arise from the shrubs being in a soil containing much iron. A correspondent to Le Jardin writes thus: "Everybody knows and admires the blue
light of the
woodland
this colour
first-rale
Hydrangea, but what is still not well known is how to In the way of mixtures what produce the blue flowers. has not been tried in order to impart this blue to the flowers of Hydrangeas -.oils obtained from slate quarries,
shrub tor seaside planting, but at the same time it does equally well inland. Ii forms a fair-sized bush from 6ft. to i oft. in height, clothed with Willow-like leaves of a silvery whiteness underneath. Tne berries, which are crowded round the sho its for nearly a foot, are ab ut the size of peas, and of a bright orange tint. Daring the latter part ol the autumn and in winter this Hippophce is one of the brightest of our shrubs. The male and female flowers arc borne on separate plants, hence lo ensure the production of berries b >th sexes must be represented. One mile pi ml to a dozen females will be suffi ient. It is well suited lor planting near the water, as it prefer^ a cool moist soil. This Hippoph ecan be raise 1 from seels, which sh mid be sown in the spring in pans or boxes anil placed in a frame. Honey Locust. Sie (He litschia. Hornbeam. Sec Carpinus. Horse Chestnut, The. See .E :u hts. Hydrangea. This is a sumptuous group of shrubs, with noble flower heads, which make brilliant pictures in the gmlen. In the southern counties of England, Devon-
powdered
in a
at
The compost which I hand nor easy to procure. is, on the contrary, wdthin the reach of everyone, and it simply consists in the use of coal cinders. The mixtuie which I have used for live years to impart the blue colour to the flowers of my Hydrangeas is onethird peat soil, one-third leaf compost, and one-third coal cinders."' Callings of the Hydrangeas formed of the young growin shoots taken any time during the summer will root readily enough in a close frame.
recommend
;
Hypericum
through
all
(St.
folia's
Worts).
This
is
a large family,
the entire
both
well
species and
in
Thev
will
grow
summer.
Cutlings of the growing shoots put in a frame soon root, while many of them produce seeds freely, which should A few of the best are be sown when ripe. A shrub about lyd. H. AndPOSZem.im (the Tutsan). high, with flowers borne in flattened clusters throughout
shire
and
and
daring the flowering season are very handsome. In some Cornish gardens the plants form quite leafy hedges, whilst in the South of Ireland also thev are very beautiful in leed, in many seacoast gardens Hydrangeas attain greU luxuriance. Of course, a protected position should always be ch isen, as in no other wou'd it be safe to trust them in our climate. A great point is to prune moderately hard, as only in this way can strong wood be expected. The Hydrangea family is nor well known, except of course in the case of the ordinary It. Hortensia, but besides this species there are other
;
Its beautiful foliage ana fruits are the summer m inths. of ni! ire account, however, than the flowers, which give
rise to berries
size of a pea.
H.
aureum. This
height
of about
4ft.
handsome
Hortensis,
several
kinds.
or,
H. Hortensia,
is
as
it
is
yellow flowers, conspicuous for their clusters of stamens ; thev appear about the end of July. A plant of prostrate H. ealycinum (Ross of Sharon). growth, reaching a height of about I ft., with beautiful It does well under golden flowers over 3m. in diameter. This is unquestionably the the shade and drip of trees. most thoroughly useful of the whole family, formin r excellent covert and growing where few other shrubs will it forms a dense thrive, such as in the shade of trees
varieties.
A. acuminata
interesting,
as
the
flowers vary considei-ably in colour, those of a blue shade being of considerable beauty. Otaksa has delicate pink
flowers and very
groundwork, and has become naturalised in some places. This is an Hypericum one seldom sees H. Hookeriana.
handsome
rich
green foliage,
is
Thomas
It is of rather gardens, notwithstanding its beauty. tall growth, and the golden-coloured flowers are quite
in
Hogg
white,
hand list consist of Acuminata, Lindleyi, nigra, and variegata. This is more shrub-like H. panieulata grandiflora.
stellata,
Kew
Even appear until the autumn. other Hypericums have ceased to bloom this continues to expand its blossoms, which are sufficiently small bed attractive to gather for indoor decoration. H. oblongifolium is of it on the lawn is a pretty sight.
2in. across, whilst they
when
another
than the preceding, an 1 rerches a height of 4ft. to 6ft. The massive pyramidal-shaped heads of creamv white blossoms are borne in July and August, at which time
H.
name
for
it.
species
is
a graceful
little
bush about iSin. high, with a great profusion of flowers. The hybrid between H. patulum anJ H. ealycinum, known
BEAUTIFUL
as
DECIDUOUS
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
H. Moserianum,
is
This is a shrub that can easily trace its parentage, as it is exactly intermediate. The shrub takes the form ol a graceful bush, with arching shoots supporting large deep golden flowers, and these appear until autumn is far advanced. Sometimes it gets much cut back by severe frosts. The Hypericums mentioned are the most useful ol the family, but there are several others, each meritorious in its particular way, such as H. segyptiacum, H. Ascyron, H. elatum, II. empetrifolium, H. hircinum, II. inodorum, II. prolificum, and H. uralum, all of which are in the
best of all, and is, it is amongst the Hypericums. should be in all gardens, and one
one of the
very uninteresting and common-place. Thespecies, though rarely seen, is a very pretty shrub, and should be It is quite as welcome as the planted in a free group.
so
familiar double variety.
Kolreuteria panieulata.
This
is
gardens, as it is quite a tree in habit, and yet grows little more than 1 2ft. high. It forms a clear stem, and somewhat irregular-shaped head, clothed with pretty pinnate leaves, while the long spikes of yellow blossoms are proIt grows well in any ordinary duced in June and July.
garden
soil,
and
is
Kew
collection.
Jew's Mallow.
JudaS Tree.
varieties,
JllglanS regfia
distinct
chiefly
remarkable
for
their
fruits.
being in every way The from anything else at that time in bloom. long pendulous racemes of yellow blossoms suggested the
our
spring-flowering
trees,
name
of
like variety of
districts.
it
is
known
in
some
in the
genus Cytisus,
is
now
separated.
The Laburnum
J.
nigra.
As regards
the
fruit,
neither of
them
is
equal
shrub, with bright green leaves and single yellow blossoms, but its double-flowered variety is a very common plant even in cottage gardens, where frequently, trained to the dwellinghouse, it will continue to produce its bright golden
little Roses throughout the greater part of There is a form with variegated and summer. leaves and small pale yellow flowers, but this is dwarfer than the double kind, and not an important shrub. Its foliage has a somewhat blotchy effect, and in a mass is
blossoms like
the spring
and is a delightful town tree. It seeds so freely that young plants will spring up in all directions. These seedlings may be employed as stocks for the several varieties, grafting being performed in the spring, and budding in July or August, but grafting should lie avoided whenever possible. Of the varieties, Parksi, Watered (the finest of all), and alpinum (the Scotch Laburnum) have particularly tine flowers, while other distinct forms are aureum, with golden leaves; pendulum, weeping and quercifolium, with lobed leaves, somewhat like those of the Oak. A Laburnum that has attracted a good deal of attention at times is Adami, on which may often be found thres
grow
in
almost any
soil,
kinds of blossoms
first,
the ordinary
Laburnum
secondly,
402
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
in the
purple flowers, as in Cvlisus purpureas, with the foliage si ts of that kind and, thirdly, Adami, of a purplish yellow colour intermediate between the two.
and slender
autumn
to rich
Magnolia.
in
1825
in
the nursery of
is said to have originated by budding C. purpureus on to the Laburnum, which alter a time produced intermediate flowers as well. It is in every way a remarkable instance of a
M. Adam, near
Paris.
It
magnifi-ent group of flowering trees and majority blooming during the spring months. In the case of one or two of them they flower so early that the flowers are occasionally injured by late spring frosts. Magnolias as a class prefer a good deep open soil of a
shrubs, the
loamy nature
graft hybrid.
Leycesteria forillOSa.
ing a shrub from
that is not dried up at any time. They are not robust-rooting subjects, form but lew fibres, and are very impatient of removal. To run as little risk as possible
4ft. to 6ft.
and deeply-tinted
borne in drooping clusters, are white, tinged with purple, and not particularly showy, but they are partially sheltered by large leaf-like bracts, which form the most conspicuous portion of the
inflorescence.
leaves.
The
purplish
olour, hut
Himalayan home
in this country of a blighter atmosphere of their they aie said to be remarkably brilliant.
the
flowers are produced during the latter part of the 1 he s.tmmer and early autumn months. Cuttings put in during the autumn strike root readily either in the open ground or in a frame, this last being preferable. This shrub is
so
some of them are kept in pots in many Propagition of the different kinds is a slow process. They should when possible be lavered, but some w ill take two or even three years before they are sufficiently rooted lor removal. M. purpurea or obovata is the easiest to propagate in this way, and plants so obtained are often used as stocks on which to graft some of the other kinds. The operation of grafting, however, requires to be very carefully performed, and several appliances are necessary, so that it should be left to professional hands. The best Magnolias are
in
this
respect
nurseries.
IT.
met m es
i
acuminata [Cucumber
Tree).
Quite
a tree,
with a
planted
as
a covert, as
ph ea sants
appre ciate
the
fruit.
Lilac.
Set
sty-
Svringa.
Liq
11
dam-
bar rae
tree
lobe
leaves,
with
d
and
a
re
-
bears
g real
sent b
to
s
1
a nee
ol
>me
the .Maples.
Its
cha
istic
most
e
t
1
pro mi n
r a
it
er-
is
the
brilliant red
or
purplish
red the
in
tints
lea\ pg
assumed by
autumn,
and
tained
refor
1,1
GSOLIA
^SPICCA.
some
strikes freely
;ar to
lie
which
from removed.
Besides this, see is often obtainable, and should be sown soon as possible, but it will even then frequently remain a year or so before germinating. A second species, L. imberbe, is more of a bush, and not particularly The Liquidambar is worth planting for its ornamental. autumn colouring alone. Liriodendron tlllipifera. This is a truly noble tree,
as
wide-spreading head of bian-hes, clothed with bright green ovate leaves about 6in. long. The flowers, which are borne in fune after the foliage has completely developed, are about 4m. in diameter, and of a greenish yellow colour, owing to which tint they do not stand out conspicuously. Cordata is a variety. M. Campbelli. A beautiful species, which requires a rather sheltered place. It is not always satisfactory, but
and
is
said in
North America
to attain
100ft.
in height.
M. COnspiClia.
The
three lobed leaves are remarkable for the abrupt termination of trie central one, so distinct from those of Their autumn tints are various shades of any other tree. This Liriodendron is known as the Tulip Tree, yellow. which name is derived from the blossoms, which are borne in fune on the tips of the shoots, and in general appearThey are of a ance greatly resemble those of a Tulip.
varieties, in one of which, without lobes, and in another, aurea, they are of a golden tint. Seed of the Liriodendron is usually sent from America, and should be sown as soon as ripe in a light fairly moist soil, and covered Jin. deep.
yellowish
tint.
handsome. bushy tree, with large pure white sweet-scented blossoms borne in great profusion, generally in April, on the still leafless branches, and therefore all This, which is also known as the more conspicuous. the Vulan, is occasionally called the Water-lily Tree, from the great resemblance that the pure white flowers, with their massive petals, bear to those of the White Waterlily. There are several varieties, such as M. Lenni, Soulangeana, and Soulangeana nigra, in which the flowers
its
It may be interesting to are heavily stained with purple. give the names of the various varieties and hybrids.
The
species itself
is
also
known
Kew list,
BEAUTIFUL
cyathiformis,
DECIDUOUS
TREES
AND
SHRUGS.
403
speciosa, spectabilis, superba, triumphans, '1 he variety most frequently seen is and Yulan grandis. Soulangeana, which flowers rather later than the species, and is readily recognised by its purple suffused Hewers. M. conspicua when in lull beauty is a lovely picture, and noble examples of it exist in gardens, particularly at Syon House, Brentford, where there is a tree of the When in full beauty the type and also of Soulangeana. tree seems as if wreathed with snow, the bold flowers as pure as a snowdrift, and remaining some lime in beauty. Unhappily, late frosts are apt to destroy their freshness, and lor this reason it is wise to plant the early-flowering Magnolias in some fairly sheltered spot, where, for instance, the big flowers are thrown into high rebel by a background perhaps of Yew or some dark-toned evergreen. Even in quite town gardens this Magnolia succeeds, and its early flowers are always a pleasure to
reason it is Pometimes called the Umbrella Tree. The creamy while flowers are borne in May and Line, after the
expansion
species,
ol
the leaves.
is
M. WntSOni
as
to prove an important Japanese very hardy, and its flowers are ol great beaulv, being veiy sweetly scented, creamy while, set off likely
it
is
Maple.
See Acer.
MespilllS,
Snowy.
-V,' Amelanchier.
is
well-known
sake of
much
used
for
feeding
look upon.
M. Fraseri.
This is a handsome species from the South United States. Its pale green leaves are sometimes jin. or more in length and Sin. wide, whilst the flowers are creamy while. M. glaiiea. This is quite a shrub, from bin. to 12111.
1
those of the Laurel, but the creamy while flowers are about jin. in diameter, and borne on the points ol the shoots they are very sweetly scented, during July and August
much
like
purpose a second species, M. alba, is also employed, but its greenish while fruits are not much sought alter. This is very prolific in varieties, one of the most distinct (pendula) being of a singular weeping habit of '1 growth. he Mulberry will strike readily from cuttings; even large branches slack in die soil will, under favourable conditions, soon root. Pyrus Aucuparia. Mountain Ash. Mulberry. See Moras. Negundo aeeroides or fraxinifolium. This is the
old
name
lor
the
Maple known
,is
Acer Negundo.
The
leaves,
and turn
soil.
age.
It
likes
peaty
best-known Negundo is that with variegated which is so frequently seen in suburban gardens.
ol
Seeds
M. Lennei.
The
very large,
borne
ami
ol
a rich rosy
Though plants 6.'t. purple outside, but lighter within. high will 'lower freely, it grows to nearly twice thai height. This Magnolia forms quite a bush, with numerous A form ol M. conspicua. wide-spreading branches. M. maerophylla. This Magnolia is only suitable for
grow readi y if sown as soon as ripe in the open ground, and when the young plants are strong enough the variegated kind may be budded thereon in fulv and August. A union is quickly effected.
the green-leaved type
Oxydendron arboreum. A
needs
a
Oak.
See
Hue reus.
peaty soil in a somewhat sheltered spot. The spikes of while l.il\- of the Valley-like flowers are borne in August, while later on the leaves change to an
moist,
long and gin. or loin, wide, are quickly injured if in an The flowers, which are borne in June, exposed place. are large, white, with a purplish centre, but they are sparingly produced. M. parviflora. This Japanese species of Magnolia is a desirable shrub for small gardens, as it will flower when The flowers are globular in not more than lyd. high. the bud state, but when expanded are about ain. in diameter. Al that lime the tult of crimson anthers in
hue
is
retained
till
they
drop.
Paulownia imperialis.
tree,
quick-growing
Japanese
with large heart-shaped leaves and spikes of purple Foxglove-like flowers. A bright summer and autumn is,
as M. obovata, and forms a spreading bush 6ft. or so in height, with flow ers purple in the bud state, and light within; they follow soon after those of M. conspicua. M. Stellata. This is a charming
M. purpurea.
This
bloom forms
is
a noticeable feature.
also
known
however, required to develop flower buds, and even if formed the)' are often injured by frosts in the following flowers early. spring, as the Paulownia naturally In some of the more favoured districts it flowers well, and its beauty in the neighbourhood of Paris is generally recognised. Can be propagated by root cuttings taken in winter and put in a frame. It should be cut hard ba:k every year if immense leaves are de ired lor subtropical gardening.
little
species, the
in
first
of
all to
flower,
at
least
most
seasons,
though
M. conspicua soon follows. It is a compact, freely branched bush, and when not more than lyd. high terminated is with everv shoot blossoms. its pure white starry They are about 3111. in diameter,
and composed of numerous strapshaped petals, which soon droop down, thus leaving the central
portion
flower.
kind.
higher than the rest of the There is a blush-coloured bed of this Magnolia is very
M. Soulangeana.
a hybrid
Supposed to be between M. onspicua and M. purpurea, and its appearance would support that theory, as it is in everv way about midway between
c
the
two.
It
is
very
is
desirable
kind.
M. tripetala.- This
tree,
a large, bold
1
Sin. long,
and arranged around the points ol lor which shoots regularly, the
(less
than
halj
size).
404
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
kind.
GARDENING.
This variety,
Plane, and
is
acerifolia,
is
London
American
common
Peach, is represented in our gardens by several varieties, differing principally in the colour of their blossoms, white,
pink, and crimson being represented amongst them. The Peach is by some authorities included in the genus Amygdalus (Almond), and by others it is classed with the Plums (Prunus), but here it is kept distinct from
either.
It
is
Platanus occidentalis, which in this country, at least, is inferior to the Oriental kind. Planes are increased by layers or by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe in the open ground. Recent classification places P. acerifolia as a distinct species, but it is usually grouped with orientalis. Populus. As quick-growing trees for damp pkces the
popular
that
its
favourite
from
the
fact
charming
branches are still leafless. There is purple-leaved variety of the Peach. These various ornamental forms are propagated by budding
and
August,
inserted
the
bud
near the
Kevv
and
folius rubris.
Philaclelphus
(Mock
range).
vigorous free-flowering class of shrub, quite happy under anything like favourable conditions. Most of them can be increased by division, or rooted suckers may be taken ott, while cuttings of the growing shoots strike if put in a frame in
July,
or
stouter
ground
species
PHILADELPHUS
or Syringa, a
(Mock Orange),
in cultivation.
P.
This
the
Mock Orange
to ioft.
bush, from
8ft.
borne in great profusion during the month of May. Distinct varieties are aurea, with golden leaves, and Keteleeri, which has double flowers. There are some other half-a-dozen distinct varieties, their names being
flore-pleno, foliis argenteo variegatis, foliis aureis, nanus,
Poplars are generally planted, and some of them are very handsome. They are all easily propagated by cuttings, even of the stout branches, put in the open ground in the autumn. The best include
:
P. alba.
P.
Satsumi, and tomentosus. grandiflorilS. A bold shrub ioft. or I2ft. high, with larger flowers than the preceding, and two or three weeks later in expanding. Inodorous is a synonym and
Abele or While Poplar, of which large This forms a roundspecimens are frequently met with. headed tree that derives the name of the White Poplar from the under-sides of the leaves, which when quivering in the
The
breeze give a tree a peculiarly white appearance. Bolleana of more upright growth, and now called pyramidalis. The leaves of this P. balsamifera (Balsam Poplar).
is
laxus a variety.
This is remarkable among its larger P. mierophyllllS. brethren from its size, as it forms a dense twiggy shrub not more than 2 ft. high, with flowers the size of a shilling. Several hybrids have been raised between this and the other kinds, one of the best being Lemoinei, a charming June-flowering shrub. Others are Houle d'Argent (double) and Candelabre (single).
those of most Poplars, while the quantity of balsamic gum with which the buds are covered is another distinctive feature.
tree are less heart-shaped than
P.
nigra. This, like P. alba, is a large tree, but the leaves The wellare not white underneath, as in that kind. known Lombardy Poplar, an erect tree, is a variety of
this.
and sweet, whilst the bloom, as few shrubs are more profuse. They will grow in quite ordinary soil, and the smaller species, such as P. microphyllus, deserve to be grouped upon the lawn in
very beautiful class, and shrubbery during the early are lullv open. Some species scented, but their perfume is leaves are almost hidden with
a
tremilla {the Asp?n). The name of this species is derived from the peculiar trembling of the foliage, which in the case of a large tree gives out a sound as of running water. There is a weeping variety of this which is very ornamental. Primus (the Plum). The Cherries, Peaches, and Apricots are all included now under the head of Prunus, but they
P.
P.
eerasifera
ornamental
(the
conspicuous positions, as these are very pleasing, being without the rather ragged unduly vigorous character of the more shrubby species. An exquisite indoor decoration
tree,
Myrobalan or Cherry Plum) is a very which has small while blossoms in great
The
showy
one composed of the flowering shoots of P. grandiflorus or coronarius, arranged in a bowl, singly, and without anything else for association keep all worn-out shoots
is
;
cut away.
produced in quantity. The Myrobalan Plum is sometimes used as a hedge. A purple-leaved variety has, under the name of Prunus Pissardi, become very popular within recent This is also known as Atropurpurea, and is a years. handsome tree with its deeply coloured foliage and rich red
and pleasant
to
eat. but
is the Oriental or common Plane, a highly ornamental tree under any condition;, but particularly valuable from the fact that it is one of the best trees for London. The ordinary form has five-lobed leaves,
fruit.
It is
P. Sinensis, also
known
P.
japonica,
is
small,
much-
in
while in the variety acerifolia the lobes are generally three number, or, if five, less deeply cut than in the common
branched bush about iyd. high, with slender shoots wreathed throughout the greater part of their length with comparatively large double blossoms, in one form white and in the other tinged with pink.
BEAUTIFUL
P.
DECIDUOUS
TREES
striata,
AND
SHRUBS.
spinosa (the Sloe) and P. insititia (the Bullace) are both well known, but the only one to specially mention is the double-flowered variety of the Sloe, which has rosetteIt is an important like blossoms of the purest white.
shrub.
P. triloba.
A charming
and xanlhocarpa. The Siberian Crab is often regarded as one of the most charming of all deciduous trees. COronaria. This North American Pyrus is much in the way of the common Crab Apple, with rosy-coloured blossoms, which are very sweet scented. The fruit is
bush from
flowers,
4ft.
The
about ijin. in diameter and of a beautiful rose tint when become almost white. first opened, but with age they It is thoroughly hardy, but for all that is a charming
wall shrub.
when ripe. floribunda. This is usually called in catalogues and books P. Malus floribunda, but, whatever its name, no dwarf-flowering shrub is more precious. This and its
small and greenish
dwarf trees
of Prunus can
be readily raised
grafted
in
and
is
the
choicer
varieties
the
Pyrus.
a very extensive class, comprising the Medlar, and Mountain Ash. Various methods of propagation may be employed for the numerous
This
budded
in July.
Apple,
Pear,
members
first
place
many
of
them
in gardens, the drooping shoots being wreathed with blossom in May. Its growth is slender, and the flowers are crimson in the bud, but expand almost white, and one has the contrast of the two, which makes a rich effect. This is a shrub that deserves to be grouped for Atrosanguinea is the sake of its colour and grace. a very deeply-coloured variety, also Halleana, whilst the decidedly pendulous character of a kind called Elise
can be raised from seeds next, convenient branches may be layered while in the case of such kinds as P. japonica and P. Maulei rooted suckers may often be detached and with the forms that cannot be depended upon
;
to come true from seed, they may be grafted in spring or budded in |ulv on to their nearest ally. good selection is herewith given
:
the
very pleasing. This is principally con(the Medlar). sidered for its fruit, but at the same time the large white blossoms in conjunction with the handsome foliage are effective. An old Medlar tree is picturesque, with its
is
Rathke
germaniea
P.
dwarf
7ru). A large with leaves more or less lobed neath, and their silvery colour is very The the foliage is stirred by the w ind.
native
shrub or
and
wdtite under-
it spreading leafy head and rather short, stout trunk may certainly be classed amongst the most handsome of There are several varieties of interest all flowering trees. for their fruit, but the Nottingham kind is as famous as any.
;
noticeable
berries are
when
red.
japonica.
Cydonia. its crimson
it
A universal
a
to
favourite, often
It is
charming wall
brighten
plant, in
Angustifolia,
flabelliformis,
grceca,
lutescens,
salicifolia,
blossoms
many
a winter day,
and sulphurea are varieties. A common P. Aucuparia {Mountain Ash or Rowan). tree, but at the same time remarkably handsome, the
pretty divided bright green leaves being attractive throughIn spring the clusters of while flowers impart quite an additional feature, and a far more brilliant one is furnished
bloom about Christmas and continues As a shrub in the open till spring is well advanced. ground, where it will grow from 4ft. to 5H. high, it is There are equally beautiful, but of course blooms later. numerous varieties, the flowers varying in colour from
commences
white,
fiery
i
1
1
in
by
a u
the
bright
berries.
scarlet
whii h
as
There
variety
is
a with
perhaps
as
lpr)&j
rich
any.
to
Our owe
the
this
gardens
much
beauty
free
h e
of
branches pendulous.
are
and
P.
baecata,
usually
called
s
h a n d s o shrub.
P. MalllS
is
the
Main
is
common
or
Crab
of
baecata,
the
Wild Apple,
forms
the
which are
almost endless, but under the
new
tion
classifica-
many kinds
with
fruit.
its
ruddy This is
out-
a tree to plant
upon the
skirts
either
specific
now given
01
of
the
rank
transferred
elsewhere.
C
o c c
i
11
e a
oid
nary
varie-
flexilis,
mitis,
arboretum.
monstrosa,
There are
several
nervosa,
pendula,
ar;d
ties,
those
in
rosea are
varieties of the
named
the
Kew
list
being
common
P.
This
like
is
Crab.
aurantiaca,
Maulei.
much
small
of
P. a
conocarpa,
edulis, genuina,
lutea,
micro,
form
car
pa
obco-
japonica, as C.
noidea, prrecox,
EVERGREEN OAK.
Maulei
is
leas
406
than
lyd.
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
long
in
GARDENING.
a
satisfactory
in height. The orange red blossoms are produced in the spring, and in autumn the golden yellow fruits add quite another feature. These fruits, which are as large as small Apples, make excellent jam. P. Smithi, known also as Mespilus Smilhi and
manner.
trees
The
varieties
can be
general,
freely
and shrubs
in
grafting
Always raise from seeds a pernicious practice. and by layering if possible. As there are so many Oaks, a selection is a difficult
is
as Crataegus grandiflora, is a with deep'green leaves, and showy white blossoms. The fact that it blooms towards the end of May or June, when the bulk of spring-flowering trees is past, is a point in its favour. It is of dense growth and pleasing in the pleasure grounds. It is now called
M.
grandiflora,
as
well
all
medium-growing
tree,
good
its
name
forms a noble
Cerris
Turkey Oak).
This
is
a vigorous-growing tree,
P. lobata.
P.
speetabilis [Chinese Crab). This Chinese species forms a free, somewhat upright-growing tree, with large semi-double flowers, bright red in the bud, but paler when expanded. It is one of the showiest of all the Crabs. Rosea plena is a double variety of great beauty. Its flowers crowd thick upon the shoots in spring, wreathing
them
in
with branches and twigs altogether straighter than those of our English Oaks, from which it is also distinguished by the cup of the acorn being bristly.
.
COCCinea.
The
brightest of the
American Oaks,
as
tenderest pink.
colour some time before thev drop. It is a large tree, and very handsome splendens is even a richer form. It is impossible to convey in words how wonderfully effective
;
Kll US
CO IIS US.
these American Oaks are in the landscape by reason of the brilliant colouring of the foliage. Notable for its very large, deeply-lobed Q. maerocarpa. leaves and the size of its fruits, the acorn being nearly The foliage dies off a reddish colour. buried in the cup.
P.
TorillgO is a slender-growing Japanese Crab, with a profusion of small pink flowers. Its elegant growth and numerous flowers render it an extremely attractive shrub
or
than
the
is altogether larger and more vigorous White Beam Tree, which it resembles to a
certain extent.
The Crabs form one of the most precious families of all. Besides the species and varieties named above, there are such forms as John Downie, remarkable for the profusion and brilliancy of its fruit, the Dartmouth Crab, and a recent weeping variety of much merit named Elise It is a family that should be well taken in hand, Rathke. and the best forms selected and grouped. QuerCUS {the Oaks). The Quercus is a very numerous
A tree about 2oft. high, with tortuous branches, Q. nigra. dark-coloured bark, and large curious Pear-shaped leaves. They change to a blackish red in autumn, but soon
drop.
This North American Oak is readily distinQ. PheliOS. guished from all other natives of that continent by reason of its long, narrow, Willow-like leaves, and its straight
shoots.
which are
be found
of
in
all
the temperate
Most
freely,
.Under this head are included our two British Q. Robtir. Oaks, which by some are considered distinct species, that with the acorns borne on long stalks being Q. pedunThe culata, and the short-stemmed one Q. sessiliflora. bold rugged appearance of our native Oak gives character Varieties and interest to many an English park. of the British Oaks are numerous, there being upright,
BEAUTIFUL
DECIDUOUS
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
407
weeping, cut-leaved, golden-leaved, and purple forms. Concordia is a very handsome golden-leaved variety.
Q.
rubra.
handsome
tree in
the
but the large sharply-cut leaves die red than the scarlet hue of the other.
are albidum, with whitish blossoms ; atrorubens, deep red; glutinosum, pinkish lilac Gordonianum, yellowish red and flore-pleno with pretty double
; ;
among them
flowers.
shrub much like a Kerria, except that the flowers are pure white indeed, it is even in some catalogues spoken of as a whiteflowered Kerria. It is increased by cuttings put in a frame in July or by division in the autumn. Rhus (the Sumachs). These may readily be divided into two classes firstly, those with compound leaves, and, secondly, those with undivided foliage, the best-known example of which is the Venetian Sumach (Rhus Cotinus). In some of them the long compound leaves are very handsome, and nearly all are remarkable for the rich colours that the leaves assume in the autumn before they drop. They are not at all particular as to soil or situation, and can in most cases be increased by root cuttings, taken in the winter, cut into lengths of about 6in., and inserted perpendicularly in light sandy soil, the upper portion of the root being about lin. below the surface of the soil. A few of them can be increased by layers, notably the Venetian Sumach. The best kinds are This is generally seen as a shrub, though R. GOtinoideS. in America it attains the dimensions of a small tree. It for is chiefly remarkable the bright orange scarlet tints that the leaves assume in the autumn before they During a dull autumn this is often the brightest fall. tree or shrub that we have. R. Cotinus. A beautiful shrub, chiefly noteworthy for its The flowers are borne in a muchcurious inflorescence. branched panicle, which also produces a number of thread-like filaments clothed with fine hairs. These are sufficiently numerous to envelop the greater part of the plant in masses of pinky wool-like substance during the latter part of July and in August. It is on this account
Rhodotypos kerrioides.
A Japanese
speeiosum, the Fuchsia-flowered Currant, has bright crimson flowers, and is a very interesting species. Robinia. Ornamental flowering trees, the best-known being the False Acacia (R. Pseudacacia), of which there They will succeed even in dry stony are many varieties. soils, and retain their freshness through a long spell of drought. The common kind is easily raised from seeds, and the others may be grafted thereon in the spring before they start into growth, but get all upon their own roots.
The two
low tree with spreading branches, and young shoots clothed with hairs, whilst the clusters of pea-shaped blossoms are of a beautiful rosy pink
colour,
and borne
in
June and
July.
R.
Pseudacacia.
The while the prettily divided leaves are bright green. flowers, which are borne in May, are white, but in one variety, Decaisneana, they are pink, while semperflorens will maintain a scattered succession of blooms throughout the summer. Other varieties are Angustifolia elegans, with narrow leaflets ; aurea, golden foliage and umbraculifera, a compact form which, grafted standard high on the
:
Quite
common
kind,
is
is
known
as
Mop-headed
which
is
Bessoniana
is
a very fine
its
variety,
It is
advertised as on
a
own
roots.
good town
are
tree.
Rubus
there
(Bramble).
not
Wig
or
Smoke
Plant.
In the variety
atropurpurea the panicles are of a purplish hue. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. The long pinnate leaves of this are very R. glabra. handsome, and of a deep green, while they are quite smooth. There is a variety, laciniata, in which the leaflets are cut and slashed, the entire leaf being almost as finely divided as a Fern. The decaying leaves are
ornamental though a few exceptions occur. The best are A sturdy, upright-growing Bramble that will R. biflorUS. reach a height of 6ft. to 10ft., and is remarkable for the peculiar white stems, which in winter are very conspicuous. This is the best of the white-stemmed Brambles, and should be grouped for the sake of its stems alone A Currant-like shrub, which in April R. deliciOSUS. is laden with blossoms 2in. in diameter, like single white Roses. A delightful shrub, worth planting upon
high
as
subjects,
are
well
known, but
:
rich red.
R.
Toxicodendron
with
trifoliate
;
(Poison Ivy).
climbing
species
in
leaves,
the
autumn
it
from which
circumstance it is known in North America as the Poison Ivy. It should not be placed where children can have
easy access to This, which is known as the Stag's-horn R. typhina. Sumach, is one of the finest of all. When not more than loft, or 12ft. high it is of quite tree-like habit, the sturdy wide-spreading branches being clothed with long pinnate leaves, which in the autumn change to a brilliant crimson. The male and female flowers are borne on separate plants, the latter being by far the more showy. They are borne in terminal spikes, and so thickly covered with short hairs as to appear like reddish velvet. Ribes. Included in the genus Ribes are the Gooseberry and Currant, and of the latter two species take high rank as flowering shrubs. They are the Flowering Currant (Ribes sanguineum) and the Golden Currant (R. aureum). Both can be readily propagated by cuttings put in sandy soil in the open ground during the autumn. This is a slender-growing bush with lobed R. aureum. leaves of a cheerful green, and a profusion of yellow blossoms, borne in April and May, as a rule slightly later than those of the flowering Currant. This is now called R. americanum, R. missouriensis.
it.
the lawn. This variety R. frutieosus flore-pleno (R. exsecatus). of one of our native Brambles produces in great profusion, during July and August, clusters of very double pink blossoms. An upright-growing shrub about lyd. R. nutkanUS. high, with bold lobed leaves and white flowers. R. OdoratUS, much like the last, but with purple blossoms. There are so many kinds that space does not permit of every one being described. The white-stemmed R. biflorus should be more planted. It is as yet very rare, but too charming in winter to be forgotten. Its stems have a peculiar effect by moonlight. See Hypericum. St. John's Wort.
Salisburia adiantifolia,
is
also known as Ginkgo biloba, and a very distinct tree. The trunk is generally straight and erect, while the branches have also an upward tendency. The minor shoots droop somewhat. The leaves are in shape like the pinnules of the Maidenhair Fern, hence it is often called the Maidenhair Tree. The foliage dies off yellow in the autumn, and is then very
a native of China,
conspicuous.
The Willows are a beautiful group, and rapidly Salix. form good-sized bushes in any damp spot, while a few attain to the dimensions of trees. They are all readily increased by cuttings stuck in the ground at any time when dormant. Particular mention may be made of A large, graceful tree, of which the Orange and S. alba. Cardinal Willows, both remarkable for their brilliantcoloured bark, are regarded as varieties. These richlycoloured kinds should be planle by water. Their effect
and
in
is
autumn.
R.
sanguineum.
An
shrub that
any soil or situation, and of which there are several distinct varieties in cultivation. Prominent
will succeed in almost
decidedly good. The ordinary Weeping Willow, which S. babyloniea. forms quite a tree, and its slender shoots hang gracefully. There is a variety, annularis, in which theleavesare often in the shape of a ring encircling the shoots.
in
winter
is
408
BEAUTIFUL
S.
DECIDUOUS
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
409
daphnoidcs, a strong, bold-growing species, remarkable for the bluish glaucesoence of its young bark. Other Weeping Willows besides S. babylonica are S. alba vitellina pendula, a form of the yellow-barked
Willow, in which all the minor branches are pendulous American Weeping Willow purpurea pendula, S. Kilmarnock Willow, and Caprea pendula, the S. S. sericea pendula, the Silver Weeping Willow, three strictly pendulous kinds that need to be grafted standard high in order to show their long drooping shoots to the
best advantage.
; ;
Other kinds are growth, and more rare than beautiful. mentioned, but we make allusion particularly to the
beautiful babylonica.
SambllCUS
that
notes about the important group of translated from the Deutsche Gaiiner Zeitung, and written by M. Rehden, are important, and
the translation appeared in the Garden : " Among the trees distinguished by their drooping habit some Willows may be cited as truly deserving the name of weeping trees, and in which this peculiarity of
two species of Elder mentioned, viz., S. nigra, the common Elder, and S. racemosa, the red-berried kind. They will grow in almost any soil or situation, and cuttings about ift. long, put firmly in the open ground during the winter, will soon root. S. nigra, the common Elder, is known to everyone, but besides the ordinary form there are three varieties one in which the leaves are variegated with white; a cut-leaved form; and, lastly, the Golden Elder, whose leaves are of a yellowish green when first expanded, but when exposed to the summer's sun they become of a beautiful deep A sunny spot and a rather poor soil is golden tint.
{Elder).
need
be
specially
S.
growth constitutes a trait characteristic of the species and not an artificially maintained deviation from the natural mode of vegetation. Their branches droop to the ground naturally, whereas in many others of the so-called weeping trees, such as drooping forms of Ash, Elm, Birch, etc., there is nearly always a clumsiness, and their branches have the appearance of being forcibly curved downwards. We should guard against an excessive use of Weeping Willows in landscape effects owing to this same weeping habit. One large isolated Weeping Willow, or a group of such trees on the margin of water,
than a number scattered about promiscuously. We could hardly choose a better place for displaying the picturesqueness of the Weeping Willow than the margin of water, in which the branches drooping to the surface are reflected and seemingly continued. Further, the Weeping Willow when isolated has an advantage over many other weeping trees in its beauty of habit, and especially the elegance of its lines. Here there is no hardness, no stiffness, all is grace and softness like a fountain of water, the branches rise lightly into the air in no compact mass, to fall again
gives a
better effect
;
favourable to the colouring of this Elder. raeemOSa {Scarlet -berried Elder). A good deal like the last, but the berries, instead of being black, are scarlet.
There are also varieties of this plumosa, with cut leaflets, and a very graceful shrub for the lawn plumosa aurea, a and tenuifolia, in which golden form of the preceding thus the leaflets are reduced to long narrow strips,
;
forming a singular but graceful plant. The scarlet-berried Elder is wonderfully bright when smothered with its
scarlet fruit.
Sea Buckthorn.
much
tree,
with
very deep green pinnate foliage, which retains its colour throughout the summer, however hot, and well on into
The
clusters of white
it
November,
pea-shaped blossoms last of all our hardy a good weeping variety (pendula),
being the
Spanish Chestnut.^ Castanea. Spartilim junceiim {Spanisli Broom). Thisisanuprightg_owing bush, with long Rush-like shoots, and produces in great profusion its large, rich golden yellow peashaped blossoms. It is at its best during June and July, but continues to flower longer than that. For planting in Propasandy and stony soils it is particularly valuable. gated readily from seed sown when ripe.
gracefully on themselves.
On the other hand, in most other weeping trees artificially made by grafting on standards there is none of this lightness of aspect and of
Willows are admirably suited for giving us an form. abundance of foliage and shade where these are desired. " The Weeping Wdlow which is best known and
certainly the
Spindle Tree.
most beautiful
is
Salix babylonica.
Certain
SpirCSa. A charming group of flowering shrubs, all of which are hardy, bear a great profusion of blossoms, and
by a judicious selection a succession can be maintained throughout the greater part of the spring and summer. They all prefer good soil, and resent being parched up during the summer, a cool moist spot suiting them best. Most of them push up a succession of suckers and thus When this happens and any form a dense mass. pruning is necessary it should be devoted to thinning out the old and exhausted shoots rather than curtailing the which produce the finest blossoms. vigorous ones, From their habit most of the Spiraeas can be propagated by division, or by detaching rooted suckers, while cuttings of the growing shoots, taken about August and put in With the sandy soil in a close frame, will soon root. great number of different kinds a selection is a difficult
S.
See
Euonymus
europseus.
other
Weeping Willows
under this name, the more so as the true S. babylonica is a delicate tree in countries where the climate is at all severe. Its native country is said to be the East and China, although as a fact it has never, so far, been found wild in those countries. It is certain, however, that it already existed in Europe in the middle of the eighteenth century. It is called Babylonian because it was thought to be the tree under which the Jews sat down to weep on the banks of the Euphrates River, but it is now well known that the tree which grows on the banks of the Euphrates and resembles a Willow is the Populus euphratica, a Poplar with a peculiar foliage, having narrow leaves resembling those of the Willow and others with broad round-oval leaves. This Poplar is now in Europe, but has never shown any inclination to thrive Salix babylonica rises to a height of from 30ft. with us. to 60ft. the branches stretch out in curves to a great width and then fall in lengths, generally a yellow-green when young, afterwards changing to a brown-yellow. In habit it much resembles S. alba vitellina pendula. The long or lance-shaped, finely indented leaves are borne upon short leaf stalks covered with fine hairs. The leaves, each 2in. to 5m. long, and less than iin. broad, are covered at first with scattered silken hairs later they become smooth, a bright green on the upper side, a bluish grey-green on the lower. The female catkins are small, and supported by leafy peduncles. The male tree is rarely seen in cultivation. There is one form which is peculiar in having the leaves rolled in spirals or rings, viz., annularis is more delicate than the type, weaker in
; ;
matter, but the following are the best arguta. A neat-growing bush, 3ft. to
:
4ft.
high, that
bears
the
its
on the
From
best.
8ft.
May
it
is at its
large shrub,
high,
that
bears in June large plume-like panicles of creamy white blossoms. Not more than 2ft. high, and bearing in S. Bumalda. There June and July clusters of pretty pink blossoms.
Waterer with bright a form of this Anthony crimson flowers, and this is one of the most valuable dwarf its flower colouring is very rich. shrubs in cultivation A vigorous kind that will grow from 6ft. S. CaneSCenS. to 1 oft. high, and produces long, arching shoots, clothed with small regularly disposed leaves. The flowers,
is
4io
which are borne
shoots,
in clusters for
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
conferta, crenata, decumbens, discolor and its dumosa, Douglasi, expansa, hypericifolia, japonica, laevigata, Lindleyana, media, prunifolia, Nobleana, pubescens, salicifolia and varieties, sorbifolia, Thunbergi, tomentosa, tri'lobata, and Van Houttei.
flexuosa,
are white,
and are
also
at their
June onwards.
It is
known
variety
handsome kind with many synonyms. This forms a mass of closely packed S. Douglasi. shoots, each of which is terminated by a dense spike of
deep rose-coloured blossoms. It flowers in July and August. S. japonica. A bush from 4ft. to 6ft. high, clothed with lanceolate leaves, the young ones of which are tinged
with red. The flattened clusters of rosy red blossoms commence to expand about the middle of June, and maintain more or less of a succession until autumn.
Callosa and Fortunei are the same, and varieties of japonica, to which separate paragraphs are devoted, include S. Bumalda. Other kinds are alba, superba,
glabrata,
and ruberrima.
S.
This differs from any of the Spineas previously mentioned in having pinnate leaves, and it is also one of the largest in growth, for it will reach a height of 10ft. to 12ft.
Lindleyana.
shrub from 4ft. to 6ft. high, with pinnate leaves and nodding racemes of whitish sweet-scented blossoms. It is largely used for forcing, and in the open ground flowers towards the end of May. Propagated by layers put down in the autumn. Sycamore. See Acer Pseudo-platanus. Symphoriearpus raeemosus (the Snowberry) is a bush from 4ft. to 6ft. high that will grow in sandy soils and in shady spots. Favourably situated, however, it bears a quantity of fruks from whence the popular name is derived. These berries, about the size of small marbles, are pure white, and remain on through the autumn and
greater part of the winter.
S.
Staphylea eolehiea. A
vulgaris.
smaller
shrub
than
the
last,
with
pink
flowers
The
minal
large
ter-
and
berries,
are,
white
which
smaller
panicles
of
white
are
the
in
however,
flowers
borne
at
much
end of July,
sometimes
late
August, and
as
as
Sep-
is
a variety of
tember.
S.
media.
high,
S.
vulgaris
in
crowded
which
pretty
is.
several
species
in
of Syringa, but
the showiest
are
S.
persica
April
of
the
this
(Persian)
and
long shoots
arching
S. vulgaris (the
Common
This
repreis
t
Spirea are
crowded
with
clusters of little
Lilac).
last
s
e n
d
r
by
o u s
pure
white
n u
varieties, all of
grow
grows from
to 6ft. high.
4ft.
S.
salieifolifi. variable
They
species
that
pushes up
numerous
shoots from the
ing
results
in
base
S.
after
the
suckers,
which
manner
In S.
S.
of Douglasi.
salicifolia
GATHERING LILAC
the flowers are for the most part
hi
must
be
coloured, though
Thunbergi.
unfold
its
Spiraeas to
grubbed out, so own root plants are preferable. Ther.' is no need to graft. They may be obtained by layering or by cuttings. The growing shoots, especially if those of medium vigour
rather than the very strong or. .-s be chosen, will root if taken about midsummer or a little later, put into pots of sandy soil, placed in a frame, and kept close and shaded till struck, which will be in about six weeks or two months. Stouter cuttings may also be put in the open ground in the autumn, but these do not strike so well. When a plant is on its own roots, suckers with
their attendant fibres
blossoms, being even earlier than S. prunifolia flore-pleno. S. Thunbergi has slender arching shoots, It tender green leaves, and clusters of white blossoms.
grows 3ft. to 4ft. high. Very few of the Sfirreas are worthless, and it may be helpful to readers, although the most important kinds have been described, to give a list of the chief species. They are: S. bella, betulifolia and its variety corymbosa,
Blumei, bracteata, brumalis, bullata, cana, canescens (of which no less than twenty-four synonyms are given in
the
may
winter.
Kew
list),
cantoniensis, chama?drifolia
and
its
variety
persica. This is a much branched and compact bush, There with small leaves and clusters of lilac flowers.
BEAUTIFUL
is
DECIDUOUS
and another
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
of the variegated and weeping kinds
a variety (alba)
with
white
blossoms,
particulars.
Some
S.
Vulgaris. The common Lilac is a well-known shrub and a universal favourite. Its varieties are numerous, but as the range in colour is not great, some of them greatly resemble each other. A good selection would include: Alba grandiflora, white; Charles X., deep
purplish lilac
;
Marie Legrange, pure white, dwarf habit and Souvenir de L. Spath, massive clusters of deep lilac-purple blossoms. Double-flowered varieties Alphonse Lavallee, reddish lilac Leon Emile Lemoine, pinkish mauve Simon, pink, one of the very best doubles Madame Lemoine, white President Grevy, bluish lilac. S. amurensis, S. chinensis, S. Emodi and its varieties, S. japonica, S. Josiksea, and S. oblata are welcome also. Tamarix galliea. A loose-growing shrub, with bright green feathery branches, and spikes of pretty pink blossoms, wdiich are borne during the latter part of the summer. Its great value consists in the fact that it will flourish even close to the sea, and especially along the South Coast it is much employed for hedges, screens, and similar purposes. At the same time the Tamarisk will in a fairly moist soil do well inland. There are several kinds, lint all are much alike. Tut cuttings in a Irame in the summer or in the open ground in autumn.
:
Thorns.
See Cratregus.
The common Lime (Tilia europrea) is a Tilia (l. ime). well-known tree, whose foliage turns yellow quite early in dry soils. It is useful in many ways, but its ornamental qualities are not of a very high order. There are several forms, one of which (pendula) is very noticeable.
The
other half-dozen species that are in cultivation bear a good deal of resemblance to the common Lime.
all
Tree Of Heaven.
Tulip tree.
See Liriodendron tulipifera. UlmUS (the Elm). There are two species of Elms natives of Great Britain, viz., U. campestris, the common or
The different forms are propagated by suckers, layers, seeds, grafting, and budding. The seed should be sown when ripe, usually soon after midsummer, and covered with about ^in. of soil. Viburnum. A large genus of free-growing shrubs, the best known of which is our native V. Opulus sterilis, the Snowball Tree, which forms a highly ornamental specimen. The Viburnums are for the most part increased by seeds or layers. A selection of the best is as follows A large bush, with rough V. Lantana Wayfaring Tree). leaves and clusters of white flowers in May and June. Does better on a wall than in the V. maeroeephalum. open. It bears huge heads of white blossoms. handsome shrub of somewhat upright -V V. OpulllS. growth, reaching a height of from 12ft. to 15ft. The lobed leaves are decidedly ornamental, and the clusters of white blossoms very pretty, while in early autumn the red berries are very rich in colour. The decaying leaves, too, are very brilliant indeed, this shrub is worth planting for its autumn effect alone. Sterilis has globular heads of white blossoms, and is very beautiful. V. plicatlim, a native of Japan, has distinct wrinkled leaves and large rounded heads of flowers, after the manner of the Guelder Rose. It blooms towards the end of May, and is a shrub to make a group of upon the grass. Walnut. See Juglans. Wayfaring tree. See Viburnum Lantana. Weijela. A beautiful group of flowering shrubs, the earliest kinds of which were originally introduced from Since then numerous hybrids have been raised Japan. in this country and on the continent, a selection of the best being Abel Carriere, rich rose Candida, white ; Dr. Baillon, claret Eva Rathke, crimson Hortensis nivea, white Lavalle, purplish crimson rosea, pink and Looymansi aurea, with golden foliage. The
are decidedly ornamental.
Weigelas
(also
known
as
Diervilla)
will
thrive in
any
field
Wych Elm.
Both are
ordinary garden soil, and can be increased by cuttings put in a frame in July, or in the open ground in the
valuable timber trees, arid of both there are varieties innumerable. These varieties differ in form from each
other,
in
habit,
foliage,
and other
They are excellent shrubs for town gardens, and be seen flowering gaily even near to railway stations. V/yell, Or Witeh, Hazel. See Hamamelis.
autumn.
may
WAYFARING TREE
(Viburnum
Lantana).
412
WESTMORLAND.
SUGGESTIONS
FOR
PLANTING
TREES
AND SHRUBS.
HAVING
will
been engaged
for
many
years
in
an English park and garden, and having attended to their selection, planting, and
disposition,
1
think
may
be able
in
this chapter to
in
with which
situated to
make some suggestions which same interesting task. The place the north of London, on a heavy clay soil,
the
below
so
that
in
it
may
be
of
taken that
any
trees to
which
may
refer
can
be successfully
cultivated
any part
As the
so
large,
variety
of
trees
which can
differences
a pity that
now
of
be
obtained from
is
and
interest
to
seems
At present
trees
only too often happens that while great pains are given
looked
to
the
flowers,
the
upon
as
mere
the
first
necessary furniture
instance, and
still
background.
after
Little
thought
given
to to
their selection in
correcting
any
by judicious pruning
injury or destruction.
removal, that the choicer and more delicate sorts are protected from
PLACING
that they
foliage
THE
It is
TREES.
In
planting a garden
it
is
desirable to
so
may
in
their
and form.
SUGGESTIONS
at the
FOR
PLANTING
TREES
like a
AND
SHRUBS.
41?
to bring
some
of
the
taller trees
so
that
the
made
irregular.
Two
advantages
in
will
one
will be
is
It
of trees
a gain
where space
effect.
it
is
room
make
their natural
growth and
to
show
their
Of
course
in their
early stages,
when they
are young, they are the better for the shelter of near
them from the mischievous effects of frost and wind, but as they become stronger and grow high enough for their heads to be above the frost level, then it is necessary, if they are to become permanent ornaments to a garden, that their neighbours which overshadow or impinge upon them should be ruthlessly cut away. From the above remarks it will be
neighbours
to protect
seen that
decide
as
trees
it
is
desirable
as
to
early
possible
to
what
the
you desire
in
be
that
vicinity,
if
whether they be
trees,
if
Larches
or
comes
for
their
removal
destruction
no
Many
imagine that
trees
of
people
as
far
seem
as
to
the
con-
garden
are
to look
after themselves,
is
the
first
and
during
the
any
rate,
if
they
they
never
one
A
They
be
should,
if
possible,
to
is
allowed
touch
particularly
the case with coniferous trees, for though a deciduous tree which has been
damaged
will often
its
remake
lateral
itself
when
relieved from
its
PRUNING OF TRESS.
but
it
In the
is
case of
maimed man could develop a new arm or leg. standard trees, special attention must be paid to the
grow
better
it
is
not too
much
to
say
of a
young deciduous
tree that
it
if
to follow suit.
Accordingly
will
if,
however, the
if
the leader be
much
out of the
4i4
straight,
THE
it
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING
do not
let this
must be
will
tied
up
to
by
cloth or felt,
only
cut clean through the bark as the tree swells, and literally strangle
is
it.
The
bass,
of
for
vertical
down
of
itself,
remove
in
it.
Where
a tree
shows a
the tree
disinclination to
is
make
a central
boughs
inwards
into
going should be
to the
central lead
to assist.
Do
not
be
the
tree
thus
treated
presents
painfully
appearance
Ark,
suggestive
Noah's
ridicule of
those
who
of
have
made
no
study
year's
the
subject.
will
One
much two
growth
years you
will pro-
tree!"
lead
is
Where
the
is
it
the central
bad,
or
of
hopelessly
natural
to
is
where
the tree
habit
form a bushy
growth,
to
attempt
to
preserve a
is
weak
the
leader
which
a
out
it
of
off
is
centre, but
to cut
;
and
this
make
to
mop head
nor
be regretted, as
the
tree
change
of
tall
form
if
standing
fastH7 iated
to
among
A
of a
and
If
neighbours.
you desire
Birch, or
off
WEEPING BEECH IN
tree,
A L DEN II AM
GA A DENS.
of the
is
remove
stem, as
in
the
lower
a
branches
to
young
its
either to
the case of
not
prevent
often
necessary, do
tree's
take
too
its
many
leader
boughs
at a time,
weaken the
be liable to
constitution
and make
whippy that
it
will
be readily
broken
by wind.
Content
ift. of
height be obtained.
Now
central lead
;
let
me say something
finger
can be taken
any time
of
year.
Trees
actually
all
in
the degree
to
to the
knife.
Some seem
kinds
Crataegus, Yew, and Holly, while the gum-producing trees, such as Cherry, Plum, Peach,
of
it is
wood
at all, but
merely
to shorten the
growth
of the current
is
In the case
of a Birch,
up, otherwise
state.
If
1
will
bleed to death,
though no bad
liable to
the tree be
it
in
dormant
in
except
the spring.
remember
killing
some
SUGGESTIONS
plants of
FOR
PLANTING
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
were exposed
415
to a
in
hard winter.
their
young
in
left
quite
any superfluous
is
There
is,
exception
rate, are
this class,
and that
the various
if
Retinosporas, which
this climate,
at
any
apt to
when pruned
it
is,
of course,
very
to
A general
rule
may, however,
removed.
be
laid
down
all
that
all
boughs
which turn
still
more
Most
trees, except
mass
of small shoots
from their stems, especiallv where the original boughs have been removed.
in a
young
is
wanted
of
head, and
in
an old one
they
lessen
impressiveness
the
trunk and weaken the contrast between grey bole and green branches.
With
regard
to the
PLANTING
of trees,
the
soil
in
which
they
are to
grow should
whe never
possible be
thorou ghly
tr
en c h ed
and broken
up
;
it
is
really
astonishing
to note the
different
rate of pro-
s s
of
in
two
all
trees
one
which
vantage
of
has
the adof
trenched
ground and
the
other
not.
Of
A
course
where
but
will
in
GA
DEN
trees
are
planted
as
specimens on
hole
if
is
impossible
are
a
to
break'
up the ground,
chance
they
is
that
case
it
the
will
it
wider the
help
in
which they
so
roots
placed
of
the
better
have, and
them
air
ever
the
the
small
circle
unturfed
tender
the
soil
ground
be
left
round
bruised
the
them,
as
will
give
to
and
protect
the
If
bark from
being
by
a
accidental
blows
tree
from
will
mowing
if
machine.
on
a
heavy
and
situation
moist,
the
do
better
planted
in
rather
to
than
on
dead
level,
and
provided
the
will
rise
the
ground
better.
roots,
sufficiently
is
graduated
fatal
produce a natural
prospects
of
also
look
at
Nothing
so
a
to the
is
young
as
standing
water
the
and
this
in
clay
soil
4i6
very
THE
CENTURY
If
BOOK
OF
a
GARDENING-.
leaves of a
you
notice
specimen
save
or
tree
its
looking
sickly,
it,
with
colour,
you
will
it
often
i
life
by
lifting
in
putting
some
round
is
the
roots,
and
replanting
ft.
i8in.
higher
the
ground.
its
Where
the tree
of sufficient
roots in connection with the nearest drain in the paths or elsewhere will greatly help
in
the
tree
gets old
enough
to
make
Where
6ft.
a tree has
it
to
its
stand alone
as
a specimen or in an
fair
in
permanent
situation until
it
has assumed a
it
size,
say, about
you
will gain
it
is
some nursery or shrubbery of thoroughly protected though not touched or overshadowed by older trees.
time rather than lose
by keeping
in
in
Do
at
will
any
is
suck
it
all
soil,
and the better the mould you put round the new comer to
it
help
has to draw
in
its
of
extraneous roots
bend
away from
after dragging
out a miserable
AN OLD SCOTCH
existence for ten or
therefore, that
a
FIR.
dozen
years,
to
it
either
dies
or
has to
of
be
cut
down.
It
follows,
make
collection
old
shrubs should
I
remove (not
all
mean
all
that
are ill-grown or injuring others, or that are not required as a shelter from wind.
Never be content
but have
will
it
in a
of cutting
down
all
condemned
and
in
tree,
any
for
many years
unfertile.
SUGGESTIONS
FOR
PLANTING
TREES
AND
SHPUHS.
4 7
1
KING'S
WESTON.
it
prone to forget that an old tree occupies almost as much space under ground as
does above.
as
well as
One
when
of the
great
difficulties
of tree-planting
is
that to enable
their
them
state
to
thrive
possible they
their
must be planted
of those
closer
together
in
young
This means the gradual removal for some years, and later
on the destruction
In the
case of
REMOVING TREES
in
is
well
to note
that there
is
as
much
difference
in
among the
stand
their
power
to stand
the shock"
laid
of
removal as
their
A broad
Laricio,
down
removal
far
worse than do
To give
middle
among
bad bad
the
Holly,
Oak' are
place,
particularly
movers,
while
the
Cypresses and
Thujas occupy
such
and
Yews and
and
is
fairly well.
Of deciduous
kinds,
Chestnut are
by
move,
best to
while
all
softer-wooded
as
Lime,
Birch,
Horse
Chestnut,
Sycamore, as well as
far the
Of
all
Chestnut
it,
and
at
whatever time
taken
with
its
you move
I
you
will
find
it
hard to
reasonable
full
pains
be
replanting.
have
moved
leaf, in
summer, without
its
resenting the
As
of season.
to the
MOVING TREES,
is
i.e.,
in soil
be disagreement, but
If
1
my
sun
view
that, on a
heavy
1
any
rate,
it
is
mainly a question
could
know beforehand
soil
if
1
that
1
should
should,
the
first
1
autumn
should
the
late
go
in
for
March-April removal.
in
case
of
conifers,
and indeed
in
all
is
evergreen trees,
tire
am
a
season
even
late
if
I
April)
to
Personally,
had
Cypress
of
or
Pine
in
August
of
or
December,
should unhesitatingly
The cause
the death
half the
4iS
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
newly moved
their
trees
left
is
that
roots
are
too
long
is is
above
ground,
and
that
why
so
much smaller among trees moved from one part of an estate to another than among
those which come from a distant nursery.
successful
as
big a roots
The
of
secret of
is
removal
ball
to
get
earth
with
the
as
soil
tie
possible,
is
and
where the
fall
inclined to
ball
it
off
to
of
up the
in
is
bag
matting while
being shifted.
ing
Before replantall
see that
bruised and
damaged
off
and
those
out
that
remain and
not
fine
spread
evenly
well
into
well trodden
cess
during the
of
filling
up the hole.
RETINOSPORA bQUARROSA, WITH P1NUS AUSTRIACA IN BACKGROUND.
their
the case of
where
you have
chances
of
;
of
life
will
be greatly
will
it
increased
for
if
to
water
them,
although
moist
well,
no
amount
watering
produce
far
them
to
what
they
their
really
require
atmosphere
recent
that
accordingly,
rise
is
more useful
to
syringe
of
saturate
that
the ground
root action
so
feeble
they
cannot
lies
absorb
way, and unless they are very well drained water merely
than good.
A very good
plan
is
to
the water and keep the bark protected from the drying influence of
It
may now
be well
to
of
consider
what SORT OF TREES you should plant in your success. have heard before now a friend say, " really
1 I
1
know what
1
trees
don't
want
to
planting a
lot of
such an one
the
finest
or situation,
may never
heavy clay
to
To
be
or fields,
trees
if
you
not
on
they
if
will
found to be
Oak
if
Fir, etc.;
on chalk,
You do
want
in
your garden
which you see flourishing along your roadsides, but what you can do
the casual
to learn
from
these what species are likely to succeed with you, and then you can get garden varieties of
them which
same."
is
It
to
must be borne
in
own
habitat)
is,
owing
SUGGESTIONS
it
FOR
PLANTING
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
419
yet desire
the reader
of
to
start
help
in
and the
foreign
a
and
grass,
often
ill-spelt
names
of
hardly help
1
him
to
distinguish
in
between
the
rock-plant,
that
a
and a
monarch
of
the
forest.
would suggest
to
such
circumstances
personal visit
should
be paid to
one or two of
leading nurseries,
where
large collection
selection
If
made according
anyone
is
in
doubt whether to go
latter.
would
though
rather
recommend
in
the
(1)
care and
attention,
it
(2)
Because
are cheaper.
Because
a
is
far
more
common
pinetum than
to find
well-assorted collection of
it
have mentioned
is
foliage,
of
and colour
and
object
will
now
give
trees
some
lists
these respects.
points
in
Among
w hich grow
Lombardy
Poplar,
and
its
Bolleana, fastigiated forms of the Oak', Him, Birch, Acacia, and Thorn, which can be obtained
far too
little
planted, not so
much on account
it
of their
own
way
in
which they
Among
is
evergreen trees
is
only
Yew,
C. Fraseri, C. erecta
the Thujiopsis
viridis,
Borealis,
and
Thuja Lobbi.
tasteful
Trees
of this
if
you
will
destroy
and give a
suggestion
of
a
it
suburban
cemetery,
and
two
or
on
tall
the
other
or
hand,
Poplar
one
Cypress
up
ing
standing
like a sentinel
and breakline
the
sky
among
other
-
Thorns,
Quinces,
or
low
growing
round
headed
same improveis
ment
to
-a
view as
produced
by a church steeple.
all
kinds of
scarlet
Horse
Chestnut,
Mespilus,
tin'
Quince, snowy
Catalpa,
Medlar,
Walnut,
Pyrus
Mai us
TAXVS GRANDIS.
420
floribunda, Ailanthus, and
large
leaf
THE
all
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Among
the
trees
which have
Plane,
very
are
;
the
Ailanthus,
in
Horse
to
Chestnut,
these
Catalpa,
Sycamore,
Birch,
Paulownia,
Acacia,
for
Dimorphanthus
and
contrast
or
may
be
set
Hornbeam,
into
two
of
varieties of
Trees
and indented,
paniculata,
which a cut
Beech,
leaf
(laciniata)
Kolreuteria
Birch,
very
effective,
and
just as
hardy and
or less
Chestnut,
varieties),
Poplar,
Elm (two
or three
Oak' (Q. concordia), Alder, Sycamore, Ash, Yew, Cypress, and Juniper. Silver or white-leaved forms of the following trees are obtainable: Spanish Chestnut, Elm, Oak,
Willow,
Pyrus
Aria,
or
Whitebeam
Hippophae
rhamnoides,
or
Sea
Buckthorn; Crataegus
varieties
of
orientalis,
several
among which
may mention
that
Cedar,
reddish
and
Abies
pungens.
Among
trees
show
purple foliage, besides the well-known copper Beech, are the purple Plum Prunus Pissardi,
The variety of Maple known as Acer colchicum rubrum has young shoots of a bright red,, whilst A. Schwedleri shows a delicate pink all over in the spring. The numerous Japanese dwarf Maples present many different shades, from deep red
pale amber, and they form a great
;
to
ornament
as
my
experience
in fact,
SUGGESTIONS
FOR
PLANTING
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
421
park
may
look very
\ve\\,
but
if
they
the landscape.
the
to
danger
is
that
the}'
should
be
too
garish
in
and
close
conspicuous, and
is
two
different trees
kills
proximity, as they quarrel with one another, and the more brilliant of the two
It is
the other.
impossible to
trees
golden
Yew
and a golden
I
Oak
in
juxtaposition
and
you
will
find
that the
result
is
mosf
unsatisfactory.
spoilt
422
THE
of
CENTURY
BOOK OF
;
GARDENING.
the proper use for the former
in
is
employment
dot
it
not to
about
among
boldly
it
can be seen
from a distance.
must not be forgotten that all trees and shrubs with golden foliage (the Aucuba alone excepted) require unimpeded light and air to bring their colouring to perfection. should like to add a few lines about the use of bring this chapter to an end Before
I
WEEPING TREES
in
a garden.
know they
if
in
my
judgment
They
in
in
fact, unless
on which
is
on turf
of the
as specimens,
water.
Some
Birch,
more
beautiful
Sophora
japonica,
Gleditschia
pendula,
Lime,
Beech,
Elm, especially Ulmus Petersii pendula, a far preferable form to the ordinary weeping Elm, which
much
of the formal
It is
shape
of
all
the
seeping Acacia.
possible, as the
well in buying
weeping
a standard as
boughs damage both the turf and themselves as soon as they touch the ground
fulfilled
Having now
removal, pruning, and arrangement of trees, together with some notice of the
suitable for an English garden,
1
kinds
1
most
no
feel
come
in
for
me
no
to conclude.
am very
are
conscious that
quotations
all
that
have written
or
sadly deficient
literary grace.
fine
There
"the immemorial Elms," or how "the rude and moss-grown Beech o'ercanopies the glade"; have satisfied instead, there is a succession of bald facts, of the truth of most of which myself by actual experience, extending over about a quarter of a century, as an amateur arboriculturist; hence arises the obvious result that what write cannot interest anyone except those who have the same tastes and pursuits. However, should any of my suggestions prove
from Theocritus,
Milton,
or
Spenser,
or
Bacon;
writing about
useful,
shall be
423
AMONGST
forth;
the
many evergreen
list
trees
Hollies
and so
will
command
of the planter:
Andromeda..
At one time
this constituted
group
of evergreen shrubs,
but the
majority are
now
classed
Pieris, such
as floribunda, formosa,
There rore on'y one species is here considered a little shrub about I't. high, A. poliiolia clothed with narrow greyish leaves, and producing its little pinkish bell-shaped flowers during the summer months. It is a very interesting species, not troublesome to grow in a peaty soil, and is one of those shrubs that may be planted amongst boggy plants, such as the Trilliums and things that appreciate moisture. A. polifolia is not too often seen in gardens, but it is too leafy and pleasing to
ignore.
Aralia.
Many members of
Angus
ifolia
and major are varieties. this genus are tender, and two
hardy kinds are deciduous, .there being indeed but one evergreen to be mentioned hqre. A sturdy plant, with lobed leaves of a stout A. ChinensiS.
or three of the
forms a handsome shrub for the open Seeds are frequently ground in the South of England. sent to this country in quantity from the South of France, from which plants can be readily raised. This plant is
at the
same time
it
also
known
as Aralia Sieboldi.
borne in the spring. The old bark peels off", leaving the smooth, reddish trunk, which is conspicuous. A. Menziesi, known also as A. procera, is more upright growing than the last, while its white sweet-scented flowers are borne in the autumn. The large shining leaves are handsome, being of a peculiar metallic green. The spikes of whitish waxlike blossoms of A. Unedo. this Arbutus are produced in the autumn, when few shrubs and fewer trees are in bloom. Besides the typical kind there is a variety, Croomi, with reddish flowers. The name of Strawberry Tree is derived from the fruits, which ripen in about a year from the time of the flowers. It is not thoroughly hardy, being injured during winter. The Arbutu r belong to the Heath family, and of the four species there are several varieties. A. Unedo has for its forms integrilolia, microphylla, quercifolia, and rubra, the garden name of which is Croomi. AuCUba. A useful class of neat-growing shrubs, valuable from the fact that they will succeed better in shady spots and in smoky districts than the majority of evergreens. The common form, A. japonica, has green leaves blotched irregularly with cream, but there are several varieties, differing in the marking of the foliage, while in others
A. Sieboldi.
ornamental group of evergreen shrubs or small trees, of which the best known is A. Unedo, the Strawberry Tree, which forms one of the notable features of the celebrated Lakes of Killarney. This is raised 'rom seed, and the other kinds are usually grafted on to it. A. Andraehne. This is a native of the Levant, and forms a stout-growing tree, clothed with shining narrow Laurellike leaves, and spikes of greenish while waxy flowers
ArbutUS.
An
See A. chinensis.
The Aucuba
different plants,
hence
berries that
make such
show the two sexes must be planted in close proximity. All of them strike root from cuttings put in a shady spot. Berberis. There are two distinct sections of these, firstly, what is known as the Ash Barberries, which were formerly called Mahonia and, secondly, the evergreen forms of the
ordinary Barberry.
424
THE
CENTURY
COOK
OF
GARDENING.
B. Aquifolilim, a native of North America, is the bestknown of the first-named section indeed, several to which distinct names have been given are simply seedling forms of this. It is a beautiful shrub, with pinnate leaves of a rich shining green, furnished at the edges with spines, while the terminal masses of golden yellow flowers form
;
a charming feature in the woodland in early spiing. The purple berries towards the end of the summer are also very conspicuous. This Barberry will grow in almost any soil or situation, and is a valuable covert plant. It is readily
The common Laurel is well known, and generally planted as a screen to clothe sloping bank or similar positions. The ordinary form, which is frequently injured during severe winters, is surpassed in hardiness by its varieties, colchica and rotundifolia. As Mr. Bean has pointed out, the Laurel must not overrun everything eke in he garden. The Portugal Laurel is more frequently seen as a Both may regular-shaped bush, or even as a standard. be struck from cuttings put firmly in the ground in a
.
increased
become
they are
Many
in the
of the
leaves
shady spot,
but
the
common
(the
readily
autumn, when
much
Choisya
ternata
Mexican
Orange-flower)
has
Chrysanthemums. B. Dai'Wini, a native of Chili, with deep green Boxlike leaves and rich orange-coloured blossoms, produced
in
great profusion in
the
spring,
while
occasionally
second crop appears in the autumn. This is one of the most charming of all flowering shrubs, and a group of it in flower is de ightful, producing a glorious effe t from its remarkably handsome flowers, so freely produced that the whole shrub is full of colour. B. dtlleis, or btixifolia, a rather upright-growing shrub, with solitary golden blossoms suspended bv unusually long stalks.
This is a low-growing bush, seldom B. empetrifolia. more than 2ft. high. The slender branches are clothed with narrow leaves, and in the season studded with yellow blossoms. B. nepalensis (the Asiatic) isa noble plant, with very long pinnate leaves, but is rather tender, the hirdiest from that portion of the world being M. japonica, which has lemoncoloured blossoms, borne in mild winters soon a tcr Christmas. B. Stonophylla. A hybrid between 15. D rwini and li. empetrifolia, and one of the most beautiful of o itdoor shrubs that we have. It reaches a height of 6ft. to <S t., and the long arching shoots clothed with small de p green leaves are arranged so gracefully that when in fuil llow r the entire plant forms a fountain of gold. Like the others, it flowers in spring, and can be raised from seeds. Box, The. V- Bjxus. EuXUS. The Box (Buxus sempervirens) is a well-known
and clusters of white sweet-scented flowers during the summer and autumn. Cuttings need the prote lion of a frame, anil may be taken in spring or in summer. This shrub is very beautiful in many gardens, and appreciates a warm rather light than heavy soil, and sheltered sunny position. It grows with great rapidity, and in some places, where the position suits, it becomes almost a weed, forming, in truth, quite a hedge. It should be one of the shrubs planted in the borders near the
trilobate leaves,
glossy green foliage is pleasant at all times, flower the white clusters diffuse an agreeably nutty perfume into the house. Few evergreen shrubs are
its
house, as
but
when
in
more charming than this. j n t] le Northern Counties must be grown in a greenhouse, and even under glass
it
is
we'come. CistUS. A beautiful class of shrubs, most of which are, however, loo tender lot general cultivation. On the seacoast in the South and West of England they do well. Cuttings taken in August, dibbled into pots of sandy soil The and placed in a frame, will root before the spring.
hardiest are
C.
ladaniferus
(Gum
Cistus), large
flowers
spotteil
purple;
C.
crispus,
reddish
whits purple;
laurifolius, while. The two kinds thai are especially worthy of mention are C. ladaniferus and C. laurifolius. These are, perhaps, the most hardy, and are sufficiently bands >me to be grouped upon the lawn or in the pleasure grounds, where they form leafy masses, relieved by large single flowers. A warm dry soil is necessary, and w hen established a group of them is an interesting feature in the garden. These two species should be grown
C.
native shrub, ot
in
culti-
word
vation, but a g lod ordinary form is quite equal in beauty to any ol its varieties. particularly dwarf variety is
" shrubby."
Cotoneaster microphylla.
;
iiurca Bo\) is much larger in all its parts B. baleariea than the common kind. The Box is a useful plant lor hedges, as has been mentioned elsewhere, and its ragrance as one brushes past it is agreeable, whilst its line colour at all times should bring it into greater favour even than it seems to be at present. It forms an interesting hedge, anil when grouped possesses much beauty, whilst its numerous varieties are important, although the species itself should receive first consideration. The Handsworth Box originated at the nurseries of Messrs. Fisher, Son, and Sibray, near Sheffield, and is one of the finest forms of all, having very broad deep green foliage. The Myrtleleaved and the variegated are two good kinds, and a golden variegited Box of much beauty is aurea variegata. In the
(
This is a charming species, dwarf and hardy it is, indeed, a dense-growing procumbent shrub, with tiny polished green leaves, and a pro usion of crimson berries in winter. It was probably fir^t raisid in England in the famous Horticultural ty's gardens at Chiswick. This Cotoneaster may be Soi used in many ways in gardens. Some of the best winter
i'
making large breadths of some flights of steps leading the garden to another, or upon the rock
it
Kew
how
list
greatly the common Box varies Arborescent, argentea, aurea maculata, aurea pendula, aureo-marginala, elegantissima Handsworthi, latifolia, latifolia maculata,
longifolia,
myosotifolia,
rosmarinifolia,
myrtifolia,
navicularis, Ponteyi,
prostrata,
and suffruticosa. B. Ilarlandi, B. japonica, B. microphylla, and B. Wal ichiana are S| ecies.
a neat little lleath-like plant, w ith
CaSSiope tetragona,
;
wiry shoots, so bright with its crimson berries, this Cotoneaster is, indeed, a shrub of no common beauty. It is a native of the Himalayas, and is found at an elevation of between 5,000ft. and 6,000ft. A small-leaved species, forming a bush C. btixifolia. 4 1. to 5ft. high, clothed with dark green Box-like leaves ami bright red berries. Both this and C. microphylla may be raised from seed, the berries being gathered when ripe, This causes the and kepi in moist soil till the spring. pul v matter to decay, and the seeds being cleaned therefrom should be at once sown in a pan or box, and in a sheltered p isition some of the young plants will soon appear, though many of the seeds will probably remain till
will
which
spread
its
all
times.
When
deep green foliage and tiny waxlike, bell-shaped blossoms it needs a peaty soil and a moist spot. The upright-growing C. fastigiala is even more particular in its requirements. C. hypnoides is interesting. Synonyms are Andromeda fastigiata, A. hypnoides, and A. tetragona. Most of the species of Cerasus are deciduous, but CerasilS. there are two well-known evergreen kinds, viz., the common Laurel (C. Laurocerasus) and the Portugal Laurel
in writing to
Garden
1
in
says:
"I
(C. lusitanica).
have seen it nowhere finer than at Kew, where there is a mass oft. high and 40ft. through, which admirably shows the value of this shrub as an impenetrable screen, either for blocking out some objectionable view or for shelter. It is perfectly hardy here. Its branches are long, slender, and but little branched. If the plants are trained up so that they can hang downwards, the effect is very
g n
EVERGREEN
graceful.
TREES
AND
SHRUBS?.
42<5
The happiest use I have seen made of this Cotoneaster is where it has heen planted so as to grow over an iron fence. This it now completely hides, and its long snake-like branches, standing prominently out hum the main bodv of the plant on both sides, give as light and elegant an effect as it is possible for an evergreen to
produce.
1 '
leaves and dense clusters of pink highly- fragrant blossoms. It is a little shrub that needs a peaty soil, and a cool
is
1
1
known
plant, in
as the
generally treated as a
\\
;i
which
form a cheerful It also does well as a hush in the open winter feature. ground, and may be grown from seed treated in the same way as recommended for the Cotoneasters, or fron> cuttings
bright orange scarlet
berries
moist situation. An upright shrub not more than 2ft. high, D. COllina. and bearing its clusters of pink blossoms throughout the winter months. An evergreen bush, with D. Laureola (Spurge Laurel). very deep green leaves and sweet-scented greenish yellow flowers that open in February. Though the blossoms are less showy than those ol other kinds, it is valuable as a subject that will grow well under the shade of trees. This is similar to the preceding, but not so D. pontiea. vigorous, while the flowers, which are of a richer yellow,
about
lft.
long
are
and inserted
firmly for
thirds
(jt
later expanding.
in
twotheir
Elaeagnus.
The
mental,
Elaeag-
length
sheltered
in
in
spot
ope
ground.
Ltelandi
h a
is
the
growing group,
the are
a
e
evergreen
natives
of
n d
species of which
variety.
Dabcecia polifo
1 i
A
I ft.
Japan.
long
Cutin
lovely upright-
taken
growing
height
to
2ft.
August,
put
The
spikes
flower
are
an
will
ordinary
root
garden
out
frame, with-
bell
shaped
difficulty.
blossoms,
which are larger
than
those
of
The
them
r
are
k able
fact
from
that
the
they
are
kind purple,
but
there
is
clothed with
small scurf-like
scales,
lessen in
which num-
both
a n d
purple
macrois
flowers mingled
phylla nished
abi
fur-
flower
tinuously
confrom OctoIt is
in-
May
ber.
to
readily
creased
wind
trast
the con-
the
of the leaf is spring in very peaty soil, and marked. placed in an This will form ULhAklA M.^LUOhVMA a large speciordinary garden frame. In every good garden the Daboecia should be men 6ft. to Sft. high. This shruh should be more shown in bold groups or breadths. frequently planted in gardens, as it is of distinct appearance and in every way desirable. Daphne. A pretty class of low-growing free-flowering shrubs, the flowers of which are deliciously scented. The leaves of tlvs are not so large as those E. putlgens. The Daphnes are increased by layering the lowermost ol E. macrophylla, nor so silvery underneath, but it forms branches, which may be carried out in the spring, but it There is a variety, aurea, an equally handsome shrub. will be two years before they are sufficiently rooted to be and in which the centre of the leaf is of a golden yellow taken off. A selection of the best is as follows This another, variegata, which has a margin of white. D. Blagayana. A spreading bush, with ivory white species and its varieties are very beautiful, and shrubs that blossoms in spring, very suitable for the rock garden, and should certainly be more grown in English gardens. succeeding in well-drained soil. It is hardy and straggling See Heath. Ei'ica. in growth. Escallonia. All handsome shrubs, most of which are,
D.
Cneorum
I ft.
(Garland Flower).
This
is
high,
however, rather tender, except in the South and West of Cuttings of the growing shoots taken about England.
426
EVERGREEN
TREES
AND
may
SHRUGS.
427
July, and inserted into pots of sandy soil, will, if put in a The close frame and shaded from the sun, soon root. best are
:
E.
A stout bush, with deep green glossy crimson Fuchsia-like flowers are
macratltha.
clothed
6ft.
or
so
in
height,
be put are numerous, as in the first place permanent planted with them are always attractive; next, owing to the low stature of most of them, they are useful as an edging to some of their larger-growing allies, such as
beds
leaves.
l>
The
bright
irne
throughout
the
summer months, and often well oh into the autumn. This forms quite a hedge in the South of England and Ireland, and frequently may be seen clothing the fronts It is a very charming shrub when the climate of houses.
is
suitable.
is
E. E.
montevidensis
flower clusters.
an
interesting
kind,
with
white
slender and spreading, yet freelyclothed with small deep green leaves and in July absolutely laden with myriads ol tiny white flowers. It is the hardiest of all the Escallonias. This is altogether smaller than E. m.rcrantha, E. rubra.
Philippiana.- A
branched shrub,
etc., that require the same kind Besides this, sloping banks and similar spots may often be rendered attractive by planting the least fastidious of our hardy kinds. Most of them, being of a lo.v tufted habit of growth, can be readily increased by division, that is, the plant or tuft may be dug up in the winter and pulled into several pieces with roots attached to etch, as is often done in the case of many herbaceous subjects. The few that are of a more tree-like growth and cannot be split up in th s fashion may be propagated by cuttings of the young shoots taken in the autumn
Rhododendrons, Kalmias,
soil.
of
A inserted very (irmly into pots of sandy peat. length of 2 in. is suitable for the cuttings, and the leaves should be taken oil e lower half to allow of their being These must be kepi in a close frame buried in the soil.
and
t
species
the
ofEuonymus and
mo.it
till
rooted.
The
numerous
varieties are
among
evergreen shrubs, one reason being the fact As eversucceed under so many and varied conditions. greens for the seacoast, even within the range ol the saltand in shady spots laden spray, they are unsurpassed they hold their own remarkably well, while in smoky districts, even in the heart of London, good specimens
;
E.
(Tree Heath). The largest of all the Heaths, It forms a somewhat reaching a height of 8 ft to loft. upright bush, clothed wilh tiny leaves, and early in the spring is studded with sin ill while bell-shaped blossoms.
arb.rea
may
In pots and tubs for corridors, balbe met with. and w indow sills these Euonymuses are very use id, and they are also well adapted for clothing walls, etc. They are very easily increased, as cuttings about Gin Ion ; put in a frame will soon root at any season, ex ept the Besides the ordinary green-leaved form depth of winter. there are varieties in which the leaves are marked with
conies,
This Heath is a native ol the is rather tender. Mediterranean region, and its wood is largely sent to this country to make the so-called Briar-root pipes, the name of Briar being simply a corruption of the Trench word Bruyere (Heath).
It
E.
earnea,
or
herbacca. The
earliest
of
all
the
These are less robust white and yellow respectively. than the green-leaved kind. E. radicanS is a rambling or creeping shrub, with small It is not generally met with, but its deep green leaves. vaiiegated variety is universally cultivated. It is decidedly ornamental as a shrub, is a first-rate wall plant, and may be used as an edging after the manner of Box. Fire Thorn. See Crataegus Pyracantha. Garrya elliptiea. The leaves of this Califomian shrub It is a remind one of some form of the Evergreen Oak. somewhat upright bush, 6lt. high, and produces a prolusion of long yeilowish green pendulous catkins during the winter months. It is fairly hardy, but in some dis-
Heaths to flower, as its bright rosy red blossoms begin to This is a low-growing plant, open soon after Christmas. being seldom more than bin. high. There is a variety (alba) with while blossoms. Few of the Heaths are more beiuti.ul than this, or so bright in mild winters.
E. CiliariS.
Distinguished
by
its
hairy
Heath may be met with on some ol our commons, where, during August and September, its rosy red blossoms are very attractive. Few things are more precious in the
garden.
The typical form with purplish flowers is E. Cinerea. one ol our commonest native Heaths, but there are several varieties, differing widely Irom each other in colour, lor among them we have white, crimson, deep purple, bright red, and pink flowers. They are all very eautiful and valuable Irom the fact that they are at their best about midsummer, and serve to maintain the Heath
1
tricts
The
is greatly benefited by the protection of a wall. catkins are the male flowers, and at pear on separate
mended
long
catkins
or
tassels
are a delightful
decoration.
Gailltheria.
Peat-loving
CCdOIlOdBS is now called E. lusitanica. It is somewhat in the way of E. arborea, but not so large a grower, and produces its tiny bell-.Tiaped pinkish blossoms as early as February in mild winters. A species for all good gardens, and fairly hardy. It is a native of Spain and Portugal.
E.
mediterranea.
graceful
bush,
4 ft.
to
6ft.
high,
habit of growth,
G.
proeumbens
with
its
A spreading
surface
and its rosy red blossoms are produced from March to May. There are numerous varieties, such as alba,
atropurpurea, atro-sanguinea, anil rosea. E. multiflora. This grow s about iyd. high, and its small red blossoms appear more or less freely during the a it umn and winter months. The cross-leaved Heath is a British species E. Tetl'allX.
winter,
deep green leaves, which acquire a bronzy hue in at which season the bright red berries nestling
the foliage ate very attractive.
among
An
excellent
little
shrub to form a groundwork for taller things, such as the Iiamamelis or Wych Hazel. This forms a dense mass, usually about Iyd. G. Shallon. high, clothed with heart-shaped leaves, while the spikes of while bell-shaped flowers appear in the summer. It is in some districts used as a covert plant. Heaths. Besides the true Heaths, which belong to the genus Erica, there are included under this comprehensive title the Ling, or Heather (Calluna vulgaris, which see), with its innumerable forms, and Saint Dabcec's Heath (Dabcecia polifolia). Hardy Heaths are a beautiful class of low-growing shrubs, and if a good selection is made a succession of bloom may be maintained almost through-
I ft.
high.
er.
The
It
ii
flowers
a
Irom July to
Sepleml
species,
and appreciates moisture, hence it is often found Alba and lubra are distinct
E.
Vagans (the Cornish h'oor Heath). This bears, in August and September, dense spikes of pale purplish red blossoms. It grows about ift. high, and flowers in great
profusion.
out
the
year. peat,
They
all
prefer a
soil
containing a
fair
included Calluna vulgaris, the Ling or ordinary form it is known to everyone, but not so generally recognised is that there are many a lai beautiful varieties, di ering widely Irom each other and from the type. They are alba minor, alba pumila, alba
also
is
Here
I
Headier.
In
its
amount of
is
Hammondi,
tenuis,
all
almost as good.
The
uses to
which Hardy
Heaths
crimson
rosea,
pink
scarlet.
428
foliage
is
THE
of beautiful golden hue.
CENTURY
The
species
is
BOOK OF GARDENING.
quite
ferox argentea, variegated Hedgehog; Golden Queen, Milkmaid, and Waterer's Golden. There is also a coun erpart of the common Holly, except that the berries are bright yellow when ripe. Three distinct weeping kinds are pendula, argentea pendula, and aurea pendula, with green, white, variegated, and yellow variegated leaves respectively. Other species are
:
any of the varieties, and the little shrubs are happy in dry, poor soils and quite sunny places. Such information need hardly be given. Hedera {Ivy). Most of these come under the head of climbing plants, but there are a few known as Tree Ivies, which are quite bushes, and show no tendency to climb. They are very ornamental evergreens, and consist of
as pleasing as
I.
COmuta. A
;
with a gold Hedera canadensis arborea and H. Rtegneriana are two kinds with large heartshaped leaves. Cuttings, which should be put in a frame in early autumn, do not root so readily as climbing Ivies. The tree Ivies are well adapted to lorm groups
Ivv,
common
China hence
I.
it
very distinct
bush,
native
its
name.
its
I.
is a dense twiggy bush, its spineless oval-shaped leaves being not more than lin. long. The variety aurea, which has the loliage tinged with gold, is a Native of Japan. charming tile shrub. The leaves of this are as large as those of latifolia.
1
CPenata. - This
the Laurel,
is
itself is
of tree-like habit.
It
limes,
especially
in
the
winter
rather tender.
months.
The common Holly (Ilex Aquifolium) is Ilex [Holly). undoubtedly our most beautiful native evergreen, and is unsurpassed as a hedge plant, while immense quantities
are
Kalmia.
The few species of this genus are all pretty flowering shrubs, natives of North America, and succeeding
used for
is
kind
known
The ordinary Holly is readi y which are obtained by gathering the berries when ripe and burving them in soil or sand till the spring or summer. They must then be sown in beds in the open ground, and many of the young plants will make their appearance in the following spring, while others will not appear till the second year. They grow slowly, hence they may stand two years before transplanting. The yarielies are increased by grafting or budding on to seedling plants of the common kind. Grafting is done in March, while budding, which is generally adopted, is carried out in July and August, (he operation being similar to tint employed for Roses.
not so often met
raised
from seeds,
under the same conditions as the Rhododendrons, that is, moist situation, and a soil composed principally of peat, or good open loam mixed with leaf mould. They are increased by seeds, which ripen freely, and should be sown as soon as ripe in pans ol peaty soil. The seedsare very minute, and must be sown thinly on the surface of the soil, and just covered with a sprinkling of sand. If a pane of glass be laid over the pan, and the whole placed in a frame shaded from the sun, the young plants will soon make their appearance, and the following spring may be pricked off into other pans of sandy peat, pressed down very firmly. They do not grow fast, ami will take four or
in a fairly five years to
reach flowering
size.
The
principal species
are
to
lin.
K. a'.lg"UStifolia.
3
(
2ft.
high,
more than
long,
and
salver-shaped blossoms, at
"
,
several
varieties,
such
1
as
d a
,
u c
nana, ovata,
rosea, and
rubra.
K.
T his
s
glauea.
is
1
d o
.'.
more
t
1
than
1.
high,
s
t
i
and readily
MMft-
^ u
h e d
whitish
under -sides
to
the
The
leaves.
flowers,
which are borne in
great
fusion,
pro-
are
of a
pretty
KALM1A.
purplish
pink tint. one of the most charming of flowering shrubs in the early days of May. K. latifolia.--The giant of the family, forming a shrub 6ft. to f>ft. high, and as much through, clothed with shining deep green leaves, and clusters of pink blossoms in June and July. Irrespective of flowers it is a very handsome shrub, and is frequently grown as a standard. Myrlifolia and polypetala are forms.
It
is
few
:
strongly
marked
varieties
;
are
with
green
leaves Bessoni, without spines crassifolia, very thick leaves; ferox, Hedgehog Holly; Hendersoni, broad spineless leaves Hodginsi, broad deep green leaves, strong spines mvrtifolia, small leaves recurva, spines
;
backwards; tortuosa, twisted leaves. With variegated leaves Argentea marginala, silver margined
arranged
argenieo
:
picta,
while
blotched
aurea,
golden leaved
Evergreen
LaurilS nobilis
shrub
or
tree,
tHeeS
L.
and
shrubs.
42c)
an evergreen small-leaved The leaves are very Laurel, and of a deep green colour. Cuttings about aromatic, and much used for flavouring. 6in. long put in sandy soil in a frame during September will root the following spring.
(the Siveet Bay).
is
This
VUlgare.
gardens by
The
many
common
Privet
is
represented in our
with
foliage
much
like
which are as indifferent to soil and situation as the typical kind. There are several varieties, such as aureum, luxifolium, italicum, and
varieties, all of
variegatum.
Oak, Evergreen.
Olearia.
Ledum
same
both
s
latifolium
are
and
L.
palustre. These
two
See Quercus.
Ledums much in
the
way,
being
a
1 1
shrubs from
2ft.
to
3ft.
ii
,
clothed
with ovals h a p e d
leaves from
1
in. to
ijin.
long,
deep
g r e e n above, and
part
April
of
L.
lati-
folium
L.
are
in
whiteand
palustre
lightly
tinged with
pink.
RHODODENDRON DRIVE.
but only one is hardy enough Daisy Trees of New Zealand This is for general planting. 0. Haasti. A dense-growing bush, with very dark green leaves a good deal like those of the Box, and seldom exceeding 4ft. in height. In the early part of August it is completely covered with small pure white Daisy-like
;
Both
:
need a moist peaty soil, and are increased by seeds treated the same as those of the Kalmia. LigUStrum (ihe Privet). There are several kinds of Privet, and included amongst them are a few very ornamental flowering shrubs. Some of them, too, have finely
variegated foliage.
at
The common
was
one time largely used as a hedge plant, but lor this purpose it is now to a great extent superseded by the ovalBoth of leaved Privet, which has more persistent leaves. Privets these will succeed in almost any soil or situation. are easily struck from cuttings about I ft. long, two-thirds of which is inserted firmly in the soil in a somewhat sheltered position. The end of September is a good time for this operation to be performed. The best Ligustrums
are
:
flowers.
The species named is the most u-eful of the family, and may be grown even in suburban gardens with success, as
Other kinds of note, though through the whole group, are O. macrodonta, which is the same as O. dentata, O. stellulata (synonyms O. Gunniana and Eurvbia Gunniana), and O. Traversi (synonym Eurybia Traversi). OsmantllUS. These are all compact-growing shrubs, with
it
is
indifferent to
smoke.
runs
family
likeness
L.
japonieum.
bush from
6ft.
to
Sft.
high, clothed
with deep green shiny leaves quite 6in. long. The clusters of creamy white flowers are borne in June and July. There is a pretty variegated leaved variety of this. Somewhat like the preceding, but a larger L. lucidum. grower its spreading panicles of flowers are produced in July and August. A well-known L. ovalifolium (the Oval-leaved Privet). kind that is met with almost everywhere, even in smoky towns. There are several variegated forms, of which the golden- leaved (aureum) is one of the finest of yellowleaved shrubs, and a universal (avourite
L. QllihOUi.
the
its
The
foliage of this
common Privet, but it value consists in the fact that its spreading spikes of white blossoms are not borne till the autumn, long after all
;
This is a large tree-like bush, with branches L. sinense. disposed in an almost horizontal manner, while the leaves on the minor twigs are regularly arranged. The creamy white flowers, which are usually at their best about the
latter half of July,
the foliage.
It is
are borne so freely as to almost hide one of the most ornamental of all shrubs
The small white flowers, which are freely borne in little tufts from the axils of the leaves in early autumn, are not showy, but agreeably scented. Though the different kinds of Osmanthus mimic the Holly, they differ greatly therefrom in their propagation, as cuttings put in a frame in early autumn strike root readily, whereas it is very difficult to increase Hollies in this way. All the different forms of Osmanthus are natives of Japan. Varieties of O. Aquifolium are O. illicifolius, O. illicifolius purpureus, the leaves tinged with purple O. illicifolius variegatus, O. illicifolius myrtifolius, with small Myrtle-like leaves. Pernettya miieronata is a dense evergreen bush, native of the district bordering on the Straits of Magellan. The small pointed leaves are less than I in. long, ami of a deep shining green. The pure white Lily of the Valleylike flowers appear in gieat profusion in May, and are in direct contrast to the deep-tinted foliage. By far the most prominent feature of this Pernettya is the crimson berries, which remain on throughout the winter, thus rendering it one of our most ornamental shrubs at that
Privet.
:
spiny leaves exactly like those of the they are more nearly related to the
season.
varieties, differing
widely in
430
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
The Pernettyas are readily to deep blackish purple. increased by seeds, to obtain which the berries should be gathered when quite ripe, and rubbed up with a little dry sand to remove the pulp. Sown in a pan of sandy peat,
covered with
^in.
of the
same
soil,
and placed
in
frame, the young plants will make their appearance in three or four months, and should be potted into small
and Smilax. The Cork Oak (Q. Suber) is, rugged bark, much like this kind. Q. GUSpidata and Q. glabra are ornamental Japanese Oaks, usually seen here as shrubs rather than trees. The Holm Oak is increased by sowing the acorns as soon as ripe, and the varieties by grafting on to seedlings of the type, under glass in the summer, but it is a difficult
rotundifolia,
save for
its
when iarge enough, planting them out afterwards. Pernettyas enjov a peaty or loamy soil, and should lie grouped, as their berries are very rich and varied in
pots
colour.
in
the garden.
why PhiUyrea.
Free masses of them make interesting features Although rarely seen, that is no reason they should not become more common.
These
are all
Their one exception) with small Privet-like leaves. ornamental qualities are not of a very high order, except in P. Vilmoriniana, the leaves of which are quite 6in. long It is a very good shrub for and >f a deep green tint.
i
to wns.
These, formerly grouped with the Androniedas, Pieris. form a neat-growing, free-flowering class of hardy shrubs, that succeed best in a peaty soil and a fairly moist situation. They may be raised from seed when obtainable, or cuttings will strike if kept close in a frame, P. floribunda is but (hey lake a long lime to root. a compact shrub from 3ft. to 4ft. high, having small ovate leaves of a very dark green, while the pure white Lily of the Valley-like flowers are borne in dense P. japonica is pleasing. partially erect spikes. -Vc' Ligustrum. Privet. Though the Oaks form a large QlierCUS (the Oak). family, most of them lose their leaves during the w inter. The best-known and by far the finest of the evergreen kinds is the Holm Oak (Quercus Ilex), which forms a magnificent tree, usually of a much-branched shrub-like There are many varieties, differing in style of growth. shape and size of the leaf and in habit from the type. Crispa, diverIn the Kew list the forms enumerated are sifolia, Fordi, Genabi, Gramuntia, latifolia, macrophylla,
operation unless in professional hands. AlaterriUS is a Myrtle-like shrub of somewhat spreading habit that readies a height of I oft. to 12ft. There are several varieties, the most ornamental being one in which the leaves are variegated with white. Undoubtedly the finest evergreen Rhododendron. flowering shrubs that we have are the numerous hybrid Rhododendrons, that form such a gorgeous display during the spring and early summer months. By far the commonest species is R. ponticum, a native of Asia Minor, This is the Rhododendron so with purplish flowers. universally planted for covert. R. ponticum has been crossed and recrossed with R. arboreum, R. catawbiense, and R. caucasicum, and by this means the present magnificent race of hybrids has been obtained. Rhododen-
RhamnUS
all peat-loving plants, yet at the same time peat not absolutely necessary for their culture, as they will succeed in loam even of a heavy nature, particularly if some leaf mould be incorporated with it. One important
drons are
is
is that they all need a fairly moist soil, as parched up during the summer they quickly suffer. In planting Rhododendrons where there is any danger of drought, the soil should be formed like a saucer around
consideration
if
way
artificial
watering,
if
Though Rhododendrons
districts
will
grow
in
hence
in
chalky
The
dif-
and grafting. Seeds are employed for the raising of R. ponticum in variety, and are sometimes sown in a sheltered spot out of doors, and covered with Spruce boughs to afford a
ferent kinds are increased
by seeds,
layers,
RHODODENDRONS
IN
EVERGREEN
certain
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
there,
431
until the young a genera] way, however, unless enormous quantities are required, it is best to sow in pans or boxes, and place in a frame. The seed is very minute, and for its recep ion the pans should be drained
plants
with broken crocks, and filled to within Aim oi the rim with sandy peat, the whole being pressed down firm and level. On this the seed must be thinly sprinkled, and lightly covered with a little sand. A watering through a fine rose having been given, the pans may be stood in a frame and shaded from the sun. When large enough
to handle, the young plants may be pricked off, that is, dibbled into other pans or boxes of the same soil, and finally, when large enough, planted out. The seed should be sown as soon as possible after ripening. Layering can only be carried out in the case of those plants with branches sweeping the ground, and the operation is best performed during the autumn months. The portion of the branch that is to be buried should be tongued, alter the manner of a Carnation, that is, ii musl be cut hallway through, and then split up for 3m. or 4in., a small stone being inserted to prevent the wound
ami everywhere, as if the whole beauty world were crammed into this family alone. Some soils, warm peaty loam, or good loam, without other mixture, greatly favour robust grow th, and then the seedlings spread profusely until the pleasure grounds are filled with Rhododendrons and nothing more. This is the abuse of a handsome shrub. RusetlS aeilleatUS is the Butcher's Broom, a densegrowing plant, with small deep green leaves and bright It is useful lor growing under the shade of red berries. trees, and is increased by division in winter the same as an There are other kinds: R. IIvpoherbaceous plant. glossum, in which two leaves are joined together, and This R. racemosus, known as the Alexandrian Laurel.
of the
them here,
shrub
is
now
classed as R.
Skimmia. -The
with
S.
different
little
ever-
The
best
are S.
Fortunei,
They are readily Foremanni, and S. japonica. increased by seeds sown when ripe, in pots or pans of ordinary soil, and placed in a hame.
Sweet Bay.
rich
-SVc
closing up,
in
position
of
this
and covered
method
is
The adoption
Grafting is adopted for the wholesale increase ol the various hybrid kinds, the stocks employed being small seedling plants of R. ponticum. They should be about the thickness of a cedar pencil, being taken up from the open ground and put into small pots for the purpose. Side grafting, which is best perlormed in |ulv and August, is generally employed, but the plants need to be kept in a close propagating case for about a month to six weeks It is one of those things better left after the operation. to professional propagators. A selection of the best hybrid varieties would include Baron Altaclarense, scarlet Atrosanguineum, blood red
:
or Gorse, whose golden blossoms form such a charming feature on many of our heaths and commons. The double-flowered Both will grow well on variety is even more show)-. dry, sandy soils, and cuttings will strike w ithout difficulty if put in early in the autumn, choosing a sheltered spot out of doi u s. FJ. nanus is a dwarf form, and flowers in the summer. Veronica. -In the South and West of England,
Ulex etiropteuS
is
shrubby
Osy, cream, blotched maroon Blandyanum, reddish crimson Brilliant, scarlet Broughtonianum, rose red Cruentum, rich lake Caractacus, purplish crimson Dhuleep Sing, blackish crimson Duchess of Connaught, Francis white, marked yellow ; Everestianum, rosy lilac 15. Hayes, white, maroon blotch Florence, pink; Frederick Waterer, fiery crimson Helen VVaterer, white, Helene Schiffner, pure white Fames edged red Marshall Brooks, scarlet John Waterer, glowing crimson Joseph Whitworth, purple lake Kate Waterer, deep rose; Lady Eleanor Cathcart, rose spotted chocolate Lord Michael Waterer, rosy scarlet Eversley, scarlet crimson Minnie, blush white Mrs. John Glutton, white Nobleanum,
; ;
;
spots near the sea, the various hybrids of New Zealand species, thrive well, ami form a charming class of flowering shrubs, bul in most parts of the country they need greenhouse protection. They are all easily propagated by cuttings pat in sandv soil and kept close and shaded in a frame anywhere during the spring and summer months. V. Traversi is a free bush, smothered in late summer with almost white flowers, but it is rather tender. V. speciosa and its varieties are very useful also, but they are not
particularly
in
sheltered
Veronicas,
Viburnum.
there
is
one
(the Laurestinus)
evergreen kind
are deciduous,
viz.,
V.
Tinus
wdiite
Il
is
sometimes
recovers.
injured
but
soon
There are several varieties, the most marked in which the flowers are larger and w hiter
Cuttings put
in
sandy
soil
in
frame
in
September
Periwinkle
plants,
scarlet,
early;
Old
;
Port,
rich
plum;
Rosalie
Siedel,
V.
blue
minor
Both
flowers
;
Sir
Humphrey de
Trafford, rose,
respectively.
slender
are
creeping
yellow centre; William Ewart Gladstone, rosy cri nson. Other distinct Rhododendrons, apart from the hybrids R. davuricum atrovirens, above enumerated, are or 5ft. high, and towards the end of March 4ft. covered with purple flowers iiin. across R. Fortunei, a bold-growing bush, with large flowers partially drooping they are agreeably and arranged in loose clusters scented, and the hybrids raised from it also retain the R. precox, rosy lilac flowers borne in same character
:
there
varieties of each,
flowers.
form
They
under trees, and will thrive almost anywhere. Ylieea gloriosa {Adam's Needle) is the largest and boldest of the hardy kinds, as when old it forms a stout branching stem 6ft. or more in height, every branch
being terminated by a thickly clustered rosette of stiff sword-shaped leaves from 2ft. to 3ft. long. The white flowers borne in tall spikes from the ends of the branches form a very showy feature in July and August. Y. reCUPVa has the leaves less stiff and gracefully recurving, while Y. filamentosa is remarkable for the All are thread-like filaments at the edges of the leaves. increased by digging up a clump and cutting off the stout roots, which, if potted or planted with the growing point uppermost, will push up leaves from that portion and thus form a young plant. Groups of Yuccas upon the lawn are very handsome, thegreen foliage being at all timesimposing. Zenobia SpeeiOSa. This belongs to the Andromeda Its family, and was at one time classed with them. It is a Andromeda cassinefolia. chief synonym is
pretty
little
ferrugineum and R. hirsutum to both of These which the term Alpine Rose has been applied. form dense bushes, not more than 2ft. high, w ith bright In the Southern red flowers borne about midsummer. Counties of England and also Ireland many of the Indian kinds may be grown out of doors, but unless in these
exceptionally favourable places they must receive greenhouse protection. Considerable space has been devoted to the Rhododendron, because it is one ol the most nubile of all flowering shrubs, but in many gardens it is unfortunately allowe
I
R.
lo run
be well
by shrubs as interesting and in their way as This does not mean condemn ition of a beautiful. splendid group of summer- flowering shrubs, but planters must be urged not to use the shrubs too freely, planting
filled
beautiful
waxy
flowers,
pulverulenta,
ith
whitish
leaves,
soil.
432
Copyright.
YUCCA RECURVA.
"COUNTRY
LIFE."
433
THE
many
much
number
of trees
will
succeed
in
is
limited, owing,
such
hardy
and
is
amount
in
of shelter, a
greater variety
of trees
and shrubs
may
a bleak'
exposed spot.
may
consist of the
will
hold their
In
own even
sheltered spots,
much
For
such as Myrtles, Fuchsias, and Hydrangeas, that require protection elsewhere, are quite
home.
ornamental
such
purposes
three
The
first of
these, a
is
The Tamarisk
also
very valuable
if
for
the
same purposes,
will
its
as
if
trimmed closely
foliage
it
allowed to develop at
is
plume-like
Willow
-like
is
A
variety,
and shrubs
herewith given
japonica,
platanus (Sycamore),
Atriplex
A.
platanoides'
Alnus (Alder)
halimus,
in
Berberis
variety,
Betula
(Birch),
Cupressus macrocarpa,
Colutea,
Cerasus
variegated
variety,
Crataegus (Thorn),
Cytisus (Broom),
Euonymus
Ilex
japonicus
and
its
varieties, E.
(Sweet
Bay),
Laburnum,
P.
Ligustrum
(Privet), Populus
(Poplar),
Pyrus
aucuparia
P.
districts;
in
different forms,
particularly
Q.
cerris
Q.
Ilex
(Evergreen Oak)
Currants),
(Flowering
Symphoricarpus
(Snowberry),
Svringa
Salix
(Willow),
many
kinds,
particularly
several
kinds,
Fabiana imbricata,
Fuchsia,
in
great variety,
(Myrtle), Pittosporum,
many
smoke-laden atmosphere
in
of
fa.il
to thrive,
and
this applies
more particularly
fumes, which are
Still,
the case of evergreens, as the foliage becomes choked with soot, whereas
deciduous kinds that renew their leaves every year are better enabled to combat the noxious
at their
is
of
course leafless.
:
Alalia
Sieboldi,
sempervirens
(Box),
Cerasus
(Laurel),
C. lusitanica
ovalifolium
(oval-leaved
Ligustrum
Vilmoriniana,
Yucca
filamentosa, Y. gloriosa
(Adam's NeeJIe).
434
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Amygdalus
in
of sorts,
many
common
Hawthorn,
Dimorphanthus mandchuricus,
Euonymus europaeus
(Spindle
Tree),
Forsythia
suspensa, F. viridissima, Fraxinus (Ash), different forms, Genista hispanica (Spanish Furze),
Hibiscus syriacus,
Laburnum
in
(Poplar),
many
kinds, Prunus
(Plum)
of sorts,
P. japonica,
varieties, Ribes
adiantifolia,
Sambucus
plenus
many
varieties,
Ulex
europaeus
(double
Furze).
Ulmus (him),
different varieties.
WEEPING TREES.
AAtONG ornamental
extremely elegant
trees those of a
in
striking,
for
they are
they are
growth
and graceful
outline.
From
this
circumstance
all
Like
trees of pronounced
is
character they must not be planted too freely, otherwise the good effect they produce
be destroyed.
apt to
may
be obtained, and
brought more
if
prominently forward.
Some, such as the Weeping Ash and Beech, form a splendid arbour
some
space
little
distance
quite a
if
hedge
in
the enclosed
with
Some
pronounced
than others.
For instance,
the
Kilmarnock
down almost
the Babylonian
WEEPING ELM,
TREES
AND
SHRUBS.
435
rightly placed.
is
The
illustration of the
how
growth
when
to
planted
reveal
true
A few
all
many
;
are monotonous.
The
Betula alba laciniata pendula, B. alba pendula, B. alba Youngi, three distinct weeping varieties
of
the
common
;
Birch
Thuja (Biota)
orientalis
pendula,
graceful
of
the Chinese
Arborvita?
yellow
blossoms
Cerasus Avium pendula, C. Mahaleb pendula, C. pendula rosea, C. serotina pendula, four
beautiful
Weeping Cherries
varieties of
Corylus Avellana
distinct
variety of the
Hazel
many
Lawson's Cypress
excelsior
of
in
Fagus
sylvatica
pendula,
;
F. sylvatica purpurea
pendula,
F.
drooping forms
of
the
common and
F.
purple
Beech
Fraxinus
pendula,
excelsior
aurea
pendula,
and
parvifolia
;
the
Ilex
Aquifolium
pendulum,
;
1.
Aquifolium
I.
Aquifolium
aureo-pendula,
three
distinct Hollies
Laburnum
form
of
Weeping Walnut Juniperus oblonga pendula, J. virginiana pendula, Juniper Laburnum vulgare pendulum, a drooping variety of the Larix europasa pendula, the Weeping Larch Moms alba pendula, a striking
the
of
;
;
;
St.
Julian Poplar
salicifolia
;
Pyrus
P.
pendula, four
Pyrus
Oak
Robinia Pseud-Acacia
Caprea pendula,
436
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
BABYLONIAN WILLOW.
a very graceful tree
;
a variety of the
Yew
with wide-spreading
of
the American
macrophylla
gigantea
pendula,
U.
montana pendula,
to
the
main
very ugly.
IN
SHADE.
demand
in
that will succeed under the shade and drip of trees are in considerable
game-
when
in
for the
From an ornamental
list
at
Aucuba japonica, Berberis (Mahonia) Aquifolium, B. vulgaris, and B. repens, Buxus sempervirens (Box), Cerasus lauro-cerasus (Laurel), Cornus alba (Dogwood), Cotoneaster, several kinds, Crataegus Oxyacantha (Whitethorn), Daphne Laureola (Spurge Laurel),
best are
:
The
(Rose
of
Sharon), Hedera (Ivy), numerous forms, Leycesteria formosa, Ligustrum (Privet), different
BAMBOOS (HARDY).
THE
various
that
of
late years,
and though at
their
first
is
it
was
feared
would
suffer
greatly
during
severe winters,
hardiness
now
only injury being a browning of the foliage, from which with the
recover.
Many
of the
Bamboos
are
full
of grace,
and seen
TREES
to
AND
SHRUBS.
all
437
associates,
light
the
best
their
as
in
this
way
the
beautiful plume-like
their
natural
The
in height from the 20ft. or more of Arundinaria Atone time all the hardy kinds were included in Bambusa pygmaea. the genus Bambusa, but they are now divided into several genera, although for popular purposes the collective title of Bamboo is still applied to the whole of them. They all need a good loamy soil, with a fair admixture of leaf mould, a liberal amount of moisture, but not a waterlogged soil, and a position if possible where they will be sheltered from harsh dry winds, which affect them mure than actual frost. The larger kinds, whose stately shafts are so noticeable, are particularly effective on the margins of lakes or banks of streams, while some of them are seen to great advantage when standing singly on a lawn. Where space exists, and the situation is suitable, a Bamboo garden may be formed, such as that at Kew, which is now one An old gravel pit was utilised for the purpose, of the most attractive features of the gardens. suitable and being provided with soil the sunken position was all in favour of the Bamboos, They are grouped in such a manner that, while each which have nourished wonderfully.
its
entire collection
Many
of
the hardy
and
this
is
Bamboos can be readily propagated by their increase. The different kinds are:
striata,
known
as
Bambusa Metake),
Bambusa
B.
disticha
Veitchi,
P. viridi
known
P.
as B.
Ragamowski,
P. nigra,
Quilioi, P.
violescens,
Thamnocalamus
falcata,
and T. Falconeri.
is
made
to the
Bamboos.
HEDGES.
HEDGES
purpose
are
of
necessary adjunct
or fence,
to
in
the
garden,
as
in
the
wall
and
others they
are useful to
unsightly
objects
THE TERRACE
STEPS, ROUS
43
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
HEDGE OF YEW,
or for
many
kindred reasons.
A number
soil,
are available for the formation of hedges, and the Holly and
Yew
are
two
of the best; of
but to
will
which
more generally planted, while by some mixed hedges are one class of plant alone is the mure satisfactory. In planting a
far
is
to thoroughly
if
selection of
hedge plants
is
as follows
THE HOLLY.
examples about
2ft.
of this for
high that have been frequently transplanted, and are therefore ready for
TREES
shifting.
AND
year
SHRUBS.
to
439
Holly
is
of the
transplant the
the
first
week
in
April, as with
will
The
to
i
distance at which
.
the plants are put apart will depend upon their width, but from
After planting, they
ft.
Sin
is
very suitable.
in
order to allow
in
them
to
best.
Trimming may be done in autumn or The hedge must be cut wedge-shape, in order
upon
and
this
the
month
of
of April,
to
allow as
much
light
and
air
their
density
at that point.
YEW.
This
in
will
succeed
in
heavier
colder
in
soil
the
Holly, and
may
be
winter,
and
early spring.
The general
Yew.
it
This last
may
be
clipped in the
autumn
is
commences.
Privet.
The
to a
oval-leaved Privet
makes the
ift.
one
that will
succeed
almost anvwhere.
Good sturdv
height of
1
plants from
to
In
2ft.
to gin. apart.
the
first
is
the
A hedge
Quick' or Holly
is
thousand
times preferable.
WHITETHORN.
This
is
the
is
term
usually
applied
for
when about
to within
It
ft
high
are
planted
is
the
hedges.
should De allowed
planting
it
between each
at the base.
plant,
greatly improved
as
this
if
it
a year after
to
is
cut back'
6in.
gin.
of
the
soil,
causes
in
push out
Planted
numerous shoots
may
the winter.
alternatelv, the Whitethorn and Privet form a good hedge, the sturdy nature of the
Thorn
for
ith
neat compact
August
The
(Norway
Spruce), Cupressus
Conifers
lose
Lawsoniana,
too
in
Retinospora
if
obtusa,
Thuja
occidentalis.
much autumn
sap
or
trimmed during the growing season, hence the operation should be performed
of the
early spring.
Hornbeam,
Euonymus
hedges.
japonicus, Tamarisk,
macrantha,
and
the
These are
is
more
for
There
is
room
Privet
condemned because
True,
in
evil
odour of
Holly,
flowers
but
why
when
the
Yew,
Yew
made
excellent use
as our
illustrations testify
in
but this
in
the smaller
course, the
places,
Of
selection will
no small
many very
beautiful
shrubs
warm
seacoast, the
where opportunities are provided they are not taken advantage of. A hedge of Tamarisk or of Escallonia is a hundred times more charming than one of Privet, or any common
shrub one
tires
of
It is
leaf
and beautiful
in
for variety,
440
CLIPPED
CONIFERS.
CONIFERS, Cedars,
class,
or
etc.,
cone-bearing plants, include not only the Pines, Spruces, Silver Firs,
but also the Cypresses, Arborvitas, Retinosporas, and others of this
while two or three that cannot be regarded as cone bearers, such as the
in
the order.
for
of the
in
occupy a prominent
Coniferous
position,
immense
Deals,
is
quantities from various parts of the globe, under the collective terms of Fir, Pine, or
all
the
product of
trees.
A prominent
characteristic
is
the presence
wood.
Spruces, the graceful Lawson's Cypress, and
height from the 300ft. of Wellingtonia gigantea
of
Many
forms
(in
its
of the
Conifers are also of great beauty, the massive and sombre-hued Pines, the
of the
in
or 2ft. of
some
of the
Norway
Spruce.
As
many
of the
Conifers occupy
a high position,
maybe
formation of avenues.
Again, as belts or screens to protect more tender plants by sheltering them from the keen
northerly or easterly winds, several Conifers are usually employed, particularly the Spruce Fir
or
of
well,
hence they
make evergreen hedges. The most generally employed, and next to the Holly the finest, hedge plant we have is the Yew, while less impenetrable hedges may be formed of Thuja Lobbi, the American Arborvitae, Cupressus Lawsoniana, and the Norway Spruce.
Coniferous plants, as a
is
rule,
succeed best
in
They
are
The
and
large
first-named method
the
Conifers,
if
Pines, Silver
grafted.
Firs,
Spruces,
Where
quantities are raised from seed, beds should be prepared in the open ground
by thoroughly
CONIFERS.
digging and then raking the
surface
level.
On
this
down with
soil,
of
less.
slight
shelter of Spruce
boughs
of
service until
quantities
in
Smaller
much
a
better
sown
in
frame than
open
if
Early spring
is
good time
tor
sowing
preparation for w hich the pots or pans must be well drained, and
rim
filled
to within
of
the
with
sandy loam.
When
placed
in
covered as deeply as
in
the open ground, a good guide being to cover each seed with
all
own depth
moisture. the
s
il
of soil,
avoid an excess of
critical
is
just as
may
must be given
to
off
very heavy
outside beds.
rains.
If
As the young plants grow they may be dibbled into pans of soil or in grown in pets during their early stages Coniferous plants must not be
t'.
in
e roots acquire a
corkscrew style
of
growth, and
the plant
is
liable
to be
blown over
a
at
When seeds are sown any time by strong winds. sharp look-out must be kept for mice, which quickly
by cuttings, and they come the Retinosporas, Thujas,
those
damage.
classes of Conifers can be readily increased
CUTTINGS.
will
Some
size.
form
as
Under
do
this
in
head
pots,
Cupressus,
a
and
The
of
cuttings
best
5m.
in
diameter
crocks
in
being
the
very
suitable
to
putting
filling
some
the
to 6in.
broken
pot
is
bottom
light
about
soil,
one-third
and
then
of
very
firmly
with
sandy
got
silted
A length
filled
4m.
very suitable
cuttings,
which must have the bottom leaves removed, and then be dibbled securely
ready
for
pots
them.
If
the
pots
are
with
cuttings
watered through a
from sunshine.
fine rose,
in a
putting
in
the
cuttings,
and
442
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
As the spring advances those that are
may
air
be potted
off.
Should any signs of decay appear before the cuttings are rooted,
generally done
little
may
Grafting
is
in
pots,
with
pencil.
the method
usually adopted,
till
and
those
It
on
must be
kept
quite
a union
is
complete.
is
Grafting
responsible for so
many
be
failures
amongst
One
in
two
fit
in
exactly
as a
and
results
must
unpleasant.
The
different Conifers
rule cannot be
depended upon
smoky
districts,
where deciduous
A few
of the
FIRS
Taxus baccata.
of the
The nomenclature
to the
and
whilst
names
sake
accustomed
list.
new
A
classification,
the true
names are
also
given, according
is
to the
:
Kew hand
Conifers
herewith given
Japan, which over twentylive years, hence no very large specimens are to be met It forms a pyramidal-shaped tree, with regularly with. whorled branches, disposed in a horizontal manner, and clothed with rich green leaves, the longest of which are about i.'in. in length. Its rich colour, and the fact that not particular as to soil, renders it is perfectly hardy and this a very desirable subject for planting as a single
this
little
specimen in the park or on the lawn. Synonyms are Picea brachyphylla and Pinus brachyphylla. This, is an the Hemlock Spruce, A. CanadsnsiS. exceedingly graceful tree, at all events up to 20ft or 30 t. in height. It is usually of broadly pyramidal shape, the branchlets being slender and more or less drooping. The leaves are only about Jin. long, while the cones are also very small. There is also a variety parvifolia. The true
name
of this
now
is
Picea alba.
CONIFERS.
443
A beautiful Silver Fir, which is at A. cephaloniea. most a medium -sized tree. It forms a dense pyramid, broader in proportion to its height than most of its near relatives. The leaves are stiff, and terminate with a sharp point. The young shoots are liable to be cut by late
spring frosts, therefore
exposed position
possible.
in
A. COtlCOlor.
will
in the valleys
of California
is
reach
to
50ft
It
of dense
growth,
still
than most
ol
its
class, hut
the tendency
A. Dougflasi (l/u Douglas Fir) is one of the giants of the We tern North forests which occur so plenlilully in America. It there reaches nearly 300ft. in height, the trunk being as straight as an arrow, with the greater part quite without branches. The flagstaff (150ft. high) in lvew Gardens is formed of one single shaft of the Douglas Fir. When Its ornamental qualities are also of a high order. standing alone its main stem is particularly straight, while the regularly disposed branches taper gradually from base 'I he foliage is of a rich green lint, and the to summit. drooping cones are in some specimens borne so plentifully on the points of the shoots as to add quite a distinctive character to the tree. The variety taxifolia has longer leaves, which are of a deeper hue than those ol the There are other forms, such as the Colorado type. variety and glauca. This is now known as Pseudotsuga
Douglasi.
This is somewhat in the way of the A. Orientalis. common Spruce, but it is altogether a smaller tree, and is much less formal in outline, owing to the drooping character of the minor shoots, which impart considerable The leaves being somewhat closely grace to a specimen. pressed to the stems render the shoots more slender in the Norway Spruce. The common Silver Fir. This occurs in A. llOCtinata. vast numbers in the great forests ol Central Europe, but as a limber tree it is inferior to the Spruce. It forms a tapering tree with rich green foliage, but is less ornamental than several other species. As a =et oil, however, it will succeed perfectly where many other kinds fail. In the Spanish mountains this will reach a A. Pinsapo. height ol 60ft. to 80ft., and in this country it ma) e The branches are not Hat as in planted as a lawn tree. most ol the Silver Firs, while the leaves, which sland out almost direct from the branches, are stiff and sharp pointed, so that a tree ol this is a spiny subject to
touch.
A.
(PiCCa)
piingens.
beautiful
North
American
This is The common or Norway Spruce. A. exeelsa. a well-known tree, largely used as a screen or nurse plant
to more delicate subjects. It is also valuable for timber, When supplying as it does the white deal of commerce. planted singly as an ornamental tree, it forms a dense pyramid, the lowermost branches of which have a drooping tendency. This supplies the Chri tmas trees so much in
Spruce, that forms a rather spiral-shaped tree, clothed with deep green foliage. There is a variety (glauca) in which the glaucous colouring is so pronounced This that the entire shrub is of a bluish grey tint. variety forms a charming medium-sized specimen for the lawn, the colour being so distinct and pleasing. is It known as the Colorado Blue Spruce. Argentea is a very beautiful kind also. Blue Spruce is one of the most striking in colour of all Conifers, and when grouped, or even set out singly, its colour is wonderfully effective, as every shoot is silvered over, a pretty and unusual tone, welcome in the landscape at all limes but in winter, when the deciduous trees and shrubs are
;
leafless,
then
shows up
in
its
demand
at that season. There are several varieties, including a group of dwarf forms with a maximum height of 3ft. to 4ft., and in direct contrast to the Soft, to 100ft.
of the
typical
A.
exeelsa.
are Clan-
A. pungens is a very hardy Conifer, and to ensure well-coloured forms the shrubs should be raised from seed, as only in this way is it possible to obtain good results. Too frequently the shrubs are grafted upon the common Spruce Fir, but this is a great mistake. One can never get satisfactory results when this practice
true dress.
is
brasiliana, pumila,
the variety
followed.
and
in
A. grandis.
country.
-V
North-West
of America,
Fit
in
its
a very
handsome
The
Tins Himalayan Spruce is qui;e distinct A. Smithlana. from any other kind, forming a pyramidal specimen, with the points of the brandies and the shoots as pendulous as a Weeping Willow. The cones, which are about bin. long, are Ireelv borne in drooping clusters. This Fir is
somewhat
A.
layas.
It
Webbiana. A
is
beautiful
Silver
Fir from
the
Hima-
forms as a rule a lighter specimen than most of them. Late spring frosts are sometimes liable to injure
2in. long,
young shoots. The leaves of this Spruce distinguish it A. Menziesi. from any other kind, being slender, stiff, and sharp pointed, and of a decidedly glaucous hue. It is quite
the
neath.
This
It
this
little
nounced.
high,
Fir
free'v
when
more than
of an
12ft.
bin.
or /in.
long,
intense
This
is
Spruce is of a rather widespreading growth, and forms a handsome tree. The loose light brown cones are borne in clusters at the points of the branches, and are then very noticeable. It needs a deep, loamy, moist soil. In its North American home this is said to A. nobilis. reach 200ft. to 300ft. in height, and being in some instances furnished with branches from bottom to top, it well merits the name of nobilis. In this country it forms a particularly sturdy specimen, with regularly whorled
spiny to
handle.
This
conoften
cerned,
suffers
but
it
starts
into
it
very
much
in the spring.
Abies, True
A. A. A. A. A. A.
A. amabilis, A. balsamea, brachyphylla, A. bracteata, A. cephaloniea, A. cilicica, concolor and variety violacea, A. firma, A. Fraseri,
{Silver Firs).
branches.
The
leaves
when young
age they change to a deep glaucous colour, the contrast in the two tints being during the growing season very noticeable. The cones, which are borne upright on the branches, are large and handsome, being quite Gin. long and 2in. in diameter. This is nearly related to the A. Nordmanniana. common Silver Fir, but at the same time there are manv well-marked points of difference. It forms a handsome specimen, with stiff horizontal wide-spreading branches, clothed with deep glossy green leaves. It is never injured by late spring frosts, and is less particular as to soil and situation than most of the Silver Firs.
with
homolepis, A. lasiocarpa, A. Lowiana, nobilis, A. Nordmanniana, numidica, A. pectinata, A. Pinsapo, A. sachalinensis, sibirica, A. Veitchi, A. Webbiana, its variety Pindrow. AratlCaria imbrieata. This is quite distinct from any other tree, and is popularly known as the Monkey Puzzle, which name, from the formidable spin)' character of its foliage, is a particularly appropriate one, or the Chili Pine. In its native country (Chili) it reaches a height of iooff. to 150ft., in which case the top only is furnished with br inches, but here when flourishing it is sometimes met with as a perfect cone, the lower branches sweeping the ground. This Araucaria needs a fairly moist and deep soil the female cones form large globular masses at the ends of the branches. This is one of the poorest of trees to plant in gardens near London or any other large town. It is not in the least degree suitable for such positions, as
grandis,
A.
magnifica, A. Mariesi, A.
444
it
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
it
manner, so that
is
less
symmetrical
in
shape than
Only in quite favourable places, such as at Dropmore, Maidenhead, will the tree attain a great height and touch the ground with its prickly branches. Once it gets out of health it is almost impossible to restore its vigour. How often is this tree recommended for small forecourt gardens, but it is better to have no
dying.
tree at all than this Araucaria
many
a good deep moist soil. There are several varieties, one, Lobbi, being more compact and of a deeper green, while nana is but a low
other Conifers.
It prefers
rounded bush.
C. ClegfaTlo, frequently regarded as a distinct species, is a form of C. japoniea. It ^ a Japanese tree, which, when
i
Arborvitoe, Chinese. See Thuja orientals. Biota OPiOiltalis. See Thuja orientalis. Cedars. See Cedrus. CedrUS atlantiea. This is a near relative of the Cedar
standing singly, usually assumes the shape of a rounded cone, very effective when from 6ft to 20ft. high. During
the
the end of
is
is
to a
it
differs
principally in being of
as
rale,
the
foliage
is is
more
very Atlas
Cupressus (RetinospDi'a)
long thread-like shoots and
glaucous, and
some
this
silvery
blue
(the
tint
filifera. A dense shrub, usually assuming the shape of a blunted pyramid, with
soft
variety
Glauca
Silver
green leives.
It
forms a
beauti ul speci. .
.
beauty,
f f
men on
C.
Lawsoniana.
I
ro
w s vigorIt
is
ously and
rapidly.
This
is
the
tribe
;
Cypress
the rich
a
1
u
i
o u
a g e d
{the
Conifers.
C.
which droop
the
tips in
at
Daodara
This
is
an
Deodar).
Himad
for
exceedingly
graceful
manner,
the
layan, an
remarkable
its
with contour of
grace
extreme and
this
the entire
specimen, combine to render
a plant of this
elegance,
though some
forms have
character
more
Cypress an exceedingly
graceful object,
o n o u n ced
than
others.
whose beautiful
green
tint
is
retained
throughout
the year.
is
There
quite a host
of varieties,
the best being: sp i ca young shoots creamy white alba variegata,
many
Conifers.
its
other
Alba
white
branch-
grown
high
e
ntal qualities. It A WALK OF must be remembered that it is not as hardy as one would like, and in the last severe winter was considerably cut up. There are
o
r
na
aureo
varie-
CORSICAN PINE.
tion arranged
gata,
same
form,
as
last
;
with
bright
green
filiformis,
several varieties.
C.
least
Libani. The Cedar of Lebanon is well known, by name, to almost everyone, and noble trees
country.
at
are
its
As
a rule
massive trunk divides into several branches a short way from the ground, the whole forming usually a flattened tree, built up, as it were, of numerous tiers of branches. The cones, which are borne in profusion, standing eiect as they do scattered over the flattened branches, have a More need hardly be written of this tree. singular effect. It is alluded to in the introduction, and noble groups are the glory of many an English park and garden. Cryptomeria japoniea. The usual shape of this is a
with long, slender, cord-like branchlets gracilis, a very graceful form; lutea, young growth bright yellow ; high ; nana, a globular plant, 2ft. or 3ft. nana glauca, like the last, but with bluish foliage. These two will stand for years with little increase in size.
In the
habit.
Kew hand
As
list
the varieties of C.
grouped according
varieties are
enumerated
and
narrow spire, though in this respect individuals differ somewhat. The branches are produced in an irregular
argentea,
Fraseri
of spreading form,
fragrans,
amabilis,
Bowleri,
californica,
darleyensis,
fragrans
445
44<5
THE
intertexta,
CENTURY
Smithi,
ROOK
and
C.
OF
GARDENING.
silvery
it
argentea,
juniperina,
gracilis
patula,
beautiful
6ft.
to
Youngi.
dula,
As regards
pendula,
ult. high
o;ten
gracilis
and pendula
thyoides.
is
is
charming.
vera are named, whilst of globose or dwarf kinds choose One of the most distinct compacta, nana, and Shawi. of all forms is erecta viridis, which is used largely in gardens, and is unquestionably one of the most interesting It is not so apt to become and vigorous of all Conifers. unhealthy as many forms, a d the variety lutea is another a variegated very useful shrub, w ith quite golden foliage variety of great value because its colouring is decided, unlike that of so many variegated shrubs, which are the Silver Queen is a pretty reverse of pleasing or effective. silvery-lipped variety, and argentea is also of. merit, the a very distinct Conifer. leaves quite silvery in tone This is of a strictly upright style of C. leptoelada. growth, clothed with bluish grey foliage. It is seldom more than 4ft. or 5 t. high, and the clear hard outline fits garden. A fairly moist spot it fir planting in the formal
met with
It is
name
of Chamaecyparis
sphreroidea.
tiny glaucous This needs a moist soil, indeed, it will thrive in a more swampy spot than most Conifers. There are several varieties, those recorded in the Kew hand list being atrovirens, glauca, lovei, Kewensis, variegata, and
viridis.
suits
C.
maerocarpa. Quite
it
best.
tree,
with
dense head of
In
spreading branches
not
foliage.
the
it
beautiiul, but
is
thoroughly hardy all over the country. It stands culling well, hence it may be used lor hedges, screens, etc., iii favoured localii ies. There is a variety, fasligiata, the branches ol w hich are upright and closely pressed to
the trunk. Crippsi i^ a distinct form. This is somewhat after the manner of C. niltkatsnsis. C. Lawsoniana, from which it differs in the frond-like branchlets, being of a coarser texture and of a paler green. It is perlectly har ly, but re-ents being planted in
Fir, Silver. See Abies. See Abies peclinata. Fir, Silver common. This is an important and beautiful JltniperilS /imipers). family of coniferous shrubs, which one would much like to see more planted in gardens to form bold spreading groups. The Savin is rarely well placed, but it is a shrub one can hardly see Loo much of, spreading over banks and forming low leafy groups in the woodland. ChinensiS. - A broad bush-like specimen, with J. long pointed leaves over the greater part of the shrub, but towards the tips they are small and scalelike. It is thoroughly hardy, and from 5ft. to 8ft. high forms a very attractive specimen. Aurea is a golden foliaged variety, and there are other distinct forms. This is the native Juniper, extending in a J. Communis. wild state from Great Britain to Norway, Siberia, and Kamtschatka. In this country it usually forms a small tree Irom 6lt. to 12ft. high, clothed with spiny leaves, while in the Arctic regions it is a low creeping bush. The most notable variety is hibernica, w hose branches are short,
(
erect,
It
and close
set,
so that
soil,
it
is
of quite a
its
columnar
habit.
C.
dry
soil.
varieties.
appreciates a moist
and
greyish colour
is
very
tree of
Japan, and
J.
arming.
highly ornamental in this country. Its habit is variable, but it usually forms more or less of a pyramid, in which the beautiful flattened frond-like branches are arranged one above the other. For planting in a group or as a
single specimen
in gardens.
it
eXCelsa. This
with
which give
is
is
it.
specimen
it
There are several varieties, all beautiful most distinct being aurea, golden yellow foliage compacta, a sturdy dense form erecta, of erect growth gracilis aurea, exceedingly graceful, the young growths nana, a rounded bush clear yellow pygmosa, a little
the
; ; ;
; ;
A very distinct and ornamental species of rig'ida. It forms a low tree with somewhat Juniper from Japan. upright branches but the minor shoots are pendulous, and clothed with long sharp-pointed leaves. When first developed they are of a yellowish green, but deepen with
;
attractive.
s|
ift.
C.
(Retinospora) pisifera. More slender and plumeand much less dense in growth like than C. obtusa,
|
high.
J.
age.
Sabina.
forms
at
The
least
common Savin of gardens, and in some one of the most beautiful of the Junipers.
than that kind. In good, fairly moist soil R. isifera forms a handsome specimen, but when dry it becomes thin and bare. It, however, stands cutting well, and is therefore sometimes used lor screens and hedges. There is a golden-leaved variety of considerable b auty, but it must never be forgotten that the coloured varieties are hardy than the type. less Albo-picta, darleyensis, plumosa, plumosa argentea, plumosa aurea, squarrosa (which see), and squarrosa sulphurea are forms, but plumosa is usually considered a species in gardens where special prominence is given to it. This assumes the character C. (Retinospora) plumosa. ol a dense cone crowded with short feathery branches of a deep green colour, thus forming a handsome specimen, equally effective whether 5ft. or 15ft. high. There is a variety, argentea, in which the young growth creamy white another, aurea, golden yellow and is variegata, in which the entire plant is flecked with white, as with flakes of snow.
It is a low spreading bush, clothed with particularly rich green foliage, and for the fronts of shruberries or for rockwork it is a most desirable low-growing shrub. A variety named tamariscifolia is very distinct and pleasing. The Savin and its varieties (but the species is as welcome as any of its forms) make quite dense carpets of undergrowth, and will clothe in beauty places suitable only for the Furze or a similar shrub which revels in a hungry soil. Those who have not used the Savin should do so, and they will not regret adding a shrub so beautiful in colour and Of J. Sabina, picturesque in growth to the garden.
Knap
J.
as
thurifera. This attains to quite tree-like dimensions, more in height this in its it will grow 40ft. or even
Here, however, native countries of Spain and Portugal. develop to a considerable height. It is hardy, it will
distinct
in
appearance,
being
of
conical
form,
and
to
C.
Sempervirens.
Cypress
The
distinctive
character
region
of
is
this
throughout the
its
Mediterranean
well
known,
in
familiar to us
the usual shrubs and trees of English gardens. One of the largest in J. Virginiana {/he Red Cedar). growth of the Junipers, reaching in its native habitats a
Turkey, Asia Minor, etc. It forms a dense columnar tree, but there is a form with spreading branches. This is a variety of C. (Retinospora) Squarrosa. C. pisifera, but is given prominence because it is a familiar garden shrub. It has a profusion of branches heavilv clothed with foliage. The pointed leaves stand out quite
illustrations of Greece,
usually
It is well known in this country, height of 50ft. to 60ft. usually forming a medium-sized tree of pyramidal outline, There are with foliage acquiring a bronzy red colour.
numerous
varieties,
variegata, in
aureothe most marked being which many of the minor shoots are yellow.
{Larch).
LariX europsea
Though
different
species of
clear of the
shoots,
its
as in most of
allies.
The
is
Larch occur throughout the various temperate regions of the globe, our common European species is, with one exception, ecjual to any of them. It is too well known to
CONIFERS.
need any description, being remarkable among Coniferoe In spring, when the young from its deciduous character. leaves are just pushed forth, few trees are more charming and fragrant. Pendula, which has quite graceful branches, weeping and of great length, is the most interesting
variety.
for
447
planting as a nurse tree, for forming screens or similar it is very ornamental, and is uselul to plant in exposed places near the coast to shelter gardens. Il is not only rapid in growth, but unrivalled as a shelter
purposes, while
by
is
This is now called Psettdolarix Keempferi, moderate-growing tree of pyramidal habit, and as far as branches are concerned il greatly resembles the common Larch, the leaves also being lulled in the same way. They are, however, much lunger and broader, and when first expanded are <>| a light vellowish green, which deepens as the season advances, and in autumn tliev change to a golden yellow. Other species of Larch are Griffithi, leptolepis, occidentalis, and pendula. LibOCedrilS Chilensis. An extremely beautiful lowgrowing tree of pyramidal outline, but sometimes rather narrow at the base. Il is remarkable for the beautiful glaucous hue of the foliage, but it is only hardy in the more favoured districts ol England. A North American tree that reaches a L. decurrens. height of over IOOlt., and is there valuable for its timber. In this country, however, it is grown only for ornament, and is worthy of it, being very distinct from anything else. It is in good soil ol a dense columnar habit of growth, and remarkable for the rich deep green hue of its foliage. Glauca and compacta are varieties.
L.
Ksempferi.
is
ns,
hilst its
deep colouring
P.
and
Slon,- 1'ine). This forms a tall, dense, pyramid, with leaves of a dark green hue, and marked w ith silver)' lines, bus imparting a greyish hue to the specimen. is Il thorougly hardy, well furnished with foliage, ami owing to he shortness ol its branches does not require so much space if planted as a single specimen as in the case of many other Firs. The wood o Pinus cembra is much valued in the Alpine region,, bui in this country it is planted solely as an ornanieiii.il
Cemb'ra f.SWu
narrow
tree.
There
is
when
curious dwarf variety (pumila), which not more than iyd. high.
COntorta. -A
native of California
As
Jolt, high it is ornamental, being of dense, compact growth, usually of pyramidal shape, and clothed with rich green foliage. suitable lor planting singly on Il is
small lawns.
P.
P. alba, P. Alcocldana, Pieea, True (Spruce F/rs). P. Engelmanni and variety glauca, P. ericoides, P. excelsa and numerous varieties, J', Olehni, 1'. Maximow ic/i,
P.
excelsa (Bhotan Pine). This belongs to the same group as Pinus cembra, and this Himalayan species is in forms a 1 many respects widelv removed therefrom. free-growing tree, with regular, w ide-spreading branches, The leaves are long, slender, upturned at the points. dioop ng, and of an ashen green tint. This drooping
1
Morinda,
P.
nigra,
P.
obovata,
P.
orientalis,
P. polita, P. pungens,
and
P. rubra.
Pine.
See Pinus.
The true Pines form an extensive group, and PinilS. include some of the most valuable timber trees, and also many that occupy a prominent position for their striking aspect. The following are well worthy of especial
mention
P.
:
The Black or Austrian Pine is a quick-growing tree, with dense dark green leaves, so that it is ol an unusually sombre appearance. It is valuable
aUStriaea.
noticeable at the tips ol the bark on the young shoots is of a pale greyish tint, and the cones, which are Sin. or ojn. long, It succeeds best are freely borne, and quite pendulous. in light well-drained soils. -This beautiful and distinct Fir is hardy only P. insignis. It forms a in the more favoured districts of the country. w ide-spreading tree, distinguished by the rich grass green hue of its ample foliage. It must in any case be planted
is
character
particularly
branches.
The
in
a sheltered spot.
(the
P.
Larieio
of
all
Corsican
/'ni,
).
One of the
least fastidious
posed
sides.
hillIl
is
valuable
or
as
a
1
nurse
a
to
more
delicate
subjects.
Standing
singly
forms a
tree,
it tall
straight
with
rather short
branches,
so
that
it
I
proporto
its
tion
height
others.
is
as
It
pleasing
k now
t
to
t
fine
largely
planted
in
gardens.
448
P.
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
rise
maeroearpa.
several stout
large tree,
to
the
name
of the
ground. The leaves are from gin. to i2in.. of a distinct glaucous green hue,
branches near
in
the
Stone Pine.
P.
ponderosa. -This
in the
is
and clustered
shoots.
a striking
manner
North-West
distinct
of America,
and
in this
country forms
The cones
a very
tree for
montana. A
variable species,
which
is
a native
of
the Alps, Carpathian, and Pyrenees mountains. Besides the name of P. montana, it is also known as P. pumilio, and P. uncinata. It usually forms a densely-branched
From a sturdy erect stem are pushed out si out branches with ascending points. The long dark green leaves are limited to the ends of the shoots, thus imparting a distinct
appearance to the
P.
tree.
tall
tree of
pyramidal
with
short,
stiff,
deep green
Some of the varieties of this are quite dwarf, but mostly wide spreading.
P.
murieata.
California,
This Pine
is
shape, with slender silvery green leaves. It is somewhat in the way of P. excelsa, but the branches are not so wide spreading, while the foliage is less robust, and the cones a good deal smaller. It is the White Pine of the North
and forms a very distinct low-growing tree, clothed with deep green leaves. It seldom produces any di ect leader, and the large branches are irregular in
growth. A conspicuous feature is furnished by the hard spiny cones, which are clustered round the stem in whorls of seven or eight and remain on for years, so that one branch will have numerous clusters attached to it.
P.
American lumbermen.
A well-known species, P. sylvestris (the Scotch Fir). the forests of which form a prominent feature in many parts of Scotland. It will thrive even in poor soils and often planted in exposed situations, and is therefore for shelter. There are many varieties, the golden-leaved form being particularly noticeable. Pumila and pygmtea
are
Pallasiana. Somewhat
but forms quite a
distinct
in
the
tree.
dwarf
varieties.
P. tllbercillata.
some distance
in
usually produces
several
branches, and deep green leaves, about 6in. long. Seen a mass it has a decidedly blackish appearance. P. Pallasiana is very plentiful in the Crimea.
P.
A low irregular-growing tree with deep green leaves and clusters of cones as in P. murieata. The cones of Y. tuberculata are, however, longer and thinner
fine).
This derives
tint.
its
popular
are
than those of the other. It is a distinct Pine, suitable for small gardens, as it is of slow growth. Priimnopitys elegans. A Yew -like shrub or small tree,
woody cones
columnar
outline.
The
leaves,
pyramid,
clothed
The deeply
of
this
Apart
It succeeds in a good soil, and fairly This Prumnopitys is noteworthy as one of the few South American Coniferar that succeed in
this country.
Pseudolarix
is
valuable
the
it
fact
>ee See
sus,
Ksempferi.
Larix
Ktempferi.
that
succeeds
the
in
near
sea
Retinospora.
Cupresall
t
even
soils.
sandv
This
as
he-
lea lure
has
greatly
been taken
p arts France.
.
advan-
tage of in
some
Sequoia sempervirens.
This, the Californian Red -
of
(the
Pinea
wood,
rivals the
We 11 ingtonia
gigantea, as the
throughout
S o u
t
most
tree
gigantic
hern
partiin
on
of
for
the
the
it
Europe,
surface
cularly in Italy,
globe,
where
some
it
attains a height
districts
is
earl
and
is
frequently seen
in
300ft.,
the
It
land-
scape.
forms
some
tance,
little dis-
country
it
forms
a conical speci-
branches,
thus
a
forming
frequently jured
in-
by
late
spring
frosts.
which are
about 6in. long, are deep green while in tint,
The thick
spongy bark
is
the
large
cones
globular
DECIDUOUS CYPRESS.
Red w
The 001]
CONIFERS.
browned.
Spruce.
Abies.
(Deciduo-.s
Cypress).
Taxodium distiehum
more
Remark-
able as one of the deciduous members ol the Coniferce ; When young it is it forms a highly ornamental tree.
or less of a pyramid, but as ii grows up the top branches lengthen and it usually forms a spreading head. The pinnate leaves are of a beautiful light green, changing to a reddish hue in the autumn before they The deciduous Cypress needs a very moist soil drop. indeed, it will succeed in quite a swamp. TaxilS baeeata (the Common Yew). The Yew is a native of this country, and apart from its value as an ornamental tree it may be cut and trimmed into almost any shape, so that it is largely planted to form hedges The varieties and for the formation of different figures. are almost innumerable, some of them being grown in
;
many
gardens.
The most
distinct
are
aurea,
young
;
growth golden yellow; Dovastoni, the main branches spread horizontally, and the minor ones are pendulous
elegantissima,
little
leaves striped
with
yellow
ericoides, a
),
a a
fastigiata
aurea,
T.
it
dolabrata.
to iSlt. this
From
its
its
fructo-luteo, with yellow golden-leaved form of the last berries; nigra, with peculiar blackish blue leaves. Doubtless few, if any, shrubs are more frequently seen in gardens than the Yew in one or other ol its Its wonderfully vigorous growth is responsible forms, for the indifference it displays to cutting in either to form
a
Japanese tree
much
of
its
beauty
perfect
is
In
young
state
it
often
forms
hedge or
to
create figures,
this
constituting
what
is
known
This is, of course, a misuse of a beautiful Conifer, so deep and sombre in colour and Noble trees are the chief picturesque in growth. features of interest in many an English garden, trees that have braved the storms of a thousand years, and sometimes, as at Cherkley Court, near Leatherhead, planted in immense groves, an imposing picture, and the growth is so dense that neither snow nor yet rain can scarce pierce And, too, in many a the thick deep green branches. hallowed acre the Yew is precious, touching with beautiful colour the surrounding scene, and picturesque in
as topiary work.
its
old age.
One
Yew
well placed in
pyramid, whose lowermost branches trail 011 the ground. 1 he branchlets are almost Fern-like, deep green above and glaucous beneath, while they are coarser in texture than their near allies the Thujas. There is a variety, ketevirens, a little dense bush of a bright green hue and variegata, some of whose leaves are variegated with w hite. This is an important garden shrub, and one of T. Lobbi. the best known ol all Conifers its variety aurea is distinct. T. gigantea is the same. This, the common American ArborT. OCeideiltaliS. vitse. is a loose-growing tree of a broadly pyramidal shape its foliage is of a bronzy green during the growing season, and becomes browner in winter. In a moist soil it forms a decidedly ornamental specimen, but will not thrive where dry. It is a good screen or hedge plant. The
;
4SO
A
variety
STUDY OF
while in Iutea has deep yellow foliage, A weeping Vervseneana it is of a bronzy orange hue. form (pendula) is also very noticeable. A. Thuja, called Warreana, is considered the hardiest of the
Arborvilre group.
long
whipcord-like
shoots.
Synonym,
Biota
orientalis.
Wellingtonia gigantea
was discovered
which
is its
[the
in
1852
in
California,
much
T.
orientalis
(the
Arborvitce).T\as
is
many
common
dense
in
and
It is seldom seen much over 15ft. in There are man)' varieties, the best being aurea (the Golden Arborvitae), a dense globular bush, whose elegantissima, an young growth is of a rich yellow upright bush about 6ft. high, deep golden yellow in the pendula, summer and bronzy orange in the winter
growth.
height.
estimated height of 350ft. has been attained by the Wellingtonia, with a circumference of 60ft. measured at I oft. from the ground. In this country the Wellingtonia pushes up a straight trunk very much thickened at the base, and regularly furnished with branches, which shorten so gradually as to form a cone.
pictures
and
An
There
is
45i
BIG
TOMATO HOUSE.
THIS
reign,
most
practical
branch
other
culture
in
of
attention,
and
few
the
departments
of
of
horticulture
can
show
greater
advance than
vegetables.
of
No doubt
all
immense
Her
improvements
Majesty's
long
the system
cultivation
through
many
of our
best vegetables to
high
state
perfection.
affairs
has
taken
of
some
time
to
perfect,
and
may
be
attributed
the
painstaking
efforts of
many
in detail, for
the purpose
let
of
recent development
us
select,
the Pea.
well-ordered kitchen garden the supply of this welcome esculent
late
In
any
may now
of
be
spread
this
period the
produce
is
of
high
quality.
Such
sorts
as Early Morn,
Duke
Albany,
size,
in
Daisy, The Prior, and others equally good, each of them producing Peas of large
pods
of
great
length,
to
this
prove
conclusively the
it
value
of
cultivating
in
the
choicest
varieties.
While referring
space,
time,
matter,
is
cultivate an
a
indifferent crop as to
one.
their
Many
desirable
habit of growth,
combined with
the
free-bearing
Flavour
too
really
an
essential
quality
to
characterises
As a further encouragement
grow good
varieties,
45^
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
raisers of
other vegetables
where
testing
facilities
year
for
the quality of
produce,
and where
varying value.
No matter what
advance can,
in
the
subject
may
be,
almost
of
Beans
kinds
now
give
results
far
exceedforms.
ing
those
attained
by the
older
PEA,
same may be
most
or
members
Kale, Savoys,
introductions,
rival the
Spanish
now embrace
qualities
many
grow
n
excellent
to
sorts.
size,
those
of
good keeping
may
give
be
large
to
Of Leeks, our Scottish friends have gardens now producing this valuable vegetable Southern
better
results.
Such
of
varieties
as Prizetaker
and
Champion
are typical
of
what
all,
this
Intermediate,
and
good
colour,
large
size
new Red
are
Intermediate
a good Carrot
should
be.
There
several
good
probably owing to their not being a universal favourite on the table, are fewer
than other standard vegetables.
as this,
number
Cucumbers must, of course, be considered Many of the and few vegetables can show such improvement.
and their
of
in
such a chapter
quite
prolific,
individual fruits,
owing
to
successful
development, are
less
well-
excellent
that
quality.
Beet, Turnips,
fruit,
if
and other
it
important groups
the
have
advanced, and
most juicy
fruit
can
be
called,
Tomato,
may
demand and
a
variety.
Celery
of
is
one
of
the most important and popular vegetables cultivated, and the aim
to
have
of
succession
of
well-blanched
stick's
from the
first
week
with
September
until
the
end
March.
This
may
easily be accomplished
by selecting
acquainted
out
a
No crop
as
that
am
more
profitable,
and
nothing
more,
be
by
and
following
the
proper mode of
depth,, thus
ground has
soil
to
broken
moved
to
good
ready
to
receive
almost any
suecessional
in
the
will
size
of
in their
one
all
respect
other
they form
an
exception
tables,
in
to
important
vege-
From long
on
stiff
experience
am
convinced
that Potatoes
cannot
be
grown successfully
and as they can
clayey ground,
now
be
purchased
of
THE
where the ground
is
CULTURE
it
OE
VEGETABLES.
453
more congenial
is
own
or
a
employer's money
but
(in
If one lives on a chalky soil or sandy loam grow Potatoes by all means, heavy clay do not attempt it, for they will never succeed. As regards varieties of Asparagus, little improvement, if any, has been effected
during the
last
its
cultivation
is
now
and
it
is
grown by the
little
acre,
where
a few
half
when once
made they
lifetime
with
to
keep
them
in
good condition,
is
surprising that
cultivate
been exposed
the shop
window
for
days
other vegetable.
With the
solitary exception
of
Parsley,
or
very
little
probably
in
as
many
even
day.
100 years
in
ago
than
the
present
Certainly
plot should
to
them,
to
for
they
are
of
always
in
request
owing
the
variety
flavouring afforded.
No
progress
vegetable
the displays at the leading exhibitions throughout the country, and the vegetables staged on these
plants which
have received
particular
attention, as
by
proportion of the
vegetables
exhibited.
left
This,
of
brings
one
to
the
consideration
the
means
adopted
whereby
may
be produced, and
may
let
it
the
it
reader
is
understood
the
that
almcst
of
impossible to exaggerate
advantage
deep cultivation.
Deep Cultivation.
satisfactorily J
To grow vegetables
upon r
a
more
depends r
thorough
ASPARAGUS.
our leading
soil
system
perhaps
many
are
gardeners
have
attained
in
has
the
The mere
the
digging of the
proved a sad
when
proper method
the
soil
is
has
a
been
achieved,
even
in
in
where
their
in
of
most
character.
Soils
differ
materially,
and
many
cases
considerable
pains
have
be
taken
to
improve
them.
Crops, too,
vary
and
warm
soil,
while others
of a
soil,
heavy texture.
and that each
?
How
year
then are
we
to
manage so
of
the most
may
may
season's efforts
to
dealing
with the
soil,
one
of
known
bastard
practical
gardeners
trenching,
an
inferior
plan,
that
trenching.
We
will
454
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
and wheeling away the top
spit of
Bastard Trenching
soil
the
from
one
section
of
the garden,
to
2ft.
in
may wish
right
to
work,
the
is
to the
other,
leaving a trench
is
some
and
i8in.
across
section
which
in
being
dug.
ordinary
way,
in
The bottom soil is then proceeded with, and this manure incorporated at the same time. Next
adjoining the
dug
top
over
spit
the the
in
the
of
ground immediately
placing this
trench
be
is
turned over on
to the
position
care must
is
covered
in.
The
subsoil
at
treated as
the
first
length
the
whole section
to
the ground
filled into
The
at first
taken out
and
be
the
thus completed.
True Trenching
and
drought the
is
of great value
on
all
effects
of the
deep
cultivation
which
trench
in
involves
the
are
in
especially
marked.
take out a
suLv^ested
in
To trench
of
garden
true form,
as that
the
same width
of
this instance
depth
to
two
spits.
The
to
soil
should be removed
Proceed then
and
bottom
of
the
open
trench,
the
second
quite
spit
reversing
this rule
order
of of
things.
Observe
this
ground
end w hen
reached w
ith
the
soil first
removed.
Old
and impoverished
applying manure
soils of a
in
must be
the
liberally treated,
to light, of
heavy kind
case
warm,
and
sandy
soils,
and
clayey
manure should be applied. TRENCHES. -Everyone uses these for growing Celery, many use them for Leeks, and a few for Peas and runner Beans but wherever heavy manuring, constant saturation w ith sewage water, or other such means for producing excepretentive material light
tionally
tine
specimens,
or
for
anticipating
or
be
found
most advantageous.
foot
of
fit
The
in
trenches, as a rule,
should be
of
and
soil,
have a good
manure
to
the
about
of
garden
when they
HOEING.
will
be
receive
any
have already
but more
The
use
of
the
hoe
is
in
gardens,
good can be secured by the judicious use of this simple implement than
all
many
are aware.
At
times, in the growing season, the frequent use of the hoe has the effect of keeping the
soil,
and
letting the
air
well into
soil
it.
The
roots also
by these
means
food supplies
enhanced.
When
the
British
gardener learns
ASS
456
iii
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
constantly stirred,
results
every
fall of
rain are
the
soil,
little
air
can
pass
through
the
crust-like
covering.
to
Then
hoeing contributes
being of the plants.
crust
so
much By this
up,
the well-
operation the
may
to
be
the
broken
air,
and
the
soil
opened
with
the
result
that
CABBAGE,
ment proceeds
fully
at a
much
The question
of crops
of preparation of the
with,
attention
A PROPER ROTATION
There are
system
garden
of
if
few exceptions
to
to the
rule, but in
is
Soils
it
some
useful
to
one
plant and
some
another
that
is
by planting a succession
until
which
for
feed
on
and
consume the
suitable for
different chemical
constituents,
artificial or
their
animal.
in
Soils certainly in
some gardens
in
more
for
such cases
it
is
possible
may
get
all
standard of excellence.
results,
There
is
eminently satisfactory
and
it
is
this:
draw
their
sustenance from
should follow
one
Thus
if
w hich absorb and assimilate the fertilising constituents on the surface of the garden,
first
year, then
first
as, for
Then, again,
in
way
the deep-rooting
of
value
in
the
way
of plant food
in
the
little
worked
soil
at the
maximum advantage
for
of
breaking
it
it
fallow,
and expos-
to
and
its
air,
and giving
it
made
and
the
few exceptions
category
we may
safely include
vigorous-rooting
after
year,
and as
in soil
generous dressings
cauliflowkr. MAGNUM bonum.
son
s
further
supply
food
makes
the
THE
prospect of a rich harvest
tlie
all
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
457
more
brings
promising.
This
an
in
now
one
to
im-
portant
consideration
culture
:
the
successful
tables,
of
vege-
namely
Seed
often
Sowing. How
promising
crops
have
spoiled
been
use of seed.
geration
quantity
to of
is
no exagthat
state
the
seed
usually
sown what
three
is
is
greatly in excess of
needed,
four
is
and
often
as
quantity
It
is
sown
in
in
one
to
all
row
to
fill
at
least
or
times
of
much
space.
must
be
apparent
their
thoughtful
cultivators
that this
waste
time,
labour,
of
early
of
unduly
from the
crowded
and
incapable
good
account
result
Although
as
good
time, the
cannot
of
when
no
the plants.
On
sown broadcast, but in rows. Thinning, weeding, and hoeing work more easily advanced when the seeds are sow n
rule,
rows
is
ensured.
develop can
rules
6in.
;
following
4'in.
observed
Leeks,
iin.
3m.
to
4m.
Broad
Beans,
to
Onions,
Kales
to
In
Broccoli,
to
1
Cauliflowers,
in
Cabbages,
case of
Brussels
Sprouts,
Turnips,
Carrots,
and
Ain.
from
Ti
the
Parsley,
well
in
Parsnips,
and
to
in
li'm.
Radishes,
Lettuces, and
Endive succeed
to
when sown
shallow
depth
of
Am.
it
determining
be
the
in
kind
of
vegetable
be
sown
and
deeper
a
drills,
drill
should
borne
more vigorous-rooting
,
..
:
varieties
for
require
the
of
depth undesirable
sorts.
weaker-growing
neces-
f%
'
""
sarily
.:
'
Sjj
"*"'
of the
^.Hc
'-Iff
'
the year,
in
gardens
position,
warm
bleak'
protected
would
is
fail
absolutely
where the
and
situation
cold
and
probably
damp.
One
stances
commencing operations
In
in
sowing seed
outdoors
in
March great care must be taken. From this time forth, however, the work should
proceed rapidly, the majority
crops
of
of the
main
part
March and
and the
late supplies
in
proceeded
,,,,,,
with
by sowing
crops
May and
always
June.
;
,
Succession
should
45 8 be
THE
provided
for,
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
thus
put
good
to
its
vegetable garden
use.
Gardeners frequently
cause
If
the
not
commencing
are poor.
many
this
with
Celery, Parsnips,
Autumn
are
be
is
hand much
than
is
A
;
result in a vegetable
should be properly
horticultural
matured and
gardeners
in
prime
the
kitchen.
Visitors
to
our
of
leading
seen
the marvellous
it
displays
made by some
the
United
Kingdom, and
(in
will
together with an
successful result.
early sowing
many
days
pots,
of
into
boxes
or small
quarters specially
By
following
this
mode
of
enormous
the case
Onions,
bear
to
favourable
comparison
the
those grown in
of
South-West
Europe
season
of
A
growth
better
longer
with
Leeks
ensures
bleaching,
and
the
same
Celery.
Tap-rooted subjects,
may
with
be grown
little
to
perfection
more
than
ordi-
nary pains.
Holes should be
a crow bar
in
3ft.
made with
soil
the
or
to
the
depth
of
with finely-sifted
soil,
When
seeds
are seedlings
this
has on
been
the
worked
surface,
down
only a
into
the
in
holes
and
rendered
in
sufficiently
sown
appear,
few
is
each
retained
root
hole,
and
the
the
end,
when
the
the
best
individual
plant
and
will
others
the
removed.
vegetable
When
in
its
the
best
crop
has
free
matured,
almost
every
and
in
individual
produce
for
form,
urge,
from
with
blemish,
excellent
condition
of
culinary
purposes.
Some may
work"
are
and
surely
will
culture
invokes considerable
under
this
that failures
system
proper
crop
unknown
is
they
to
first
adopt
Very
little
seed
is
necessary
when
a
regard
result
paid
its
sowing.
The
costly
novelties
may
sown
be acquired, and
thinly,
good
from the
season's
if
sowing,
when seeds
Celery,
are
of culture
Too
often,
unfortunately,
Sprouts,
Autumn
apart
Cauliflowers, and
to
equally
valuable
It is
vegetables
are
not
far
enough
ensure
proper
development.
MANURE.
The
manure
to
be used
must be determined
if
by the nature
of the
land.
Heavy
soil
possible,
green a state as possible, and the straw ought not to be taken from
HIE
CULTURE
Oh
VEGETABLES.
as this will
assist in lightening
Soil,
459
and drainlighter
it,
ing the
ground.
however,
of a
is
character, especially
or
that
which
gravelly
liberal
chalky, should
receive far
is
more
the
In
farmyard used
in
half-rotten
state.
my
1
many
good
gardeners rely
used careoften
;
upon
fully
artificial
manures.
When
am
quite aware
results
follow, especially in
many
patent
cases
ONION,
in
are
of
actually
harmful,
and
SII-VER-SK1N.
manures,
Bone dust
one
of the
most valuable,
as
is
safe, beneficial,
and
lasting.
to use
There
is
sometimes a tendency
so that the
manure
is
fatal
rich,
when
the
The
soil
apt to
if
become
no
too
and even
such
are as disappointing as
fertiliser
This condition
is
years.
In
to
thoroughly
dress with lime, as this will have the effect of sweetening the
Where
in
much over-manured,
it
it
will
it
thoroughly
let
lie
will
Some
cases,
may
assimilating
any amount
for the
of stimulant
in
these
when
show-table or otherwise,
one
may
WATER.
pond
The
storage of water
is
of great
This
is
taken from
well
is
very great.
this
utilising
the
may
any
out-of-the-
way
corner.
for
No stimulant
nearly
is
is
more
best
in
valuable
all
vegetable
growth.
Watering
always
head
crops.
is
most
beneficial
to
nearly
all
Garden
numerous,
and
Pests.
the
These
for
are
gardener
must
them.
always
be
birds,
on the
watch
Some
rats,
in a certain
degree, and
mice,
grubs, thrips,
Onion and
Celery
fly,
;
and wire-worms
but
list
is
may
be
mentioned
these
by no means
enumerating
exhaust the
1
of gardeners' enemies.
little
if
know
it
use
causes of mischief
the
remedy, and J
'
CARROT, INTERMEDIATE.
4^0
THE
not
or
CENTURY
fully
BOOK
the
OF
GARDENING.
but
soot
in
have
space to
deal
more
with
subject
of
can
remind
all
gardeners,
amateur
professional,
that frequent
dusting
fresh
is one of the safest remedies for the Onion and Celery fly, while finely-sifted cinder ashes placed close round the growth of all kinds of Beans, Globe Artichokes, and Marrows are an almost sure preventive against slugs. As for wire-worms, when the ground is infested with these, dress it lightly with gas lime during the autumn, and trench in the dressing during
the winter.
I
HE WEATHER.
In
this uncertain
left
to chance, especially
often
ruin
many
tender esculents,
such as French
always be
in
and Runner Beans, Potatoes, and Marrows, therefore covering material should readiness, or a few hours may completely spoil the whole of the crop. It is
much
little,
A
will
WALK
IN
often
night.
have
to sacrifice
see
that this
is
the
WALKS.
paths.
It is
No
My
kitchen
garden
can
afford
the foundation
in
and mode
opinion
Drainage
is
a necessary factor
any case.
(for
it
that no
Kind of
walk"
is
so
view
is
not
my
tiles.
when
blue Staffordshire
free
By
using the
slightest
;
now
may
live
from
damage,
the
case of
harbour
pleasure
costly,
for
to
Grass paths on a
but
the
gravelly
soil,
when
the
well
kept,
of
are doubtless a
the
in
eye,
necessary
wheeling
entails
is
use
or
boards,
I
which
can
is
and
that
traffic
heavy
constant.
only
hope
the
style
may
be
in
some
measure
redeemed
by the
practical
THE
usefulness of the suggestions
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
which
labour
good
many
years of
as a
gardener
enable
me
to
make.
vegetable
garden,
systematically
carefully tended,
all
worked
is
and
to
me
to
at
times
it
a
is
(Measure,
nut
and
be
that
though
expected
or
desired
Roses
for
Cabbages,
allow
Orchids
to
GLOBR
I
ARTICHOKE.
that they would
solid
find
were they
do
so, or to
am convinced
they would get
more
shape
Moreover
results
in
the
The
gardens.
of vegetables, with
all
ill,
it
is
hoped, prove
great practical
value to
w ho
ish
in
their
As Mr.
hut
Beckett has
surely
mentioned,
of
vegetable
is
growing
not regarded as
identified
of great
importance;
no
branch
gardening
more
If
closely
with
our
wholesome and
either
for
natural.
cooked and served their value would he much enhanced, hut unfortunately even
restaurants
the best
they
are
not
appetising,
the
reason
to
that
they are
too
much
way
The
wholesome and
nutritious food
is
wasted.
best.
Artichoke, Globe.
of the
- The true Globe Artichoke, a member Cynara family, has very noble cut foliage, and even as a hardy plant is worth growing for its leaves. Plants may be raised from seed sown outdoors or under glass,
may be
I.
increased in
then,
soil
when
;
and planting them out as need some little protection, uiih'ihe aid of straw litter, during haul weather. The Green Globe is one of the best.
rows 4ft. apart, the plants in the rows heing 3ft. apart. 5 These may cany flowering stems in the autumn, whilst the chokes or scales and it is the flower-head forming it are still closed, and therefore unformed Those heads which that is cut, cooked, and eaten. have the most dense or solid substance in the chokes are
in
Artichoke, TuberOUS.
falsely
This Artichoke, commonly but termed Jerusalem, is a member of the great Sunflower family, and indeed is Helianthus tuberosus. ft is easily grown, the general culture consisting of planting medium-sized tubers in deeply dug and moderately manured soil in February, and in rows 2ft. apart, the plants being 14m. apart in the rows. Single stems duly that reach to a great height are thrown up. and these occasionally produce single yellow flowers at the points, but not often. -The summer culture consists in keeping the hoe freely
in the winter the steins the roots of tubers which are in close clusters may be lifted,
used.
When
die
down
The
old
red
skin
variety
variety finds much favour, as it is of better shape, though seldom so large as the red one.
Asparag'US.
See special article at end of section. Very Beans. valuable summer podding cr.qps are these, and furnish
Pod and
Bean
is
or
Long
the
hardiest,
may
be
JEHUS ALE M
during
that
A RTJCHO K E
winter
months
reason.
462
Copyright.
"COUNTRY
LIFE."
THE
Somewhat
and
it
CULTURE
"I
OF
VEGETABLES.
463
stiff
this
form
Bean
best,
wise to have them planted, well rooted, and flowered ere hot dry weather sets in, as then Mack aphis becomes prevalent, settles on the plant tops, injures them by great sap absorption, and this absorption conduces to loss of crop through the non-setting ol the bloom. Beans, Broad, are divided into two distinct sections, that
is
Broad Windsor havingshort broad pods, each ontainol whl h there are pale and green kinds. This form is the most commonly grown for market sale, but the Long Pods are most favoured in ordinary gardens. Apart from diversity ol pod, the differences in habit and appearance ol plants are trilling". The most
called
1
pods to harden and mature, and then gathering all others produced loo late lor the purpose. Growers lor exhibition invariably save the finest and handsomest long po Is lor such purpose, as a lew seed beans so obtained perpetuateall the best features of the strain. These Beans bear liberal waterings during hot, dry weather. A liberal dressing or muh h of manure laid along over the soil on eai h side ol the row is very help ul in checking evaporation and keeping the soil cool and moist.
BeailS,
Dwarf Kidney.
crops of a more fugitive order, and seldom remain any length of lime on the ground. The great facility with which sowings can be made renders il needless topreserve
the
plants alter
llarlington
they
have
furnished
early
Windsor and the Green Windsor, the latter being by When the some preferred because ol its deep colour. After Beans are cooked young they are excellent. the eves have become black, if well boiled, then have the skins removed and served up to table with gravy and condiments. The Long Pod section includes more varieties the oldest is the Early Mazagan, a variety once widely grown, but now displaced by the Early Long Pod, and that capital main crop variety, Johnson's Wonderful. But these, excellent as they are, have been proved very inferior for show purposes, at least (though of great garden excellence) to the Spanish Long 'oils, known as the These all closely Seville, Aquadulce, Leviathan, etc resemble each other, flower and pod being quite early, and generally they carry long pods, some exceeding 12m. in length. The Beans are tender and pleasant
;
1
some very
being best suited for forcing in pols in purposes excellent varieties are Ne Plus Ultra,
Mohaw k,
if
W
May,
for a
ler.
These
make an
in
excellent succession
order.
a lighllv
quantities be
sown
be
this
The
earliest
outdoor
early
at
in
sowing
may
and
if
made on
be
warm
border
protected
the plants
night
lew weeks, until danger from later frosts is past, he carrying good pods for gathering at midHher sowings may he made every fortnight up summer.
they
will
I
to
would
2ft.
be gained.
for the
The
the
drills
2/,It.
should be
;in.
earliest to
in
whilst
drills
than
4111.
apart.
It
is
surprising
eating,
be
how far a pint will go when thus thinly distributed. Though Kidney Beans
do not need deep,
soil,
hardy,
April,
2
ft.
rich
yet,
like
all
these
best
is
up
in
to
crops,
they
thrive
the
rows Beans
jin.
at
deeply dug.
being
to
4in.
placed
apart
in
the
rows.
When
the plants
it is
frames,
to
pits,
it
are well in
bloom
is
throw
the
strength
of
have Dwarf Kidney Beans for table all through the winter. A sowing
may
both climbing and dwarl
large
lie
made
in
Beans, Butter,
are found
These grow loan average height of about 6ft. if well cultivated, and pod freely. When ready for use the pods, about 6in. long, are of a rich golden colour, and very thick and fleshy. They are cooked whole, being stringless, and when properly served are delicious. The best variety is Mont d'Or. General culture lor all climbing Beans should be in the form of either deeply-trenched and well-
manured
for
soil, or else trenches 2ft. wide should be opened each row, the top spit of I2in. being thrown clean out, then a thick dressing of manure cast into the bottom, and this should be mixed well, by deep forking, with the bottom soil. The top soil may then be replaced, and have mixed with it some well-decayed manure. The Beans should be sown in drills jin. deep, drawn with a large hoe, 6in. apart, down the middle of the prepared trench, and the seeds placed in regularly down each drill, but not opposite to each other, fully 9m. apart.
frame stood on a warm south border, the being raised a few inches, early soil within in September. Ne Plus Ultra is a good variety for that month a quantity of bin. the purpose. Later in pots, three parts filled with soil, being previously well drained, should be sown each with about seven Beans and lie just covered with soil, then watered and placed on a shelf near the glass in a temperature of from oodeg. to bjdeg Syon House Prolific and Newington Wonder are good lor this purpose. Similar sow ings should be made at least every three weeks up to the end of January, when Beans grown thus Ne Plus Ultra may be again sown. need ample lightand warmth, with occasional syringingand fumigations with tobacco smoke, as aphis and red spider soon breed if the atmosphere be too dry or over-heated. Plants raised singly in small pots and planted outdoors in
movable
Beans, Kidney.
Under
this
appellation
come
all
the
later, being properly supported with the aid of tall, stout sticks or sprayed branches, will grow strong and crop for a very long season. Sowings may lie made from the middle of May, generally a safe
tender climbing and dwarf Beans so useful in the summer, and furnishing a large supply of pods over a long season. 'The Runner, or climbing section, is, without doubt, the most useful, and certainly last longer than any other.
Of
in
Dutch Runner
for
il
is
most
'This
time, to the
sowings will givevery late but these should be grown where some slight protection from early autumn frosts can be conveniently furnished. To secure continuous cropping hard gathering of the pods is essential. Where it is
latter
The
and
is
by
far in
the most
widely grown.
desired to save
some plants for seed it is good policy to reserve a portion of a row for the purpose, allow ing the
sown thinly and in deep well-manured soil the plants will grow to a height of oft. on tall sticks or other supports, and fruit for fully 'The flowers are scarlet, white, and in the three months. case of the Old Painted Lady both white and scarlet. The
section
very robust
growth,
464
THE
CENTURY
ROOK
OF
month
GARDENING.
later.
the whiles and scarlets differ only in colour of flower and of seed. Not infrequently scarlet Beans produce pl.ints hearing white flowers, and a while one will often do the reverse. Former old varieties both of scarlet and white have been displaced by the introduction of such long-
Not only
to furnish
summer
compe-
podded and very productive forms as Ne Plus Ultra, Hill's Prize, Prizewinner, and Best of All the former produces pods, when the soil is good and the plants thinly placed, from can. to I2in. in length, and yet very tender, fresh, and succulent. Of the white forms Czar and Giant
:
tition. Growers should take care to obtain the true Red Globe stock and to sow thinly, as thick sowing means not
Titan have very fine pods. The old case-knife section of smooth-podded Runners, now seldom grown, have been superseded by the introduction of climbing dwarf Beans, especially the running form of Canadian Wonder, which is also known as Tender and True. This produces long, straight, smooth pods in great abundance, aird over a long
season
useful
is unquestionably one of the most vegetables for medium-sized gardens, and the Runner kinds may be grown lor the sake of their beauty alone, without considering their pods. In quite a cottage plot one may frequently see the fence hidden
only waste, but gives needless labour in thinning the plants For furnishing a supply of roots for the late autumn and winter, none are better than the long tapering-rooted forms. These are numerous and good, though some have Amongst the rather coarse leafage if grown in rich soil.
later.
family
with the foliage of the Scarlet Runner, brightened with flowers, as pretty as anything one can well get amongst climbing plants, and lasting in beauty for many months. II the Runner Bean were not of such great value for its crop, it would be treasured as a climbing plant for the garden. Many things grown for their flowers are less interesting and beautilul than this familiar vegetable. So many fail to secure a good crop through not gathering the pods as fast as they have attained some
scarlet
size.
best are Dell's Crimson, Sutton's Blood Red,Dobbie's New Turpee, Nutting's Dwarf Red, Pragnell's Exhibition, and Cheltenham Green Top. The roots of the latter have very dark flesh, and it is the most favoured variety in the market. Still, all those named are of first-rate excellence. The best average time for sowing these Beets is from the 1st to the middle of May. Young plants raised from such sowings make quick growth, and, when thinned down to 5in. apart in the rows, these being 12'in. apart, also kept well hoed and clean, form by October fresh, handsome roots. Good Beets should be about ioin. long, be fair y broad across the shoulder, and taper off neatly to a point, They the skins being clean and free from side roots. may remain in the ground, keeping very fresh and sweet up till the end of the year, then be very carefully lifted, the leaves broken off, and stored away in sand or ashes in a cool shed for the winter, being occasion dly looked over.
Borecoles.
These are essentially winter vegetables, and are at that season very useful, especially in severe weather.
When
the plant burdened and the production of pods interfered with, but the pods are less
wholesome. Frequent pickings should be the rule. Striving to get pods as large as possible is a fatal policy. This pernicious practice is even increasing, and with bad
results. There is naturally a smaller crop, because the energies of the plant are directed to a few pods, and hence vegetable growing becomes expensive and unprofit-
Exhibitions frequently teach unwholesome lessons, by promoting amongst competitors a love or desire for mere size against crop and quality, because, as everyone should know, size does not denote good flavour. Big Beans, Turnips, Cabbages, Marrows, and other vegeable.
Their hardiness is a very striking feature, and even hard weather undoubtedly tends to sweeten and intensify their There are numerous forms, the merits when cooked. best known being the Green Curled Scotch, tall and somewhat irregular; Cottagers, tall and dwarf; Asparagus, Buda, Chou de Milan, Labr.idor, and a few others. Seeds of all should be sown in April in shallow When the drills 12111. apart, and in the open ground. plants are bin. in height, and portions of ground become cleared from summer crops, or it is found practicable to place plants between rows of dwarf Potatoes, they should be got out as time permits, and, if the weather be dry, but it is wise to take advantage watered in once or twice
;
tables
should
be
discouraged, then
will
the
vegetable
garden become more profitable. Of all the forms of Bean, the Runners are of the greatest use to the cottager and amateur gardener who cannot spare much space, becaues the plants can be accommodated in odd corners. BeetS. Very nutritious roots are Beets, and merit far wider consumption than they usually obtain. Habitually used as salading, yet is cold, sweet, soft, well-cooked Beet very delicious and appetising, especially when partaken of with cold meats for breakfast, luncheon, or
The of showers to do so, as then much labour is saved. Great rows as a rule should not be less than 2ft. apart. size is less to he desired than hardy plants that w ill stand severe frost well, ami continue to furnish head or side The Victoria Tall Scotch into the spring. dense-headed selection, and the Dwarf Green For giving late and Curled Scotch a valuable variety. very delicious sprouts, none excel the Cottagers and the smooth-leaved Asparagus and Chou de Milan, both Insects seldom trouble hardy and very productive. these Kales, hard frost and heavy winter rains thoroughly
sprouts
is
far
tine
supper.
The
far
flavour, colour,
and refinement of
flesh to those
superior in of thirty
size
cleansing them.
Broccoli.
when
well
grown.
Great
of
and bad should never be sown where the soil has been recently dressed with strong manures. The best Beets are always obtained from ground which, having been previously well manured and borne such a crop as Celery, Cauliflowers, Spinach, or early Cabbage, is then deeply dug and thoroughly pulverised and levelled ready for sowing seed. The earliest to sow and to produce useful roots is the Red Globe, a fine selection from the Turnip-rooted of the old Egyptian type, and wbiJi has bulbs of a very globular form, deep, smooth, and very handsome. The flesh when fully grown is of a deep blood red, very soft, and refined. Seed of this variety should be sown in shallow drills I2in. apart, and thinly,
invariably allied to coarseness of flesh
colour, hence the seed
do not heart as like Cauliflowers, produce frothy or marrowy heads of All great excellence, and during the winter months. and fairly hardy. habit, Broccoli are biennial in When the summer is cold and wet and a sharp wintet After a hot, dry follows these plants suffer severely. summer harm rarely results. It is wise, however, in planting Broccoli after other crops, such as Peas, Potatoes, Beans, Winter Onions, etc.. to put them out on the ground as left firm, without digging it, as that conduces to the production of hard stems and less leafy growth than are usually found when the soil is rich and Broccoli seeds may be sown, as previously loose.
Cabbages,
but the earliest varieties, and ones, the plants being, wlieu strong, planted out as opportunity offers and plots of Good , early varieties are ground become vacant.
These,
advised,
early in
early
in
April
for
May
for the
later
early in April, as
the special object in growing it is to obtain early summer bulbs. Provided the plints are properly thinned when young down to 6in. apart, and
Christmas White, Early Whie, and Snow's Winter White, and for main crop the Pearl, Mammoth, and Knight's Protecting, with Model and Late Queen for
latest
they
should produce
by the
cutting,
whilst
the
first
named
should,
in
ordinary seasons,
turn
or head
in
THE
;
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
of the Sprouts.
soil
465
others should come in in succession down Felmiary to the end of May, and more northerly even later; Melhuen's June, a fine Scotch variety, often furnishing good heads in that month. The Purple Sprouting Broccoli, something like a Borecole, is very hardy, and is most useful during the late winter. Seeds ol this sown in April and May furnish good mid and late winter This purple variety is universally grown. plantings.
should
The Plants may be in rows 2ft. apart. be deeply worked, not over rich, and after
is
the planting
to the
done be made
conduces
Brussels
of the Brassica than the Brussels Sprouts. This is essentially a winter vegetable also, and may easily be made to furnish sprouts liberally bum the beginning of October until the end of March, and There even giving numerous delicious shoots later.
family are
desirable
members
production of hard stems and solid green Sprouts. These should be round, hard, green, and set as thickly as well can be up the stems. The lops or heads should be preserved whilst steins continue sound Generally for ordinary to grow and produce Sprouts. whilst garden soil best, the Exhibition is for deep,
rich
soil
the
Dwarf
ol
Gem
and
as
Paragon
seen
in
arc-
excel lent.
Cabbages.
The
varieties
differ
Brassicas,
the
Cabbages of to-day,
most widely from the original parent species, but yet have the somewhat harmonious character of smooth leafage, which is in the process but is madeof evolution not only greatly enlarged convertible into solid heart, ol which the larger portion is losely compressed and hidden blanched, bec ause so from light, hence it is tender, soft, sweet, and of very pleasant texture as food. Cabbages, too, are very hardy, a matter of first importance, as they produce splendid heads or hearts in abundance, even in the winter, tit for use and in greater plenty in the spring. So much, however, may well be looked for from a one ol the descendant of a native species. It is products of Cabbage evolution also that we should have in. my varieties, although differences may not be material. Some are round headed, some conical, some even more so, some are small and precocious, some of medium size, and some very large, yet the same likeness runs through lint having so many varieties enables gardeners all.
only lo accommodate area requirements, but also of seasons and successions. Essentially a leafproducing plant, presenting a large surface area to the sun and wind, it is essential that Cabbages should have ample moisture for the roots, and not less abundant To that end soils should, for their growth, be feeding. invariably deeply dug or better trenched, and have incorporated into them a good quantity of half-decayed animal manure, both to furnish plant food and moisture. Manure partially decayed furnishes excellent food to the plant for a considerable time, a matter of importance to a crop that must of necessity be some time, if a main crop, on the ground. In raising Cabbages the first need is to sow seed, the variety being determined by the time of year required for cutting. Ordinarily the first sowing ol the season may be made in the open ground early in April, and for such sowing excellent are Les Etampes, All Heart, Offenham. and Nonpariel. The sowing should be made in shallow drills I2in.
not
those
apart and thinly, as so raised the seedlings get far more of light and air than when seed is sown in broadcast
form in heat, and not only can be allowed to become strong before removing, but can be lifted with more freedom. All these varieties should be planted out into
rows
2ft.
apart,
heart in during July, August, and September. But it is during these hot months that Cabbages are less in request, and therefore a sowing of Hllam's Early, Atkins's
made
early in
June and
second one early in fulv, furnishes plants that, put out into rows i8in. apart, should give abundant heads, that, il small, are delicious eating during the last three months of the year, and even into January. If a further sowing has been made of either of these in early August the supply of heads from such plants may be continued until the end of April. Then for the furnishing of good spring Cabbages of larger form than any of the first varieties named, or il r-'ther larger be desired, Defiance, Imperial, Enfield Market, and Manchester Market, from sowings made at the end of August, will give good results. But whilst in the case of the smallest Cabbages it is wise to clear the ground of the stems as fast as they are cut, ready lor some other crop, in the case of the larger spring supply the stems may profitably be left on the ground, as, if the heads be not cut too low down, sprouts break out from the stems, and these give a wonderful produce lor several months.
a
465
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
Very often a breadth of these Cabbage Sprouts renders the growing of a special supply of plants for summer cutting undesirable. If seeds be sown in May of the
John's Cabbage a capital autumn heading variety is W hite Cabbages suffer somewhat during hot, dry weather from the attacks of the Cabbage moth, which, depositing egg-- freely, soon become caterpillars, and these prey on the leaves most mercilessly, rendering
Si.
obtained.
them
rid
ol
these pests,
in
evening, followed by washings of clear morning, do great good. Dustings of lime, soot, or similar products are unfitted for Cabbages, which could not well be removed from them. Where the sod l.e exceptionally hot and dry it is not wise to grow Cabbages in hot weather. Still, the effects of hot sun may Le much mitigated by using long manure for a surface mulch about ihe plants.
the
in the
heads water
encourage the formation of side or forked roots, which destroy a symmetrical appearance and lead to waste. It is well to let Carrots follow after Celery or a similar crop that has been liberally manured, as in such a case the soil is deep and in good condition. In the case of early beds or warm borders, add some warm fresh manure fairly well buried, this promoting quick germination and rapid growth. The variety used for such sowing should be one of the Short Horns, which should be pulled when quite young and succulent. When the soil upon which the Carrots are to be sown is stiff and tenacious, intermix with it a liberal dressing of wood ashes, burnt refuse, old leaf soil, road or street sweepi gs, or other gritty materials. Cover up the seeds, after being sown in the drills, with such mixture. Well pulverised soils do not need these
gritty dressings, but
are readily distinguishable while or other Cabbages by their corrugated or puffed leafage, showing, doubtless, some association with (he old curled Kales. They have the credit of being the hardiest ol all Cabbages, but that credit depends very much on the time of sowing seed and the variety. The largest of all is the Drumhead, a favourite with the market growers, being so useful for the production of huge hard heads in the fields. Hut it nut unfrequenllv
wood ashes are invariably helpful to The earliest sowing should be of the little French Horn or Early Gem, made either in a frame placed upon a dung bed to give heat or in a mere wooden frame placed on the ground under a warm wall or fenc,
Carrots.
being nearly filled to the surface with fine soil. In both cases sow the seed thinly in very shallow drills drawn by the hand 6in. apart, covered up, gently pressed, and well watered. Then place a glass light over the frame. Carrots thus raised need no other thinning than is carried out by pulling the strongest as soon as they have made
this
happens
that
if
the
autumn be mild
the heads
turn
in
The
earliest
and smallest
then sharp frosts materially injure them. is Tom Thumb, a variety that
grown they are of delicious Such sowings may be made early in January. successional sowing on a warm border, and in drills of
can be planted out at but I2in. apart. Next come the Early (Jim, a little later and larger, and also the Dwarf Green Curled, which being a little larger, needs rather more room, and makes a capital succession. These latter three varieties are much the best, and should be alone grown. Seed should not be sown until the middle of June, so as to have strong plants to put out in August and early September. These would heart in from Christmas on to the end of March, and prove to be most acceptable food.
The
has
leafage of these Savoys is soft and marrowy, and a particular flavour. The large Drumheads are rather strong-flavoured, and emit a strong odour when in the process of cooking. As they heart in at a time of the year when other vegetables are scarce they merit high
consideration.
Of
course
planting
in
the
summer
depends largely on the weather, but if drought renders the work difficult one or two good waterings soon after
planting are of great help in securing root action.
loin, apart, may be made early in February, but this time use the Early Nantes, a pleasing short Carrot, that usually does not exceed a length of 6in. and does not taper. It is very tender, succulent, and superior to any other Carrot for the table. Those who appreciate Carrot may make yet a further sowing about this the middle of April in the same way, but on more exposed ground, for succession, and, finally, a last sowing about the middle of July on welldug, thoroughly pulverised ground that had previously carried early Peas or Potatoes. Such a late sowing as this will furnish a fine crop of roots to pull from all through the winter. The rows in this case maybe I2in. apart to permit cleaning in between, but the thinning should be moderate as before. Should severe weather intervene during the winter, cover the bed with straw litter, fern, or heather, so that the roots can be pulled as required. What is commonly known as the main crop is
Capsicums and
ol
Chilis.
There
furnished by a sowing
made
April.
in a large
bed
for
at
the end of
are
numerous
varieties
March
must
letting
or
early
in
The
the
iin.
soil
this
sowing
fine,
Capsicum, the Chili being practically a section producing somewhat smaller fruits, and of dwarfer habit
the
be
deeply
worked and
variety most
surface
made
i2in.
to
is
growth. The large- fruited Capsicum is represented also others, both red and by the Giant Red and Yellow
of
;
14m. apart.
tapering kind,
The
New Intermediate,
a long
size
yellow,
the
fruits
of which
are of moderate
size,
and
Of
when
are
ripe
make
and weight.
They
Chilis, the
Coral Red,
Tom Thumb,
The
very
handsome
plants.
fruits
the
entire
section, being very hot, are used chiefly for pickling, but
up for soups and stews, and many prefer them when cooked whole. The plants should be thinned early to oin. api.rt in the rows, and on no account disturb
are excellent cut
pretty decorative plants. Seed may be shallow pots thinly in March or April, under glass and in a gentle heat. Later, when strong enough,
several
make
sown
in
the soil in the process of thinning, so that it is better to Loosening the cut off the young ones with a sharp hoe.
then
in which to fruit. So treated they should be kept in a frame or greenhouse. Plants, when strong, may be turned out of pots on to a warm border, where they will fruit freely. Carrot, The. This root-vegetable likes a deep sandy soil, but gardens of course vary greatly, and it is an excellent gardening axiom that where soils are unfavourable naturally they must be rendered suitable by cultivation. Thus we seldom hear of Carrots failing. It is essential to well dig the soil by trenching and manuring, but it is not a good practice, in the case of large roots intended to form the main or winter crops, to have the manure near the Bury it well dow n beneath the top spit of soil, surface. as in that way the ma n tap root is encouraged to go down deep, and fine straight roots usually result. If the manure be applied fresh near the surface, it tends to
about the plants facilitates the attacks of the Carrot maggot. The best remedy for this pest is to dust the rows of young plants frequently with soot, as that keeps off, too, the Celery fly, which deposits on the plants the An occasional liberal eggs producing the maggot. watering with soot water is helpful. Use the hoe freely between the rows after thinning is over, but beyond keeping weeds down little else can be done. Lifting of the roots may be done in November, the tops being trimmed off neatly, and the roots cleansed by rubbing off
soil
the
soil.
Then
fine
stack them
away
Carrots somesand or ashes for the winter. The times suffer from the attacks of green fly or aphis. best remedy is found in liberal waterings and soot dressings, as the plants then grow too strong to be
shed in
injured.
viz..
The
Early Short
Horn
or F'arly
Gem,
Early French
THE
Jaims's mediate, New
root
;
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
sowing
thinly
in
467
may be made
InterInter;
mediate,
rather larger
Long
-
Surrey,
very
;
one or more pans on fine soil, and be stood in a warm house or frame
shallow
and watered.
soon
plants
fully
follows.
Growth The
New
In-
termediate them.
displacing
Cauliflowers.
As
should then be exposed to the light to keep hem sturdy, and when 3 n
I
i
dibblsd out 2'in. apart into shallow boxes group, of white-headed good soil, kept in in and are, too, plants, warmth until well practically annuals, as rooted, then be stood all produce their iieads in a cold house or frame for culling in the same for a couple of weeks, year as the seed is and by that lime should KING OF CAULIFLOWERS sown, and the early be ready to plant into varieties also outdoors. bloom and seed in the year. o'n hes the sowing The If be made about season of the Cauliflower is from the beginning of the end of February the plants will be strong enough June until Christmas. Later sowings A sowing made of such a dwarf to put >ut by the middle ol May. variety as the Snowball, Early Erfurt, or Early Forcing, m iv be treated in the same way, but any made in all much alike, in January or February in warmth, April 01 May will germinate freely with ordinary sun enables good stout plants to be secured lor planting out to raise Celery warmth. It is, however, always best on to a warm border in April and producing heads in plants under glass, as good growth is thus more quickly
1
from
the
pans,
and
June.
Even a forcing made in a cold house or frame in February gives plants that head in very little later. The seedling plants should be, when 3m. in height, lifted from the seed pans, and be dibbled out thinly into shallow boxes filled with leafy soil, and when strong enough to harden will transplant outdoors with good balls of soil and root, The^e dwarf varieties may be planted in rows Sin. apart and but I2in. apart in the rows. A further sowing made of the same dwarf varieties, or of Early London, or King of C uiliflowers,
1
in
in
April,
will
give
plants
similarly
treated
to
lie. id
during July and August, whilst a sowing of the Autumn Giant made on a warm bed in March will give plants to be put out in rows 30111. apart, and some will head in during September. One later sowing of seed will enable a yet later planting to be made, and if the winter be mild the season of fine white Cauliflower heads is continued even to the end of the year. As the winter approaches, it is wise to draw the leaves of plants that have begun to produce white heads into the torm of a cone by tying them with raffia grass or bass, thus helping to protect the heads from frost or excessive rains. Even breaking down a few large leaves over the centres is helpful. In some case^; Cauliflower plants of the Eirly London variety are raised from seed sown in a frame or shallow b >xes at the end of August, and later planted out in chimps of live on a warm border, and covered up for the winter with clochss or hand-lights. These carry fine heads in the early summer. Plants may also be dibbled thinly into a frame, and then be wintered safely. Celery. A most valuable winter salad, and very nice also as a stewed vegetable if the plants have been properly blanched. Whilst the leaf stems are in an exposed condition quite inedible, and very acrid and hard, yet when the colouring matter in them is expelled by proper moulding or earthing up to promote blanching, the stems be:ome white and tender, and really delicious food. Celeries are white and coloured, both being good. Some are dwarfer than others, and these are most suitable lor small garden culture, needing less space between the rows for earthing up. Of white dwarf varieties, Dwarf White, Incomparable, White Gem, and Sandringham are good and of coloured ones, the Dwarf Red and Standard Bearer are excellent. Of later whites, Grove White, Giant White, and Ivory White are good and Oi coloured varieties, Sulham Pink, Major Clarke's Red, and Manchester Red are of the best. Celery plants are very easily raised from seed. To secure specially early ones a
In the case of later sowings, the plan's may be taken direct from the seed pans, and be dibbled out 3in. apart on to a piece of ground specially prepared by burying just beneath the surface a dressing of de ayed manure, the soil being gently pressed down and levelled. Here, planted, watered, and shaded for a week or so, the plants soon get hold of the manure, and become very stout and sturdy. They can be lilted with good balls of soil and roots, and be planted into the prepared trenches In sowing seed it without suffering from the transition. is much better to do so thinly, raising 100 plants in a pan where very commonly 300 are found crowded, as
ensured.
crowding and starving them in their early stages is often productive later of soft pi hy stems and early bolting off
r
Celery be planted out in trenches in hot weather, besides giving the plant a good watering it is well to throw pea sticks across the trenches, and on them mats or canvas during the day to protect the plants from the heat. They recover much sooner from the transplanting if thus protected from the sun. As a rule, Celery is grown first, trenches facilitate in trenches, and for two reasons moulding up the stems later and, second, plants in trenches may be more effectually watered in dry weather. Celery plants are gross feeders, and will readily absorb water, whether clear or in the form of liquid manure. But the digging of trenches may much depend on the nature of the subsoil. If that be clay or gravel, or poor and devoid of nutriment, it is often best to plant on the level. But where ground has been from lime to time trenched and well manured, the soil is throughout in good condition, or where the subsoil is poor and trenches are desirable, then it is best to throw out the top spit from a trench I Sin. wide on to one side and the Then throw in the top bottom spit on to the other side spit, and wilh it mix a heavy dressing of half-decayed manure. Then fork in from the sides at top a little Moulding up should not more of the soil, and plant. be hurried. Plants should be well led, and encouraged to make strong growth, and when that is formed a dryday should be taken advantage of a good so.xking to of liquid manure having been given overnight first gather the leaves up together and put round them a loose tie of bass, at the same time pulling away from the base of each plant any short leaves or Then with a fork loosen suckers that may have formed.
to
flower.
II
and place some 5m. to bin. of it close up to the Repeat this a couple of weeks later, and so continue to do the work gradually, until each row is banked up neatly and firmly on each side, making a sharp solid ridge
the
soil,
plants.
468
of soil
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
the one should be put out in rows 2ft. apart, and of the other nearly 3ft. apart, as the leafage is so large. CllCUmberS. Because a tender member of a large family, the Cucumber must of necessity, in Great Britain, be
well patted and smoothed off to throw off rain. Fully six weeks should elapse from the final moulding before Very fine early Celery for the ridges are broken into. exhibition could be obtained by binding bands of brown paper about the stems, and in such case feeding with
liquid
grown under
nished
section,
glass,
manure can go on
it is
to the last
moment.
In very
artificially.
severe winters
wise to give the Celery ridges some them Fern or long litter, or
Chicory.
soils,
ward off frost. found abundantly on our chalk carrying pretty blue flowers, yet few seem to care
British plant
to cultivate
it.
With
that great
French, it is in great favour, and would be in Britain The two chief varieties are the were it better known. common Chicory or Barbe de Capucin and the Witloof Both, when well The latter is the finest. or Brussels.
in gardens, furnish roots that in warmth and in such as is needful for Seakale forcing soon produce blanched leaves and stems some 6in. high that form most delicious saladinir, and with plenty of roots put into a dark warm place in batches a supply can be kept up for a long linn.-. Of course darkness such as is found in a cellar hi other close place is essential to perfect blanching.
and Gherkins for pickling are grown outdoors under special conditions of culture, such as selecting for them warm situations. Giving them shelter from cold winds, sowing or planting on moderate soil ridges, some 3ft. in breadth, beneath which has been placed some warm stable manure, and securing the best possible growth. After spring frosts are over and before those of the autumn come, the culture is simple, and, on the whole, it is best to sow in small clumps 2ft. apart along the top of the ridge, five seeds, covering them up with hand-lights,
or other simple protection, for a time, especially at night,
grown
soil
and
il
if all
three.
the seeds grow pulling out a couple and leaving These having their growths neatly spread out and,
they
come
fruit.
These, however,
too freely, properly thinned, will soon carry may be lair or poor according to
in well-prepared garden soil in rows I2in. apart, the plants when up Late in the autumn the being thinned out to gin. apart. roots should be lifted and laid in thickly, then put into boxes of soil and stood in warmth to blanch as needed. A very gentle heat suffices to promote growth, as the temperature of a cellar is always much higher than is that of the open ground in winter. ColeWOrtS. These constitute a distinct and very useful section of Cabbages. There are two forms, the Hardy
Seed
should
be
sown
April in
May,
in
the season, lor it is only during warm summers that outdoor Cucumbers thrive. House Cucumbers ini hide all the very best-known varieties, and generally these produce fruits both smooth and shinv, of divers lengths, ranging from loin, to 2oin.. and, if desired, even longer. Fruits, however, ranging from I2in. to 1 5111. are, on the whole, the most useful and profitable. Colour is an important feature, and the skin should be dense green, but so far as flavour is concerned, little difference is found in pale or green fruits, or in those that are smooth or shinv, w hilst excellent Cucumbers may be grown in an unheated greenhouse or frame. During the summer artificial heat furnished either by hot water piping or a dung bed becomes indispensable for their production in other seasons. House culture is the most favoured now, not only because the warmth can be easily and not expensively furnished with a proper apparatus, but it can be regulated according That a dung bed cannot be to needs and seasons. as a rule it is better at the beginning and becomes cooler as time passes and the plants greatly need warmth. A proper Cucumber house for winter forcing should be either of span form or a lean-to, that is, a house erected against a wall lor its back, and should be partiallv sunk in the ground, as so built much less surface is exposed to the weather. Where there is no south wall to build against in sloping form towards the sun, then it is best to have a low span house about 12ft. wide, the sides standing 3ft. from the surface, and the ridge, or
;
roof centre, some 5ft. high. To give ample head room w ithin, the centre w alk or alley of the house, entered by a centre and sunken door, should be quite 2 ft. lower, cut literally out of the earth, the soil on each side being left
to form si ages or shelves. Steps at the door and outside enable the lower level to be reached. The path sin mid be fully 2ft. wide, and the soil on either side fastened by 4jin. brick or concrete walls. Unless the subsoil be naturally well drained, a sunken path should not be made unless beneath a drain put in carries oil all water and keeps it dry. In putting in heating pipes, two of 4.in. should be run along on the soil bed I2in. from the side of the house and on each side, and return one over the other on each side of the alley or side by side on the top of the brick sustaining walls. Every care must be taken to secure a gentle rise to the farther end ol the house, where the turn in the pipes takes place, and a gentle return fall. The pipe force seems considerable, but when in severe weather in the winter it is found needful to keep up a temperature of from 7odeg. to 8odeg., only by the aid of ample heating force can this be done. On stout cross bearers fixed just over the side pipes may be laid troughs or long shallow boxes with trellis bottoms 2oin. wide, and inside 8in. deep. Into these should be placed first coarse pieces of turf to keep in the fine soil and allow the heat from the pipes below to pass into the soil and warm it. Then fill up the troughs or boxes quite an inch higher in the centre with good turfy loam, fairly firm in texture, with
Their flavour is marrow-like hearts during midwinter. Cabbage, and, being hardy, they
ol
pickling are
Red Cabbages grown for two forms, the oldest being the Large Red, a
very strong, coarse-growing variety, that takes a long season to produce heart, and needs ample room. This
soils produce heads But for all ordinary purposes is the waif Blood-Red. This is dwarfer, It occupies less ground space, redder, much less coarse.
variety will,
in
deep, rich
holding
61b. to gib.
1 >
It is
the rule to
good
THE
which
is
CULTURE
oi
OF
VEGETABLES.
469
mixed
a proportion at
A very light hot-bed manure. dressing, such as one pint to a barrowload of any artificial Plants should be raised manure or gu mo, will do good. in a small house well heated. The seeds arc l>csi sown thinly in 6in. puis that have been well drained, then If dibbled thinly over the in filled with light soil.
half-decayed
stable
or
surface
with
the point
of
finger
to
the
number
ol
is no fear that the seedlings will be unduly crowded. Good seed in a temperature of 75deg. should have germinated within a week, and the young planN may be lilted with great care and shilted singly into quite small pois at once, using warm soil and keeping Ten or fourteen days later these plants, them in heat. house is ready for them, should be fit to if the fruiting plant out into the troughs, as nothing is gained by In planting, bury the stems keeping them in the pots.
do/en, there
lin.
or zin. in
the soil
soon emitted.
apart
little
in
one
mound
off
of soil
they be long, as side roots are lie put out about r 3 in the centre ol each trough, and a drawn up round the stems helps to
if
i 1 1
thinning and general attention have to be the same as in a house. As the roots come through the mound of soil Whether in houses or frames fresh soil should be added. Cucumbers like a moist atmosphere, and therefore should be sprinkled or syringed once or twice a day. A very dry air soon breeds red spider, a pest that is very 'rood varieties lor both house and frame are destructive. Telegraph, Lockie's Perfection, Rochfords, Express, Model, Peerless, and Marvel. Dandelion. Although this belongs to a diverse section ol toot -producing plants to that of Chicory, yet is its general treatment much the same. Seed can be purchased, il needed, although it can too often be easily saved in the country. Sow in April in rows I2in. apart, and thin the plants later out to bin. apart in the rows. If the soil be deep and well manured, roots will become strong and leaf grow th also. But care should betaken to keep all flowers picked out, lest seed be produced that may create trouble. In all other respects treat just as advised lor Chicory. The bitter taste found in the leafage when green is almost entirely absent in the while or
(
The water given to water and check damping. the soil, and at fust not too freely, should be ol the same temperature as the air ol the house. Beneath the sloping roof on each side, and fixed by long holdfasts to the bars or ralters, stout wires should be placed at These should be intervals of toin., running lengthwise. The lowest wire will be fixed fully loin, from the glass. hardly more than 12m. from the centre of the ridge oi as growth soil in which the plants are put out, and This ensues the shoot from each plant soon reaches it. shoot should, lor the lime, fie supported by a small stick. When the wire is over-reached the point of the shoot should be pinched, and almost immediately there w ill breakkeep
out two or three shoots.
blanched
salad ing.
leafage,
and
thus
it
constitutes
delicious
Egg
the
it
Plants.
These are
are
members of the large family of best known under the French They are easily raised from seed if
be sown in pots in April and stood in a gentle heat to help promote quick germination and growth. The little plants need to be lifted carefully from the seed potsand pricked out into quite small pots singly. The soil used should be one-half well-decayed leaf mould, the
rest ol
As growth
ensues,
into
These as they grow must liecarried up the wires several inches apart, and be later
pinched again to induce side shoots to break out from It is later essential them, on which fruits will come. Any not that these shoots do not become too thick. showing fruits should be pinched out, and where there are many fruits these should also be thinned as they Artificial fertiliswell, lest the plants be over-cropped. sation of the female flowers, with pollen taken from the male blooms, is not only needless, hut harmful it done
for fruits that are
7in. to Sin. in width. When well developed 111 warmth, being kept near the glass, the plants will fruit freely during the summer in an ordinary frame or greenhouse. They should have for the final potting fully two-thirds loam, the rest being old hot-bed manure and sand. Plants that have flowered will often ripen their fruits if plunged into a warm border or bed of ashes outdoors. Water is needed freely in hot weather. The best
Endive.
To
obtain seed,
however, a female flower must be so fertilised; but. Cucumbers be grown specially for seed work except one fruit will usually suffice to best left to experts give many more seeds than any ordinary private grower When the plants become strong, roots fill can need. the soil, and may be seen like white threads on the surface. In such case an occasional very light sprinkling with artificial manure or watering with liquid manure or Plants soot-water once a week will do great good.
kept
well
thinned
fed In
regularly
season.
and not too heavily fruited, also with manure, will carry crops over a long such a house one side may be removed and
replaced
soil,
tlie
by a fresh lot of plants and with quite fresh In and thus cany Cucumbers over the whole year.
ol
case
a lean-to
for plants is
White F^gg and the Long Purple. There are but two really of these leaf salads, the broad-leaved Batavian and the Moss-curled. Both are hardy winter salads, and whilst hard, bitter, ami unpleasant to eat in a green state, are tender, crisp, and even delicious as food when properly blanched. Seeds of both may be sown outdoors about the middle of Julv, and again the first week in August, to furnish a succession. Sow in shallow drills lain, apart, and thinly. When the young plants are strong they should be put out on to a sloping border or raised bed in rows 14m. apart. Il is desirable that the permanent beds be arranged in a sloping way, as otherwise the winter rains might do much harm. In the late autumn the broad-leaved plants may be tied up as Lettuces are, to blanche the hearts, and the dwarf curled ones be blanched by having boards, slates, saucers, or other articles laid over them to exclude light and air, or from time to time as needed. Some of the plants may lie lifted with good balls of soil attached, and
varieties are the
Cucumber culture
from that
in
in
frames, on dung
beds, differs
houses,
greiter soil
room,
as not only have the roots much but the growths run over the bed,
When a dung lied and are far less readily looked alter. has been properly made up. and a frame placed over it, a body of turfy loam is placed in a mound in the centre of the frame, or of each portion ol the frame, some 5in. An inch depth of soil may be in depth in the centre. strewn over the manure when the strong steamy heat which usually results from a fresh-made dung bed has
lessened; the plants
may
mound,
be erect,
the shoots that run out over the soil do not bend the centre stem. One or two pinches suffice to
several
way
cause
shoots
'.o
form
into
branches,
but
the
be transferred to a dark frame for blanching, or into a cellar or dark shed. So long as light and air are absolutely excluded, blanching soon follows, and in that way salading of the most acceptable kind is produced. Herbs. Garden Herbs are usually divided into those wdiich are used to furnish flavouring in ordinary cooking, and those which are distinctly of a medicinal order. Formerly this latter section was very extensively grown, especially Rue, Horehound, Tansy, Pennyroyal, Peppermint, and Wormwood. These do not materially enter into the term Herb as understood to-day, for the true garden Herb is employed almost exclusively for flavouring purposes. The best of the garden Herbs now are Parsley, Thyme, Mint, Sage, Marjoram, Savory, Tarragon, and Fennel. Parsley is easily raised from seed if it be sown in shallow drills singly beside walks. The seed should be sown thinly, and the young plants thinned out later to 6in. apart. in April, and a It is well to make one sowing early
470
THE
second one
in
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
471
June, to give ample pickings all the year is ol two forms, the common, which is rather erect in habit, and Lemon, which has broader leafage, and may be used for edgings, keeping it hard trimmed. Both are easily propagated by means of cuttings
round.
Thyme
frame, or put
lifted,
in
T he best
Mint is thai known as the Green Spear, having pointed leafage. This can be easily increased by inserting
jin. high, as cuttings, in sand)' soil and Also il the running roots be lilted in the winter, broken up, and replanted, each piece will soon grow. To make a bed in this way, deeply dig and manure the soil, then shovel off iin. of the top soil, place the roots thus broken up evenly over it, spread the removed soil over, and gently pat it down. Do this in February. Sage is of a hard and shrubby nature, but it can be raised from seeds, by putting in tops as cuttings early in the spring or in the autumn, or by lifting and pulling plants to pieces and replanting them with or without roots, as they will soon make progress. Marjoram and Savory are easily raised from seed sown in drills I2in. apart in April. The plants should be Tarragon can be increased well thinned whilst yet small. by division of the roots, and Fennel comes easily from seed. The latter is a tall plant, and one or two plants usually suffice to supply all ordinary domestic w ants. Most of these herbs are useful lor winter purposes also, in a dry state, if, when the plants seem in bloom or about at their best, they are cut over, or only partially so, and hall dried, then tied up in large paper bags and hung up in a dry room the lealage can be rubbed up small and be used freely in soups or other kitchen compositions. Herbs generally should be grown by themselves, be kept quite clean from weeds, and have such small attention in hoeing and weeding as they may need. HOFSe Radish. This is frequently much esteemed, especially to accompany roast beef but its method of Everything in culture certainly needs improvement. whether vegetable or fruit, the garden, no matter As should be well grown or its culture not attempted. a rule, Horse Radish is placed in an out-of-the-way corner, where it is almost forgotten, and gives poor slicks, unlike
the shoots,
when
under
glass.
bestowed upon them. The chief dillerence lies in the length and breadth of the stem, one variety usually having a stout and short stem, the other smaller and longer. Perfect Leek steins, as seen at exhibitions, are about I in. through, and some I2in. to 14m. blanched, being also perfectly firm and of the purest whiteness. To get Leeks early il is well to sow seed in a pan or box in March, to place il in a warm house or frame, and when the seedlings are 4in. in height to lilt them with care from the seed pan, and dibble them out at 2in. apart into shallow boxes in good rich soil, and still keep them in warmth and near the light, so that they keep strong and erect then, later, pul into a cold frame lor a week, and when hardened they may be transplanted out into the open ground lor summer growth. 'To secure fine earlv stems throw otil the top spit of soil from a trench 2oin. wide on oneside, and break up deeply the bottom spil, a good dressing of half-decayed manure being mixed with il then one-half of the top soil should be put back, and more manure forked in with that. 'The plants ma)- then be tit out in one row down the centre ol the trench, a shallow drill being drawn with a hoe for the purpose. The plants, being carefully lifted from the boxes w ith good balls ol soil and roots, should be planted at I2in. apart and firmly, a lillle top soil being put in about them to As the plants get good root-hold, keep them erect.
; ;
1
occasional soakings of liquid manure may be given, but not too near the stems; indeed, a moulding-up process, which may be done gradually; water should be given
in
furrows
made
side.
An
occasional
down
should
slugs.
result.
few inches from the plants on either dusting with lime helps to keep In a lew months fine, well-blanched sterns
a
For succession make a sowing a month the same way and winter purposes it is well to make a sowing out;
doors early in April, so that the plants may be strong to put out on a good deep well-manured soil about midsummer or a little later, these being dibbled out deeply into rows 2oin. apart. If the plants be put into the ground several inches, a moderate moulding-up suffices to obtain nice medium-sized stems, well blanched, some These, too, will siand an ordinary loin, to I2in. long. winter very well, and when of about one-half the dimensions of the large exhibition stems are much sweeter and
pleasanter for cooking and eating.
delicious vegetables
the excellent
prepared.
well
material obtainable when the soil is well The ground should be open and good, and trenched, with a layer of decayed manure in the
when
well
and should be
Plant the roots in the early year, bottom of each trench. and they should be straight and about ift. in length.
far more widely grown. Probably too few persons have learned to appreciate them in England, but they are highly esteemed in Scotland and Wales. Popular
:
way is the proper distance to put them. general rule is to dig up the roots as required, but good gardeners lilt them and store in sand, when they can be used as wanted. This is a far better way. Kohl Rabi. 'This very curious member of the Brassica
foot apart each
The
commonly grown as a cattle root, has undoubted edible excellence, and when seed of such varieties as the Early Green or Purple is sown in April on good garden
family,
there is no difficulty in securing nice roots that, having developed quickly, are tender and when cooked distinctly pleasant eating. Seed should be sown in shallow drills where the crop is to remain, the drills being 14m. apart. The plants need thinning down to But where it is preferred to loin, apart in the rows. sow in beds, and transplant, the stems should be fixed
soil
into the soil quite shallow, as the edible portion, like the
ground. The roots have a and should be. eaten before they become too hard. Roots may be pulled early, and having been trimmed may be stored in sand in a cool dry place, and thus be available for use during the winter. Leeks. These are plants that, whilst easily raised from
Turnip,
distinct
swells
above
the
pleasant
flavour,
varieties are Prizetaker, Champion, and Lyon. Lettuces. -Whilst ol these leaf-salading vegetables there are but two distinct forms, there are many varieties. The forms are the Cos or erect growers, and the Cabbage or close, compact growers. Of the former there are brown or dark coloured, and green of the latter, brown and pale green, and also smooth leaved and rough or curled forms. Cos or tall Lettuces are most generally grown, the best for winter purposes being Hardy Green and Black-seeded Brown Cos as the hardiest, whilst for summer use none are better than the Paris White, of which there are several socalled stocks, differing only in name, and the Champion Cos, a very tall and superb Lettuce, but rather long in coming to perfection. Of the Cabbage varieties, excellent for winter planting are Hardy Hammersmith, Grand .\ linkable, and All the Year Round, and lor summer use Stanstead Park, All the Year Round, Leyden, Model, Continuity, and Crystal Palace are excellent. The latter three have somewhat curled lealage. Lettuces like rich soil that is deeply worked and
;
seed,
can
only
be
presented
fit
for
table
use
after
some labour and care have been bestowed upon them. Practically, like some other plants of which the stems
constitute the edible part, they need blanching, so that the
stems
may be
well manured. It is important, especially during the summer, the time of year when such cool salading is most in request, that it shall be crisp and tender, and that condition can only be assured when the growth is rapid and unchecked. Sowings should be made in February and March, in shallow pans or boxes under glass, and thinly, to enable the seedling plants to become strong before being planted out. From early of September small sowings in April on to the end
472
THE
CENTURY
HOOK
OF
GARDENING.
The almost all the year round. chief need to this end is found in having a properly constructed and heated Mushroom-house, which dark, have should ce quite external air excluded, and be so warmed that a fairly high temperature may be obtained all the winter. The best form of structure is a stout lean-to shed erected against the back wall of a vinery or other forcing house, because in such case one back wall serves for both houses, and it is easy to secure from the same heating apparatus the needful hot-water
service
and heat.
Mushroom-
house may be about 9ft. in width, having stout wooden shelves 3ft. wide, and fixed at about 24m. apart, In this way one above the other. there may be a floor-bed and three
shelves at the back, and a floor-bed
and
two
shelves
in
the
fully
front.
The
alley running
down between
2jft.
LTTTUC
MAMMOTH WHITE.
Beds are made
winter
w ide to enable a wheelbarrow to be brought in for removing or introducing manure and soil.
should be made, once or twice a month, so as to ensure a constant succession of plants for putting out. These sowings may be made outdoors, the small seed beds being watered and shaded until germination has taken place. One sowing, made in a small frame near the glass or
up
in
succession,
the
six
earliest
for the
made
and
be
fresh
middle
of
August,
as
weeks
may
under a hand-light, of Hardy Green or Paris White Cos, the plants being kept in the frame all the winter, furnishes plenty of sturdy plants to go out towards the end of March as a succession to those planted out in the Cabbage Lettuces heart in of themselves well. autumn. Cos Lettuces are helped to heart in if the leaves be But all good drawn together, not too lightly, with bass. strains naturally heart in if time be given them, and on good soil produce large, solid, white hearts, very lender and crisp. Voting plants should be lilted from seed pans or beds with the aid of a small stick, the soil being watered a iew hours previously to moisten and soften it. The usual rule is to plant in rows about [2in. apart, the plants being the same width apart in the rows. In hot, dry weather il is a good practice to draw shallow drills with a hoe, to Hood them with water, then to plant after the water has well soaked in, rilling loose soil about the plants afterwards to check evaporation under hot
sunshine.
found needful or desirable, The shelves should each have a stout wooden edge, some 6in. to 8in. deep, to retain the manure when the beds are formed. The manure with which to form a Mushroom bed anywhere should be from stables, and only where horses are quite healthy. Using manure from horses taking medicine is very injurious to the spawn, often causing complete failure. This manure should be collected fresh every day, and be thrown into a heap, either under a shed, or, il outdoors, where a few mats can be placed over it to throw off rain. The longer portions of straw should be shaken out and dried lor other use; then, as the heap accumulates, a long stick should be thrust into it to enable its condition as to fermentation to be discovered. When the stick becomes well warmed the heap should be turned, the outer portion being placed within during the process; and should the manure show signs of dryness, a few cans of water should be poured over with a rose to distribute it thoroughly as the turning it
proceeds. It may be needful to turn the heap in this way twice or thrice, but the greater care exercised the longer will the bed when made up retain heat, and the more
will be the spawning. The manure thus prepared should now be placed on one of the Mushroomhouse shelves, and be well beaten down a solid bed of from loin. l>> I2in., if possible, may be made over the en ire shell. It will certainly settle down 2111. or 3in. later. Then, when the heat is well up, which will be in a few days, but not dangerously hot, the surface of the bed may be spawned. For this purpose Mushroom spawn cakes sin mlcl lie purchased, either by weight <>r number, from some reliable dealer, and it should be fairly new, or at least not more than a year old. These cakes may be each broken or cut into pieces about the size of a hen's egg, one cake making about eight, and these pieces, with the broad flat side upwards, should be hard pressed into the dung about 8in. apart, all over the bed. Then a coating from |in. to Jin. in thickness of good loamv soil, free from weeds, seeds, an injects, should be laid on, neatly patted down, and the whole well saturated with tepid water. After drying off a little cover up the bed with the long straw Occasionally litter shaken from the manure and dried. the bed should be examined, and if found dry a gentle watering given, and from six to seven weeks in Mushrooms should appear, and pulling may go on for
Maize, Green.
diis
An undoubted delicacy in America, yet vegetable has not caught on in Britain, the result, probably, of the method of consuming it, w hich is not ton The cobs are gathered whilst the corn on them refined. is green but has somewhat hardened these are stripped of their sheaves, trimmed, washed, then boiled, and served to table whole, usually with melted butter. But it is difficult to remove the corn from the stems, except by holding the ends of the cobs in either hand and biting This is hardly an acceptable process. off. Neverit
;
satisfactory
is. when well grown and properly Any early dwarf variety cooked and served, delicious. w ill cob well here if seed be sow n in a pan orshallo v box When the plants are 4in. thinly in April under glass. in height they should be put singly into small pots, and at the end of May thev will be strong enough to pi. nit out singly into mounds 2ft. apart each way, on s. >i] that has Late spring frosts been deeply dug ami well manured. should always be avoided.
Mushrooms and
are
various
wavs by which these excellent edible fungi may be grown, though in no case can better produce be obtained than Nature brings so lavishly in certain seasons in nieidows and pastures, generally in the autumn. But by be had the aid of artificial culture Mushrooms may
THE
Some two months.
CULTURE
OF
in
VEGETABLES.
473
In the meantime, other manure and prepared for a second bed, Then and so the process would go on till April. indoor bed making must cease, unless a deep cave or
may
be
collected
hard weather frozen right through, then when a thaw has ensued they have gone on cropping for some
time
after.
Outdoor
beds
may
be
made
up
under
wall,
cellar
to
is
is
not conducive
good Mushrooms by artificial Mushroom spawn cakes are made by expert cultivation. manufacturers, and cannot be produced with appreciable success by amateurs. They arc fairly cheap, and it is wise Carefully examined to purchase them fresh, as needed. when broken, the cakes are found to contain a quantity of white thread-like growth, which is the fungus mycelium. When put into the manure bed, and warmth and moderate moisture are furnished, this mycelium soon runs all about the bed, producing spores in all directions, and from these spores emanate the clusters of Mushrooms that
the
production
of
the faces having a slight slope to the from, and sheltered prove very successful. No matter
when
so
how
or
where made,
it
is
essential
that
the
manure be prepared
and that heat
made up
solidly,
be gentle and not fierce, as a fierce heat may burn the spawn or mycelium. The spawn cakes must be fresh and good and the spawning properly done. Soiling over is essential, and should always be with mould that is free from weeds and stones and readily adheres to the
there must be no sparing of ample Nothing is better than the long straw shaken from stable manure and dried in Ihe sun. Ilav is not advisable, because it is more brittle and often full of weeds. A little experience, provided ample materials be
Finally,
manure.
covering.
It is not well to cut them, but they should be neatly pulled by twisting the stems slightly, and they then part from the bed and without injuring themycelium. To have Mushrooms on outdoor beds it is needful that the manure should be prepared in the same way as indicated to secure successful results indoors but it is desirable In this case beds are usually that there be greater bulk.. the made up from beginning of September
presently appear.
at disposal, soon enables even a tyro to grow Mushrooms outdoors successfully. Mustard and Cress. This estimable and rapidly-grown salading can be had all the year round where there are warm glasshouses or frames at disposal. In market
until
the
April.
ol
establishments it is not the hot and more expensive Mustard, but Rape
of
ridge
form,
which and as
than
form,
is
grown
is
as such,
ihis
cool rather
hot,
and
in
is
much cheaper
it
so seed
all
height,
narro wi
n g
answers
towards the top, which The beds is rounded. should be built up on a dry gravel or ash floor, and very solidly, the manure being trodden
in
purposes.
Private
the erection.
complete
and
then
When
the
size.
filled
quantity of
provided,
finished
off
man u
it
neatly
should
heal,
put
into
heap,
and
a
be
ally.
allowed
it
to
occasionally
turned
which
will
do gradustick
lest
The
may w
a
easily
is
When goo d
should be over as advised for indoor bedr, and also be coated with
the
surface
spawned
all
loamy
soil that
;
is
fairly
adhesive
tepid
This should
level
almost
with
the
top
L>e
edges
and
straw
litter
or
quite even.
The seed
well pressed
material.
Beds
made
should
down, gently watered, and stood in warmth, through the worst MUSHROOM then covered oyer winter months should have mats or specially made canvas covers placed over with wi paper to exclude light, as in that case growth The plants them to throw off rain and snow, also to protect them from is quicker and the stems more tender. cold winds. will lilt. and in some six or eight Poles or strips ol wood lied to the covers paper, the keep them secure in windy weather. .Much depends 011 days, in good warmth, the salad should be ready for the condition of the weather, but, as a rule, fully two ciilling. When done, the boxes should be emptied and months elapses ere Mushrooms are ready to gather. The washed, then dried, and they are fit for further use. usual practice is to begin pulling al one end, clear off all Mustard and Cress may lie grown in shallow drills outdoors, but should always be covered up with paper. large enough for use or sale, then give the bed, a Wellgentle watering and re-cover with the straw. A hand-light or large cloche is useful also for promoting made beds, properly spawned and eared lor, will give rapid growth, but there is no method better than the box Mushrooms for from two to three months. Cases have system, especially when houses or frames can be utilised lor the purpose. occurred where beds insufficiently protected have been
up
in
this
way
to stand
474
THE
CENTURY
roots,
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
Onions. -Although classed with are not only Hue bulbs but are
swollen out
edible
Onions
stems,
really distended
into huge dimensions in some cases, and produced on the surface of the soil. In their wild state and that was long since, for Onions have been cultivated several thousands of years no doubt the rounded or swollen stem was of small size. Selection and cultivation, however, have changed the nature of the plant so much, that rarely are large stems seen now, the energies of the plant being devoted to the production of hue bul is. These differ more or less in si/e, form, and colour, but the growing plant exhibits very little distinct-
of open-air-sown Onions the rows should he fu((y fain, apart. Spring-soWn seed should be got in early if the season be open and the .soil fairly dry and in good condition. As in sowing much treading is needful, it is obvious that to do so whilst the ground is wet would be productive of evil. Generally early sowing not only
results in giving strong plants to stand the
summer
heat,
ness.
The
the
bulbs
differ
variety,
cocoa-nut,
being
bulb',
considerably in shape. Ine is quite long and narrow, ends. The majority of the
(
are brown in colour, brown skin a reddish The ground colour tinge, others a shade ){ yellow also varies, some bein pale, s rate dark. There are varieties, the Md blood two deep red coloured Red and the Crimson Glc ie. There are several white
ripe
the
making the plants strong and hardy early, enabling them to withstand the attacks ol the Onion fly, a pest that never troubles autumn sowings or those plants raised under glass and planted out when strong. Freely dusting the rows with soot when the plants are damp, and washing it in with liberal waterings the next morning, is good practice, as the soot renders the plants nauseous to the insects, and when washed into the ground promotes quick growth. Through the summer, after proper thinning has been performed, the chief need with spring-sown Onions is to keep the surface
but
also
in
<
ammonia
weeding,
such practice checks evapora.V thin dressing of sulphate of twice during the summer, and good
helpful
to
skinned
varieties,
Oueen,
are
White
a
such a Lisbon, c
the
little
Silver
Skin,
All
the
bulb
-
production.
White
Tripoli.
these
of
very
ripe.
soft,
when once
The brown
varieties are those most generally grown, and first-rate stocks are Banbury Cross,
Winter-sown Onions under glass need much more care and attention than do outdoor raised plants. Sowings of seed should be made in pans filled with light sandy soil at the end
of
in
Main Crop,
Ai,
Giant
Sutton's
or early January. The>e pans should be stoc d near the glass, and in
December
Lord
-
Keeper,
gentle warmth.
the
;in.
When
some
Zittau,
and
fine
plants
are
Anglo Spanish
rounds
are
;
whilst
Ailsa
uf
Craig,
all
the
finest
varieties,
they need to be lifted very carefull.y and pricked out 2in. apart into shallow boxes filled with good fine soil, and be still kept in
high
warmth
height,
in
until
bin.
in
Record, and
'
a
th,
havs
finally
more
be
off,
air,
and
by
greater
for
a in e
'
s
still
Keeping,
g such
I,
whilst
not
do
planting
ready outdoors
in
Such
plants
habitually
or seasons
sown
at
ONION,
LONG-KEEPING.
three diverse
periods
August, usually about the 20th, to secure fine bulbs in the following summer, chiefly for exhibition, or in
outdoors in
of
March
or during
autumn,
and firm, also erect, and fully Sin. in height. Transplanting should fie done with great care, lifting each plant with a good ball of soil and roots, and replanting carefully without disturbing the roots, and not deeply. Commonly when very fine bulbs are desired the rows of
such plants are 2oin. apart a very useful breadth is l6in., This form of the plants being I2in. apart in the rows. Onion culture, however, necessitates high - class soil preparation, the ground being trenched Irom 2oin. to 3oin. deep, and the deeper the better, ample dressings of good animal manure being buried and mixed with the several layeis or spits of soil, whilst that on the surface should have forked in, some time before the planting takes place, a good dressing of well-decayed manure that is short and does not create coarseness. Onions are very deep rooters, and where so much
;
through the winter; then sowings are commonly made now at midwinter in pans filled with sandy soil, and placed in a frame or greenhouse where there is a gentle warmth oi from 5odeg. to 6odeg. Such raised plants put out thinly into soil specially prepared by deep working and manuring produce quite large bulbs in the autumn, that fine variety Ailsa Craig often giving produce of Whilst any variety so the weight of 3II1. and over. raised and treated produces fine bulbs, the best are from such superior stocks as have been previously Autumn sowings are always made of the large named. These, however, very but soft bulbed Tripolisor Roccas. soon decay after ripening, and are then often worthless It is now proved that, if autumn before they can be used. sowings be made of the best brown-skinned varieties, whether round or globular, not only are very fine bulbs produced in the following summer, but also that they keep better, and are therefore far more valuable. Still farther, if in thinning the rows of plants in March or April some be lifted with special care to preserve the roots, and be dibbled out 6in. apart in good ground, In all cases they will also produce exceedingly fine bulbs.
is lurnished, and ample manure is added, deep in search of it, thus finding good as well as ample moisture when the surface soil is dry. After plants have become well established, a mulching of short manure on the surface not only serves to check When water evaporation, but also furnishes plant food. is given, which may in prolonged drought be needful, it should be in the form of a heavy soaking, as driblets With such treatment do more harm than good. quite wonderful bulbs will be produced in the autumn. Outdoor-sown Onions need deeply-worked and well-
worked
soil
roots
strike
THE
manured
before
soil.
CULTURE
Cull)
OF
h
VEGETABLES.
475
be done
to seltle down, as Onions like a firm soil. When the rows are i2in. apart, and the plants whilst quite young are thinned down to 4in. apart, fine hard long-keeping bulbs are produced in the autumn, and a very heavy crop. When the sample is good, even, clean, and well ripened, few ground crops are more profitable than are spring sow n Onions.
sowing,
enable
the
soil
open shed, or be
straw, and, in
in
may
be stored
thickly round
sticks
Parsnip, The.
and
it
valuable
winter root
is
the
I'arsnip,
is
not
are, with
there are but two or Crown, the best known lor garden culture the large Jersey, grown lor cattle feeding and the Student, which seems to be reproduced in Tender and True, a variety of great excellence, w hite in colour, refined in flesh, and whilst not giving large roots vet furvarieties.
numerous
three,
such as the
;
Hollow
PEA,
TELEGRAPH
Parsnips may be sown early in the spring, as the plant is hardy. When the soil is workable and has been previously well prepared by deep digging or trenching, seed may be sown in drills, lin. in depth and 12111.
Seed
ot
apart, at
young
end of February or during March. The when well through the ground, should be thinned out to about 6in. apart in the rows, or to odn. it large roots be desired. Ordinarily, however, fewerthe
plants,
roots
best,
as these are
when
cooked so much mere acceptable as food. Little culture is needed beyond keeping the ground between the plants quite clean and frequently hoed. As the roots are so hardy they may be left in the ground all the winter, especially if a little soil be drawn over the crowns to protect them from frost. Roots lifted and stored should be kept in sand in a very cool place, but these soon become dry if the place be at all warm and dry. Seed is very cheap and hardy. Sowings may be made thinly. One sowing usually suffices for a season"s crop. Roots that have good fleshy matter about ioin. in length, and are smooth, white, tapering, and free from side roots, are
much
top
the\-
better
than
those
are
of
not
greater
size
or
either,
with
as
numerous
or
side roots.
vertical
roots
cooked, a somewhat woody core. Generally Parsnips are not popular root vegetables, because when cooked under ordinary conditions they are watery and devoid of flavour. To have them presented at table in proper condition the roots should be well washed, scraped, and trimmed, but not peeled, and cooked whole in just sufficient water in the pot to cover them. This should gradually boil away, so that the roots are finished off in the steam of the pot, and finally softened by baking. Then when taken out
usually
exhibit,
when
and served they are of delicious flavour, with melting. Marrowy like flesh, and constitute altogether most acceptable food, far superior to that served when the ordinary method of cooking is adopted. Peas are Pea, The. the favourite summer vegetables, and happily, with reasonable care, are easy to
-
it at once a This lays the foundation ol the Pea plot. Then the top of the next trench, of a similar area, should be thrown over to fill the first, and the bottom of that broken up and treated on the same plan. When the whole is complete, a further dressing of manure should be forked into the top soil all over. The whole of the work should be completed by the end of the year il possible. It need scarcely be said that ground so treated will carry not only a fine Pea crop, but several other crops in succession, so that the outlayin manure and labour is soon more than repaid. The ground being thus prepared, we must consider the important operation of sowing the seed, and the ordinary plan is to sow seed in rows or drills at about the same width apart as the height to which the plants attain but this system should not be too rigidly adhered to. II Peas grow only 2ft. in height, they will be all the better if sown some 2jft. apart, and so on throughout the various classes. The most important point of all is not to sow too thickly in the rows, but amateurs in particular pay small regard to the importance of seed sow ing. Not only is seed wasted, but the seedlings get starved because so thickly crowded upon the ground. The taller the plants of any variety, so much thinner should the seed be sown. A verv good medium is, in the case of first early dwarf Peas to sow at the rate of one pint to every 30ft., of varieties 3ft. or 4ft. high a pint to 100ft., and of Peas 5ft. to 6ft. in height the same quantity to 120ft. The best growers of tall I'eas in private gardens usually, however, dibble in the seed in broad drills, angle fashion, at fully 4in. apart. Those who sow Peas should bear this fact well in mind, because the plants thrive best where they have ample space, light, and air, and continue to give produce over a longer period, as well as producing finer pods. Whether the Peas be supported by stakes, string, or wire frames, or whether left lying on the ground as in the fields, thinner sowing may well be practised than is
good dressing
animal manure.
who has a garden can not equally true that everyone grows them well or secures the best varieties. It must always be remembered that I'eas are in seasoir through the
produce.
It is
have
I'eas, but
it
crop must be necessarily circumstances, but the earliest sowings should alwavs be made on warm borders or where somewhat sheltered, otherwise late frosts will destroy the bloom, and, of course, all prospectsof a prolific
position
for
The
the Pea
to
regulated according
hottest
months of the
first
year,
and
to counteract
the evil
dry weather certain details must be considered. place, no matter whether soils be naturally holding or retentive or very dry, they must for these pod-bearing plants be deeply trenched from time to time, not necessarily every year, but certainly every third or fourth year. This may seem to demand from the cultivator a considerable expenditure of labour, but all gardening calls for exertion, and the more the ground
effects of
As the sowing season advances let the position be open and cool, avoiding, how ever, much-shaded spots, which simply promote weakly grow th. The more holding
crop.
m<
ire
In the
is.
so
much more
likely is
summer
drought.
Times
If a
for
warm
as
sheltered position
Gem
|anuarv, or
in
or William Hirst may lie sown as more open positions about the
a verv common rule, and one other sowings for succession as
middle of February.
easily understood, to
It is
is
tilled so
much
make
Trenching soil consists in digging up a certain area of ground I2in. deep and 2ft. wide, breaking up the bottom sod, no matter whether this be clay, gravel, chalk, or
soon as the plants of the previous sowing are well through When that rule is followed lor six or eight the ground. weeks, and the Peas grow well, a supply is obtained over
476
i
THE
long season. soil has
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
But when there is no want of space and been prepared as advised, sowings of moderate quantities may be made from early spring until the end of June, and the latest sowing should, as a rule, furnish good Peas in September. It is far better to sow a pint of any variety of Pea in two sowings and in an interval of two weeks than to make one sowing of a pint in probably the same length of row occupied by half that quantity. Supports for Peas are usually furnished by hazel or other tree branches. Where obtainable at moderate prices, nothing is better or cheaper, as the wood is worth
the
half
its
supports of this kind are expensive, there is of fixing at either end of rows, and also at intervals along the sides, stout stakes or bamboo rods that stand out of the ground to the same height that the Pea growths will reach. Then, as growtli is made, run along from stake to stake, about 9in.
the
alternative plan
apart, cheap soft yarn or string.
substitute for the ordinary
Where Pea
This makes an excellent branch sticks. Wire frames of varying breadths and heights having very large meshes or apertures in them may be purchased and fixed to either side of the Pea rows, secured to stakes. These are expensive at first, but will last many years, and when not
in use
may
Watering during the summer, if drought prevails, is essential. In so doing, however, liquid manure should not be poured in close to the stems of the plants, but in furrows made about ift. away, as then the water can
soak through
to
well-hardened tubers, made so by exposure to light ana through the winter. Only cover them when there is danger from sharp frosts. Well-hardened tubers suffer less from frost than those not exposed or seasoned, but it is wise to first exclude frost, if only just doing this and no more. Seed Tubers. Wherever Potatoes are grown, and it is determined to plant the same stock the following spring, select the tubers for seed when the crop is lifted. For this purpose they should be of good shape and from 2oz. to 30Z. each in weight, as experience has proved that whilst sets of this size are the most economical they Shallow deal boxes, produce the best average crops. each holding about 141b. of tubers and having sides admitting air freely and narrow strips let into the ends to form handles, prove excellent store trays for the tubers. These can, in safe weather, be spread out thinly so as to admit ample light and air. If very hard weather comes they can be placed one on the other and be covered up When thus treated the to keep them secure from harm. eves of the tubers remain dormant longer than if kept in When they break in the spring heaps or in the dark. the shoots are short, stout, and green, and may be easily preserved for planting. When seed tubers are planted in this way not only are the crops more abundant, but When they also maintain a robust, healthy stock. stored thickly, or in the dark, so that premature blanched shoots are made, that have to be rubbed off, deterioration of the stock is the result, with a reduced
air
the roots
crop.
between and near the plants should be well moistened, and when so treated a liberal mulching or covering of long manure will certainly check evaporation, retaining the much-needed moisture in the soil. Occasional soakings of liquid manure from cesspools or tanks, etc., given in this way, are of great assistance. Peas have the reputation of creating their own nitrogen, which is scientifically true but all experienced growers know that the more liberally crops are fed with liquid manure the more abundant is the produce. Varieties. These are indeed legion, and for that reason it is not easy to make a good selection. We have happily, however, such splendid first early marrow varieties that it is scarcely necessary to sow any of the old hard round Peas that were formerly our only first earlies. Good kinds are as under
soil
;
The
Potatoes will succeed fairly well on Preparing Soil. most soils, but experience shows that the best results are obtained on deep, somewhat light or sandy ground. Soils, To obtain however, have to be taken as they are found. good crops, trenching or very deep digging is essential. The soil can scarcely be too well broken up and pulverised. If naturally poor, or much impoverished by
previous crops, a dressing of half-decayed stable manure Winter should be buried when digging is in operation. is the best season for the work, and the manure will then be getting well decomposed before planting is com-
menced. Besides animal manures, soot, wood ashes, and a mixture of superphosphate of lime two parts, kainit or potash two parts, and nitrate of soda one part,
In all be forked in at the time of planting. planting should take place when the soil is fairly dry, otherwise it becomes, especially beneath the tubers, hard set, and detrimental to free production. The time of planting Potatoes necessarily Planting. depends upon soil, climate, and general surroundings. In Southern British gardens it may be safe to plant a month earlier than in the North but in the South late
cases
may
Variety.
Height.
2oin.
iSin. Ibin.
Seasi
111.
Chelsea
Gem
First early
Excelsior
American Wonder
English Wonder Dwarf Defiance Daisy Sensation
Bountiful
2oin.
22in.
24m. 36m.
36in. 36in.
Second early
taller
are
all
high-class
:
marrow Peas
Height.
for
and
late
sowing as placed
... ...
Variety.
Stratagem
...
... ... ... ... ... ...
...
... ... ... ...
join.
Triumph
Peerless
Magnum Bonum
...
Queen
...
sometimes sharp, when the tops are severely Potatoes, it must always be remembered, are injured. tender exotics, and cannot withstand frost, and for that The reason it is unwise to plant too early anywhere. case, of course, is different in frames or on warm borders, where a rough framework can be run up, over which at First nights mats can be thrown to protect the tops. then be planted in February. early varieties may Specially prepared sproucing seed for such a purpose should be used, and as moulding up is of little importance
frosts are
...
...
be planted I2in. apart each way to obtain Late strongcrop of medium-sized tubers. growing Potatoes when planted often remain from four to Early five weeks in the ground before coming through.
the sets
may
a good
36m.
varieties are
it is,
therefore, well to
is
of Albany, and Ne Plus Ultra crop in succession, but are tall, therefore need more space. Potato, The. The Potato continues to be a national
Telephone,
Duke
plant so that
is
danger from
the sets
light
late
spring frosts
over
come through.
When
food,
and
is,
therefore, a garden
product of importance,
deserving the most careful cultivation. It is needful, to secure good crops, to have deep, well-worked soil. Without this assistance the finest varieties raised of The soil should be moderately recent years will fail. mass of rank material is hurtful, and manured only. ano'.her important point is to have good seed tubers. It is difficult to lay too much stress upon the importance of
labour is soon over planting drop the sets carefully into the holes, keeping the shoots intact and upwards. Where the soil is wet or has not been previously dug, digging and planting must unfortunately go on
soil
well
worked and
by using a
large dibber.
In
simultaneously.
close
to
That
is
The
usual depth
477
4/8
for covering the
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
ordinarily only
tubers
5in.
is
from
6in.
three
or
four
to
find
general
may
in
cultivation, the
small
round
2in.
the
tall
rows.
Put
robust
in
growers
I
the
rows.
G
soon
Culture.
as
As
r a
the
three
or
four,
w o
th
in excellence or
earliness.
h o e
freely
They
in
or
amongst them,
both destroying weeds and
loosening
soil.
it
are
white
red
tops
colour
with
the
When
at
all
l'OTATO,
WINDSOR CASILE.
is
and deeper hoeing will be useful. It Earthing or moulding up is a common practice. helps to sustain the stems, and covers up the newlyforming tubers as they swell, thus keeping from them air Exposure "greens" them, and when in this and light. Moulding should be condition they are unfit for food. done well and before the tops become too tall, otherwise Moulding up is most satisfactory they will be broken. upon a very loose surface soil. As regards other matters, it is needful to keep the breadths free from weeds. Once, however, the tops cover the soil, weeds make little
set,
second
growth.
Although the Potato disease (PeronoThe Disease. spora infestans), a minute sporadic fungus, is less virulent than was formerly the case, it inflicts at times severe injury upon late crops, especially in destroying the tops To hinder the operaand checking tuber development. tion of the disease, apart from accomplishing all that has been so far advised especially allowing plenty of air and is advisable to dress the it light to reach the plants breadths once about the third week in July, and again This is three weeks later, with Bordeaux mixture. composed of equal parts of sulphate of copper (blue stone) and fresh lime, each separately dissolved in water in the The blue stone should be proportion of 5II). of each. dissolved in boiling water, and in a large wooden tub.
Mix
the
two solutions
in
the
wooden
utensil,
and add
young, neatly washed, and served, are most appetising. The Earliest Dwarf Red, sown in a frame in February or March, will give nice roots to pull in six weeks. The Old Red and White Turnip-rooted varieties are also excellent to sow outdoors in March, April, and May, in small quantities, and in the regular succession of once a fortnight. Radishes need a soil that is light, porous, and well enriched with manure, placed just below the surface, as the roots do not strike deep. Before sowing seed the soil should be gently pressed and levelled, then the seeds sown fairly thickly, well raked, gently beaten down, and watered, then covered up with mats laid over Pea sticks to keep the covering from the ground, or else with straw litter shaken from the stable dung. This should remain on until the seeds have germinated, then removed in the day, and lightly thrown back at night to protect the young plants from frost. Primarily the covering helps to promote equal germination, and keeps the seeds from being eaten by birds. Should slugs harbour beneath the litter, give an occasional dressing of lime or soot. There are long or tapering Radishes, both red and white, that are in good soil, and when quickly grown, very good, but they soon become woolly in hot, dry weather. In hot weather sow in shady places on good soil, and water freely. Sowings may be made at the end of July of the Long White Carmine or Black Spanish Radishes for winter pulling and eating but their flesh is rather hard
;
from twenty to thirty gallons of water. When ready, cast the mixture over the tops, in the form of a vapour, through the Knapsack Sprayer, when it will be found most effective in checking the terrible disease, Whilst early varieties may be lifted for use Lifting. as soon as the tubers are edible, late kinds should be allowed to ripen in the ground, then be got up in dry weather and thoroughly dried and cleaned, if needed. Store in a cool shed, and cover them to exclude light, It is good practice to overlook the stores air, and frost.
Rhubarb. Roots
lifting
and
coarse.
of
Rhubarb
by
dividing them with a sharp knife, so that each one or two crowns have a portion of root
old ones,
not the intention to weary and puzzle long list of names. The following may be varieties are in every way satisfactory, and selected vrithout fear of poor results if properly grown White Beauty of Hebron, Early First Early Kinds Puritan, Ringleader, the Ashleaf Kidney, Early Regent,
Varieties.
It is
readers
with
Second Early Kinds Snowand Leicester Short-top. Late drop, Satisfaction, Supreme, and Early Bird. Kinds Windsor Castle, Prime Minister, Chancellor, Goldfinder, The Bruce, Up to Date, and Syon House Prolific, all heavy croppers. Radishes. Whilst there are numerous varieties of these acceptable salading roots, in diverse forms and colours,
then planting them in soil that has been trenched and well manured, in rows 4ft. apart, the roots When large roots being planted 3ft. apart in the rows. are lifted in the winter to put into a dark place to produce early stems, and have been well pulled from, February or they may be thus cut up and replanted. March is a good time to replant. Some long manure Whilst good Rhubarb should be laid about eacl. plant. stems can be obtained in the open, earlier and longer ones are secured by covering up roots with tubs, drain-pipes, or similar coverings, as the growth is then much earlier These things may be removed after the first and better. pulling, and then new sterns will be made in the summer. Rhubarb is a gross feeder, and will absorb
attached,
manure,
especially
:
in
liquid
form,
freely.
The
best
Hawke s Champagne and Victoria. Salsify and SeorZOnera. These roots differ somewhat,
varieties are
and
in
the
is
latter
the
roots
are
the leafage
broad.
Without doubt
the best,
THE
il
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
l'liere
479
in
only because of its colour. The roots are habitually used in he winter, and when properly cooked and served with sauce have been termed vegetable oysters.
I
Shallots.
Seeds of both may be sown in shal ow drills thinly in These drills should be about 1 3in. apart. When the plants are a few inches in height they should be thinned out to 4in. apart. The roots are about the size round of a man's thumb, when well grown, and 6in. long. They may be lifted in November and stored in a cool place in dry sand, ready for use as needed during he winter.
April.
l
cultivation two distinct forms and pickling bulbs, the true old Both Shallot and the Large Red or Russian Shallot. The need similar culture and both are similarly used.
are
latter
is,
whilst
old
Potato Onion
flavour.
The
old
the larger, even resembling the dimensions, the least pleasant in old Shallot has a very nice nutty flavour,
in
is
much
preferred to size
is
much
the
the better.
difference
Of
this
yellowish
fawn-coloured and
but
are
otherwise
are good
is
Where
the stocks
and culture
the
Seakaie.
--- The old style of culture of this valuable winter vegetable consisted in planting roots in trebles, and in clumps in some corner of lie garden, and then in
I
many
bulbs
of these
produced,
skins
sists
being
in
silky,
shiny,
planting,
scales,
down, placing large pots over the clumps, covering these up with long manure and leaves, and thus causing the crowns to break into growth a few weeks earlier than would be the case il uncovered. The Kale so produced was very good, but
future winters,
after the
too
commonly
The
rule
now
is
to
no root stock, by raising plants from seed sown in drills, 2oin. apart, on good deep-worked and well-manured soil. The sowing should be made about the middle of April. When the seedlings are fully
start,
where there
by whichever name soil. well-prepared porous, planting may be If it be well done in October or November, but if the soil be close and damp it is best to plant in March. Many persons, however, plant in February. When the soil has been well manured and deeply dug, and if at all clayey, some sand, wood ashes, or old mortar refuse added, the off-sets should be planted by setting out drills with a line I2in.
spring,
off-sets,
they
be
locally
on
apart,
at
then
pressing
fixing
the
small
well
bulbs
into
the
drills
little
6in.
apart,
them
may
be
sprinkled amongst the plants, and be well hoed in. Very soon the soil is covered with strong leafage. This will
die
away
in the winter.
The
and have every side root hard trimmed from them, laying these side roots all one way. The main roots, with crowns attached, should then be laid in thickly in soil where they can be obtained for blanching or forcing as needed during the winter. The side roots should then be made into cuttings of from 4m. to 5m. long, the upper end to be cut level, the lower end
fully lifted,
all
laid
in
lor
the
In March, on ground that has been well prepared, dibble these root cuttings out into rows 2oin. apart and I2in. apart in the rows. Treat them through the summer as
winter, the tops just covered.
for
sand or ashes may be placed over each bulb until growth It is begins, when it should be partially removed. needful to keep the soil well hoed and clean during the season. The bulbs ripen usually about the end of July; when they can be removed, cleaned off, stored in a cool place, and the soil be replanted with some other crop. Spinach. Few vegetables give less trouble than Spinach, needs is so easily raised from seed, and which The earliest sowing of seed may be no transplanting. made in March if desired, and then be followed by others once every two or three weeks down to the end of August, when the customary sowing for a winter supply is made. Let the drills be I2in. apart, and shallow. Seed should be sown thinly, and the plants thinned out
to
bin.
apart,
for
seedlings,
in
and thus
will
winter a fine lot of young roots. These, again, will give plenty of side
result
the
the summer, and loin, apart lor the winter, supply. Let the soil be in good condition and The old disdeeply dug.
tinctions
of
for
summer
are the
and
winter Spinach
absurd.
roots to
make
cuttings,
and
The
as
best
is
summer
sowings
give
the Longstander,
leafage
goes on every year, w ith the result that on but a lew rods of ground set apart for Seakale production several
when thinned
fine in
long
flower.
running
to
The
is
hundreds
variety
both
season,
to
are
the
old Flanders.
The
white head. Forcing may begin with Seakaie in any dark, warm place as soon as
roots are lifted,
autumn
leafage
March.
and may go
Tomato, The.
tious
fruit
on
months. In that way a liberal supply of this delicious blanched vegefor several
or
vegetable,
table
is
furnished.
Its great
its
child
knows
the shining
merit,
apart
from
is
own
it
table excellence,
that
is
thus provided in
when
all
scarce.
sufficiently
if
desired,
in
the
ground, and have a ridge of soil placed over the crowns, in which the growths can but it is better to blanch
;
wholesome whether used raw or cooked. Acres of glass have been erected of late years
fruits are so
Few
as this,
Tomathe
the sunny
Southern
Counties and
plant
roots
some
for
3ft.
of
thai
the
trimmed
rows
apart.
480
and under glass. in some measure
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
a
OF
GARDENING.
Its culture in the open has declined of recent years owing to the great uncertainty of obtaining crops, whilst the plants are less under control when disease attacks them. The Tomato
and Potato were introduced from South America almost together, the latter preceding the former by a year, viz.,
but their alter histories are very different. w ithin recent years has the Tomato become a general food in Britain, although dwellers in Southern
1595,
Inly
its
manifold
rank growth. When the fruits are swelling food is and then is the time to apply top-dressings of such artificial manures as Peruvian guano. The flowers must be set with a soft brush, i.e, artificially fertilised. Give air, even if a small amount, when the weather is favourable. For the final potting I2in. pots will be large enough. The best varieties for forcing are Sutton's Ai and Chemin Rouge. In the culture of winter Tomatoes take full advantage of the light and always keep the plants near the glass to promote sturdy growth, removing superfluous
necessary,
shoots.
with quite small gardens, if a sunny position is available, can grow Tomatoes well, but sun is essential. The time to sow seeds, when fruit is desired the following summer, is
Culture:.
Open -iiir
Amateur
gardeners
may
There is no need to sow sowing means weakly seedlings. Sow thinly and use ordinary light soil for the purtlie seed vet pose. Place the [jots on a hot-bed, and when the seedlings are sufficiently large to handle well, pot them on into 5in. size, never allowing growth to get weakly through overabout the middle of March.
earlier, as too early
\
crowding.
pi. mis.
The
if
great point
is
with,
This is only accomplished when planting-time comes. by giving timely shifts, never allowing the plants to want not keeping them too close, otherwise for water and weakly growth is the result, which will soon suffer when Il is not safe to plant out until the end of fully exposed. May, selecting a warm west wall where the soil is well Rich ground is not necessary, as this induces drained. f ood can easily be given as the plants rank growth. to pinch out lateral growths, It is important need it. This should be done but only stop the leading stents. The w hen four or live good trusses of bloom have set. object of forwarding the plants as much as possible in pots before planting out is to ensure early cropping, otherwise summer suns depart before the fruit has a Early in September, or before there is tinge of colour. anv risk of frost visitation, pick off the fruits, whether green 01 otherwise, and lay them in a sunny window or greenhouse to ripen. There are, of course, many varieties, but the amateur should not be bewildered with names. Hackwood Park is a splendid kind for the The Old Red also open air, and the fruit is shapely.
Greenhouse Culture. Excellent crops of Tomatoes be obtained in any glass structure during the summer and early autumn. The plants are more under control, and furnish grateful shade for the usual occupants. Pots may be used, loin, size being sufficiently large. Any other receptacles, such as shallow boxes, about I ft. wide and bin. deep, are as serviceable. They may be placed on the ordinary lattice staging. Train the stems to stout slicks in an upright direction or on wires immediately under the glass. Sow the seed in March, and ensure sturdy growth by sowing thinly and potting the seedlings off into small pots whilst quite young. Give them a position near the glass, and subsequentlv shift into 5in. pots. Use poor soil, such as old potting earth which has done duty for Chrysanthemums and other plants. Do not use animal manures with it. This promotes a gross growth. When planting in the larger pots or in boxes ram the soil down firmly. Merely cover the ball of roots at fust, and add by periodical top-dressing until the crop is perfected. Plant out not less than 15m. apart, and train the Tomatoes to a single stem by pinching off side shoots. The large or primary leaves should be left intact
he fruits commence to ripen. until F~ire heat is not necessary after May, and air must be given in abundance, in line weather doors as well as ventilators being left open. Remember always that the Tomato is a child of
1
the
A good "set" of fruits may be obtained by tapping the stems with a stick every day. After the earliesl fruits are seen dryness at the root is hurtful, and il left in this condition satisfactory crops are not obtained. It is essential, in lact, to water with stimulants throughout
any way.
the summer, commencing when the first bunch of fruit is seen to be swelling. Top-dress also the soil, adding a small proportion of bone dust. Soot is also an excellent
top-dressing material, so also such well-known fertilisers as Clay's, Thomson's, and so forth. Peruvian guano mixed with water is of much value.
The
Sutton's
best
varieties
A 1,
and
Blenheim Orange.
Challenger, Chemin Rouge, yellow-skinned kind select Perfection, a smooth red Tomato,
are
for
wins the majority of prizes at exhibitions, or a selection from it. Diseases. The most common disease Tomatoes suffer from is spot in the leaf (Cladisporium fulvum), but it rarely spoils the crop. It generally arises from a close, moist atmosphere being maintained, and by using the same soil more than one year for Tomatoes. When plants
may be
at
is
command. The seed should be sown in November or December in a brisk heat of 7odeg. using soil similar to that recommended above. Sow the seeds thinly, and pot off the seedlings singly before the plants become drawn.
,
little fire heat and more air. The white fly (Aleyrodes vaporariarum) is sometimes troublesome, and, unfortunately, difficult to get rid of. The only means of eradicating the pest is to frequently fumigate the whole house. Wireworm is very destructive. It eats through the stem of the plant when young and d stroys it. Always carefully examine the soil when b:ing mixed, as wireworm is usually imported in the fibrous loam used for potting. Sometimes plants are affected with black stripes in the stem a very bad disease. It spreads to the leaves and fruits, so disfiguring the latter as to render them useless. When a plant is attacked by this disease, root it out at once, removing also the soil. It happily does not generally appear until summer has far advanced, whilst as a rule only overgrown plants are attacked.
Pot culture
is
In
Turnips,
Garden.
There
are
numerous
varieties
of
mixed with rubble, such as old mortar, but no animal manure, which simply fosters
future pottings use
soil
loamy
white Turnips, but of those specially fitted for garden culture the range of selection is limited, yet is most
THE
excellent.
earliest are
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
So
are
The
very
arrange d
the
plants
Extra Early
equally
distributed
Milan
and
Dwarf
S trapl ea f. Either of these, sown in April and again monthly or more frequently during Ihe
American
become
Snowball moderate
the
needs
very
as
thinning,
summer
quantities,
in
will
small
furnish
for
When
an admirable supply
ordinary ments. Then
all
requireearly
in
once well up, little needed is beyond frequent hoeing. When in hot, dry weather the tiny beetle
attention
August
and
again
close
kept
on
them
pla n
I
it
is
made
of
the
White
if
TURNir.
desired, of the
WHITE GEM
syringe the seedlings with a quassia chips, snaked all night
at
i
ood
very
Orange
Jelly
in
or Golden Ball, a rich yel low-fleshed variety, the North, and very much like the Snowball Eor a good late winter :rop none is belter Globe, the seed being sown in the third week as it does not grow rapidly. The plants may hard thinned, as only fair-sized bulbs are
popular
otherwise.
ireadl h
ii
il
Wherever practicable it is best to sow seed drills thinly, and these should be drawn at
shallow
I2in. apart.
advances trimmed, and stored in sand In a cool place for use should h od frost in. set Summer sowings benefit by having occasional waterings, and Turnips generally are all ihe better for occasional soakings with weak liquid manure.
these
keep
off
the
insects.
Vs
the
winter
may be
pulled,
ASPARAGUS
A
AND
ITS
CULTURE.
It
SPARAGUS
is
hardy.
all
may
not only be
/\
/
.X and
it
is
%
jL
is
planted
in
will
endure
it
for
many
years.
that be purchased,
cheap,
is
usually good.
Those w ho have
may save
the
their
own
Cut
seed, selecting
a
autumn.
few
of the
these
off
berried
shoots
when they
in
tine sand.
Storeaway
The
of
middle
April
is
the
best
time
for
seed
sowing.
Have
a
drills
prepared
piece
ground
well
fine pulverised
surface.
On
this
the
proper
time,
as
draw shallow
in
with
hoe
fine
aided
soil
by
and
the
a garden-line,
up evenly with
weeks.
freely
raking
off
neatly.
are
Germination
takes
in
place
about
three
As soon
as
seedlings
of plants,
from
4m.
to
6in.
height,
to 6in.
run
hoe through
in
apart
the rows.
freely used
at
least,
the
will
to
:oin.
and
will
Cut
off
when
ripened
November,
the
the
spring.
Early
in
permanent quarters.
prepared.
To
this
ground
planted
must be
then
2ft.
The work
be
soil,
must be thoroughly
trenched,
I2in.
is
well done.
ground
allotted
should
deeply
throwing
out
the
12m.,
a further
across
the ground,
thus
broken
with
up, a good
it
;
dressing
after
of
half-decayed
in
animal
top
the
manure should
from
the
be
forked
trench
as
in
and
on
to
mixed
the
then
one,
throwing
to
the
spit
next
preceding
after
proceed
area
is
break'
up
bottom
and
manure
or
before.
Finally,
the
whole
thus
trenched,
to this
in,
a further dressing of
at
crushed
bone
will
bono dust
the rate of
2lb.
Fork
this
dressing well
in
To do
mark
rows, 30m.
482
apart,
Sin.
THE
with
a
line,
CENTURY
BOOK
out
OF
on
GARDENING.
to
one side
wide.
Into this
round.
These should be
i8in. apart.
The
soil
may
then be
in
filled
in
difficulty
Of They may
course,
is
not
be purchased at moderate prices at per 100 from nurserymen and seedsmen, thus
but
in
any reference
to
detail
as to raising
essential.
of plants to
The
first
well pulverised.
It will
advantage be taken
until
place.
In
the
winter,
of
after
animal manure
in,
may
the
The
following
by
frequent hoeing,
may
be repeated twice.
The
result of this
in creating
4ft. in height,
next season.
the
soil.
Then the
it
earliest of
may
as
show through
the
But
may
be advisable
doing so to
in
of
soil
from between
rows as a
slight
to
ridge
over
the
through the
to cut
for
all
way more of the stem will be ground. Many of the early shoots may
that
blanched, prior
the
tops
appearing
it
is
best
as they
come through,
and
cutting should
man's small
cooked.
finger at
green out of
well
the ground.
and
succulent
throughout
when
The
in
left
cutting
the
third
season
may
From
as
that
time
all
the
growths should be
possible.
and encouraged,
by hoeings
from
and
dressings
other
before, to
come
there
as strong as
Sometimes plants
stems
others
in
die out
some
cause,
is
perhaps
case,
if
because too
be
hard
cut
for
edible
roots
the
summer.
planted
this
When
in
is
such
the
any
reserve
of
may
in
be
the
vacant spaces,
the
soil
and
manured.
of
Mending
for
way
better
the beds.
Cutting
knife,
it
stems
in
table
be
saw-edged Asparagus
is
as
is
such
case
other
to
stems
receive
no
Where Asparagus
and
forced
to
largely
planted
common
That
practice
or
eight
may
of
secure
very
in
early
however,
or
expensive
varieties
practice,
small
gardens.
three
Asparagus
other
4s.
Officinalis,
-each
differing
from the
of
slightly,
lb.
but
all
good.
Seed
may
be purchased at the
moderate cost
about
per
FORCING ASPARAGUS. There are two methods of forcing Asparagus roots one The latter, briefly dealt with, consists in planting permanent common, the other unusual. These beds are about 3^ft. wide, and have between each pair of beds of two rows of plants. The beds are supported at the sides beds a sunken trench or path 3ft. deep and 2ft. wide.
;
is,
have
is
at frequent
to admit heat.
placed, early
stable
of
manure and
Over
the
exclude water.
air.
also
it is
43
CP>"ght.
"COUNTRY
LIFE.."
484
excellent Asparagus fully
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
two months
earlier
pair at a
may
be
is
The
plan
entails
much
if
labour,
is
and a large
for
quantity
indispensable,
useful
later.
best,
costly at the
In
first,
having a couple
hot-water pipes
be
a
of
between
and
it is
each pair of
beds.
that
but
8 n
i
width,
may
If
be
permanently covered
at the
of
over
at
the
top.
For
such
heating
is
arrangement
cheapest
A shallow
the end
it
saddle one
is
first
considerable,
in
by
far the
and
most
efficacious
method
forcing.
may
remain
of
years, and
thus
give
great
forcing necessitates lifting the roots of Asparagus plants absolutely from old beds and placing
them
in
warm
growth.
essential in such case that a good breadth of Asparagus root should be planted in
to
So treated there
for
will
some seven or eight years old to lilt annually done in some close lean-to shed or house erected at the back' in w hich Seakale, Mushrooms, and other products are forced.
roots
thin layer of soil on the floor under the
soil
is
forcing.
ordinarily
of a
Good pure
are watered.
then
strewn
in
and
if
the
whole
The
until
long.
bit of root
begun
is
to
is
needful to get
is
others,
of forced shoots
kept up
exhausted.
of
This
practicable
means
are
The
plan
making up
filling a
frame on
it
THE
CULTURE
OF
VEGETABLES.
485
Useful
Time-table
(0
for
Amateur Gardeners.
ami Their
Season.
Showing when
Sow,
Varieties,
This time-table,
will,
it
handy reference
of
to those
to
who
are not
in
well
versed
in
vegetable culture,
is
hoped, prove
much value
beginners
Varieties,
What
Asparagus
,,
to
Sow.
.
Time of Sowing
April
]
to planl
Artichoke
,,
Jerusalem
.
.....
Common
.
April to July.
uly to October.
Winter.
|
Beans, Dwarf
,,
,,
.. ,,
Nc
Plus Ultra
line.
May
|une
Early Favourite
. .
July.
Ne
Plus Ultra
August.
>>
Canadian Wonder
Runner.
April and
May
Scarlet
Champion
Excelsior
,,
. . .
,,
Broad
,,
.
February
.
March
April
.
,,
Broccoli
February
.
March
April
May
March March
April
Brussels Sprouts
Beet
,
Michaelmas White Main Cn ip Model and Late Queen Paragon >\\ arf lem Crimson Ball
1
May
Excelsior
Borecole or Kale
,, ,,
.
May.
.
.
Cheltenham Green Top Dwarf Green Curled Asparagus Kale Cottager's Kale
Sutton's Favourite
>>
>>
September.
June.
July August.
(
>ctober.
September
to
November.
December
December.
to April.
January to March.
March and
J
April.
Cabbage
.
, .
February.
March
July
Carrot
March
April
Model
.
,,
Cardoon
>
Cauliflower
> .
March March
April
or earlier
.
Chicory Celery
,,
May
March
. .
Earlv Short I lorn Spanish Snowball Favourite (Sutton's) Autumn Giant Wilton.
.
or earlier
.
White
.
Gem
uly.
August.
March and
October.
fune.
April.
November.
April.
|
une.
November.
July.
August.
April to June
Standard Bearer
Cucumber
Endive
February
|une
fur
frames
.
Market Favourite
April to July
.....
.
Leeks
Lettuce, Cos
>, ,,
[ardy
Cabbage
February
March
Onion
to July
June.
|
uly to
September.
A .-..-11 April.
Summer.
August.
November.
.
Parslev
Rhubarb
Parsnip
Radish
August February to August March and April February to April February and March
.
.
Victoriaor
Hawke's Champagne
.
Student
.
April
May
April
in"
Salsify
May
Mammoth
Russian Chelsea
Scorzonera
Peas
,,
...
February
.
Gem
March
April
May Queen
I .
May.
June. Winter.
May.
May
July.
or fune.
to
hike of Albany
May
August
September.
Autumn
486
What
to
THE
Sow.
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Time of Sowing
April and .May
Varieties.
Savoy
Seakale
.
Ulm Drumhead
Early
Lily White
September.
Winter.
March
plan
or April
to
Ordinary Purple
.
March
to
May
\not forced).
Spinach
Ti
niiati ies
March
January
August
.
Victoria
May
J
to
September.
Winter.
une.
to
March
April July and August
August
November.
Duke
of
York
.
Summer. March to
June.
|une.
Turnips
March
April
August
Vegetable MaiApril
Summer. Autumn.
Winter.
Summer.
Winter.
.
Herbs
Potatoes
."
Spring
|"
February
dishes
f
for
very
early
<
I
May
to July.
protected
Snowdrop
Ashleaf in varieties Early Puritan
March
April
lay
September.
November.
Winter.
Siuing.
FORCING
THESE
are
VEGETABLES.
numerous, the chief
:
not
being as under
AsparagUS.
annual plantings are made of young roots in breadths then it is possible to have a good stock of old roots to lift each winter, and place in quantities thickly into beds of soil, either in close covered-up frames on dung- beds, or in brick pits, or in close places beneath shelves in Mushroom houses. Thus enclosed in warmth and well watered, growth in the form of blanched stems soon result, and these, kept cut, are made into bundles and consumed.
Where
The
but
when done with, put aside to decay, whilst other roots should be at hand ready to take their
old roots are of no value
may be
places.
are
grown
good warmth all the winter, usually in These pots, well drained, are then pots. three parts filled with soil, into which from
are placed, then just to eight seeds Pots about 7in. in covered with soil. The soil should be twodiameter are best. the rest being old hot-bed thirds loam, These Beans need manure and leaf mould. a temperature from 6odeg. to 7odeg. to grow them well. Sowings should be made once a fortnight to maintain a supply. Water must not be freely given, but the
six
They, when
Good
Early Plus
Forcing
Ultra
is
and
Syon
House,
and
Ne
the best for late winter forcing. There must be no failure to make frequent sowings to keep up a supply.
Cucumbers.
do
very
Whilst
Ridge
varieties
will
outdoors, frame or house varieties can be grown well only in warmth, in close structures. The bulk of Cucumbers
well
FORCING
TOMATO
grown in low glass houses, which are in winter maintained at a temperature of from 7odeg. to 7Sdeg. but in summer obtain ample warmth from the sun's rays. Soil furnish ample beds, narrow and shallow,
are
,
THE
root
CULTURE
plants
OF
VEGETABLES.
487
room
for
house
Cucumbers,
the
being
I2in.
plenty,
watered, soon push stems, and in about three weeks have from I2in. to 15m. in height, to draw for use.
beds, properly
very wi
ll
must be kepi well thinned. Dung up, on which frames are placed, do force plants in from March onward, but they
made
do not
frames
retain
enough warmth
plants
root
in the
winter.
In
these
the
Cucumber
so
mounds
bed.
in
of loam, and
It is needful to plant young, small roots or divided crowns every year, then old roots of about four years can be lifted and treated as advised. But if forcing begins early, plenty ol roots should be available to give a good of supply Rhubarb until steins are lit to pull outdoors.
Having
much
room
little
it
is
needful to keep
is
Seakale.
Where
all
roots
in
ventilation
essential
Peas.
considerable warn th Very Dwarf Peas grown in pots or long boxes can be induced to pod fairly well if kept on shelves near
previously described,
is
warmth
then
is
Seakale
into
the winter.
well
The
soil,
up verv
close
for
this
Chelsea
and American Wonder, both quite dwarf kinds. The position is on a back shell very near the roof, on which boxes 6in. deep and as wide inside, and filled with good loamy soil, may be stood alter a row of Peas has been sown in them. As growth ensues the haulm hangs down in front of the boxes, and thus pods
best
freely.
Gem
With a temperature of from 6odeg. to 65deg. there should be an abundance of heads, 7in. long, fit to cut for table in about three weeks. Once the tops are
and dark.
cut the roots are of
no further
these
are
use.
Tomatoes.
glass
Whilst
habitually
grown under
Potatoes
tion
in
forced for very early consumpheated by hot-water pipes, or in hotbeds of manure covered by large frames. Sometimes they may be very successfully grown in loin, pots, stood on the floor of an early warm vinery or other warm house. For forcing only first early varieties, such as the Ashleaf, Ringleader, Victor, or other Potatoes, are employed. Planting often takes place as early as December, but as a rule the middle of January is early enough. It is well to have several frames planted at intervals of ten to fourteen days to keep up a succession of tubers until there are others fit to lift on warm
are
commonly
pits,
brick
bear forcing in strong heat indifferently. During the winter a temperature of from 6odeg. to 65deg. usually suffices, but the plants are apt to become drawn and weak, unless they can have plenty of light and air, and those essentials cannot be well furnished in mid-winter. Plants from a July sowing get well into fruit in October, and will ripen very well in midthey
is difficult It to get fruits in February and March, but January-sown plants should begin to fruit in May if in gentle warmth.
winter.
is not difficult, as the forepleasant also to get a change in the vegetable diet by introducing wholesome Seakale, early Rhubarb, and, where possible, Asparagus, though this requires a more elaborate system of culture than
The
forcing of vegetables
It is
borders outdoors.
Rhubarb.
winter,
Roots
of
this
in
and placed
is
In many small gardens early Rhubarb could be obtained at small cost, and it is surprising that it is noc more grown in this way for the sake of its juicy
warmth
furnished,
and with
about them,
then
stems.
WHARF, MAIDENHEAD.
438
489
IRIS
BED
IN A
HERTFORDSHIRE GARDEN.
Saunders.
insects that attack
BEFORE
think
giving
it
an
account
of
the
various
plants in gardens,
will
many
that
persons,
including
some
first-rate
horticulturists,
are
very ignorant
of
all
certain
amount
of
knowledge
of the
life
persons to apply remedies with greater success than " insect," in common parlance, denotes almost word The
is,
any small
larva?
living creature.
This
history.
of course,
by no means true, as
female
lays eggs,
will
be seen presently.
To begin with
the
life
The
perfect
when
moths,
full
and
perfect
or
insect.
emerge With
so that there
butterflies,
the
ants,
bees,
or
changes
transformations
are
well-marked,
its
the
caterpillar,
grub,
which
is
parents or the
chrysalis.
With other
insects
and
transformations are not clearly marked, though they exist, for the newly-hatched insect
more
or
less
like
its
parents, and, at
everv change
is
of skin, the
evident.
When
is
first
no appearance
;
wings, but
this state
when
the
chrysalis state
is
but
the insect
were,
like a chrysalis.
it
When
state,
the
insect
emerges
four
from
its
the
chrysalis
is
in
its
mature
to
or
perfect
and
can
then
insect
propagate has
species,
which
six
legs,
it
was
but
in
unable
do
is
before.
A
one
typical
perfect
wings
and
some
there
only
490
pair
It
THE
of
CENTURY
there
size,
BOOK
are
OF
at
GARDENING.
all,
wings,
and
in
its
others
full
mine
does
but
there
are
;
always
it
six
legs.
has
now
attained
and
small
not
he
remembered,
therefore,
that
but,
beetle
grow
larger
into
should
always
or
large
one,
as
chrysalis,
their limbs.
Though
two
pairs of
wings and
some insects (flies, for instance) have only one pair of wings, and others have none, while beetles and earwigs have only one pair that they can use for flight, the
pair
other
forming
wing coverings
in
or
cases.
All,
however,
have
six
legs.
All
perfect
insects are
formed
namely, the
or
The head
antennae, the mouth organs, and eyes; the thorax bears the legs and wings; and the body
contains
the
digestive
and
other
internal
organs.
of
;
Although
as
insects,
spiders,
mites,
millipedes,
really,
centipedes,
they are
not
so
as
they do not
have always
as so
more than
animals
six
Insects
do,
do
not
mouths,
that
or
by the
aid
of
gills,
many
but
by means
a series
of
in
pores
abdomen.
above the
all
easily seen
any
large caterpillar
of air
row
of
oxygen
insect,
blood.
The
I
chief
organ
connected with
It
it
the
is
circulation
of
the
blood
is
may,
blood
It
the
head,
whence
is
returns,
flowing
among
but
is
all
the
comes
again.
well to
of
way
into
the heart
It
The
blood
sometimes
of
yellowish or reddish.
is
mind, as
it
it
is
the
position
in
the
breathing
pores
at
the
fly,
sides
for
the
that
mikes
so
desirable
the
case of
many
insects
green
instance
to
may
be used to
destroy them, as the soap forms a coating over the insect, which closes the breathing pores
is stifled.
It is
also well to
mouths among
both
bite
insects, for
some
bite
shoots,
and
can even bore into hard wood, others can only suck the juices of plants, while others again can
and suck.
Those that
bite,
such
as
beetles,
grasshoppers,
earwigs,
and
caterpillars,
may
with
Those
in
that can
this
only suck', aphides, plant bugs, and froghoppers, for instance, cannot be killed
it
manner, as
is
PREVENTING INSECT ATTACKS. Though it is most desirable when possible to use certain means to destroy the insects while attacking the plants, it is even more useful to
take steps to prevent the attack being made, and a
taking a few precautions.
j^reat deal
in
may
be done
is
in
this
way by
Never
allow
weeds
to
grow
a garden (this
than done), as
all
plants
have
;
insects
that feed
weeds
the
way
of stones or
under them.
The
refuse
crops or plants that have been infested with any insect or fungus should never
be
allowed to
lie
about on the ground on which the crop has grown, but they should be burnt
immediately.
When
it
is
always safer
to
The
chrysalides of
many
is
When
INSECT
a plant or crop
loss of time, to
ENEMIES
AND
FRIENDS.
401
is
rate at
liv
is
almost incredible.
young ones at the rate of one every half-hour, and these will begin to breed when thev are three days old, so it is no wonder that they sometimes seem to appear as if by magic. When quite youn^ plants are attacked by
give birth to
ing
insects
it
is
desirable to force
them
into
judicious watering or
realise
Many
of
gardeners do not
from
of
the
enemies
insects.
Most
birds,
be mentioned
later
on, are of
great use
of
young entirely on insects, and the amount Sparrows and young birds every day is astonishing. bullfinches, however, am afraid, do more harm than good. Moles, though almost intolerable in gardens, on account of the way they disturb the soil, kill an enormous number of ^ruhs Toads except that are very difficult to destroy otherwise, as thev live under ground.
gardens.
Birds, as a
rule, feed their
food
required
by a nestful
I
of
that
kill
the)'
are
repulsive
to
of
some
persons
are
perfectly
etc.
;
unobjectionable
in
gardens, and
in
an enormous
number
insects,
vvoodlice,
every
possible
way.
Tame
to
kill
seagulls and
destroying
many
kinds of
are so
difficult
by other means.
list
In
the
:
following
are the
names
of
attack
them
In
THE
F)
OWHR
VRDEN.
Narcissi
Bulb
Rose
.
mites,
narcissus
fly,
snake
millipedes.
Anemones
Asters
Paeonies
beetles.
Tansies
Snake millipedes.
Froghopper, thrips. Aphides, bell moths, rose beetle, rose
lis.
Auriculas
Phlox Roses
moths.
Balsams
Begonias Carnations
Stocks
In
scale insects.
Apple Trees
Asparagus Broad Beans Cabbages
American
Chrysanthemums
Cyclamens
Dahlias Terns
Fuchsias Gladiolus
plant bugs.
blight, apple weevil, codlin moth, scale insects, winter moth. Asparagus beetle. Aphides. Aphides, white butterflies, various
caterpillars.
Aphides,
black
vine
weevils,
wire-
worms.
Various caterpillars, earwigs, thrips. Black vine weevils, froghoppers,
plant bugs, and various caterpillars.
fly,
magpie moth.
Nut Bushes
Parsnips
Nut
Celery
Honeysuckles Hyacinths
Lilies
Pear Trees
Peas
fly.
Plum Trees
wireworms,
Strawberries
.
Apple weevils, pear gall mites, pear saw flies, winter moths. Pea weevils. Winter moth. Cockchafers, ground beetles, snake
millipedes.
Mignonette
It
White
is
butterflies.
Turnips
White
all
impossible
in
the
present
work
of
to
mention
the
insects that
attack
plants
has been
made
of
Descriptions are
also
given
certain
insect
are
most useful
in
American Blight
(Schizoneura
lanigera).
Among
the
numerous pests to which Apple trees fall a prey, few, if any, are more injurious than this member of the familv of aphides. When once the American blight gets a footing in an orchard it is very difficult to eradicate, so that the owners of orchards that are free from this pest should do all they possibly can to keep them so. One of the most important things to do in (his matter is to keep a sharp look-out for the foe, and immediately the smallest patch of the cottony substance, with which these insei is are covered, is seen on a tree, some means should be
taken to destroy the
latter, as
from one part of a tree to another, and even from tree to tree. When only a few small patches are to be found, a thorough wetting with methylated spirit, applied with a
small
brush, is quite sufficient but when the insect has spread over a tree, the rough bark of the parts affected should be scraped off, cloths having first been placed so
;
that
all
that
oft
may be
first
collected and
burnt. so
that
affected
It is
with soapsuds,
;
they spread
very quickly
blow away the scrubbed with a stiff brush clipped in a solution of paraffin emulsion, and take particular care that the mixture penetrates into any crack
parts
may
be
4Q2
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
Aphides
Aphides).
[Green fly,
Of
Black
the
fly,
and
other
all
gardens these are, some and annoying, as they attack so many different kinds of plants, and some increase and multiply in such an extraordinarily rapid manner, as I mentioned in my preliminary remarks, that they are exceedingly difficult to keep in check. These
insects are too well known to render any minute description of them necessary, but I
may
of
say that
;
number
species
some
individuals
wingless.
while
liquid
others are
commonly known as " Honey dew," which is much sought after by ants, and in many species is exuded through two
little horn-like organs situated on the back of the insect towards the tail. These insects
injure the plants on which they feed by drawing off the juices from the young shoots and leaves, which they do by means of a long proboscis. The best remedy for plants grown in the open air is spraying with some
insecticide
paraffin emulsion,
etc.
;
containing soft soap, such as quassia extract, soft soap, dusting with snuff, tobacco powder, or
AMERICAN BLIGHT.
1.
insect
3.
powder
easiest
is
also
useful.
Sometimes
Winged
female.
2.
Wingless females
The Aphides on a
twig.
or crevice in which
are also
these pests may have taken shelter. Quassia extract, and tobacco water, mixed with soft soap,
good
for this
purpose.
One
remedies is a caustic wash, which should be applied in the winter (see the list of insecticides). These aphides at
times also attack
case, the
tile
dip the ends of the shoots in a basin containing some soapy insecticide. In the case of Broad Beans being attacked by black fly or black dolphin, the tops of the shoots should lie cut off and put into a basket and burnt, or buried so that the fly cannot make its way to the
it
is
to
When
this
is
the
if
roots near the surface should be exposed, and with one of the above-mentioned insecticides. These insects are of a slaty, leaden black or dark brown colour, the full-grown females being sometimes as
These pests may also be killed by tobacco smoke the plant can be enveloped in some comparatively airtighl material. Under glass, fumigation with tobacco
surface.
painted
much
as
in.
in length.
suckers,
with which they draw off the sap of the trees, and are generally found in regular colonies all huddled together as close as possible. The action of so many suckers in such a small area causes an abnormal growth of the bark
and the
tissue
just
below
it,
The white woolly substance with which their bodies are partly covered is principally secreted by the posterior half of the body. Some of the females are winged.
swellings and
knobby protuberances.
Ant,
Garden [Lashes niger). One can hardly help placing these insects among those that are injurious in gardens, though the amount of mischief they do is
very small, and it is only when they make their nests at the roots of a plant that any harm is done, and that only indirectly, as they do not feed on the roots but these are injured by not being in such close contact with the soil as they should be. It will nearly always be found that if an ants' nest be made among the roots of any plant the roots are attacked by one of the root-feeding aphides. This position has been selected in order that they may the more easily feed on the sweet secretions of these insects. When this is the case the plant should be taken up, its roots carefully washed, and freed from the aphides, and then replanted elsewhere. The ants* nest may then be destroyed by pouring boiling water, diluted carbolic acid, or
;
Common
and
2.
Winged females.
interval
A PHIDES. 3and4.
four
Wingless females^
with
an
of
or
five
used they should be applied without delay as soon as a plant, the old proverb of " stitch in time, etc.," being particularly applicable in
this instance.
Asparagus
Beetle,
plants are often considerably injured by the grubs of this insect, which feed upon the foliage, and therefore weaken
be undesirable to remove the plant, take a largish garden pot, stop up the hole at the bottom, till it half lull of leaves, and place it bottom upwards on the ground close to the plant, then water the plant copiously every day, so as to keep the soil thoroughly saturated. The ants will soon begin to move their nest to the shelter of the pot, which in about a fortnight's time may be taken carefully away, when it will be found to contain the nest. Ants are often of service by showing when a plant is attacked by aphides or scale insects, for if several ants are found on a plant it is almost
paraffin oil into
it.
If
it
certain that
it is
infested
by one of these
insects.
The beetles lay their eggs on the young grubs are hatched in the course of about a week or ten days, and at once begin to feed on the " grass." The best way to destroy this insect is by spraying the plants with Paris green or paraffin emulsion. The shoots on which the grubs are feeding may be cut off and placed in a basket, to be afterwards burnt or crushed. When Asparagus is being cut, a good look-out should be kept for the beetles, which will then be just beginning to make their appearance, or later on they can easily lie shaken off the plants into an. open umbrella. At the least alarm they fall to the ground feigning to be The eggs may easily dead, and lying quite motionless.
the plants.
shoots,
the
INSECT
be found after a
practice,
ENEMIES
AND
FRIENDS.
Fahr.
for,
493
say,
1511110.
little
or
brown colour, skittle shaped, about i-2oin. in length, and stand out at right angles to
the leaves.
water
at
S<leg.
Fahr.
The
grubs,
when
they have attained their full size, are about ilin. in length,
by this
their
their
slate
heads
bodies
colour,
in
black,
of a
and
small
as
greenish
and
size
gradually
quite
beetle
fore
increase
until
close to the
is
tail.
The
the
mistaken for grains of sand, they are of a milky white colour, with brownish heads, and only measure when fully developed l-2oin. in length.
are
bluish
black,
Carnation
nations
little
Fly,
body reddish brown in colour, and the wing cases are yellow.
a bluish black central stripe, and there are three spots of the same
closed there
is
(Hylemyia nigrescens),
Car-
The
When
it
feeds
on the pith
to the has been
of the stems
plants.
and
is fatal
wing case. colour on each The chrysalis is formed in the ground within a thin cocoon,
No method
devised for killing this pest except burning the plants. If the pests are only in one
of a plant it is not necessary to destroy the whole specimen, but unfortunately they generally attack the main stem. The grubs are about
part
#in.
in
of the year
but as beetles, eggs, and grubs are all found on the plants at the same
;
time,
it
is
almost impossible
length,
legless,
and
hite,
the leaves of their Rose bushes are rolled up and eaten and that the flower buds
find
that
ASPARAGUS BEETLE.
/.
A spat a
different
beetle
enlarged.
kinds
of
cater-
2.
are
holes
cater-
I. Sprig of Asparagus, ligg enlarged. showing eggs ami grubs natural size.
plants
under
cultivation
it
is
is
impossible
They belong to the family Tortricidre, and are known by the name of bell moths, on account of their shape when at
with their wings folded over their backs, as they then much resemble a bell in form. As the caterpillars live in positions in which it is almost impossible to make any insecticide reach them, the easiest way of killing them is to crush the rolled leaf between the finger and thumb, taking care that the culprit does not drop out before it has received a fatal pinch, as will sometimes occur as soon as the slightest pressure is felt ; perhaps a
rest
here to mention them all. Probably no plants are free from the attack of one kind or another. Unless a plant is infested by an unusual number of them (when syringing or spraying the plants with paraffin emulsion may be of
service),
very
hand-picking
at
first
is
by
far
the
best
remedy, and
be difficult to find, one's eyes soon become accustomed to the work, and then lew will escape detection. When ground is being turned up in the winter near plants that have been attacked by these insects a good look-out should be kept for any
chrysalides that may be brought to light. Celery Fly, The {Tephritis onopordinis).
this fly injure the
though
the caterpillars
may
more
certain
method
is
to hold a basket or
The grubs of
them
off
leaves of Celery,
Bulb Mite,
This mite {Rhizoglyphus echinopus). is one "I the most destructive pests when once it attacks a bulb, and probably few, if any, kinds are free from its but it is most frequently found in the bulbs of attacks Eucharis Lilies, Hyacinths, Daffodils, and Amaryllis. Bulb mites have also been found injuring the roots of Begonias and in the lower part of the stems of Carnations. I know no reason why thev should not attack any tuberousrooted plant, as the mites live between the scales of tinbulbs and at the base of the roots; it is clear that no insecticide is of any use while the bulbs are in the ground, and even after they have been taken up they must be allowed to soak many hours in the insecticide before it can reach them, as fluids will not easily pass between the scales, particularly if any air be imprisoned there, as is often the case. The
;
The
umbelliferous plants by feeding on the interior substance the leaves the leaves of these plants towards the end of the summer often have a withered and blighted
ol
;
appearance,
which
is
winking
their
way between
On
holding one of the leaves so that the light shines through it the position of the grub is easily seen. The grubs may be found in the leaves from the middle of June until the beginning of December. If the attack is noticed when the leaves are quite young, a firm pinch, but not hard enough to injure the leal, will kill the grub. Liter on, when the injury is more extensive, the
entire
lillle
had better be cut away and burnt, as it is of then and will only decay before the others. There is more than one brood of this insect, so that it is most desirable to prevent the grubs of the first brood
leaf
ti^c
I
rum undergoing
t r
best
this
insecticides
for
3II).
their
tii
an
s fo r
ma
purpose are
dissolved
of
ins.
No
insecti-
of sulphide of potas-
sium
I
in
gallon
water,
or the
extract from
in
the
gallon
of
when the
water.
bulbs
of
Soaking in warm
1
are
CELERY FL V.
h Celpy fly.
1,
lay
i,
water
2ode
'.
Grub
Chrysalis.
useful
preventing
494
them from doing
so.
THE
The
CENTURY
BOOK
to
OF
GARDENING.
ponionella).
difficulty is to
flies
know when
Growers
;
of
make
mav
common
beginning of June until the end of July, When full grown the grubs bury themselves in the ground and become chrysalides. After the crop has been taken off, the upper part of the soil should be buried as deeply as possible, so as to render it impossible for the flies to reach
the surface
chrysalides.
that
fly
is left
when they
Every
little
leave their
bit of the
crop
should be burnt.
The
insect
;
is
a pretty
brown
whose caterpillars feed on various fruits. They have been found in Apples, Pears, Quinces, Plums, Peaches, Apricots, Sweet Chestnuts, and even Walnuts but Apples are the most commonly attacked. The eggs are laid usually in the eye of the Apple, and the caterpillar works down the core, feeding on the pips and on the adjoining flesh of the fruit, leaving small masses of brown droppings in the gallery
pest,
with brilliant green eyes it measures nearly Aim across the wings, which are clouded with yellowish brown markings. Cockchafer, The, or May Bug-, This and other Chafers.
that
eats
it
its
to the to the
When full grown it way out of the Apple, falls ground, and makes its way stem of the tree, or of some
forms.
insect
is
a pest
in
many
places,
other that happens to be near, and, finding a suitable crack or crevice in the bark, spins a thin cocoon
though fortunately not to the same extent in this country as it is on the Continent. Both the cockchafer and its grubs are destructive to trees and plants, the former by feeding on the leaves and the latter on the roots. As the beetles feed almost entirely on the leaves
of forest
trees,
is
within
chrysalis.
in
the
damage done
be destroyed. If many of the fruits are seen to be injured, the tree should be well shaken, and all that falls (which
which
may
by
them
once
be
picked
up.
The
caused by the grubs, however, is considerable, as they feed on the roots of most plants, and
injury not attain their
CODLIN MOTH.
Caterpillar.
I.
Apple
s/i
growth for three do years, so that they have the opportunity of doing much mischief in the course of their lives. Their vitality is so great that it is useless to try to kill them with an insecticide, as none can be made to reach them of sufficient strength. Watering with gas liquor, diluted with ten times its bulk of water, or strong salt and water, if
large quantities, is useful in driving the grubs but turning up the ground and picking them out is far more efficacious, and by no means difficult, as they are when full grown about 2in. long and '-in. in diameter.
used
in
away
They are nearly w hite, but their tails which are usually curled under their bodies, and are thicker than the rest of the grub are bluish. The cockchafers are usually very sluggish in the middle of the day. and may then be
droppings of the caterpillar on it, and it should be destroyed before the caterpillar has time to make its escape. All the fruit that falls from the tree should be collected at once for the same reason. All the loose rough bark should be scraped off the stems and branches as far as it is possible io reach them, and in the course of the winter, before the buds begin to open in any way, the trunk and branches should be sprayed with a solution of paraffin emulsion, or, better still, with a caustic alkali wash (see insecticides). It is advisable that early in June bands of some material should be tied round the stems so that the caterpillars on crawling up the trees can find convenient places to become chrysalides in. Some persons use haybands wound two or three times round the stem,
tied
and
shall
as
tightly
as
possible
so
that
the
insects
shaken or beaten off the trees, and collected or crushed on the ground. There are other chafers whose grubs feed on the roots of plants, which very much resemble those of the cockchafer, but they are smaller, varying in size according
underneath. Others use strips of The strips should be old canvas or some other material. about Sin. wide, folded in half, and the folded edge again turned down for about iAin. The band should then be tied or wired round the tree with the doubly folded edge uppermost, and the fastening should be near the top of the band, which, of course, must reach all round the tree and lap over a little.
not
crawl
COCKCHAFER.
1.
Cockchafer.
2.
Grub.
3.
Chrysalis.
object of the bands is to furnish the grubs with a suitable shelter within which they can undergo their transformations, and in case the caterpillars should pass over one band another should be placed about ift. above it the lower one should be about 2ft. from the ground. Examine the bands occasionally and destroy any caterpillars or chrysalides found in them. The moths measure hardly \m. across the open wings. Their general colour is brown, the fore wings streaked with grey or brown, and near the tip is a brow n patch marked with gold lines; the lower wings are brown, but paler The caterpillars, when full grown, towards the base. are fin. in length, and are white or flesh coloured, with
;
The
to the
species.
The grub
a
or
rose chafer
beetle,
on each joint of
their bodies.
(Cetonia
often
aura/a),
brilliant
green
found on Roses and other flowers, closely is equally resembles that of the cockchafer, and plants. The grubs of another much injurious to garden chafer smaller species, the (Phyllopertha
hofticola),
Daddy-long-leg's, or Crane Fly (/ipula ol Though this insect is perfectly harmless in the fly
raced).
or daddy-
long-legs state, the grubs are among the most destructive They feed on the roots of most that infest our gardens. plants, but are particularly fond of the roots of grasses,
are
very
injurious
to
grass.
The
beetle
is
to
in length.
The grubs
INSECT
roots by eating right through them. These grubs are generally known by the name of " leather jackets," on
ENEMIES
AND
FRIENDS.
495
account of the toughness of their skins. This peculiarity prevents insecticides from having much effect on them, and they seem to be indifferent to drought or moisture, and may he frozen until they
are
quite
stiff
underground no insecticide can be made of sufficient strength to kill them, hut a heavy watering with liquid manure,
the
When
being
killed.
such as a solution of guano, nitrate of soda, or common salt has been found very useful. is disagreeable In the It
grubs,
plants.
slices
and
is
of
assistance
to
the
of Carrot, Turnip, or Mangold, which should have a small wooden skewer thrust into each. They should then be buried about tin. below the surface, the skewer being placed uppermost, to show where the bait is. Leather jackets are very fond of moving about at night, and it bricks, boards,
slates, or pieces of turf are laid near their haunts, and turned over in
tiles,
the morning, these grubs will often be found hidden underneath. The other traps should also be examined every morning.
Mull- Daddy-long-legs.
2.
Denude Daddy
5.
lung-legs.
3.
Eggs.
4.
Giub.
Chrysalides.
{Agroiis se.getum),
The
caterpillars of
moth, as well as those of several nearly-allied species, feed on the roots of various plants grown both in the flower and kitchen garden. Auriculas, Balsams, China Asters, Turnips, Cabbages, and all plants of that nature
are their special favourites.
As
the} feed
at
night, hiding
themselves in cracks in the ground, under stones, clods, and rubbish during the day, they are not so often seen as
many
attack
do
less
mischief.
or
just
They
below
usually
it,
the
collar,
and
The
best
way
them is by turning over anything near the plant under which they might hide and digging up the
surrounding
soil
Thoroughly soaking with a small spud. warm soap and water, so as to fill the
the
caterpillars to the surface,
when
2in.
The
caterpillars of the
Ijin.
They should be cut into lengths of from and hid among the shoots of the plants so that the insects can crawl into them. In the morning the contents of each stem should be blown or shaken into a vessel containing water on which a little paraffin oil has been poured. Good traps can also be made by crumpling up pieces of paper, or by lying up pieces of canvas or sacking so that they hang in folds, or they may be folded and laid on the ground. The insects are not particular where they hide so long as they can creep in somewhere Small garden pots, partly filled with hay, out of sight. placed on the top of the stakes supporting the plants, are well known and useful traps. Eelworms (the Stem Eelworm, Tylenchus devas'atrix). This pest has only lately come into notice, but this is due to a considerable extent, I expect, to their minute size, for they are quite invisible to the naked
most
useful.
bin. to 9in.
Dart
long,
Moth when
dusky yellow
full
grown
colour,
are about
or
eye
when among
the
tissues
of
the
plants
in
attacking,
though
with
be
a
detected
strong
large
the
magnifying
number of
different
alluded
size,
all
to
are
about
in in
the
same
with
colour,
kinds of plants are known to be infested by them, even those of such diverse natures as Clover, Hops, Carnations, various corn crops, and bulbs,
so
that most things are probably liable to be infested.
hue,
rather
indistinct
markings.
They
1 1
make
their chrysalides in
the earth,
This
I
eelworm
in
is
about
long
and a sharp look-out should be kept for them when the ground is being dug in the
winter.
-25m.
length,
very
DART
Dait Math.
and
tapers
narrow,
being
only
and
fino
i-ioooin.
point
They
are of a bright
in
in diameter, gradually to a
brown
length,
Earwig, The
pest
is
(For/icula auricularia). This well-known very injurious to the flowers of various kinds of plants, those of the Carnation, Chrysanthemum, and Dahlia being their favourites. As they are very active
insects,
the
head
When
like
under
thread of
the
clear
glass.
As
impossible to reach them with any insecticide, so that practically the only wav of destroying them is by pulling up the plant and burning
tissues of the plants
it,
being
able
to
run
and
fly
well,
and
as
they
or, at
any
rate,
affected
parts
and
generally
manage to hide themselves during the day, the only practicable way of destroying them is by means of traps, in which they can hide themselves in the morning
their nightly
burning them. This, with such plants as Hyacinths- and Onions, or where the main stem of a plant is infested, is
impossible.
these
A
is
will, of
For this purpose the hollow stems of Sunllowers or of Broad Beans are the
after
depredations.
attacked
the vitality of
worms
496
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
the unopened leaves is that the latter do not open with the others, but merely swell to a certain extent. When, as is
sometimes the case in a bad attack, nearly every bud on a Currant shoot is rendered " blind," the injury to the crop is very severe. Black Currants are
much more
pest to get
or white ones.
rid
for
without a magnifying glass, and as no insecticide can reach them when they are within the buds, it is a matter of some difficulty
invisible
so
small
as
to
be
know how to proceed. When a shoot has several infested buds on it, cut it off and burn it if only one or two, pick off and burn them. When pruning bushes
to
;
have been attacked, cut them back very hard, and the slumps of the shoots should lie dressed with paraffin emulthat
sion.
The
dying
galls galls
at
leave
the the
old
and
of
then
eg,
about
the
end
of
highly mag.
June,
collecting
base
the
having been dried up for more than two years. They will pas quite unhurt through the body of an animal that has been led on an infested crop, so that t is most unwise to use manure from animals that have been fed with anything the Eel worm has attacked. Everyone Frog'hopper, The [Aphrophora spumaria) must have noticed little masses of froth on different kind? ol plants during the summer, which are generally known as "cuckoo spit" or "frog spittle,' but comparatively tew know in what way, or by what means, they are produced. Those who only know the froghopper in its mature condition will he surprised to find that it spends the whole oi is youth in (his spittle, which it forms as a protection to itsell. It will he at once seen that the insect must subtract a considerable amount of sap from
to revive after
sustenance, but also lor the formation, ami to supply the waste which must occur from evaporation, of these masses of (roth.
ior its
the
onh
own
attacked by several of these Carnations, insects, the injury it sustains is very great. Honeysuckles, Lavender, Lilies, Phloxes, and Grasses are among those that are most frequently infested. The simplest way of dealing with this insect is to take a small vessel ot water (a mug is as good as anything) and a small stiffish brush, and with the latter to take oft' the froth in such a way as to remove the insect at
a
When
plant,
therefore,
is
leaf stalks, and infesting the newThis would buds as soon as they are large enough. appeal the time to apply an insecticide to the bushes, but as the fruit is ripening it is difficult to do so. These miles are long, narrow, and somewhat cylindrical, and about four times as long as they are broad. They are very minute, being not more than l-20oin. a milky while colour. They may be in length and o distinguished from other mites by having only two pairs of legs instead of lour, and these legs are placed close to the head, but at the other extremity of the body there is The Pear-leaf blister mite a kind of sucker foot. (Phytoptus pvri greatly resembles the foregoing species in appearance, but it attacks the Pear leaves in a very different manner, as it forms small blisters like galls on he miles begin to attack the leaves when they them. are unfolding, and the galls show as small thickened spots, in the centre of whii h, on the under-side of the the eggs are laid in these leaf, is a small opening blisters, and the young mites soon leave the gall and
1 ) I
In this way the leaf quickly begin to form fresh ones. becomes covered, and so rendered useless. The best remedy is to pick off the infested leaves as soon as the attack is noticed, and trees that are too large to be treated in this way should be sprayed with paraffin emulsion, diluted with live times the amount of water, any time
the
in
same time
water
to cleanse
before using
it
again,
or the
infested
may be drawn through the fingers and the insects crushed. The application ot insecticides is not of much use, but ll there be an unusual number of these insects on
part of the plant
it with paraffin emulsion, taking applied with sufficient force to wash away the both and wet the insect. The young froghopper is of a pale green colour, with rather
a plant, syringe
care that
it
is
large
prominent
]in.
dark
almost
in
length.
and varies in colour from yellowish brown to almost black. Gall Mites (/ hyioptus ribis) and others. There are several kinds of gall mites, but only
rather larger,
three are interesting to gardeners from a horticulturist's point of view the Currant Gall Mite (Phytoptus ribis), the Nut Gall Mite (P. avellanas),
(P. pvri).
The
first
two
attack their victims in a similar way, so much so that one may employ the same methods of destruction in
both cases
alike that
much
they
may
be
really the
species.
These mites
be found in
GALL MITE.
2. Tims of Black Currant The Black Currant Gall Mile, mag. 400 times. with healthy buds. 3. 1 wig uj Black Currant with infeJed buJS.
The
INSECT
during the winter, that
in
is,
ENEMIES
AND
and
in
FRIENDS.
some places
to
497
such an extent that crops have been The ground beetles are very often be seen running swiftly across
the spring.
Take
practically
active,
destroyed.
liable
to
be attacked.
The (Nematus
suffer
more from
and may garden paths. There are a large number of species, and Lhey vary very much in size (from ^in. to more than 1 in. in length), nearly all being of a glossy brown, black, metallic blue, green, or copper colour. The four species that have been found attacking Strawberries are Harpalus ruficornis, Pterostichus melanarius, and madidus, Calathus cisteloides, the first three being much alike to They measure from Jin. to I in. the ordinary observer. in length, and are shining black in colour the fourth species is also black, but considerably smaller than the others. These beetles injure the fruit by gnawing the
;
surface,
in
the flesh.
Thev
leed at
or
Saw
Fly, Grubs,
and Cocoon.
the attacks of this than of any other insect, and at times the leaves are literally stripped off by their grubs. The
during the day. The only way, apparently, to destroy them is by trapping, which may be done by burying small basins or other vessels nearly full of sugar and water and bits of offal so that their brims Pieces of meat, are level with the surface of the soil. which need not be of the freshest or primest cut, may be hidden under old sacks or mats, as these will attract numbers of them. A spade or something of the kind should lie at hand when the shelter is lifted, for the beetles run very fast, and many would escape while they were being caught by hand. If straw is laid on the ground they will hide in the earth beneath it and may be turned out with a spud or trowel.
[Abraxas qrossulariata).
foliage
The
cater-
saw
to
flies
of this
common moth
of
near the veins as soon as the)' begin expand, and the grubs lose no time soon as the)' are hatched as in
Gooseberry and
Currant
beginning to feed on the leaves. They are full grown in about three weeks, then bury themselves in the ground and become chrysalides, from which the second brood of saw flies emerge in about a fortnight, and the second brood of grubs may be found in July. These, in due course, become chrysalides in the soil, but remain in
this
Ribes,
often
Gooseberry saw
curious that
fly,
and
it is
ceitainly
when
developed. The grubs are often confused with the caterpillars of the magpie moth, but distinct, as become chrysalides, while the are, however, perfectly GROUND BEETLE. Ground Beetle and Grub (Pterostichits form pointed out in the note on that insect. caterpillars their chrysalides madidus), The methods of killing both insects on the bushes. important It is to note these differences, as after an attack the winter namely, dustare the same while they are feedin treatment, to prevent a recurrence of the insects the ing with a mixture of lime and soot when the leaves following season, is quite different. As soon as the young are wet, or syringing with paraffin emulsion or quassia
the
saw
Hies
are
be a considerable similarity in their colouring, for both are of a pale colour with black spots. The caterpillars are, however, nearly as large again as the saw fly grubs, their spots are much larger in proportion, and they have only five pairs of legs, while the grubs have ten pairs. When full grown they bury themselves in the earth and
there should
extract
and
soft soap.
Many may
back of
quite
then
grubs,
soil,
killed
with
the
is
The winter
the saw
fly
in
in the shelter of
crumpled leaves
treatment,
however,
different,
when they are full grown, bury themselves in the and each forms a papery cocoon round itself. Within this it becomes a chrysalis, from which the The best winter treatsaw fly emerges in the spring. ment, therefore, is to remove the soil to a depth of about 4m. from under the bushes, and then burn it, or bury it not less than I ft. below the surface, so that the flies will not be able to reach the open air when they leave the
chrysalides. poultry,
begin their work of destruction, and feed on the voung leaves until thev are lull grown in May or June. Each caterpillar then spins a thin web-like cocoon on the stems or among the leaves, within which they become chrysalides. In llie course of about a month the moths make their
The
earth also
may be
The which will soon pick out all the cocoons. saw flies measure about fin. across the wings, their bodies being yellow, with a black patch between the wings their heads are black. The grubs when full grown are
rather
more than
Jin.
in
length,
of a
greenish
grey
grow
fine
black hairs
and papery.
Ground Beetles
The beetles belonging to {Carabidm). rule decidedly useful in gardens, as both they and their grubs are carnivorous, feeding on small insects, grubs, worms, etc. But a few species have lately become notorious by attacking ripe Strawberries,
this family are as a
MAGPIE MOTH.
7.
Magpie Moth.
2.
Caterpillar.
3.
Chrvsalis.
498
INSECT
ENEMIES
AND
EMENDS.
49)
appearance, and lay their eggs near the midribs "1 the leaves. The caterpillars are soon hatched, and at once They soon, however, spin begin to feed on the leaves. some of them together, and in this shelter pass the winter or fall to the ground, hiding themselves under the fallen In the leaves, rubbish, or in some crack in the soil. winter all fallen dead leaves and rubbish should be removed from under the bushes and burnt, and any dead leaves which have not fallen with the others should be picked oft and destroyed, as they often contain caterIn the spring or summer, when the caterpillars feeding on the leaves, they may be killed by dusting the bushes with a mixture ol lime and soot when the fo iage is wet, or spraying with quassia extract and These remedies should soft soap or paraffin emulsion. not be used too late in the season, or hey will give the
pillars.
they feed on the upper surface of the leaves, which the)' gradually eat away, leaving only the ribs and the lower skins of the leaves, remaining almost motionless during
the day and feeding at night. One of the best means of destroying this insect is by dusting the leaves with finely powdered lime or gas lime. A single application, however, will not kill the grubs, for they have the power of exuding a fresh supply of slime, so that when they are covered with any obnoxious substance they immediately
are
The moths fly very slowly, an unpleasant flavour. They vary and may easily be caught in a butterfly net. in colour from black to nearly while, and are usually creamy white, with black spots, as shown in the figure. The caterpillars, when full grown, are about I [in. in length, and of a pale buff colour with black spots, whilst the chrysalis is black with yellow bands.
fruit
Crcoon
Marguerite Daisy
blisters
Fly,
The
{Phytomyza
affinis).
The
and discolourations on the leaves of ChrysantheMarguerite Daisies, and other plants of the same natural order are caused by the grubs of this fly, which burrow between the skins of the leaves, feeding This renders as they go on the inner part of the leaf. the leaves unsightly and of lit lie use to the plant, which suffers in consequence more or less, according to the
mums,
Cinerarias,
secrete a fresh amount, which prevents them from feeling any bad effects from the insecticide. This secretive power is limited, and a second application soon afterwards kills
If the
leaves are
much
injured
they should be cut off at once and burnt, as they can be of no further use, It, w hilst the grubs will be most effectually destroyed. however, the attack is noticed at once, or before much injury has been done, the leaves may be saved by pinching them firmly at the part where the grub is so as to crush By placing the leaves with the light behind them, the it. Insecticides are position of the grub will easily be seen. of little use, as they cannot reach the grubs, though their application at the right time would no doubt prevent the It is difficult to know when flies from laying their eggs. the right time is, as there are two or three broods of this insect during the vear. and for this reason it is most important that the grubs of the first brood should be killed, to prevent as much as possible an attack by
before the
attack
is
noiiced,
Syringing with a solution of paraffin emulsion, or lime water and soft soap is also useful. When full grown the grubs fall to the ground and bury After a bad attack it would be advisable to themselves. take away the surface soil under the trees to a depth of ain., and burn it, or bury it not less than I ft. below the surface, or place it somewhere so that poultry can pick it over the chrysalides are formed within a thin papery The saw flies are small cocoon about fin. in length. insects measuring gin. across the wings, and shining black them.
soapsuds,
;
in colour.
Plant Bug's
not
{ffemiptera).
in
In
is
using the
so
word "bug,"
do
do so
the
way
that
common now,
as a term
proper sense, to denominate known to entomologists as " Ilemiptera," or, in the vulgar tongue, "the bug family," of which the best-known species is that which
for insects in general,
but in
its
infests houses,
and bedrooms
of different
,
in particular.
all
There are a
living on the
large
number
kinds, nearly
subsequent one. The flies are small, inconspicuous The insects, measuring only Jin. across the open wings. grubs are greenish, and about |in. in length. NareiSSUS Fly, The [Merodon eqtiestris). Tins insect is at times a great annoyance to those who grow many bulbs. Daffodils, Narcissi, and Elyacinths are the kinds The grub makes its way into most frequently attacked. the centre of the bulb, and there remains feeding until it is then about |in. in length, nearly as is full grown. It thick as an ordinary lead pencil, and tapers somewhat towards the head and tail. Such a grub feeding in a bulb naturally destroys it, and the insect cannot be When it has reached without injuring the bulb.
a
such numbers
cultivation.
as to inflict
plants in
Chrysanthemums, Ferns, Hops, Peas, and Potatoes are attacked by certain species, and also the buds of Chrysanthemums. They may
leaves of Cabbages,
The
attained
the
it
generally becomes a chrysalis in it Ground that has had infested bulbs grown on when dug up should be examined, in case any of these
its full si/.e
soil.
chrysalides are present, and the ground kept well broken up, to expose them as much as possible to the birds
and
weather. The flies are largish insects, and much They are, however, more resemble small bumble bees. elegant in their proportions, and have only two wings, They may lie caught while the bumble bee has four. in the spring with a butterfly net whilst flying about the
bulbs.
PLANT BUGS.
I
Lvgns
3 ami 3 and
6.
-. Lygus volant, mag. Lygus solani. immature. Lygus umbellatorum nat. size and mag.
I.
Pear Saw
of Pear
Fly,
The
{Eriocampa adumbrata).
The grubs
to small
know
and Cherry
trees, often
know
n as
Thrv
jin.
Plum, about
Blackthorn,
Quince, Whitethorn. The grubs sue long, and covered with a thick greenish slime
also
foliage
attack
the
and
be killed by syringing or spraying the plants with paraffin emulsion or quassia extract and soft soap the shoots may also be dipped in either of these mixtures, or shaken over The insects injure the plants by an open umbrella. sucking out the juices w ith their long probosces, which are When in well adapted to pierce the tissues ol an) plant. the perfect slate nearly all the bugs have wings, but some species, the "bed bug" among the number, have never been found winged the different species vary considerably
;
;
5o3
in size, few,
THE
if
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
suffer
GARDENING.
from their attacks.
When
The immature
insects
much
pest
is
{Tetranychus tellarius). This wellvery troublesome, as it attacks plants in the open air as well as those grown under glass, but the latter, no doubt, suffer most from this little mite.
times
remedy is spraying, or syringing with paraffin emulsion or some other soapy insecticide. If possible, the scales should then be scraped off, and in the course of four or five days repeat the spraying, so as to kill any young
might have escaped the first application. When trees are attacked by the "Mussel scale" in the winter, before the buds have commenced to open, they should be sprayed with a caustic wash (see Insecticides).
that
Apple
much alike, and and the means for their destruction are the same, f shall allude to them as if there were only one species. The red spider seems to delight in warmth and dryness and, as a rule, the plants that suffer most from their attacks are those which from some cause or
There are several their methods of
species, but as they are
life
;
Snake Millipedes
(/ulus, Blanjuhis,
and Polydesmus).
another
are
is
drier
at
the
roots
than
is
they
should
in a
be.
When
this
no doubt
more
than when it is well supplied with sap bum the roots. Plants attacked by this pest should be at once noticed, and if a specimen is suffering bom want of water it should be attended
suitable
condition
their
use
These creatures are sometimes known by the name of "false wireworms," but this is a wrong designation, as they have nothing to do with wireworms. They are not even insects, but belong to the class Myriapoda, or creatures with many feet, and may always be know n by this character they are most destructive pests, and, once a garden is infested, it is difficult to eradicate them. They have such hard shiny skins that insecticides are not of
;
much
use. but
salt or nitrate of
they may be killed by a strong solution of soda, if it can be made to reach them
;
In
the case
of those
grown under
glass
but as they are generally feeding at the roots of plants below the surface ol the ground, it is difficult to make
the solution reach
mites may be killed by spraying or syringing the plants with one of the following insecticides (it must be remembered that the red spider will always lie found on the lower sides of the leaves, and that the application will be of little use unless it is directed to thai part). Paraffin emulsion, to which add loz. ol sulphide ot potassium (liver of sulphur) to every 5 gallons of the
them of
sufficient
strength,
and
to
wash lib. of flowers .if sulphur, and 2lb. of fresh lime, boiled in 4 gallons of water, then add I Alb. of soft soap, mix thoroughly, and add 4 gallons more water, or 20z. to 30Z. of Gishurst compound to I gallon of water. As
;
remain long enough to have a fatal effect. A heavy watering with either of the above-mentioned insecticides would probably be of use in making the millipedes shift their quarters. They feed on the roots of a number of plants, and seem particularly fond of Anemones, Lilies, ami other bulbs, Pansies, and Stocks. One species, the spotted snake millipede {Blanjuhis gttttulatus) delights in ripe Strawberries, and a dozen or so may sometimes be found on one fruit. They may be trapped by laying bricks, tiles, cabbage leaves, or pieces of turf or board
these mixtures
will
not
kill
the
eggs,
they should
be
applied two or
three times
at intervals
of three days.
These creatures are very minute, and hardly visible to the naked eye they spin a very fine web over the undervery sides of the leaves, in which they live. It is
;
important to apply the remedies with sufficient force to break the webs and therefore reach the mites.
[Cetonia
See Cockchafers.
Rose
Saw Flies {Hylotoma rosarum), and others. The saw Hies are a very destructive family of insects, as there are a large number of species, and their grubs feed on the leaves of various plants. The Roses perhaps come in for an unfair amount of their attentions, as their foliage is injured by several species and in various ways. Hylotoma rosarum and some other species eat the entire leal, with Another species curls the exception of the thicker ribs. up the leaves into regular rolls about the size of a pencil, or somewhat smaller, and lives and feeds within this shelter. Others feed only on the upper part, without Another lives inside injuring the lower side or the veins. The grubs should the young shoots, feeding on the pith. they may be rather be picked off the leaves by hand difficult to see at first, but as soon as one or two are
;
SNAKE MILLIPEDES.
1.
and nu
2 and 3. Blanjulus cuttulatus, nat. size Julus hndinensis. g. 4. Julus terrestris. 5. Feeler. 6 and 7. Polydesmus complanatus, nat. size and mag.
found the others will be discovered without difficulty. If so many bushes are attacked that hand picking is impracticable, the bushes should be sprayed with paraffin emulsion, the extract of quassia and soft soap, or Paris Most of the grubs bury themselves in the earth green.
before turning into chrysalides, but those that attack die It a shoots undergo their transformations in the shoot. bush has been badly attacked by those species that bary themselves in the ground, remove the earth from under
on the ground where the pests are, as they will often The snake millipedes vary in size creep under them. when full grown, according to the species, from Jin. to They are usually of a dark brown colour, in length. 1 but one, the spotted snake millipede, is nearly white, with a deep red spot on either side of each joint of the body. This species is only Am. in length, and is one of the They are all, with the exception of most mischievous. the flattened snake millipede, nearly cylindrical, and composed of a great number of joints, each of which These creatures are sometimes bears two pairs of legs. mistaken for centipedes, but the latter (with the exception of one species) all move with great rapidity, whilst the former move very leisurely. Thrips Thrips adonidum ami other species). The genus
i
1 1 .
bush to the depth of at least 3m., and burn it, or bury it not less than ift. deep, the object being to prevent the flies leaving the chrysalides in the spring. Any shoots that appear withered in the autumn should The grubs, when full grown, vary be cut off and burnt. in size according to the species, but many are about I in. in length. They resemble much the caterpillars of moths,
the
Thrips contains a considerable number of species, all of which are known to gardeners as thrips. It matters little how many kinds there are, as they all injure plants in the same manner, and may be destroyed by the same means. These little insects are often very troublesome in gardens, but they are far more mischievous in greenhouses and
stoves than they are out of doors. Nevertheless, Carnations, Phloxes, Dahlias, and some other plants are at times attacked by them in the open air. When this is the case,
but
may
is
which
be distinguished by the number of their legs, greater than in the case of caterpillars.
Scale Insects
{Coccida). These insects are not, as a rule, very injurious to plants grown in the open air, but Apple trees, Roses, CotoneasterSj and some other plants often
syringe or spray with paraffin emulsion, quassia extract and soft soap, or some of the insecticides sold for this These insects are very small, none of our purpose.
Insect
enemies
and
shcel
friends.
when
they
50
fall.
II
7
7
HRIPS.
and
2.
English species being lore than i-ioin. ;th le vVhen mature they are f nished with two pairs ol wings, which are very narrow id fringed, and when at rest lie lolded over their bar], They injure the plants by sucking out the juices o the leaves by means of a short proboscis, and theil droppings which are of a Glutinous nature, clog the pores of the leaves, thus destroying their
usefulness.
tile rool ol a house under them and the same Small bundles of dry moss or hay tactics employed. make very good traps, and should be lied to the stems ol tin- plants, so that they can easily be used as hidingThe black vine weevil is about |in. in length, places. and entirely black in colour. The clay-coloured weevil is about in. in length, and ol a pale brown colour. The grubs of both species are so much alike that it is almost They arc impossible to distinguish one from the other. hardly .'.in. long, while, fleshy, much wrinkled, and sparingly covered with still hairs. Their heads arc dark brown, anil they have no legs; they generally lie in a somewhat curved position. Apple Blossom Weevil (Aiithonoiiins Pomorum) is another destructive member ol this lamily. It sometimes entirely destroys a crop ol Apples or Tears. The females lay their eggs in the young fruit buds, and tile grubs leed on the unopened or opening blossoms, which causes them
the plant.
When
vines are
grown on
the sheet
should
be spread
to be barren
been caught
shelter, soil
brown and wither as if Ihey had The young grubs require the weather be warm and tine at the time .the
and
by
to turn
the
frost.
that
favourable and
families of insects are
Weevils,
-hew
more destructive
than the weevils. Several members attack the plants in our gardens and glasshouses. The weevils, as a rule, leed on the leaves, and their grubs on the roots of
plants.
their
the weather is not opening of the buds is delayed for several days. The weevils have then, moreover, more When once the eggs aretime in w hich to lay their eggs. laid there is nothing to be done, as no insecticide can lie
not nearly so
they soon burst out into lull live, and the crop
made
to
reach
the grubs.
These
less
little
beetles
may be
distinguished bv
heads
(at
more or
snout
insect's
feelers)
;
If many of the weevils are they should be shaken from the branches on to cloths spread under
the
is
and
clay-coloured
is
(Otiorhynchus picipes)
great a pest.
of
weevil almost as
them, or on to a light wooden frame Two w ith canvas stretched over it. laths about 5ft. long, connected at their centres by another of the same length, would be quite strong enough, and the canvas should not be stretched The weevils can easily be too tight. poured from an arrangement of tin, kind into a vessel of water. As they pass the winter under stones, rubbish,
clods,
etc.,
at
They
the
Grub, nat.
sir.
are
more
of
and
out
vineries
-J
Chrysalis, enlarged
and also under the rough bark, the ground undernea h them should be kept free from an thing under which
they
they
are
and somethe leaves times cutting the young shoots of vines right through.
feeding
on
The
foliage of Peaches, Roses, Ferns, and many plants with ornamental leaves is also injured by them, and their grubs attack the roots of Ferns, Cyclamens, Sedums, Saxifrages, Strawberries, Begonias, etc., Raspberries, Gooseberries, and Currants. The red-legged weevil [Otiorhynchus tuiebricdsits) much resembles the abovenamed species, but is considerably larger and by no means
and manner of life are identical. very difficult to destroy, as the grubs are comparatively safe, living as they do at the roots of plants, anil the weevils hide themselves most carefully
so
Its habits
common.
These
insects
are
during the day, only coming out at night to feed. The only way of destroying the grubs is to examine the roots of the plant that they are attacking and pick The weevils may be shaken off the plants them out. at night into an open umbrella or on to boards or canvas stretched on a frame which have been newly painted or tarred, so as to catch the pests when they fall, which they do very readily when disturbed, or if a bright light is In May and June, when the suddenly thrown on them. weevils are very active, dress the soil just round the plants dial are attacked with bine and soot, sand, or sawdust which has been soaked in paraffin oil, carbolic acid, or gas lime. In the case ol plants grown in pots, the best way to catch the beetles is to place a white sheet on the ground, and to lay the plant on its side on ihis Soon after it is dark throw a bright during the day. light on it, and the weevils will be easily seen on the
could hide. In the autumn branches so as to remove any rough projecting pieces of bark which might afford a shelter. Cloths of some kind should be laid round the stems before commencing this operation, so as to catch all that is scraped off. Then paint the stems and branches over with a wash made from fresh lime, to which should be added a little paraffin oil. Collect and burn any of the flowers which have been attacked and fall. Pick over the remaining ones on the tree, as they will probably contain the chrysalides of this insect. The weevils are about 2-toin. long, and are dark brow n, covered with a greyish dow n, the wing cases being reddish with a somewhat V-shaped while band across them. Nut Weevil {Balaninus nucum). Everyone who has gathered or eaten Nuts fresh from the tree is aware that these are the progeny of the they often contain grubs At times they are very destructive to crops Nut weevil. of Filberts and other Nuts, and are difficult to destroy, for w hen once the egg is laid within the Nut nothing can be done to prevent it from hatching, or the grub from feeding on the kernel. By the time the grub has attained its full size it will almost have finished the kernel. through the shell and falls to the It then eats its way ground, or if the Nut has already dropped it merely craw ls
scrape
the
steins
and
the
out
cell
and buries itsell in the soil, and there makes a little In the spring it in which it passes the winter. becomes a chrysalis, and in June the weevils make their
whilst
in
fitly
appearance,
Nuts.
Lhey
a
lay
their
eggs
long
in
the
The
weevil
has
remarkably
sleudei
lHH
CENTURY
BOOK
;
OF
GARDENING.
proboscis, or snout, at the end of which is the mouth the insect eats a small hole right through the shell of the
that one can destroy it, unless the roots are used before the grubs leave them, so that as soon as an infested crop
Nut and
into the kernel, and then lays an egg at the entrance to the hole and pushes it to the bottom. The
grubs are hatched in about a week or ten days, and attain their full size in September before they leave the Nuts the ground underneath the bushes should be well dressed with gas lime or ashes, or sand soaked in paraffin oil, so that the grubs may not be able to bury themselves in the soil. In the winter well trench the ground, the surface soil being turned to the bottom, to bury the chrysalides as deeply as possible, or the soil may be only just broken up so as to bring the chrysalides to the surface, where they will be under the influence of the weather, and be within reach of the birds. .Small birds should always be encouraged among the bushes, as they, and particu;
has been removed the soil should be well dressed with gas lime and thoroughly broken up, and no plants that the weevils are likely to attack grown on it for at least a year. Particular care should be taken in this respect with seed beds. The weevil is about Jin. in length, very broad in proportion, and glossy black in colour the grubs are nearly 2-ioin. long, and white with yellowish heads. White Cabbage Butterflies (Pieris brassier and P. rapi). The caterpillars of these two common butterflies, besides attacking Cabbages of various kinds, Cauliflowers, Turnips, etc., are very destructive to the leaves of Mignonette, Tropxolums of various kinds, and Horse-radish. When plants are infested, pick them
;
numbers of the
(Sitones
weevils.
Any Nuts
and burnt.
Pea
lineatus).
These
weevils are very injurious to crops of Peas and Beans by feeding on the leaves. When the plants have attained
some size this does not so much matter, but whilst quite young they suffer very much, the weevils only leaving the
midribs of the leaves as these insects generally feed at night, hiding themselves in cracks in the earth during the day, it is by no means easy to kill them, particularly as they resemble the soil so much in colour that they are very difficult to detect when they fall and feign to be dead, as they do at the slightest alarm. Dust the leaves when wet with powdered soot or lime, or a mixture of gas lime, lime, and soot. Spraying with paraffin emulsion, properly diluted, would be very useful, and press the soil firmly round the plants by walking slowly up the rows with one foot on either side. This will prevent the weevils to some extent from coming up out of the ground. Sand, soaked in paraffin oil, strewn on each side of the rows is also useful. The young plants should be pushed into rapid growth as quickly as possible by watering with liquid manure, or any other suitable methods of cultivation. The genus to which this insect belongs contains a considerable number of species, several of which attack Peas and Beans, but by far the commonest one is Sitones lineatus, which is about ^in. in length, and of a greyish brown colour, striped longitudinally with yellow. The
;
brassiccs).
2.
Eggs.
Caterpillar.
4.
Chrysalis.
by hand, unless the pests are very abundant, when be sprayed with paraffin emulsion or salt and water, or pyrethrum powder might be sprinkled The butterflies may be into the heads of Cabbages. caught in nets. The chrysalides may often be found on posts or palings, and under the eaves of outhouses, and These butterflies are too should always be destroyed. well known to require description, and the two species may be easily distinguished from one another by their The Cabbage butterfly is considerably unequal size. larger than the other, measuring about 3m. across the wings when fully expanded, while the Turnip butterfly The caterpillars of the former is not more than 2in.
off
when full grown are i^in. in lenglh, of a pale blue or green colour above and yellow on the under-side, there being down the middle of the back a yellow stripe.
species
spots, dots,
and mag.
lineatus.
,,
grubs feed on the roots, and are white, legless, and about
iin. long.
Gall Weevil (Ceutorhynchas Sulcicollis). yet another weevil that at times is decidedly injurious in our gardens, as its grubs form galls on the These galls roots of Turnips and Cabbages of all kinds.
The Turnip
is
There
but sometimes form a knob on the and the roots at times are covered The weevils lay their eggs in the roots in with them. May or June, and as soon as feeding-time comes the galls Generally there is only one grub in each begin to grow. When the grubs gall, but sometimes there are several. are full grown they make their way out of the galls and form cells -in the earth, in which they eventually become chrysalides. It is only when the insect is in this condition
vary
in
size,
much
over the bodv. The caterpillar ot the Turnip butterfly is about 1 in. long and of a dull green colour, with a yellow stripe down the back and one on either side ; it is so covered with short hairs as to be quite velvety. Winter Moth (Ckeimatobia brumata, and other species). The caterpillars of this moth, and some nearly allied species, are among the most destructive pests to the leaves and flowers of Apple, Cherry, Damson, Pear, and Plum trees and Nut bushes. They attack the young leaves and flowers as soon as the buds begin to open, so that at times after a severe visitation the trees appear to There are fortunately various useful be scorched by fire. methods for keeping these insects in check, perhaps the most efficient being that which prevents the females from the females are reaching the buds to lay their eggs wingless, or have such very rudimentary wings that they are perfectly useless as organs of flight, and as the chrysalides are formed in the ground the females have to crawl up the items before they can reach their^- destination.
Therefore
the application
of sticky
bands
which
ihe
INSECT
insects cannol pass over to
11I
ENEMIES
AND
FRIENDS.
draw
the wirewoniis
503
will
the stems
often
a
away
for-
the
trees
tection.
from
crop.
Most buds
si/e
are,
These
accordlargest
-Jin.
;
may
;i|>|>lv
lie
il
used,
but
is
not advisable to
it
to the hark, as
may
ol
injure
the
the
tree,
hand
al
common
hardly
more
in
than
length
ol
and
a
^in.
diameter
should he
fastened
brown heads and legs. The latter lit. or more from THE WINTER MOTH are short and placed near the head. on this spread the cart grease or Male and two females. The click beetles are long narrow be preferred. whatever else may insects, of a dull brown, grey, or The bark if at all rough should yellowish brown colour, as a rule, but some are more be scraped smooth below this band, so that the brightly coloured. moth may not be able to pass under it, and it should perhaps is ft Woodlice. These well-known creatures are very destrucbe sufficiently long to lap well over, tive, and many persons will be surprised to learn that they easier and better, on the whole, il the " smear " be belong to the same class as shrimps, lobsters, and crabs, of the same spread on a strip of calico, sacking, etc namely, the Crustacea, but so it is. They do an immense width as the paper hand, over which it ihould he tied. amount ol mischief in gardens, greenhouses, Melon These holds should be fastened both at ti p and bottom. frames, Mushroom beds, and to Peaches and StrawOf the various sui stances, such as cart Tease, tar, soft berries; in lad, nothing in the way of vegetable matter soap, etc., really good cart grease appears to lie the that is solt enough for them to gnaw comes amiss. best, on the whole, but it must be renewed as soon as it Out ol doors they usually attack the becomes hard, or so clogged with insects that it is no collar of the plant, which is a very vital part, and fruit grown against a wall Of course if trees are supported by stakes, further use. is often much injured by them or in any other way by which the females might gain woodlice also sometimes gnaw Straw berries and open the seeds access to them, they must be treated in the same way as It is very difficult to exterminate these creatures, as their skins are hese hands should be put into position quite the stems. so hard, and impervious to any insecticide, and as thev early in October, and be kept in working order until the only teed at night one cannot catch them easilv. precaution, some In spite of all middle of January. If, as is often the case, they congregate at the bottom of a wall females may find their wav to the buds, some no doubt
they are
taking
as any
be the case,
the tree
the th in 11
spring, as
si
cracks in the earth they may be killed wholesale by pouring boiling water along the soil where it touches the
in
injury
noticed,
should
wall,
sprayed with Paris greet or paraffii The emulsion, properly diluted. winter moth measures about tin. or
rather
are
and walls "ii which fruit trees grown should be kept well pointed,
in
more across
the
the
expanded,
reddish
upper
and
are
undulating dark
the
of
body
grey
slender,
and
yellowish
is
colour.
|in.
The
in
female
stout,
about grey in
length,
brown
or
and, as before menf he wings. tioned, has no proper full-grown caterpillar is about fin. in and is green or yellowish length,
colour,
in
there may he no cracks or which the woodlice can hide. Small bundles of dry moss placed near the fruit provide handy places for them to hide in, and where they may be easily found. Bricks, tiles, slates, and boards laid on the ground and left undisturbed for a lew days make excellent traps, as they form dry places to shelter under. Woodlice detest moisture and tidiness, so that no rubbish should be allowed to lie about. Il
so
that
holes
is
said
that
thev
may
of
by
that
laying
pieces
have been
It is a
boiled
green
colour,
lines.
with
It
several
is
pale
as
longitudinal
hatched
the
It buds are opening, and is lull grown in June. then drops to the ground, buries itself and becomes in emerges moth ih which from chrysalis, a October, November, or December, and at times in
,
their sworn enemies mistake to regard toads as enemies. In the case of woodlice, for instance, as we have said, they are the friends of man, as toads relish
arsenic.
Toads are
id kill
number
ol
them.
the strange pests that infest plant houses, and are of great use generally in gardens. When the garden is large,
The mottled amber moth {Hibemia defolaria) January. and its is almost as great a pest as the winter moth, It is, however, a larger and habits are just the same.
handsomer
insect.
several
loes.
may
down
insect
Wireworms
[Athous
ami
Agriotes,
several
spans).
These pests are the grubs of beetles belonging to the There are a considerable number of family Elateridse. species, and they are commonly known as click or skipjack beetles, on account of the power they possess of springing away with a click when disturbed. The w ireworms attack a great variety of plants, and are especially fond ol Insecticides Carnations and other nearly allied genera. have little or no effect on them, so that trapping must be The best traps are slices of Carrot, Mangold, resorted to. Potato, Turnip, or pieces of Rapecake, buried about
Each slice should lin. below the surface of the ground. have a small wooden skewer stuck into it, so that it may
be
111.
the
lining,
more
it
easily
is
found.
and of Rapecake
this
is
traps
every
but
are so loud
;
thai
until
they bursl
a pure fiction, as they have been led only on cake for some weeks, and have thriven wonderfully well on 11. Strewing the ground, however, with .small pieces ol cake-
'IREWOHMS.
ami
Agriotes lincalns. Hint (i. Agriotes sputator. 9. Wiieioeiin, magnified.
2.
1
W and
II.
Chrysalis.
504
INSECT FRIENDS.
VARIOUS without
at all.
insects are of
their
to
the horticulturist
in
fact,
assistance
would
he almost
to several
spared being
The Ichneumon
their eggs in the
flies
and their
near
relatives
these
insects usually
lay
their
bodies
of
in
caterpillars,
eggs
in
chrysalides and
the eggs.
These
flies,
insects,
though
called
ichneumon
to the
do
flies
not
in
order
of
proper,
two-winged
the
insects,
but
they
are classed
flies,
same order
as the
like
saw
them,
all
ants,
bees,
and wasps,
and,
have four
in
wings.
They
are nearly
slender
long legs
the
of
\
body
the
in
7r
/ft
FLIES.
is
upper pair
than the
a
of
ICHNEUMON
the
lower
pointed
whilst
longer
the
end
as
the
females
species
furnished
with
is
long
organ,
known
an
the
ovipositor,
In
some
or
it
this
organ
the
of
great
to
length,
its
being
victim,
than
rest
of
insect,
and
so
is
enables
placed
quite
use.
their
possessor
it
reach
which
the
may
body
eggs
be
wood-boring grub,
In
that
short,
would
be be
flies
inaccessible to
entirely
the
in
insect
otherwise.
of
other
species
and
may
their
hidden
try
is
the
insect
do
not
to
kill
their
victims
by
The
are
ichneumon
ovipositors,
only
desire
to
lay
their
within
them
to
as
soon
as
the grubs
hatched, they
Caterpillars attacked
some
time,
by these parasites live and become chrysalides, but this effort on their
a
kinds
aphides.
One may
often
see
on
swollen
rounded body
in si/o,
the
They
result of infestation
by one
much
a
of a
midge.
generally
black-brown
or
some
colour,
though
some have
bright
The Hoverer
often
flies
be
seen
the
their
sunshine, near
trees or
with
wings
outspread.
entirely on
most voracious,
they manage
and feed
They
legs,
nor
an enormous number
the
leaf
or
aphides.
They
are
bodies
their
cling
on
to
by means
;
of certain tubercles
and the
about
few
hold
joints of
bodies,
they
strike
until
they
it,
touch
it
an
in
aphis,
seize
of of
up
the
out,
/.
air,
its
body completely
and
a-half.
side,
which
then
only
the
work
heads
a minute
Sctzva balteata. 4, Scczva pyrastri. 7. Scceva ribesii 2 and 5. Gru^s. 3 and 6. Chrysalides.
They
turn
their
on
one
drop the
empty
skin,
and
at
once search
tail,
for
another aphis.
These grubs are about Jin. long, the Their mouths are furnished the head.
;
they are
of
a greenish or
yellowish
INSECT
colour,
FRIENDS.
of a
505
the chrysalides
being
pear-shaped and
brownish colour.
They
are formed on
the stems
fly
(Chrysopa
their
perla),
the lady-birds,
grubs, as well
those
of
No.
allied
species,
destroy
parent
an
enormous
pale
aphides.
bodies,
like
The
insects
of large
have small
green
i|in.
gauzetip
wings,
which
measure
golden
wings,
about
are
from
to
of
tip
when open.
very
brilliant
The eyes
prominent,
and
colour.
Notwithstanding
insects
fly
the
size
of
their
in
these
very
they
are
slowly
are
and
fluttering
their
manner,
enemies.
so
that
an
easy
prey to
to
They
smell
protected,
however,
emitting
3 and
.'.
6.
power
of
when
iin.
in
touched
the eggs are very beautiful and curious, and are often
of
mistaken
fungi or the
seed-vessel
length.
moss, as each
laid
in
is
perched on
cluster
of
sometimes
a
leaf
dozen or
or
so
together.
about
lay
stem
with the
in
end
of of
her
body
the air,
is
which soon
dries,
which an egg
is
placed.
is
supposed
to
crowd
of aphides.
The ^rubs
about fin.
in
somewhat
and
is
like
shape, being,
colour,
of
when
body
full
grown,
length,
of
a
of
white
of
or
pale
brown
side
of their
There
cover
row
hair
on
either
the
the
themselves with
the
dead
bodies
prey,
flea.
Their chrysalides are small white cocoons, about the size of a small
Lady-birds
insects
to
(Coccinella septempunetata
useful
in
and
C.
bi-punctata).
insects
The
are
No.
6.
grubs
too
of
these
are
most
destroying aphides.
as
The parent
is
well
known
require
any
the
description,
every
one
the
familiar
with
seven-spotted
;
and
are
twoin
spotted
lady-birds
the
grubs
known
are
hop gardens as
of
"Niggers."
colour,
They
the
flatfish,
leaden
grev
yellow
and ornamented
;
with
both
black
species
and
are
spots
grubs
of of
very
much
alike,
but those
the
of
the
It
other,
is
being
not
more than
of
Jin.
length.
unfortunate that
when destroying
an
insecticide
1
aphides
it
on
plant
to
by means
help
if
and
2.
is
impossible
killing
useful
insects
3 and
4.
5. 6.
Eggs Grub
(nat. size
,,
J]
at
the
noticed
a plant
they
is
should
It
and 9 and
-
Lady bird and Chrysalis. Seven-spotted Lady bird ant Chry alis.
Two-spotted
always
removed
before
syringed.
pretty
is
pity
that
all
the
child
friends
is
of
the
not
known
of
as
it
the
is
lady-bird,
which every
is
taught
not
harmful.
There
is
sad want of
insect
is
knowledge
an
the
gardener.
Everything that
result
an
considered
enemy and
will
treated accordingly,
with the
that
many
We
much towards promoting a better knowledge. The excellent illustrations which accompany these articles are reproduced by permission from the leaflets issued by the Board of Agriculture and from "Curtis' Farm Insects," published by Gurney and Jackson.
do
506
507
AN OLD GARDEN
IN
IRELAND.
INSECTICIDES.
BEFOREby
teed
selecting an insecticide
it
of
plants,
away
on which they are feeding, and that some insecticides are destructive to insect
of
the insects, or
Those
insects that
it
with a poison.
Whatever
it
the
eggs (except
is
essential
to
make
is
young
as soon
An ordinary
syringe, as a rule,
to the plants in
is
when
is
machine
more
of the
insecticide
sold
by those
who supply
3 gallons,
horticultural
implements
but spraying nozzles are sold that can be attached to ordinary syringes or garden
engines.
Whatever form
thrips,
is
used,
it is
important that
it
should
to the
upper sides
of the
leaves, as
is
aphides,
etc.,
In
always be used
it
if
it
is
impossible
added
to
is
used.
The
for
following are
the
insecticides
and instructions
making them
508
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
may
be different to what
ioz. of
of
arsenate of soda
30Z.
stir
in
little
it
a vessel
it
containing
16
gallons
water, dissolve
of
acetate of
little
water, pour
and
in 2lb. of
treacle or
some
to
kill
paraffin
emulsion
in
order to
make
the
mixture adhere
better to
the
leaves.
Used
f
young
caterpillars
and slugworms.
CARBOLIC ACID.
the acid to 50 or
of plants.
One pint
of
quart of so
as a winter
one part of
Dissolve
all
is is is
of caustic
soda
in
carbonate
last of all
boiling water,
solution
it
is
makes
GAS
is
Lime.
If
soil
that
is
infested with
wireworms, other
ilb.
insects, and
snake millipedes,
will
per
be killed,
the
NITRATE OF SODA.
if
A
it
;
said to
kill
snake millipedes
in
is
it.
useful
to
PARAFFIN EMULSION.
This
soft
oil
is
one
in
of the
most useful
of
insecticides.
It
may
be
made
is still
by dissolving
boiling add
1
quart
of
soap
(it
is
quarts
boiling
water
while the
water
pint of paraffin
a
syringe for
iomin.,
when
there should
it.
be
a perfect
To
A mixture very
above, but w ith the addition of a certain amount of naphthalene, has been devised by Mr H. H. Cousins, of the Agricultural College, Wye, Kent, which is said to be a great improvement on the ordinary emulsion. Full instructions for its preparation for private use can be obtained from him, and it is sold in " tile market " under the name of " Paranaph."
Paraffin simply
mixed
if
in
it
water
is
is
it
is
so difficult to
it is
keep
it
not,
much
may
applied.
sucking insects
may
Paris GREEN.
biting insects, but
it
This
it
most useful
is
in
killing
all
it
kinds of
better
to
purchase
as a paste
is
than as a powder, as
highly recommended.
when
handled.
One ounce
12 gallons of
parts of lime should be added for every part of the Paris green
is
(bulk
it
for bulk).
is
will
;
sink to the
bottom
of
of the
same strength
and
some
will
be too
and
remainder
weak Some of
This
fitted
when
be
which
be killed.
ripe.
Nor should
it
becoming
water
the
Wash. One
pound
of
in cold
for at least
twelve hours
strain out
chips,
add
iooz.
soft
soap,
make
the
mixture,
INSECTICIDES.
509
uncertain.
lib. of
of
it
is
if
This
is
a very
useful
of
RESIN WASH.
hour or more,
of
until
One
pound
of
resin,
lib.
of caustic
soda, and
of
i.V
gills
of soft
soap an
Jin.
water, and
boiled
for
water
to
This
is
strongly
wash
SOOT.
on the
soil
useful
in in
keeping grubs
the earth.
away from
plants
if
laid
thickly
TOBACCO.
useful,
liquor,
one
of
of the
most
insecticides.
of tobacco
if
gallon of water.
it
The
It
when
strained
necessary
of
until
is
of the
colour of
may
2lb. to
every
gallons.
may
is
the form of snuff, to dust plants with that are infested with
for fumigation,
aphides.
It
is
also used
in
greenhouses
effective in killing
Besides
the
already
enumerated,
or
there
are
others
sold,
with
less
useful.
it is
They
are,
made
is
at
home, and
in
difficult to
no trouble
making them
must be used
than
the
evil.
Many
the
It
failures
may
be
attributed
to
their
reckless
use.
directions,
and
it
is
better 1o use
them too
according to
dose.
printed
must be
remembered
overdone.
GARDEN SEAT.
5io
Till:
number
the
to
of
cultivated plants
certain
It is
it
is
of
insect pests,
and their
attack's at
of
times are
asserted bv
is
difficult
insects.
many
persons that
only
in
in
it
Doubtless plants
of,
in
an unhealthy
in
condition are
more
certain conditions
to our
the
the
growth
of
and detrimental
plants.
until
appears to be
in
quite
healthy
when a made
plant
is
infested
bv a fungus
Fungi
considerable
progress.
appearance, front
very delicate
moulds.
in
which
is
concerned
a a
Mushroom and Toadstool to minute and The part of the fungus that we see is, as a rule, only that part the reproduction of its species by means of spores, so that it
the
ordinary
represents, to
certain
extent,
of fine
in
the
flower
of
an
ordinary
the
plant, the
real
fungus
being
composed
is
of
number
root-like
organs
within
substance
on which
the
real
the fungus
is
growing.
For
instance,
the
case of the
common Mushroom,
is
plant
the
be
"spawn," and
the umbrella-shaped
Mushroom
may
Thus in many cases a plant is infested by a fungus without any si m~i of the attack' until some of these spore-bearing organs are pushed through the leaf, stem, or whatever part is attacked, when the presence of the fungus is noticed for the first time, and w hen it is often too late to do more than prevent the pest
destroyed without any injury to the fungus.
its
spores.
Many
fungi live
these are,
harmless
to living plants,
FUNGI.
accused of having
living
killed
it.
Many
in
the
live
tissues of
plants
some,
however,
during
times
impossible
their
lives
can
on
on
both
dead
and
living
vegetable
matter.
is
and
needless
the
present
occasion to
as
describe
the different
kinds
of
spores borne
kinds.
It
by fungi,
kind,
three
for
and
One
is
known
to of
spores,
just
two years
fungi
germinating.
perfectly
impossible kinds
do
more than
and
in
infest
two
different
plants,
quite
manners.
the
From
their
forms
of
same fungus.
into
The spores
fungi
are
anything that happens to touch the plant on w hich they are formed.
contact with a suitable position for their germination at once
of the
spore pass
of
into
the
leaf
or
other
part
of
the plant
which
is
affected
by the fungus.
The spores
some fungi will not germinate unless they through some wound or injury to the bark.
if
Others which
they
will
live
in
they come
in
contact (as
enter
do by spreading
directions)
ith
its
a suitable plant,
them
the
the
present work
cannot attempt to
enumerate,
much
I
less
to
describe,
call
can only
attention
particularly
destructive or
and methods
for dealing
in
with them, as so
many
fungi
means particular in their choice of a host. APPLE TREES are attacked by several different kinds of fungi. The most important This is caused by a fungus known as Nectria one, canker, is only too well known. ditissima. The spores usually gain access to the tissues through some wound or abrasion of the bark, which may be very slight, for some have suggested that even the punctures made by aphides are sufficient. The spore, having reached the growing cells, germinates,
and the fungus grows
to
in
the branch,
bursting
through the
coral-like
bark'
here
and there
in
order
The
no cure
little
seen
cankers
are
little
capsules
is
it
containing
for
large
number
of
spores.
When
off.
is
the canker
is
may
fungus
that
attacks
the
leaves
It
badly,
sometimes
small
red
wound known as
on
the
There
the
leaf
scald
fungus
of
(Entomosporium maculatum).
leaves,
begins as
larger
spots
upper
these
surface
the
which
afterwards
become
so
and
turn
fall,
brown.
in
When
spots are
very
affected that
they
sprayed
When
the fruit
is
attacked by fungi,
to
eat should be
is
CABBAGES and
finger
plants
similar
nature
1
are
very
is
liable
to
be
infested
to
by
the
too well
known
require
any
is
description.
The
life
a curious one.
The
the
of
cells,
much
the others
eventuallv
some
these
become
or
filled
with
spores,
which,
when
way
of a
and burst
which consist
minute masses
of
These little masses moving about on damp substances, and when they come across the roots
jelly-like substance, are quite free,
in
turn attacked.
It is
quite
512
THE
it
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
is
GARDENING-.
to the attacks of this
clear that
soil
is
foolish
to
liable
fungus
in
that
is
impregnated with
lime,
or,
heavy
dressing of
it
better
still,
gas lime,
of
for
at
least
two years.
Every morsel
CARNATIONS.
or
The
Cutting
off
afterwards
with
Bordeaux
the best
cure.
Care should
more
also
amount
leaves.
1
of
water
is
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
his
injured by one or
The Chrysanthemum
to
(Puccinea
hieracii)
perhaps
the
most destructive.
noticed the plants
forms small dark brown masses of spores on the under-sides of the leaves, being sometimes
almost entirely cover them.
of
so
numerous as
is
the affected
HOLLYHOCKS
cearum), which
if
are very subject to a fatal pest, the Hollyhock rust (Puccinea malvacultivation
It
of
Hollyhocks a very
of
difficult,
not an
impossible,
some
to
lie
parts
of
England.
Pick
off
forms a number
small
round
fruit.
all
makes
until
it
disappears.
These
Madonna
Lily
(Lilium candidum),
in
are liable to be attacked by the Lily disease (Botrytis cinerea), which has proved very fatal
many
of
one of the
gardening papers took up his bulbs which had been attacked, put them into a brown paper bag
with a quantity of flowers of sulphur, and shook them w
ell
of
the
PEAR TREES. These trees and their fruit suffer from much the same pests as Apples. POTATOES. The Potato disease (Phytophthora infestans) is too well known to require any description. The best means of preventing an attack are to grow the kinds that are least liable to be attacked, and not to grow them again on ground that has borne an infested crop for at least two years. Every scrap of such a crop that cannot be used for human food should be
if
a crop
is
ROSES.
There
are
at
the
black'
Spraying w
ith
The
should be collected and burnt as soon as they have fallen, and the bushes well sprayed the
following spring with sulphate of copper before the buds open.
The
The
best
remedy
for the
black spot
leaves
TOMATOES.
The
it
is
of
is
one
for
which no remedy
do
is
way
any
into
the plants through their roots, and no outward application of an insecticide can be of
use.
After
bad
attack',
to
is
to
clear
out of
the house
FUNGI.
altogether, and to
of
sulphate of iron.
The black
spot (Macrosporium tomato) should be met by thorough spraying with sulphide of potassium
of the
FUNGICIDES.
THE
following
are
among
quart
the
best
efficacious
remedies:
of
solution of carbonate of
copper. Carbonate
of hot
copper
ioz.,
carbonate
of
these together
in
water
or ioz. of
water
(26deg.),
of
then
add
is
9 gallons
water.
This
Bordeaux
not
mixture, and
does
on
leave
any
sediment
the plants.
Bordeaux
Dissolve
of
Mixture.
of
little
5
iooz.
in
sulphate
boiling
copper
water
and
;
add
gallons of
in
water
pour
is
cool
of
into
the
stir
solution
all
copper,
together.
and
well
To
so as to be quite sure
will
not
injure
the
a
foliage,
hold
the
in
blade of
it
bright knife
;
for
is
minute
if
the
all
blade
right,
unchanged
if
it
is
but
of
the steel
shows
signs
deposit of copper
Dissolve
of
ioz.
of
sulphide
of
of
sul-
potassium (liver
in
phur)
quart
it
hot
with 2h
Sulphur
with,
in
powder (flowers
of
sulphur)
is
useful in attacks of
little
mildew
to paint
to dust plants
and
in
mixed with a
it
water,
the
hot-water
of sulphur
pipes with as a
is
remedy
is
for
mildew, but
Flowers
very common remedy, but known more amongst professional growers than
is
to the
amateur,
is
which
point
a pity, as
to
it
efficacious
when
That
the
not
made
a
is
of course
more
to
it
difficult to
overcome.
than others,
detected.
Once
plant becomes
command, and immediately the presence much diseased, it rarely indeed recovers
health
and vigour,
514
515
FRUIT
TREES
BEAUTY.
By George
is
so generally the custom for fruit trees to be relegated to the kitchen garden or
IT
other
in
it
will
appear to
many
an
innovation to mention
connection
shrubberies.
But they
combine
much beauty in their vernal flowers and autumnal fruit, that they can be, and are, made use of by many first-rate amateurs and gardeners to furnish subjects of interest
which appear
presented
in
surroundings.
For instance,
part
in
in
trees
play
no
inconsiderable
the
general
effect
by that admirably planned and beautiful place, simply because the Rev. W. Wilks, the well-known secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society and Vicar of Shirley,
has placed them artistically
in
their
shall
upon which
to
to
of fruit trees
background
large
shrubberies, a few
outside
boundary
the
(as
viewed from
its
the house),
and, taking
purpose
first,
Dutch
Medlar
should be one;
natural
rich foliage
are
very
conspicuous, and
weeping
its
suitable
broad
in
and
closely-set
its
foliage
forms a
delieiously
shade
in
the
autumn
also
If
fruits
are
very acceptable
jelly
when
bletted
(ripened)
cool
store,
and they
make admirable
there
is
for
game.
corner on the lawn, a Quince would thrive on the banks
pond
or
damp
i6
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
pool,
OF
GARDENING.
a or
If
of the
in
and such
tree
in
is
very beautiful,
its
either
June with
which
large
cook-
white
will
and blush
for
cupped flowers,
purposes.
if
October with
garden
is
golden
fruit,
the
utilise
various
;
the
of
sufficient
is
extent a
Black
Mulberry should
the
be
planted
possible
less liable to
In
old.
growth
Mulberry
is
not
elegant,
as
its
foliage
is
but
its
rigid outline
when surrounded by
or
such as the
cut-leaved Beech.
combined there are no better subjects than the John Downie and
The former is best as a standard, as its numerous long oval fruits cause the tree to weep, and when ripe, in September, they present a rich appearance, as the tree bears profusely. The Dartmouth Crab is better as a pyramidal tree, when it should be pruned hard for two or three years and then be allowed to extend itself. The fruits are large, and assume a rich dark Mulberry colour when ripe, covered with a dense bloom. They are handsome on the trees, as also when used for table decoration.
Dartmouth Crabs.
Near the
sea,
or
e
along the
r
South
a n d
of
Western Coasts
Britain, the
Cher
or
fruit,
r
P u
I
Myrobelle bears
and
is
hardy
Its
blosin
in
Britain.
snowy white
F
eb
r
soms greet us
uary
a n d
Blackthorn,
us
a
giving
welof
come
foretaste
if
spring, and
the
is
flowering season
q u e n
ly
sets.
trees
There
are
handsome,
find
and
when they
-
are
from free
bearing
more
freely
than seedlings. An
example
red and
fruits tree,
my
yell o w
on the same
is
interesting
and
profitable.
FRUIT
At the same
lovelv
TREES
FOR
ORNAMENT
AND
BEAUTY.
5<7
time the
Kind,
purple
leaved
in
Prunus
tlie
Pissardi,
which
con-
forms
trast to
such a pleasant
its
snow white
Mirobelles
flowers,
The
of
seldom
becomes
nevertheIt
tarts.
is
probable that
tions
in
selected situa-
Satsuma,
which Mr.
bank has
raised in California,
may become useful. Among Apples there are many kinds well worth
cultivation
for
their
will
blossom
alone, but
we
now take
and
utility.
Standard trees
of the
suitablefor lawns.
Gas-
striking
when
its
scarlet fruits
are
If
ripening
in
October.
spur
the
boughs
are
pruned
they
carry
festoons
of
fruit
which,
in
the
South
at
least,
colour to
perfection,
making them available for decorations in a high degree when objects upon the tree. Cox's Pomona also makes a fine lawn tree,
produces
a
and
fine
its
Peasgood's
bold
large
foliage,
foliage,
Nonsuch
and
if
named have
with
fourth
pale
should
Loddington Seedling,
be
;
brilliant
flowers,
and handsome
well
may
added.
The
dessert
sorts,
with
smaller foliage,
are
not so
adapted
for
our
purpose
profusion
of
lar^e
suitable
background
D'Amanlis,
of
trees
Beurre
and
Pitmaston
seem worthy of a garden space. Jargonelle, Duchess have ample foliage and produce a
6ft. circle i8in.
prodigious
In
number
start
in
order
to
them
well,
five
approach within
2ft.
of
first
at
a large crop
Stock),
some liquid manure will ensure all the nutriment show and sweet-scented annuals, as Mignonette, Mathiola or showy annuals, as Godetias, Clarkias, Candytufts,
cleared spaces.
could be
grown on such
introduce
also
be
well to
sume
of
i8
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
and Pears at the rear
beries.
this of shrub-
The
trees planted in
position at Shirley
make
mended
for
these
positions,
by the
flower
reward us
the
by
picking
out
buds, so that
look'
these
subjects
their
weedy and
lose
beauty.
A few
Claurgeau,
Pears, as Beurre
Beurre
Capiau-
and others
of upright
growth
may
but
be
used
for
contrast,
choice
to
Pears
cannot be
under
fruit
expected
succeed
concerned.
to
It is
also hope-
less
expect
trees
crop
from
on
a
Cherry
ally
planted
fruit
is
lawn, as the
especi;
tempting to birds
but,
must be found
tre-
for a
standard
of
flowers
in
manner.
Elton
best,
Heart, Governor
River's
Early,
in
the
Duke
is
growth
most
Although this
paper,
recommending
beautiful
the
Double
all
Avium
flore-pleno),
which
is
the
and graceful of
Bv
W. Crump,
of the
am
1
enabled to give
illustrations of the
of
Pear-covered walk's
root pruning
fruit.
It
in
and
then
is,
however, best
to
confine
one's
choice
possessing
At
walks meet
the centre
of
;
the
four-quartered
garden,
by
tall
and
not
in
it
would be
plant a
few
trees of
the kitchen
garden.
Hall
Cordons are used to form arches quickly, but, as shown in the view taken at Preston Gardens by the owner's kindness, the trees were there first planted as espaliers and
in
then trained
crown
of the
arch, while to
make
a variety after
Fruit
horizontal
trees
for
ornament
or
and
fifth
beauty.
rod
519
to
the
fifth
tier
had
was allowed
throw up
perpendicular shoots, which were disposed at equal distances and then arched over.
The
best
will
be found,
Bonne, Durondeau, Emile d'Heyst, General Todleben, Fondante de Thirriott, Beurre Hardy,
Beurre Superfin, Pitmaston Duchess, Clapp's Favourite, Conference, Beurre Jean Van Geert, and Belle Julie
avoided
; ;
all
Doyenne du Cornice, however, is worth a trial. Apples for the same purposes must be free bearers and upon
as, for dessert lands,
of
Rouge Precoce,
Pippin,
Ross
Nonpariel, Mabbott's
Pearmain, Allington
Pippin,
Pearmain,
Golden
Reinette,
Baumann's
Lane's
Reinette,
and
for
Castle,
Grenadier,
Golden
Spire,
Lord
Derby,
Bismarck',
Prince Albert,
NOTE.
All
fruits,
if
espaliers are desired, but avoid Ribston Pippin and those kinds liable to canker.
In
fruit trees
nearer
trees,
will
than
or
3ft.
from the
subjects
the taller
shade the
this
fruit too
much.
For
purpose a
greater
in
small
made by forming
iron
pavilions of
with
a
if
central
garden
seat, and
five or
wooden
lattice
work, as
this
than iron.
Such an erection
form
a
more walks
object
will
pretty
when covered
Berry
(a
Logan
from
new
the
hybrid
America),
phcenico-
the
with
the Virginian
CROSS
WALK AT MADRESFIELD
COURT.
520
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
and the pretty
a stone one,
old
There are
very
rich in
autumn.
if
a pergola,
formed
of the
pavilion,
if
also
be
desired,
any
of the free-growing
Clematis, with
Aristolochia
As
berries,
am now
which the
little
is
a case of friction
when they
pluck indiscriminately
in
Gooseberries
are
when
trained
in
fan or
cordon
form
(see
figures),
and
if
needed
birds
by
netting.
Beds
for
Straw-
many
will
besides
the
ciate
young
the
folks
free
appreof
liberty
few
white
Raspberries,
ones,
will
especially
be
appre-
ciated.
Cultural
for
details are
all
if
very simple
jects
named, and
after
is
care
is
needed, as
only
when
heavy crop
Strawberries
is
set that
is
sumin
mer nutriment
rows
bed,"
necessary.
need not be
or isolated, as a
"lazy-
so
is
called,
where the
ground
heavily mulched
in
February.
The porch
cottage,
of a
country
as
itself,
the
illustration
its
made unique and useful. The photograph speaks can be imagined when the Pear trees of which it is composed are
shows,
be
may
for
in
and
beauty
may
FRUITS
taking
FOR
me
MANSION'S.
observe that as far as the culture and
I
my
of
second
fruit
subject,
let
at once
IN matters
of
selection
trees
for the
am aware
that these
whose experience as the "man on the spot" will undoubtedly be of more value than any suggestions of mine. But there is a side to the question which can take up without in any way usurping the functions hope even to give him a few new ideas and hints, as necessarily the gardener, and
are usually
left to
the head-gardener,
my
me
an advantage which
many
FRUITS
gardeners cannot possess.
FOR
for
MANSIONS.
this
is
521
My
reason
writing
chapter
in
is
because on
all
sides
taken
fruit
culture by the
owners
the
often
large
gardens
they watch
all,
ith
keen
interest
the
growth
of
the
various
kinds,
now
dinner
to
other meals
and,
as a
when/
rule,
fruit
is
This
the
very helpful
the gardener,
fruit are
he
rises
to the
talk's
one
I
of his greatest
pleasures
at
among
named
in
many
anxious duties.
1
"
say,
w hen
ate,
was
last
month
Pears
This
is
ever
anil
the gardener
Cornice.
Can you
interest to
supply
1
trees,
infer
etc.
"
P
letters
further
from
it
that the
is
becoming
of
much
the
upper classes.
So
much
have
for a preface.
;
fruit for
proper
let
us, then,
a
the
moment we
First,
let
will
suppose
it
we
into
to
form
modern
us divide
in
four equal
to
quarters,
reserving space for glasshouses under the south wall, and then,
order
make
with
it
an interesting resort,
we will mark' off a 6ft. path from and when halfway branch off at right
a cross.
we
and
ambles
(both
8ft.
riiilit
path of the
We
we
border from
continuous
back'
Pears,
in
if
at
15ft.
apart, of the
to wires
1 ft.
apart, and
to
they
will
appear
like
the illustration,
in
the borders.
etc.,
much, Hollyhocks,
Harpaliums,
Delphiniums,
APPLES.
Nonsuch,
Sudeley,
Mr.
of
Gladstone, Duchess
of
Lady
Albert,
Golden Spire,
Stone's or
Loddington,
Lane's
and Allington
Pippin.
PEARS.
Belle
will
Clapp's
is
Favourite,
Julie,
Colmar
d'Ete,
Beurre
Marguerite, Conference,
and
and
others
meet our wants, while other desirable kinds can be placed elsewhere.
Nothing
turf
;
to
in
form
these
central
walk's,
it
is
by the machine
or
but
follow the
material.
of
from them,
the south
of gravel
some convenient
a
We
or
will
presume that
ornamental,
in
the
u
centre of
tasteful
set of glasshouses,
corridor
in
more
less
with
entrance from
of
the
centre walk' to
where a few
the handsomest greenhouse plants shall welcome the visitor, and that
will
range of houses
contain
a house for
for
late-keeping Grapes,
Hamburgh
the best
class,
Court.
There
will
also
be
Fig are
trained, St.
John's,
ischia
if
grown
the
in
Prolific,
is
Bourjasotte Grise,
Vislet Sepor,
Monaco
in
Pot culture
outside
preferable,
be removed,
ripen
wood,
;
to
quarters,
and
the
house
can
then
he
used
lor
Chrysanthemums, etc. an early Peach house, and a late house tor Peaches and Nectarines. These houses should be lofty at the back' and some iSft. wide inside. It is found that
Peaches and Nectarines, planted
in
flat
trees,
ripen
522
THE
CENTURY
lift,
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
flat-trained
of
trees,
and
in
that
plan.
manner greater variety can be introduced with an arrangement A supply can be obtained from June to October by planting such
at
sorts
after
:
this
as the following
Starting
the
warmest
end,
we
begin
with
Amsden
June
Peach,
Waterloo
Peach,
Cardinal
Nectarine, Earl}' Rivers' Nectarine, Early York Peach, Condor Peach, Lord
Napier Nectarine,
Dryden
Nectarine,
Bellegarde
Orange
Nectarine,
Dymond
the
Victoria
Peach,
Princess of Wales Peach, Late Devonian Peach, Gladstone Peach, Lady Palmerston Peach, or others of like season. The illustration, kindly supplied by Mr. Challis of the noted Wilton House Gardens, will show better than words what may be accomplished, but most of the fruit had been In front of these glass erections there will be picked before the photograph was taken.
Nectarine
Peach,
Nectarine,
borders
for
the
fronts of
etc.,
the
other
houses can
be
filled
used to cut
scented
will
decoration.
On
the
Vine
borders
masses
avoid
Mathiola
bicornis will
in
not
injure
etc.,
The
manure,
flower
so
as
it
to
will
cutting
when manure
barrow upon.
needed
for
borders
be easy to lay
down boards
fill,
to run the
We
at
of the
south wall to
and upon
plant
some Apricots
15ft.
choice
Precoce de Boulbon,
Frogmore Early,
In the
Large Early,
Earliest,
early,
Rivers'
Early
York,
Early
Grosse Mignonne
FRUITS
FOR
MANSIONS.
5-3
v c
Noblesse
rather
late, Belle-
BP
garde,
Late
ton
;
Dy mond,
Gladstone,
Princess of
e c
n a
i
a
,
e s
r r
1
y
s',
Lord
N
E
1
v e
a p
r
ESI 'ALTER
ge
Pine Apple, Dryden, Pitmaston Orange, Humhold, Newton, Spenser, and Stanwick Elruge.
Golden Eagle, Pine Apple, Pitmaston Orange, and Humbold are yellow fleshed, the others white.
It
is
now becoming
8ft.,
the custom in
many
and
gardens to
plant
trees
of
Peaches and Nectarines, and to train the side branches right and
height of 6ft. to
apart,
lifting
left,
attain a
(
a spread of
3ft. to 5ft.,
fruit quickly.
Such
ft.
in
On
some
15ft.
will
be
well
to
plant
one
6ft.
stem-trained
wall rapidly.
standard
If
tree
of the
filled
may
is
be
up with Tomatoes
a year or
two
until
the trees
the space.
It
Mushroom
back
of
the
houses near.
lower
in
We
will
more are
15ft.
desired,
and
here
at
:
apart.
We
introduce
the
Plums,
as
well
as
few choice
Pears
Rivers'
Sturt,
Czar,
Cenniston's Gage, Belgian Purple, Jefferson's Gage, kirke's Blue Gage, Early Transparent
Gage, Comte d'Hatthem's Gage, Oullin's Golden Gage, Golden Esperen, Old Green Gage,
Brvanston Gage, Anna Spath, Bonne Bouche, Late Transparent Gage, Coe's Golden Drop,
Monarch, and Rivers' Golden Transparent.
Pears
:
Doyenne du
to
fill
Cornice, Olivier des Serres, Easter Beurre, Beurre Superfin, and Winter Nel;s, and
as
cordons
or
three-branch trees to give early green fruit for tarts, and also some good ripe fruit for early
dessert; and for this
falls
We
next come
fan trees at
Gilogil,
to
the
This
15ft.
Catillac,
late
Plums
continue
FRUITS
Heine Claude de Bavay, and Bonne Bouche
plant a few
of the
FOR
will
MANSIONS.
answer
this
525
Flemish and
Few
all
require
spaces.
The
it
wall spaces
;
with
late
;
Gooseberries, say
Warrington, Rifleman
for
late
use, as
may
require
the space.
On
they
in
may
and
to
be
the South
for
West
of England, Pears
2ft.
will
warmer
spots,
preference cordons at
apart.
as pyramidal
the open
Earliest:
Early:
(September-October),
*Pitmaston
Superfin,
*Triomphe de
*Belle
to
Julio,
Vienne,
Marguerite
Marrilat,
*Fondante d'Automne,
Hardy,
*Beurre
Jean
Van
Ccjrt,
*Beurre
(December
Beurre de Jonghe, Nouvelle Fulvie, *Josephine de Malines, *Zephorin Gregoire, Easter Beurre,
'
Duchess de Bordeaux.
(Those marked
* also
succeed as pyramids
of the wall
"1
they are ready to be taken up, root pruned, and reset on the walls at an angle.
are
in
he walls
now
clothed, but
it
is
them
may occupy
positions
before
may
when
fruit trees.
The
most
ful to
inside
borders must
now be
dealt with.
The
12ft.
also
grow
bush trees
of the choicest
Apples, such a s
Cox's
O
R
1
r
i
a n ge
s t o n
i
P pp
M other,
and Ailington Pippin,
also
nearest
the
wall
1
C
be
to
Blanc
may
good
grown
a
size
and
CORDON PEARS.
perfected.
526
THE
place
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Many
next
double
path
(at
cordons
i8in.
the
to
distance)
form an edging,
on
is,
and
west, and
side.
also
It
the
northern
to 4ft.
left
tree roots
is
soil
make
this
fruit
new
soil
of
width,
and
confine the
trees to
all
this
space,
as
they
hard
fatal
rejoice
and
flourish in
is
soil.
Nothing
a
ire
than
crop of
highlyin
should
leave north
the
borders
next the
for
and
west
wal'.s
Strawberries,
south side.
of the Earlies
such
kinds as
President, British
Queen, and
mam
the
of
which Latest
of
All,
Queen
Denma
and
Eleanor,
Waterloo,
or
Loxford
Hall
are
the
best.
We
have
are
here
we enumerate
therefore
select
to
culture,
and
long jointed,
treated as
make
well-spurred
shall
trees.
The
later
latter
best
for
deal with
on.
We
then
double cordons
APPLHS (Dessert).
Mr.
Sudeley, Kerry Pippin, Yellow Ingestrie, Margil, Calville Rouge Preeoce, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Kitchen
Duchess
of
PEARS. Colmar
now
be dealt with.
It
may be
by
to plant
them with
in
we
will
now
indicate such
may
be grown
them
desired.
It is
FRUITS
Red, the Hautbois, the
FOR
MANSIONS.
Joseph and Oregon, with
borders.
527
new autumnal
a larger
selection can
be
(late),
made from Kitley's Goliath, Wonderful, Sir Charles N ipier, Au.miste Boisselot, Elton Pine Dumbarton Castle, Trollope's \ ictoria, Sir Joseph Paxton, and Countess (very fine)
:
;
and
to provide
from
the
the
Strawberries
some
Pears
fruit
trees
in
bush
form,
or
pyramidal
a
if
of
leading Apples
and
should
he
planted, and
to give
of
character
work the
portions
walk's
some free-bearing,
Pott's
Seedling,
House, Golden Spire, Bismarck', Cockle Pippin, or Baumann's Reinette, which naturally form
of
the
in
the
centre,
such as are
fruitful to
and handsome
provide
growth,
many
in
the orchard
as
near
good
store fruit.
For example,
Plums are
Gold
not,
as a rule, satisfactory
For
be
recommended
Alexander,
Kitchen
Medal,
Emperor
Derby,
Stone's
or
Loddington,
of
Peasgood's
Nonsuch,
Warner's King,
Lord
Gascoyne's
Seedling,
Beauty
Kent,
;
Tower
of
for dessert:
Kerry Pippin, Lady Sudeley, James Grieve, Cox's Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Allington Pippin, Egremont Russet, Hubbard's Pearmain, Adams' Pearmain, Mannington Pearmain,
addition
to
those
named
previously,
:
the
following
good
kinds
of
Pears
make
handsome and
Thirriott,
prolific
Hacon's
Incomparable,
Beurre d'Amanlis,
Doyenne Boussoch
(bush), with Bellissime d'Hiver, and Vicar of Winkfield for stewing, and stewed Pears are
often highly appreciated.
528
THE
Cherries of the
CENTURY
BOOK OF GARDENING.
families can he planted on the east and
or
is
They should, however, be introduced inside on the same aspects. necessary to net them to protect the fruit from birds, and the following
:
Belle d'Orleans,
Guigne d'Annonay
(black),
May Duke
Royal
Duke
Frogmore Bigarreau,
Archduke (red), Elton Heart (white), Waterloo Black, Black Heart, Kent Bigarreau (white),
Napoleon Bigarreau (white), Bigarreau Emperor Francis (red), Bigarreau Noir de Schrecken
(black), Reine Hortense (red), Late
(black), and Black Tartarian (late).
In
Duke
(red), Noir de
Guben
(black),
Geant Hedelfingen
the quarters also a selection of bush Gooseberries and Currants must be provided,
and preferably they should be planted so that an overhead netting can be placed to protect
the fruit from birds.
all,
Many make
The
large
permanent enclosure
of
is,
after
in
the cheapest.
flavour as the
*Champagne, *Ball, Leveller, Leader, Drill, Ringer red, Crown Bob, 'ironmonger, Whinham's Industry, *Warrington, Lord Derby, Lancashire Lad, Rifleman, Bobby, Dan's Mistake, Monarch white, *Cheshire Lass, Lancer, Careless, Whitesmith, Alma green, *Hedgehog, *Rosebery, Keepsake, Philip the First, *Greengage, Telegraph, and Ocean. (Those marked * are the
smaller kinds.
following will be found reliable:
;
The
Yellow,
of
getting standard
of
Currants
and
;
Gooseberries
by grafting on
a pretty
way
they can
the same way as standard Roses. CURRANTS. Scotch Red (early), Raby
Prolific
Castle (red),
New
Black
(red),
White Dutch,
White
Versailles,
Black
Naples,
Bunyard's
should
be
Golden Queen. Autumnal Raspberries: Belle de Fontenay (red), and Fourseasons (yellow and red).
and
In
Perpetual
de
Biilard
(red),
an
orchard
of
fruits,
such
as
I
etc.
For
(late
of
Damsons Damson).
Damsons, recommend
For Plums,
two
of
the white
Bullace.
Newton Wonder
Pippin,
for
dessert,
stock
in
bush form.
the
On
St.
borders
outside
the
;
walled
also
gardens
such
plant
Rhubarb
as
in
variety,
as
Martin's,
Paragon,
and
Victoria
outside
fruits
Quinces,
Siberian
and
Dartmouth Crabs, the cut-leaved Blackberry, the Wine Berry, Logan Berry, Barberry, and
the various Nuts, the prolific
It
Filbert,
Kentish
best.
is
but
we
who have read my notes to this point should say, "Oil, new place, but want to improve the garden we have."
garden can be altered
it
yes,
Yes,
certainly
idea to
is in
work
and an
old
when
In
desired, retaining
to
may
associations,
new
life
and
interest.
many gardens
filled in
there
scores
of
may
replanting, and,
cases where
to cropping
new
trees
come
FRUITS
FOR
MANSIONS.
that, so far,
52Q
so that a
have catered
for the
best fruit
It
for the
heat;
fall
cooler climes
it
is
as well to have
if
it
the temperature
artificial
heat
of
hot-water pipes, as a
in
trees are in
to
finish 100ft.
Apples,
Pears,
and Peaches.
ventilation,
We
pitch
of
its
prefer
bouse,
in
say,
by
20ft.,
and a
some
12ft.
in
15ft.
the centre.
The
illustration
in
gives an idea of
as they are
the
structure
and
contents
in
September.
complete
Th e
trees
should be
pots,
readily
moved
outside
summer
to
the
ripening of
their
woody
growth, and
fruit
is
by October the
this
lofty
in a
sunny
bottom,
on
an
ash
be placed
they
will
may
trees
until
the weather
The
outside
may
be
kept
themums
are over.
Peaches
more
;
be grown
in.
the
same
house.
The
kinds should be
to ripen
when
not
1
fruits
are
plentiful, therefore e a
Apples, Pears, and Plums
be
omitted,
may
AN ORCHARD HOUSE INTERIOR.
but
the
whole
even
been
in a
show how fine the fruit can be rrown Beyond the removable trees in pots, the
examples, and prove ornamental.
it
supports can becovered with choice cordon Pears, planted out, which, although on ecannot depend
upon them
for
few extra
tine
The beauty
struck'
tree blossom
deserves, and
was where a lot of worn-out trained, pyramidal, and bent trees were in evidence. "Why don't you " Oh can't do that, because cut down all this rubbish and plant some useful trees ? " Never mind, gardener, her ladyship comes every day to see them when in blossom, and says,
!
when
'
am
quite repaid
by
their
fruit to follow.'
"
53o
Copyright.
"COUNTRY LIFE
FRUITS
FOR
VILLA
GARDENS.
53'
PROPOSE
here to confine
details
my
as
remarks only
the
to
such
cultural
villa
possessor
at
of a
small
garden
to
may have
his
of
command, and
really useful trees,
limited
selection
attention
will
give
good
return
for
labour
expended.
In
old
it
is
really
that
is
manure, as the land, from frequent working and heavy manuring, at last becomes so porous and
light that fruit
trees
fail
Thus they
and frequently
fail
which the
trees or bushes
may have
lies
other words,
the
difficulty
it
beneath
the
ground.
all
In
starting,
will
cankered
of
ground
2ft.
is
cleared the
soil
should be trenched
sprinkle
i
work proceeds
in
soil.
if
in
the proportion of
gallon
barrow-load of
This
will
make
say
i
the
very
light
and gravelly
pint
some rock
to a
may
be sprinkled
in,
barrow-load
of soil,
removed beneath
them
ift.
the surface.
This
will
can be arranged
new
so
trees
should
in
loam worked
trees
at
planting
Plant
all
that
root
the roots
are near
the
surface
carefully
if
and
each
and
rootlet
must be
of
spread out.
When
dry
will
water
These remarks
espaliers,
Goose-
Should the
soil
manure used
it,
in
and
in
such
always
danger
all
deeply, so that
in
tap
roots
trees,
must be shortened
and root pruning
before planting
new
of
pruned the
season,
the
fruit
first
if
season, and
the
following
but
if
the
rest
another
as
spring
prove
dry
may
drop;
remain
fertile
is
return.
late
OF
GARDENING.
in
532
THE
There are
CENTURY
BOOK
October.
frequently large
pyramidal
trees
way
to treat
them
or
is
to take out
when they
ist.
will
commence
to bear the
spray being
kept
of
warning
to those
it
who
I
their fruit
for
by
labelling
seldom
recommend, therefore,
a
planters to
purchase
such
sorts
as
prolific,
which
require
minimum
in
of
pruning, and also to avoid late sorts, as they are useless for those
cool
who have
not a proper
a dry
store.
Too
often
late sorts
fit
and stored
room
the
or
cellar,
1
healthy
and
prevent
attack's
in
red
spider,
the close
walled
Gooseberries an J
and care
be taken
leaves
to
syringe
as well
the
as
under -sides
the
the
freely
upper.
the
set a
crop,
thin
possible,
With
as
In
these
precautions
in
very
fine
fruit
the Metropolitan
district,
demonstrated
dry seasons
at
the
shows
the
of
near
London.
and
Clay's
water
trees
freely,
or
once a
week some
nitrate
soda
Fertiliser,
to the
it
may
be added
is
water, say 2oz. to 4 gallons of water a good plan to make a hole in the earth
so
that
the
water can
proceed
proportion
of the for
stimulant.
plan
also
admirable
Strawberries.
not
it
only does
in
require
attention
when
it
is
fruit,
during
hot
dry
seasons
is
of
July,
August,
and September,
will
amply
repaid,
as
it
is
preparing to
produce the
When
the
destroyed by red spider and drought the necessary action of the leaves cannot be
carried
on,
fails.
An
I
idea
of
the
forms
of trees
remarks
will
proceed
as to
to
select
the
of
kinds of fruits
tree.
I
best
few
hints
the
best form
select
only
bear
freely
and regularly.
(all
DESSERT PEARS
July-August:
succeed as pyramids
and
bushes on Quince
or
as cordons).
October-November
Triomphe de Vienne,
large
and good
FRUITS
FOR
VILLA
GARDENS.
it
533
enormous, not
Julie,
first
rate,
;
but good
if
gathered before
is
ripe
Belle
DESSERT
Mr. Gladstone,
a
Paradise
stock
* for
it
they are
all
suited
for
amateur
:
standards, bushes, or
July-August
;
prune
fertile
;
sparely,
as
on
the
points
*Devonshire
Septemberfruit,
Kerry Pippin,
rich
flavour and
Yellow
Ingestrie,
children's
tree.
very
November
December:
flavour
The New
Orange
several of
*King
in
of the Pippins,
very
:
prolific
*Ross Nonpareil,
The
following
come
after
Christmas
COOKING APPLES
parent, most prolific;
(best on the
of
Paradise stock')-
August-September
fertile;
*Duchess
best
very
prolific
and handsome.
;
October:
of
all
*Pott's Seedling,
very
prolific
*Grenadier,
Codlins
finest
*Stirling
of
its
Castle,
class,
November-December:
*Bismarck,
fine
*Lord
Derby,
an
the
Apple
the
of
and productive;
Albert,
Warner's
King,
largest,
fine
best
as
pyramid.
fruit,
January
Lane's Prince
enormous bearer
quality.
Prolific,
SELECT PLUMS. (i) Rivers' Early Prolific, purple, very early; an early Damson Plum; (3) Rivers' Czar, rich flavour, fruit
Belgian
Purple, very
(2) Rivers'
in
Blue
clusters, purple;
;
heavy cropper
for
(6)
;
any form
dessert;
(7)
(8)
or
(9)
rich;
Belle de
Louvain, large,
Seedling,
cooking;
large,
(10)
pink';
fine.
Rivers'
Early
Transparent
Gage,
very
(11)
Pond's
very
(12) Rivers' Monarch, rich purple, and latest good Plum; (13) Bryanston Gage, late and
For wall use Old Green
3,
1,
5,
6, 7,
2,
5,
10,
8,
all
and cordons.
Warrington.
9,
GOOSEBERRIES.
Whitesmith,
Yellow
Champagne,
Industry,
Lancashire
Lad,
and
Scotch.
Versailles.
Raspberries. Superlative. STRAWBERRIES. Vicomtesse H. de Thury (early), Trollope's Victoria, President, Royal Sovereign (early), Dumbarton Castle, and Eleanor for late. A succession of Strawberries
is
important.
in
given to amateurs.
to
in
November
in
and extends
April.
if
If
the land
opportunity can
If
be seized
directions
the
work
is
well
done success
the
will
will
ensue.
simple
for
required,
little
consult
Society.
it
This
pamphlet
great value to
amateur
if
fruit
growers, as
be taken
in
contains
sound
information.
Fruit culture
simple enough
proper care
course, the
management, otherwise,
profit, as
of
results will
the
work
all
of
one
whose experience
in his
is
kinds
are
trials
made
new
ED.]
534
FRUIT FARMING.
WHERE
season to
profit
is
looked
for,
in
one's
differ
from those
previously advised, as
the growth of
our
home markets we
which have a
size,
must,
in
order to
command
success,
grow those
varieties
or else
have special
qualities,
colour,
or
commend them
to the
popular taste.
recommended
may
we
shall
now
introduce
others of fair quality, but which are heavier bearers, and require less attention than the best " Oh fruit growing is overdone now, or soon will be." garden fruits. It is a common remark,
!
The same
grown
pessimistic cry arose fifty years back, and yet to-day the average price of fruit
is
enormous increase
in
acreage.
There
is
for well-
fruit,
when
home-grown
form
we must
home-grown
fruits
The most
profitable
of fruit culture
that
known
as a plantation,
where there
is
a top crop
Currants, or where
all
Such
;
a plantation
it
never
fails to yield a
good return,
but
will
or
in
a grass orchard.
best raised
arable or cultivated
land,
and start
off
but at the
if
planting too
many
few
of
one kind
for profit;
not less than twenty-four trees of one variety should be planted, or less than five
of
sorts
is
is
for
in
local
markets.
further mistake
made by
good
FRUIT
year
it
FARMING.
soil,
535
order.
It is
far
better to lose a
in
merely cleaning
to plant on land
is
for
foul
Another error
often
committed by purchasing
of trees
at
sales
by auction.
will
to
name and
In
at auction
sales.
the end.
in
" the trees, but plant each one carefully, never too
the
rabbits
and hares
be wired
should be
either
all
3 J-ft.
by single wires
to
orchard trees, or
in
soil,
so that the
under
scarce,
in
it.
If
of
often
ruin
hundreds
of trees
one night.
Provided the proposed
fruit
it
plantation
is
or
orchard
is
the position
is
not material
but
better
to
catch the early morning sun, which often destroys the blossom.
the Italian Poplar
is
Where
shelter
is
needed
Care should always be taken to cut these as otherwise the base will become bare, and if the hedge be A,
wind break
.
main stems
of the
in a
boys and
ground game.
GATHERING.
sacking or in lined
It
pays well
to
have
all
in
baskets
lined
with soft
in
The
form
of
bushel
the worst possible way, and packing shed only spring vans should be used, as " condition " on
getting
arrival
all
it
to the store or
its
at
market
is
an
In
packing, discard
any specked
fruit will
or
firsts
and seconds
In
of the
command
let
much
if
mixed.
salesman, and
also
name
of the fruit,
be advised
by post
culture
of
the
number
in
of
baskets,
the
sorts
of
of
conveyance.
Summer
6ft. circle),
consists
keeping
the
land
thoroughly
free
their
from weeds
stems (say
in
the
weeds next
a 3ft. to a
to early thinning of
the fruit
when
heavy
crop
for
is
set.
may
early thinning;
is
labour,
crop
much better perfected that it makes more money than if it had not been The summer pruning consists in removing useless spray and suckers that arise from
so
the stocks
The winter w
of the trees,
ork consists
to
in
is
and further
form them
soft fruits,
done, collect
the primings
etc.
The
short fined fork, and be left rough for the winter frosts
is
soil.
Manure
it
usually got
in
is
commenced, but on
is
better to place
completed.
;
manures are decidedly preferable, as they do not bring weeds on the land
:,
536
but once
THE
in
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
dung
is
recommended, say
in
at forty
an orchard;
it is
best placed on the surface a short distance from the steins, so that the
it.
feeding roots
may
at
once assimilate
In
it
is
not possible
Hardy
Wright's "Profitable Fruit Culture" (the prize essay Bunyard's " Fruit Farming for Profit," fourth edition.
the
Fruiterers'
Company), and
of
TENANCY OR FREEHOLD.
have enough
capital
to
It
is
at
is
once
While he may
of landlords
carry on
fruit
farm
until
it
pays
its
There
is,
meet enterprising
by allowing
a
clients,
all
the
work and
also
which
be a
but
in
money
or before a landlord
little
enters into
outlay.
of the
If
novice
has
small
capital
he
might buy a
at
of
farm, and
4 per cent., which would yet leave him a small rent; but he would retain the power redemption and be his own master. After a long experience, have never known an
I
energetic
man
fail
in
fruit culture.
failures,
;
over-
taking a farmer
speculation than
who
has borrowed
money
outlay,
to
start with
business-like foresight.
a fair
With attention
careful
energy, there
be
is
return for
to a
made
when
good season
in
comes a
a
man
will
lay
by
nest egg to
meet
possible adverse
season
the future.
list of
in
APPLES.
Beauty
Early
of Bath,
Mr. Gladstone, Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, dessert kinds Duchess Favourite, Devonshire Quarrenden. Store dessert: King of the Pippins,
:
Allington Pippin,
Early cooking
White Trans-
pa
e n
Lord Grosv e n
or,
Grenadier,
Stirling
Castle
and
north e
r
for
n
districts,
E
v
c
i
k
1
n
e
Domino,
Golden
S p
i
re.
Store
cooking Warner's
King,
Bism arck,
A
Newton
FRUIT
FARMING.
537
Wonder, Lord Derby, Lane's Prince Albert, and Bramley's Seedling. Lady Sudeley, Allington Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin, Baumann's Reinette, Stirling Castle, Bismarck', and Lane's Prince
Albert are better grown
but
all
in
stock' of in half-standard
form
for plantations,
can be cultivated
in this
manner
Dr.
Guyot,
Beurre
Capiaumont,
Williams's
Bon
Beurre Clairgeau, Durondeau, Louise Bonne, Emile d'Heyst, and Pitmaston Duchess.
PLUMS.
bushes,
Rivers' Czar.
For standards
Medium:
all
grown
also as half-standards or
Prolific,
tlie latter
by preference
for
exposed situations.
Early: Rivers'
Victoria.
Early Orleans,
Gage,
Napoleon,
Kent
Frogmore
Early Bigarreau.
(as
Reds:
in
some
May Duke.
Damsons.
more
Early,
Bradley's
Prune
of
and
Hereford.
GOOSEB E R R
Crown
dustry,
shire
(ripe),
E S
In-
Bob,
Whinham's
Whitesmith,
and Keepsake.
Lanca-
Lad,
Warrington Late
Cherry,
Black
Currants.
Raspberries (Red).
Bunyard's
Superlative
and
Norwich Wonder.
Strawberries.
Royal
(late),
Sovereign,
Sir
J.
Eleanor
Paxton,
and
stony banks and land
to
KENT
It
COB NUTS
for
full of
stones.
would not be
difficult
make
;
a
I
list
of
100
for
culture
but
by
far
planting a selection of kinds upon half an acre or larger plot for experiment,
plant
when
is
t..ey can
it
those
a
kinds
that
succeed best
in
their
district,
but at starting
If
is
better to
grow only
view
to
profit.
this
done
the
first
chances
when
to
commence with
that
the idea of profit, not merely to gain a few richly-coloured fruits of varieties
freely.
is
never
soil
bear
Studying the
district
see
the
kinds
that are
is
the
and climate
an important point.
Unless
fruit
farming
thus
will result,
538
539
FRUIT
MR. BUNYARD
given almost
all
CULTURE.
upon various phases
fruit
in
his
of
fruit
is
culture
has
culture
an
important
after
any be needed
THE APPLE.
If the
is
it
Grape
of
is
Irish Peach and Devonshire Dessert Varieties. Lady Sudeley, Worcester Pearmain, and Red Astrachan, September King of the Pippins and
Quarrenden, August
Benoni, October
;
certainly king
in
amongst hardy
usefulness;
it
None can
in
point
is
fruit
months of the year if space is available to plant sufficient trees and a wise selection of varieties be made. Dessert Apples are ready for use at the end of June, and these and the kitchen varieties last until the end of the following April. Apples can be grown almost anywhere,
ten
Cox's Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, and Cockle Pippin, November Baumann's Red Reinette and Claygate Pearmain, December and January Stunner Pippin, D'Arcy Spice, and Fearn's Pippin, January and February. For a less numerous selection the following are desirable Irish Peach, Lady Sudeley, Worcester Pearmain, King of the Pippins, Cox's Orange Pippin, and Stunner
; ;
:
provided the weather at the time of blossoming is favourable. No matter the sorts and how well they are attended to, if the weather is not suitable for, say, one week at the time the It would blossoms are expanding, success cannot follow. be quite useless to plant some varieties in certain kinds of
soil,
Pippin.
soil
it
is
Varieties are chosen sometimes that are not suitable for the kind of soil in which they are to grow, the trees are not
of the
right character,
and the
planting of them
is
is
ill-
after attention
faulty.
When
all
these
points are borne in mind, what wonder if we are told that Apples will not grow in a particular neighbourhood.
The kind of trees to be planted is an important detail. Circumstances in all cases will decide this point. If an orchard in grass is to be iormed where cattle can graze under the trees, standards are preferable, and so they h re if small fruit is to be grown in amongst the Apples Standard trees are best budded or grafted on the Crab or seedling stock. The roots of the Crab are stronger and mure rambling, which is a point in their favour, as standardgrown trees require more nourishment, therefore the farreaching roots ot the Crab are desirable. If a quantity of fruit is required in a small space bushes are prelerable they are more easily managed and more
;
Selection Of Varieties.
important
details
in
Although
with
stated,
The
there are
many
Apple
to
where the
for
connection
previously
soil
;
successful
example,
the English
are fibrous,
soil
demands unusual
it
of this stock
surface.
Warner's King Nonsuch Paradise. The roots and are generally close to the
is
consideration.
As
in
is
possible
In strong
not so suitable
grow Apples
any
is
naturally un-
favourable special preparation must be made and the after attention must be of the right kind. Soil that is of a heavy and
retentive nature, especially during the winter,
is
seedling stocks, which are really the result of sowing the seeds as taken from the cider mills. As an illustration of what is meant,
as the
what
known
a trouble-
some kind
valent with
to deal with.
some
sorts.
In such a soil as this canker is preThe reason for this is, that the bark of
the branches does not mature thoroughly, owing to such soil being cold and retentive of moisture during the winter and Severe frost coming then often injures the early spring.
Lane's Prince Albert, which is of moderate growth, should be grown on the seedling stock, while Bramley's Seedling, a vigorous-growing sort, succeeds on the Paradise where bush trees are required.
bark
t'ssues,
are affected
by the
alter
named
Except
will
causing canker to spread over such parts as frost. In ^iich a soil the varieties generally succeed if the details given as to
Bush-grown trees are those whose branches start within a few inches of the ground and never grow high, obviating the use of ladders to gather the fruit. Pyramid-trained trees are not so much in request as formerly they are more remarkable for the symmetry of their branches than for
;
planting and
a mistake to
management
To
obtain
really
perfect
is
grow many varieties. For home use or for market requirements it is far better to plant several trees of one variety that is well known to be desirable and that will If varieties succeed in succeed in the soil to be employed. unfavourable soil, they are certain to do so in that which
is
pyramids training and pruning are necessary before the final shape is assured. It is not by vigorous hand pruning that heavy crops of fruit are obtained, rather the reverse. Horizontally-trained trees are really a desirable form of training, especially where a suitable situation can be found. For instance, alongside paths in the kitchen or fruit garden
well-trained
trees
Kitchen Varieties.
will give fruit
The
are
prolific,
in
sorts
named
in
this section
appearance.
season.
from July until May, thus covering a long Lord Grosvenor, July and August, is an Apple very similar in character to the well-known Lord Suffield,
and, like
to
it,
is
It is,
that old
favourite,
because
the
trees
as in the case of
Ecklinville, September Lord Suffield. This is a capital sort to plant Mank's Codlin, September. where space is limited, as its growth is not vigorous, and it Warner's King, Golden succeeds also raised from cuttings. Lane's Prince Albert, Spire, and Stirling Castle, October New llawthornden, and Bismarck, November Golden WelNoble, Alfriston, and Mere de Menage, December lington, Annie Elizabeth, and Royal Jubilee, January and February Bramley's Seedling, Sandringham, and Northern French Crab and Newton Wonder, Greening, March April and May. If a lesser number only is required, select from the above Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville, Warner's King, Lane's Prince Albert, Alfriston, and Bramley's Seedling.
; ; ; ;
Upright cordon-trained trees have much to recommend them; they are well adapted for filling in vacant spaces between other trees when new ones of the ordinary fan-trained kind are planted. These cordon-trained Apple trees fruit freely, and form a feature also where they can be planted at the side of the garden paths and trained over them in arch fashion. Cordon-trained trees are those restricted to one stem. The situation for the production of Apples is an important point, and is nearly always dominated by circumstances. Shelter from south-west and east winds very important. is The former exposure results very often in a loss of the fruit when attaining full size and approaching maturity in October. Easterly winds are
very often to blame for a thin crop
trees are in full
if
it
Planting
have time
The
bloom.
bet lime
early in
to
November, or
to settle
down thoroughly
to enable
them
make
540
roots quickly,
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
to
and thus grow away freely the first season. The named is undoubtedly the best, but one would rather plant in March than wait until another season. Trees planted in March make roots freely the first season if moistime
ture
If
is
encouragement
quick and
free root
fibre.
action.
making much
in.
these trees
roots
do not make much top growth the first year the progress, and surely trees with an abundance of newlyin a better condition
The preparation of the site for planting the trees, no matter of what form of training they are, is an important detail. Too often the failure of trees to gro w might be traced In all to faulty methods of preparing the holes or stations. cases it is wise to deeply
dig the
soil.
here
it
is
heavy
and
retentive
of
moisture,
and
a dry day for planting, and spread a small quantity prepared compost over the natural soil immediately where the tree is to be planted stand the tree upon the compost, spread the roots out as thinly as possible, cover them with the compost named, and well work the soil in amongst the roots so that they are evenly distributed. Add some of the natural soil and a. small quantity of halfrotted horse manure if the soil is poor in quality. If turf is obtainable chop ir line and add that ins:ead of the manure. Tread the soil firmly down to keep the tree in position. As a guide to correct planting the uppermost roots 011 ht not to be more than ain. from the surface. Standards or tall bushes will require some support
Choose
of the
percolation
year or two until the have taken full possession of the soil. If
lor a
roots
they
.r
are allowed to
after
sway
deep.
to
is
If a planta-
tion
is
it
be
entirely
about quick
root
a action cannot
planting,
made,
trench
soil,
I
a good plan to
the
nit
whole of the
the
or
'jSfe
in
case
a
planting
the
one
of few
&^
'M
surface
away from
the stem
taken out 2ft. deep, thoroughly breaking up the subsoil another bin.
These
deep and leaving it there. Return the remainder of the soil inexactly the same way as it was taken out.
In
1
be more than 4ft. out of the ground, as taller stakes possess no advantage. In place of the the orthodox piece of sacking,
slakes need not
the
his
way
the surface
soil
remain on the top. The holes should be got ready fully a month before
will
the
trees
are
for
planted, to
the soil to
opposite to the top of the will prevent the stake injuring the tree
stake
itself.
allow
settle
time
down
its
to
somewhere
twisting
to
level. proper trees are received from the nursery the roots should be examined, any bruised or fibreless ones being pruned to induce fibrous roots to form. Instead of pruning
near
When
the
with. of
In
is
the
absence
substitute.
these
a
First
small
galvanised wire
good
place
this also
this
is
that
at
the
making
secure
to
the
stake,
yet
at a distance
the roots to inducing grow near the surface, where they should lie,
to
of the tree
is
sure to
loosen
the
bands
are
when
in
the stakes
put
in
receive
full
benefit
When cut downwards the roots from the sun's warmth. This is a penetrate more deeply to the cold subsoil. soil. Some growers fruitful source of canker in some advise a free use of farmyard manure to be added to the This is, however, unwise, natural soil at planting lime. as richness of the soil incites a too free growth, which is liable to be soft and sappy, and is more troublesome to
ripen.
The thorough
whether
in the
ripening of the
fruit.
wood
is
of
all
fruit
trees,
open or under
crop of
at
glass,
absolutely necessary
for
to ensure a full
The foundation
this
is
or should be laid
roots
by keeping the
refuse,
a great
FRUIT
Some moot question amongst experts in Apple culture. advise that no pruning be done the first season, except,
perhaps, that the extreme tip of each shoot should be taken
off.
CULTURE.
down
541
to within a few inches of the soil. The result is increased vigour in the new growth, which eventually, by
careful
management, grows
3ft.
into a perfect
The opinion
is
that
given at once the tree same time would be an additional check. Pruning should be deferred until the following season, until the trees have had a season's growth to recuperate )ther advice and practice is quite the themselves somewhat.
to a tree should not
long,
within 6in. of the base, should have 2ft. of the growth of the leading shoots retained. Where space is no object this plan answers capitally. The excessive growing energy of
tlie
growth,
In the
first
place, a
full
This is a by deferring the pruning. If the shoots are cut serious matter in these go-ahead days. back to within 6in. or so of their base the growth will be certain the first year, and it will be stronger, by limiting the weakened energy of he plant to the few eyes retained after In many cases shoots that are not pruned pretty pruning. close fail to push their base eyes into growth, as the sap Any naturally rushes to the extreme point of the shoots. base eyes remaining dormant tend to make an ill-trained tree by leaving a
lost
t
gradually exhausted by this retention of more crop is obtained from these hitherto bare shoots. The salient point to observe in pruning the trees is to afford abundant space for all inside branches, so that maturity of growth is an easy matter, as an excess of growth does not prohibit the admission of air, light, and wind to the innermost parts of the tree. One of the greatest mistakes made is in overcrowding the branches. Trees planted two years will need special care in pruning to preserve their shape and give a crop. The leading shoots should be left from I ft. to 1 5111. long, and weaker ones cut to within ojn., which will give increased vigour. The
tree
is
gap.
object
The main
a
planter
in
the
tree
HH^k
upon
the
length
of
of shoots retained.
The
October
end
is
September
or a good
The
area
s
larger
the
the
r
and
to
there
T he
trees
mme
be
seems no reason
treatment
the
their fare;
of the
all
makes
difference
future
if
to
why
we
wait
wel-
With the
on the
foliage
this
well
carried
be out
trees,
the
greater
success
must
Many
gather
foil o
can
better
be
gauged.
Any
surplus shoots
should be cut back to within a single eye of the base. From here fruit spurs will eventuPrunally form. ing should not be
crop
which
..they
Ire-
some
as
fatal
to
done
inj
in
frosty
free a except
fruit
growth,
weather, as
some
an odd or two to
ury
;
might
by the
newly-
accrue
practice
made
A
incisions
If prun-
might produce
DISH OF DUCHESS OF OLDENBURG!! APPLES.
ample time
parts.
is
blossom
large
buds
are
canker.
directly they
of
'
whole energy Should the weather growth only. be hot and dry for any length of time, a thorough soaking of the soil will be an immense advantage. During the month of May the mulching should be removed for a few hours during the day to admit the sun, for the purpose of warming the Any surplus shoots made during the summer soil and roots. should be shortened hack to within 4m. of the base. The following year the trees will come under the ordinary
enough
allowed
the
plant
into
Summer pruning
there are
until
a good practice.
If
why should they be retained November and then cut away? Why not relieve
surplus
shoots,
in
the
air,
trees
July
of
surplus
growth,
maturation,
and
thus
sun,
and wind
to assist
without
admit which
no
The winter treatment afforded established specimens. pruning is perhaps the most important point to study in Some neglect this phase the cultivation of the trees.
entirely, allowing the trees to
made are very strong. If this latter crop is certain to be a thin one. Such lose pruning of the shoots aggravates the evil, as greater energy to make stronger growth is thus afforded, by limiting To draw a the number of shoots the growth has to sustain. simile: A hedge of Quick, Holly, or Laurel having become thin and bare at the base, advice is given to cut the whole
the shoots
first
crop is assured. Cut all shoots back that are unnecessary for the proper shaping of the trees to within 4-in. If cut lower the chances are that the eye nearest the apex will push into growth and thus spoil next season's progress for a time. The leading shoots must not be cut, but allowed to grow away uninterruptedly until autumn, when they will be winter pruned. Sometimes established trees will produce a quantity of wood long thick shoots and no fruit for years. Such trees cannot be brought into a bearing condition by closely pruning the branches. If space for the tree to expand in width and height is available, allow the leading shoots to remain for a length of from l8in. to 2ft., cutting away all shoots that are not required for fnrni c hing the tree, Such
512
a
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
iruit
method of managing the branches will produce a crop of in two or three years' time without any interference
. If the desired space is not available branch expansion the roots must be corrected. The cause of so much growth in the branches and no fruit is that the roots run so deep and are devo d of fibre. A check to the rampant growth of both brandies and roots is then necessary; this is best done by root pruning. The proper method of root pruning is to cut a trench around the tree at a distance from it proportionate to its age and size at the end of September. For instance, for a tree planted three years 2ft. from the stem would suffice one planted ten years should not be interfered with nearer than 4ft. from the stem. The trench need not be cut wider than necessary to ascertain the depth of the roots. The object of digging the trench is to sever all fibreless roots that one comes in contact with, tiiese being the cause of coarse growth. When the roots are neatly pruned in an upward direction small fibres push from their extremities. Such a check to growth induces fertility in the formation of fruit buds instead of rank growth only. Fiil up the
Root Pruning
40Z. of the former and 2oz. of the latter to one square yard, form useful aids, and so does bone meal or superphosphate or dissolved bone. Liquid manure is a capital stimulant, even if applied during the winter months
kainit,
for
when the weather is dry. This is an excellent method ot renovating old trees or grass where the roots are too far from the surface to admit of solid manure ever reaching them.
THE APRICOT.
The Apricot
is
as in colour. In this country it is impossible to grow standard trees. They must receive the protection of a wall, and during the spring frosts must be kept away from the expanded flowers. Another important point is to secure a good aspect, though in sheltered gardens the trees need not have a full southern exposure, as success will come on an east
wall.
upon
this
resents
and most fertile trees are Always remember that the Apricot much pruning by ''gumming," which results in
of the strongest
aspect.
It is
Some
ultimate collapse.
gable ends of
inches.
buildings
is
trench,
treading
the
soil
in
firmly.
small
portion
of such a compost as previously advised put about the severed roots will induce a quicker growth than the ordinary
The
best soil
limestone.
If the
and encourage more fibre to form. Canker in Apple trees is an evil difficult to overcome. Some sorts are more prone to it than others. Trees of any
soil
wet
soil
are always
more
than others properly manageJ. Trees up to ten years of age that exhibit signs of canker should be replanted, removing the >ulk of the soil from th
liable
to this disease
to keep the roots out of it, or in warning the trees may collapse. There The best plan is, are several ways of managing the roots. after excavating the site lor the trees 2^ft. deep or so, to place a bed of concrete 6:n. in thickness and about 5ft. or On this, when the concrete is dry and firm, 6ft. square. make the bed for the tree. Any soil that will grow good
roots,
lifting
the
crops
or
of
Wheat
will
tree
on
to
surface,
stituting
and
the sub-
Beans
X
Wft
.
'''\'^^fat-
produce
abundance
Apricots.
ders
an
of
Bor-
entirely
'ivKQ&TBvk
fresh soil.
Roadwill
side
refuse
have
for
been
these
turfy
made
with
luscious fruits
old
Apple
trees,
at
trees,
answer
tions
turf
;
require
food
was too
trees
fast
stimulating
The away
fast,
too
;
grew
progress
best
is
guide.
indeed and when they should have been in their prime the
over
lit.
long
annuall
common
wit'j
burdened with
fruit,
Apricot
require
aid.
little
or
that
no
On
less
too
youth.
vigorous Better
in
soil
make
plant
natural
is
the
if
it
growth than
chat
-la
suggested
require
1
good and
suit-
stimu-
able,
cart
otherwise
a n
Halfwood
some
in
from
decayed farmyard
Wheat
it, if
or
Bean
manure,
stubble, mixing
with
deficient
in lime,
ashes, and
decayed vegetable
refuse, forked into
some old
plaster or moitar
the
rubble
buildings.
from
demolished
not be excelled as
to im. an aid proved growth. and Basic slag
Whatever
manure
Apricots
may require
ESPALIER ON PiLLAR.
should be
given.
FRUIT
on the surface when the trees reach a bearing aye and Bone meal mixed with burnt earth or need more support.
CULTURE.
$43
useful
free
bearing,
top dressing for Apricots w hen bul when young the trees, il
George, a hardy free-bearing variety, iiucns before Moorpark. HemskirU makes a good tree, and bears heavy crops, I he Iruit is not quite which usually ripen early in August. so large as that ol Moorpark, and the tree is less subject to
i
I not require soil is ill the character already described, In purchasing Apricot trees it is a manorial stimulants. wise plan to visit, it possible, the nursery, and selecl only those trees which have clean healthy stems and are making Maiden thoroughly healthy growth ol moderate strength. trees, it there is time enough, generally succeed, but cut Examples are, back ones will do well if carefully selected. however, sent out bom some nurseries even now thai cannot have a long existence, either owing to imperfect unions or unsuitable stocks. In good nurseries these trees are chopped up and burnt. Priming'.- -The voung trees must at first be headed f our or back to secure shoots sufficient to form the base.
he brant
lies
dying.
BUSH FRUITS.
Gooseberry, The.- -The soil should be deep and well broken up some time before planting, and well manured. Well-developed Gooseberry bushes will require spares till.
give room to move among them to gather and do (he necessary pruning and lop dressing. If less space is allowed, a good deal of the bearing wood has to be pruned away to give the necessary access to the plantation. loose-berries may either be planted round the margins or the border near the walks, or be gathered together into one plot. 'I he latter plan is the most consquare,
the
to
Iruit,
(
five
on each side w
ill
suffice,
in,
the wall
The fan system of training is the best any severe pruning. II the centre for Apricots, and the one generally adopted. of the tree be kept open until the base ol the wall is well furnished, handsome fertile Apricots w ill be the reward in
a lew
it
necessary the bushes can be more easilv Under favourable conditions the (looscherry hears very heavy crops, especially when space enough is allowed ha lull development, and consequently annual
venient,
as
il
netted
up.
very desirable.
If the
ground
be well
trenched
years.
The Apricot
begins to bear
when young
il
do
all
before the bushes are planted, the steel fork will the digging required afterwards. In hot weather, a
ol
over-cropping in youth must be succeeding, but avoided. The trees, as in the case of the Plum, will bear on both natural and artificial spurs, the former forming on the sides ol well-ripened voung wood. Artificial spurs are created by summer pruning or stopping back
is
the
breast
wood
at
that
season.
Bulb
these
kinds of
spurs should be encouraged, but it is not well to let the artificial spurs get too far from the wall. Prune as much as possible in summer by stopping the young shoots (except In June and in those required for extension) to loin leaves. the autumn, when the leaves have fallen, finish the pruning by shortening long snags left from the summer shortening back. Cut out dead wood at this time, too. If shreds are used in training, be sure that they are sufficiently loose to allow for growth, and remember that nails must not be driven in near enough to a branch to cause injury. Healthy
trees not
grow n
is
"
gum
"
;
any tendency to undue luxuriance, excessive pruning, or injury from nails, the careless use of the hammer, or even ladder, will bring on gumming. Apricots use up a
but
if
there
considerable amount
stones,
to
ol
lime in the
formation of the
fruit
and fruit dropping when this takes place may be due an absence of lime in the soil.
trees are not very subject to insect
condition they are sometimes bul these can soon be destroyed by attacked by green fly using tobacco powder or syringing over them a mixture of Two ounces of tobacco powder and soft soap in solution, soft soap and the same quantity of tobacco powder in a gallon of water, applied through the syringe or by dipping in the young shoots, will soon vanquish insect pests. Maggots are sometimes found curled up in the leaves, but these may soon be destroyed by hand picking. Thinning the bails should be partly done when they are small, and completed later, at the time stoning is finished.
in
When
decrepit
;
or compost ol some kind is very nothing can be given to cheek evaporation, keep the surface loose by using the hoe. It is belter to do the pruning as soon as the Pruning leaves fall, as this permits of the cuttings being cleared away and bin nl, and the space between the bushes manured if necessary, and lightly forked over to aerate the soil. Il birds are troublesome, dust the bushes when damp with a mixture of soot and lime or the bushes may be syringed first with a solution ol sunlight soap and dusted with soot and lime immediately. The soapy water will cause the soot and lime to adhere better. In pruning a Gooseberry bush, first look over it and remove dead wood, if any. If there should be a dead branch, removing it first gives a chance of leaving a voung shoot to take its place. Next go round the bottom of the bush, anil take oil all branches which are too near the ground then go regularly over the bush and thin out the young wood, leaving sufficient wellplaced young shoots to give a regular crop all over the bush. The centre ol the bush should lie lelt open, and in pruning all crossing shoots should be cut out. I he young shoots removed will lie spurred in to within l\n. of the old wood. The Gooseberry bears on spurs, but il a lieavv crop is wanted, leave in a young shoot wherever there is space tor it to grow freelv without obstructing the sunshine and air. Alter the pruning is finished and the symmetry of the bush has been considered (and a properly pruned fruit bush should always be well balanced), shorten the ends of the leaders a little, always considering that the more young wood there is left the heavier the crop will be. It may be mentioned that liquid manure or house drainings may be applied beneficially at almost any season, but especially during the time the berries are swelling. 1'or gathering green, plant Whinham's Varieties. Industry, Crown Bob, Whitesmith, Keepsake, and London.
light
mulch
manure
beneficial.
But
1
il
The "thinnings"
to define
will
be welcomed for
tarts.
It
is
difficult
The above
are
are
also
ol
tine
flavour
when
;
ripe.
If
more
what should be a good crop of fruit, as assistance can be given to a well-loaded tree by mulchings and liquid manure when the fruit is swelling freely, especially during the stoning period and until ripening commences. In a fairly sheltered garden a single, or in the case of
severe frost a double, thickness of fishing nets will suffice to
wanted, add Companion, Broom Girl, Ironmonger, Antagonist, Snowdrop, Dan's Mistake and lor preserving,
Red Warrington and Champagne. Take cuttings Propagation. straightest young shoots in autumn.
of
the
longest
at
ami
least
Have them
keep the flowers safe. The nets are cheap, and care of they w ill last many years, and may be used
purposes, such as protecting ripe fruit from birds. Wasps relish Apricots, and in a warm season, when these fruit robbers are likely to prove troublesome, hang up bottles
partly filled with
honey and beer in good tin e. The Apricot most largely planted Varieties. Moorpark. It bears large handsome fruits of delicious
long. lit. Remove all buds but the three upper ones. Cut the bottom clean across just under a joint. Plant very firmly in rows lit. apart and 4m. apart in the rows. he Black Currant does best on CtirrantS, Black. moist ground, and will do in partial shade. In poor, shallow land the Iruil is small and inferior. A mulch or top dressing of manure before the hot weather sets in is very
I
is
the
beneficial.
II
flavour
be too
fruit is
much space
never so
is
In crowded
is
much
subject to disease.
Branches die away suddenly w ithout apparent reason, more so than in the case of any other variety. The Peach Apricot is a line handsome Iruil related to the M ark. Royal
|
fine or the crop so heavy. on the same lines as recommei ded for Gooseberries, as the Black Currant hears chiefly on the young wood. And it is not so necessary to keep the centre open;
Pruning
The
in
fact,
all
century
book
of
gardening.
be carried out in
parts
October
the
01"
early
just as
be
air
thinned
to
suffilet
ill
November,
leaves
to fall,
ciently
begin
and sunshine,
occasionally
and though
and
to
let
up young
dry
ing
111
111
shoots.
Keep
well
the
fur-
bush
less
growth,
course
suffers
and
of
crop next
can
freely
circulate
to
season.
good
ripen
the
wood,
will
and
be
a
there
three or lour
years,
destroying
and
though
stemmed
lot
many-
possible
that
DROWN TURKEY
by putting
in a
FIG
(Reduced)
crop
time.
it
for
some
Keep
ally,
little
fruits
New
new
nursery of bush
a
and when the old bushes are plantation, and when they Bush fruit the old bushes up. altogether as a permanent crop. old and the berries small, plant them off. Victoria and Champion are new varieties, Varieties. .re's I'n lilic and Black Naples are and are very large.
new
few cuttings occasiongetting past work, make come into bearing grub should not be regarded When a bush becomes young bushes and clear
is
easy to get
canes planting
canes,
but
at
the
same time it is well to obtain fresh more robust and the gain in fruit soon
makes up lor increased outlay. Varieties.- -Of course it is also well to give new kinds a trial, and those that thine well in most soils should be
selected.
tion
;
it
is
is
large,
Currants, Red and White. These will not require so much space as Gooseberries, as they are mure easy of access The best results are and the growth is less spreading
obtained from bushes 5ft. apart, either in lines round the borders by the side of walks, or in quarters 5ft. apart each A deep sandy loam is the best soil, though, if well way. cultivated, Currants may be grow n in any good land. Plant, early in autumn, bushy and clean stems 8in. or so in length. Mulch after planting, and prune to three buds the first season to get shoots to form the base of the bush. Red and White Currants bear freely on spurs, Pruning'. in. or therefore the side shoots are usually spurred in to this should not, however, prevent a young shoot being in.
so that it is easily gathered. This variety resists drought as well as any. It makes a large cane, fruits late, and its strong growth renders it more suitable for poor soils. Another new variety, the Guinea, is also very its yellow fruits remind one of those of Superlative in hue sue, and the grow th is very free. There are some excellent
stalk,
;
J,
wherever there is room for one, but the centre of the bush should always be left open and clear, so that sunWhite Currants usually shine and air may penetrate freely. make less wood than red kinds therefore it will be better to keep them distinct, as in that case the white will do with But the white is not so much grown as a little less space. the red, not being so generally useful.
left
;
kinds. Hornet is reliable, a large red fruit, very sweet and early Baumfortli's Seedling, a very productive variety, is good for deep, well-worked land, whilst such kinds as Norwich Wonder and Carter's Prolific are both free growers and give excellent fruits. For preserving no fruit is equal to Semper Fidelis it bears abundantly, grows freely, and though the fruit is more acid in flavour than others, on account of the better quality it is excellent for preserving, and, what is so important to many growers, is a continuous cropper, coming
older
Bed
:
Fay's
Prolific,
Baby
Castle,
Red
The new kind named Guinea is not yet much known, and there are others that are worth noting for instance, the White Magnum Bonum is an early fruit, very sweet, and of good flavour. The Yellow Antwerp is also worth room i( variety is needed it is a large early pale yellow fruit, sweet, and of good flavour for dessert, though a little
;
named above.
there are quite
so
if
Raspberry, The.- The Raspberry is not always grown well as many other fruits, but given good culture, few,
any,
Of autumn-fruiting' Raspberries
better returns. As most growers fruits afford know, the Raspberry succeeds best in a loamy soii, not clayey or too light, and with a good depth the plants
well
will
and mostly good. A lew of the best are worth describing. These need somewhat different culture
to the others.
The
for
red
kinds
are
most
tarts
satisfactory,
in
my
opinion,
are
in
crop
well
for
many
are
years.
On
secured by Of the beds and, if possible, fresh quarters provided. paid to the late years considerable attention has been introduction of new kinds, and the white or yellow
better
results
fruits
much
other
autumn,
as for
or
greater
how
find
more
favour,
and rightly
so,
as
in
my
opinion the latter are delicious for dessert and should Anyone with Cultivation is simple. be encouraged. Many think space can grow these fruits. sufficient and though they under trees, they tan be grown nuch succeed fairly well with partial shade, they are A north better in an open position for late supplies.
border
close
is
best,
together.
providing the plants are not grown too Planting to form new quarters should
dark crimson fruit grower, and one that fruits well into the autumn. The Belle de Fontenay is likewise a large deep red fruit, and for its late season, October, well flavoured. It grows and bears freely, succeeding in most soils and situations. The October Red is also good, and the Noir d'Automne is distinct from the kinds named above, being a large blackish red fruit, and one of the most highly-flavoured autumn kinds. It is a great favourite on the Continent, as, indeed, most of the autumn varieiies are. Doabtless in a drier atmosphere, with more sunshine, it is more reliable. Of while kinds, the October Yellow and
Billard, a very large
;
is
FRUIT
the Yellow
CULTURE.
545
Four
remarkably
sweet and good, and very prolific. The time to planl is just when growth Planting". ceases at the end ol October, 01 even earlier if the plants
but there may be losses dining the ripening of the fruit, such as breakages, and it is well to have an extra cane to fall back upon. Those not needed alter the strongest have
been selected may be cut out when the old fruiting canes
are removed.
make an
planting
season,
is
sometimes the
case.
October
next
require
the
quite
different
one being
as,
plants
freely the
done
in
spring.
at
Ag
the
having a fibrous
soil
system
is
to cut
down
all
end
fruits,
may
safely be planted
until the end of March if they are well attended to as regards moisture during the summer months. The distance between each plant should not be less than 2ft. in the row, with 4ft. to 6ft. between the rows. Less will suffice,
ol February or early in March, according to the season, and they then produce the fruit on the new growth. 'Thin out the canes to, say, three to five at a stool, and train these to a lence or wires, as already advised, as, making their growth later ar.d ripening w ith shortening days, it is essential to give them ample space and light to mature. Like the
between 9ft. the small-growing things between Salads in si the rows instance, iei for and Coleworts or dwarf Savoys in winter. Train Raspberry canes as litile possible, as by good as culture the canes will be sufficiently strong, and little training needed. If three canes are left at a stool, and loosely tied, thai treatment will suffice. This is nol the most tidy method. The best, and probably the neatest, is to strain a couple ol wires from supports at each end ol the row. with the lower wire al 2ft. from the soil and the upper one at 4ft. Grown thus, the fruits are more readilj gathered and ripen better, whilst there are fewer losses from decay in wel seasons. Priming' and feeding are simple details. After planting early in the spring, cut down the canes to within i^in. ol the soil, as this will induce stronger shoots to come from the base, and only two should be encouraged the first season. These by the end of August w ill be 4ft. to 6ft. in height, and will fruit well the loll,, wing summer. Early in March they may be topped to the top wire, or say nol less than 5I1. in height, and, given support, little attention will be needed the first season other than keeping clear, if land be well trenched and manured, and when planted a mulch of short manure may be given in the shape of a top dressing the second year, about November. When the plants are in lull vigour and bearing finely, they are greatly benefited by applicabut
when
it
given
more
space,
say
shape of a
liberal
rows,
is
easy
to
crop
with
lop
is
dressing,
well
to
or
also
manure during the summer. It grow these more thinly than the summerliquid
fruiting varieties.
THE
Forced
readiest
wdiat
FIG.
and on Open
to
Walls.
Doubtless
the
way
grow Figs
is
may be termed a restricted root space, as lew fruits On the other hand, need more attention in this matter. splendid results are obtained from trees planted out, providing there is ample room for the lop growth to develop and plenty ol new wood yearly, at the same time cutting out useless growth to prevent overcrowding. Pot Culture mav be taken first, as many can grow In Figs thus who cannol devote a house to the trees.
growing Figs
in pots, the trees at certain seasons ot the year mav be placed in the open and the house used for other purposes, so tint they do not require space indoors during the whole twelve months. One need nol describe the raising or propagating of the trees, as they are grow n at a small cost, and il purchased in bin. or 7111. pots are
in
condition to build
cuttings are usually struck early in the spring, and the plants This is the best method grown on a single leg or stem.
to
inclined
adopt with all kinds of Figs, as these fruits are much to produce sucker growths, which are difficult to
keep
growth
(
down
to
at
il
not
tions of liquid
manure
growing
if
restricted
during
soil
is
the
at
all
season, especially
the
hie
seas, in 's
growth
good-
light
or
will
produce a
porous.
sued
after
The ment is
simple.
manageEverv
enough
lor
forcing.
crop is taken- indeed, the earlier the better cut out the old fruiting canes, and retain lour
to five of the strongest
e
growth
would
be
needed, but even when purchased of this size the trees are not expensive,
and
what
is
so
urrent season's
growth
for
important to the purchaser is that they are sturdy and have well balanced heads,
-
taken
out,
new
that give
in future
little
if
trouble
ones
places,
occupy their
and the plants
pro-
the shoots
are
are
lific.
wonderfully
They
a
al way's
of
make
new
base.
quantity
im-
new
any,
growths
indeed,
fruit
levy,
closely;
it
all
close attention
are
n g
lelt
until
autumn
fruitr
respect
as
the
Fig.
Once
the
shoots
or
call
fruiting
A strong cane is important. It has been mentioned that the canes should be reweakened. duced
to
too
liberal
top go iwth
four or live,
K.'.SPSIRRY
YELLOl
AN1
'/-
/CP.
fruits,
546
made must be
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
the
same
over as long a period as possible, not only are the trees forced in pots, but also planted in a narrow border on the back walls of forced vineries. Though no fruit of any value is obtained from the lower part of the wall, as this is shaded by the vines at the upper portion, a fair crop is secured, the fruit being of excellent size and quality. On the other hand, of course, the Vine must not be allowed to grow to the top of the house, but give 4ft. space for light to reach the Figs, and do not let the Fig-wood get at all crowded. Many fail with Fig trees in vineries, as too much is attempted. The Figs do not succeed when entirely shaded, and must have close attention in the way of stopping and pruning. Pot trees started, say, in November, will produce ripe fruits at the end of March, if such varieties as the St. John and Pingo de Mel are grown. As regards quality they do not approach the Negro Largo, or even Brown Turkey, but the latter are less reliable, as the fruits of the two early kinds
are
When
Figs
required
in
quantity
treatment as regards temperature, soils at planting, disbudding weak shoots, and rigid stopping bui it will be necessary to allow shoots to develop their full length in various parts of
the tree
fruiting
if
trained on a
trellis
or wall.
out,
F2ach year
tie
some
old
wood must be
will
cut
and
in
the
if
new wood
be poor, as it needs light and sun to get properly matured. As regards varieties, planting, and cropping, most of the varieties recommended for glowing in pots will succeed well planted out, but a few may be omitted for instance, the Brown Turkey is the best of all the large black fruits. Such as Negro Largo need more care, as if they have a free root run there will be few fruits ; indeed, even for Negro Largo a restricted root run is best, and this applies to all varieties more or less. Trees fifty years old in a 3ft. border will crop well. It is well to only give a small border at the start, as it can be added to if necessary as the trees attain size. Planting should be
;
named remain on
time they
the trees
when
others drop.
Unfortunately,
carried
out,
say,
in
March
or
April,
and the
trees
only
early forced Figs are liable to drop from the trees just at the
The aim
of the cultivator
and the two kinds advised For later forcing, say started early in the year, these remarks do not apply. For that period there is abundant choice, and if few trees are grown there is no better all round variety than Brown Turkey, a large, excellent fruit, that gives two crops a year. To this may be added Bourjassotte Grise, a large dark fruit with deep red flesh, very juicy and rich. Violette Sepor is a large fruit, and though distinct from Brown Turkey, one of the best for For forcing it is ol luscious flavour, and bears very freely. late pot work Negro Largo is one of the best indeed, it is re suitable than for early forcing. This is one of the richest of the dark-coloured fruits, and most of them succeed better when given ample time to mature. A few wurds as to temperatures. A low one at the start is advisable, but at the same time much depends upon the
their final swelling,
make
do imt do
this.
should be to get the shoots well arranged over the trellis, as it is an easy matter to fill in afterwards, and, of course, main shoots or leaders must not be stopped, unless it is necessary to get more breaks from the base, but the latter
will
readily
freely
till
in later.
all
wood
In
from
same compost as for pot trees, and start, which promote gross wood.
is
equally
Once
weather. II mild, iodeg. more is sale that is. if the glass stands at 45dcg. in the open, 55deg. to 6odeg. must lie given. At the same time it is well to give extra warmth in tlie way of bottom-heat if it can be afforded, say 7odeg. to
;
This pushes out the embryo fruits and the growth In six weeks from starting the heat mav be increased from Sdeg. to iodeg. and avoid always a high night temperature. This must ahvavs lie iodeg. lower, and in fine weather, alter the trees are in their forcing quarters, syringe over them twice daily until the fruits are of good size, as red spider and scale are troublesome pests when the trees are grow n in a dry house. Thinning the fruit on pot trees should not be overlooked, as it is better to have three fine fruits than a dozen poor ones. Figs also crop too freely, hence they need severe thinning after they have attained the size of Walnuts. Stopping and feeding are equally important. Rub eft small weak shoots in the centre of the trees, and those with fruit on must be stopped, that is, pinched at the fourth leaf or point from their base. When the shoot is allowed to grow the fruit will probably refuse to swell, but in time turn yellow and drop. By stopping, fruit will appear at the axil of each leaf. These will form the second crop, and, say, if the fust crop is taken in May, the second, with good
is
8odeg
stronger.
weeks later, and the same process indeed, at all regards stopping must go on as above times, unless a new leader is needed or the trees are required larger, shoots should be slopped at the fourth or fifth leaf during growth. Feeding with pot trees is important, as the
culture, will be ripe ten
as
having a small rooting space, needs plenty of food. Liquid manure and top-dressings of rich fertilisers are the From the start to the finish pot Figs should never lie best. Redry at the roots, especially whilst carrying a crop. potting every autumn is also needed until the trees become A too large, when feeding and top-dressing must suffice. large shi t should be avoided, ami over-rich soils also. Good loam with mortar rubble will be best, with a sprinkling of Thoroughly ram the soil as bone meal and of wood ashes. the work proceeds. At the start little root nioi-ture will be needed, the daily syringing keeping lire trees sufficiently
root,
sucker growth from the base is not advisable it is far better to get all growths from one centre, or at least in the case of trees planted out from three, and all shoots or stems issue from these. Trees forced will produce two crops of such kinds as White and Black Ischia a small but delicious fruit and an enormous cropper also Osborn's Prolific, which is much like Brown Turkey in quality, whilst also may be recommended the Early Violet, a small fruit, Black Marseilles, Brunswick, and the White Marseilles indeed, there is no lack of variety, but avoid overcropping, as these kinds bear heavy en ips. As regards varieties for the open wall, one must exercise care, as in many parts of the kingdom Figs cannot be successfully grown, and in others Brown Turkey, Brunswick, but in Sussex, and White Marseilles are the best kinds not far from the coast, they do well as standards or bush trees, with a single stem a few feet from the soil. F'ew can rely upon bush trees, but must trust to wall ulture. Much the same advice is applicable as for forced trees as regards Of course in the open less soils and thinning of wood. wood is made, as growth does not commence until late in the spring, and there is stopping at the same time. It is advisable to train in young wood to allow old barren wood to be cut away. A south wall should be given, and planting Give the trees ample be done just before growth begins. A raised border is preferable space, 15ft. to 20ft. apart. in heavy soil, and a liberal addition of old mortar rubble, Train the main shoots I Sin. as lime or chalk is necessary. apart, and do not stop any side ones needed to fill in space. Others may he stopped as advised for pot trees. Of course only one crop is obtained, and this needs the best attention. A wide root-run is not required. Superb fruits may be obtained on walls even close to a gravel path with only a 4ft. border. In one case the trees were 20ft. high against a building and bore grand crops annually, as each year new wood was laid in, old shoots being removed. The fruits ripen in August and September, and the trees well repay for copious supplies of liquid manure after the fruit is formed.
The latter shows on the points of last season's wood, and in cold districts or on exposed walls it may be necessary to detach the branches, tie in bundles, and cover over with plenty of bracken or long straw to protect the wood. The
trees are
in severe
sometimes thatched over, but most of the losses weather occur from bad ripening, and permitting It may be the trees to lie too thick with wood in the summer.
well in thecase of veryold trees tooccasionally cut outold
wood
fruit.
moist.
ami
train
in.
new branches,
5-1/
548
Nectarines,
THE
Forced
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
made
the previous season.
is
and on Open
when
Walls.
and
small shoots
fruitful
if
These
will
not be
Nectarines are better than Peaches in considering varieties and culture, flavour will lie first thought of. as a few kinds force well which do
well grown,
on open walls,
it
may
be
well
is
to
describe them.
that
The
management of
to
the Nectarine
closely
allied,
so like
of the
which
it
is
that
one need
temperatures, and best positions, as frequently even those wdio have poor houses secure a good crop.
length upon
soils,
one reason why at planting such aids as will induce fibrous root growth and well-formed fruiting wood are advised. Strong shoots have to be severely cut back, and this is the beginning of canker. Varieties for Forcing -The following are the best varieties lor lorcing. These are not numerous, as in the case of the Peach, but ample, some being much better than others, especially those introduced of late years by the
loo strong, and this
-
Messrs. Rivers.
Cardinal.
sufficiently
the
management
of the trees.
due to small details. Although an ordinaiy garden soil will grow trees, more satisfactory results will be secured by the use of what is called good loam with such additions to make it suitable as are known to encourage not the strong barren fibrous root growth and good wood d which is at times seen when large quantities of manures are used at the start. It is an easier matter, some
of the success
is
Much
introduced about I096, merits; it is a splendid introduction, and though the Messrs. Rivers do not recommend it for open walls, it is of great value for forcing. It is the
fruit
This
was
long to
test its
recommend he best soil than it is to secure it, need not deter planters, as very line crops are obtained from what are termed made-up borders. For instance, heavy clay soil may be made good by the liberal addition of burnt refuse, road scrapings, and old mortar rubble the last-named used freely is just the material the roots require. Of course very light soils can be improved by adding heavy materials; indeed, many trees go wrong through the soil being too porous, gravel or sandy soil being by no means the best. It needs more feeding, moisture, and frequent renewal. Of course in the case of newly-planted trees it is not advisable to force much the first season, but to build up fruiting wood for another year. Avoid overcrowding the trees with wood .it the
will
say, to
but
this
earliest Nectarine grown, at least a fortnight earlier than any other kind, of beautiful colour, large, excellent in quality, and of free growth. Early Rivers' is also one of the newer introductions, and the best all-round variety we have on account of its earliness, good quality, and usefulness for open walls. In cold, late districts this will mature when others fail. It was only introduced in 1894, yet has become the most popular
fruit
is
large,
skin
rich
flesh,
and of
rich, delicious
Eonl Xapier. Previous to ihe advenl ol the two named above, Lord Napier occupied the premier position, and for general culture it is a fine fruit it is about ten days later than Early Rivers', a beautiful, highly-coloured fruit of rich flavour, and forces well. It deserves special culture in any
;
positii mi.
Elruge.
in flavour,
in
A medium-sized
fruit,
start, i.e.,
them space
to
develop Constant attention is also needed as regards disbudding or removal of surplus buds, as if all were left, the tree in a trained condition could not mature the wood, so thai the surplus ones must be removed. With regard to position, always choose a south or west aspect, even under glass, as though the trees may thrive elsewhere, the crop will be more scanty, and in wet, dull seasons the lruils need all the sun and light possible. Another point is to give ample space for the growth, as severe cutting back yearly promotes canker. Avoid high temperatures at any time, as the trees, especially at the start, resent this indeed, high temperatures are more harmful with stone fruits than with others. For open walls a south or south-west position is best, as one cannot always rely upon summer weather Nectarines, unless they get plenty of sun, often crack badly and refuse to ripen. Much the same remarks apply to trees on walls as under glass as regards soil, but one may plant in the natural soil, and give such aids as previously advised, according to the nature ol the soil hut avoid badly-drained soil, which is fatal to success, more so in the case of the
;
and crops freely under glass, but is less reliable the open in exposed positions. Pitmaston Orange. A reliable kind for forcing, and, like
those
named
It is
a yellow-fleshed
fruit
of
splendid flavour, very handsome, and a mid season variety, coming in after Lord Napier.
I
Iumb
ildl.
A
in
late yellow-fleshed
Nectarine of splendid
of rich colour, bears
quality.
freely,
It
Iruits
and
is
Victoria.
tree
fruit.
The
It is a first-class should be quite near the glass. Nectarine for latest use. For Open Walls.Early Rivers' is the best variety for forcing, and, indeed, the leading kind. Few can rival it for earliest supplies, but it needs a warm position. This is one of the best for forcing for Lord Napier. open walls, and is invaluable for August supplies. A beautiful yellow-fleshed Nectarine, Rivers' Orange. not unlike the Pitmaston in colour and quality, but the hardier of the two, and a delicious fruit grown on a
warm
wall.
Humboldt.
This
lor
use as a late
Nei tarine than oilier fruits. In soil at all wet, dig it out to a depth of 3ft., then place in at least 6in. of brick rubb'e, and over this some finer drainage material, to obtain a raised border say quite bin. from the wall and above the sur-
and for open walls it is an excellent early September fruit, and crops bountifully on a warm wall. One of the newer fruits, but a splendid openSpenser. variety, very large, and ripe in the middle of wall
rounding
soil.
Grown
September.
It
is
the
later
kinds,
do not last many years, though the Nectarine will thrive well under hard gravel walks. Upon examination, the roots have been found close to the surface, and doubtless the hard walk was their salvation, as it threw off the superabundant moisture. When planting on an open wall, put the trees 15ft. to 20ft. apart, but one may give 25ft. and plant what are called riders between. These are fan-trained standards, with 5ft. to 6ft. stems, These in a few years according to the height of the wall. are taken away, and the dwarf trees allowed the full space. By adopting this plan the wall is furnished quickly and there is no waste, as the tall trees, when removed, are in
trees
a mottled red skin. Pine Apple. Few more reliable, being a large, oval, late September variety, a good grower, and very handsome fruit of a distinct, peculiar rich flavour, and with yello w flesh. Newton. One of the latest, and not safe in a northern or cold locality, but most useful on a south wall for use It is a large during late September and early October.
handsome
fruit
of great excellence.
trees,
in
(or
locality
a suitable
the
excellent
condition
to
place elsewhere
if
carefully lifted.
Cultivators living
line
country,
away from
causes a more fruitful growth if the Even with trees are inclined to make too much wood. dwarf-trained trees on a wall it may be necessary to lilt
Transplanting also
smoke
them, say,
at the
third
good
few
fruits.
wood and
on the
Their have a distinct advantage. culture in or near a smoky town would hardly be advisable. The southern counties, too, possess advantages that their northern brethren cannot hope to obtain in the matter of warmth and immunity from late spring and early autumn
of towns,
frosts,
fruits
Fruit
Many
failures
to
culture.
$49
easily be
traced to want of knowledge in the cultural details rather Those who set themselves the than any defect in climate.
task of securing a crop of Peaches from an
sure to succeed
if
they follow
diligently
the
here given.
are important.
southern
Trees managed on both eastern and western positions. glowing against a south wall derive more advantage from the sun early in the spring than do those growing against Such a summer as the last and that during any other wall. Hn Jubilee year are the seasons for outdoor Peaches. summers are never too hot for this fruit. Trees on an east
(
beneficial to the trees where such can lie had. If, say, from one to lour bushels of such material can be added to the ordinary garden soil at planting time, so much the better. Roadside refuse, decayed vegetable matter, and wood ashes are all valuable constituents to add to any kind Manure in any form ought not of soil for Peach culture. to be added at planting time, as it is liable to induce too strong and gross a growth, whi<h invariably ends in the gumming of the branches and the entire failure of a fruit Stimulants are much better added later, when it is crop. plainly seen that the trees are in want of it this is easily determined by the state of the growth they make. Early Planting' is a most important detail in culture.
;
in
November,
time
all
its
or
directly
If
"blister," as they are more western exposed to cutting winds in April and May. exposed wall is capital for giving a succession of fruit, as
wall are rather
liable to
more
best
lost
for
planting.
the leaves turn yellow, is the planted then, the soil has not
;
summer warmth
in a
the trees
trifle later.
and be
to start
Far better
than
but
in
it
Peach
wait
is
other
garden,
things
is
in
the
easier
belter
to
fanuary, plant
at all.
is
made
and more
successful
by
When
latter date
having a good selection of varieties. Some Peaches are magnificent when ripened under glass, but in the open would be quite a failure. Select
the
best,
chosen, if the trees receive attention in watering and mulching, the following
summer
roots
abundance
formed,
trees
of
are
and
in
in
surely
a
such
are
then,
is
the
belter
condition
proper advice to give. Unfortunately, some of the earliest ripening Peaches of are poor
quality.
November
than
the
newlygreatest
One
mistakes
of
made
is
by
the
Alexander
its
will
amateur
ing
fruit
that of plant-
lipen
fruit
in
the
trees
too deep.
that
The
from they
[uly, but
surface
all
the quality
Waterloo,
later, is
but few
poor.
natural
benefit
available
by
soil
the
near
much
tion
assists
ol
the matura-
Banington, Grosse
Bellegarde,
Mign onne,
and Violette Hative are worthy of attention. all A more limited selection would be Waterloo, Grosse Mignonne, and
branches, w ithout w hich a fruit crop is not obtainable. The top roots nearest the
the
ought
than
not
2in.
to
be
more
may
day
planters.
for
Choose
planting,
Dymond.
It
is
a dry spread
useless
planting
less
Peaches
than
the
6ft.
on
walls
as
high,
by
cover
time the trees reach less than that in height they are early crippled.
refuse,
old
potting
ashes.
in
soil,
and wood
this
Work
well
roots,
The
that
best
kind of tree
as
is
the
oft"
known
dwarf
fan-
with
trained,
obtainable
from
PEACH TREE
IN
FLOWER
soil
ordinal)-
soil
of
fruit-tree any nurseryman. They are generally furnished with from three to seven branches quite near the base. They should be
sandy or
loamy nature.
well
are useful
Standard-trained trees be covered quickly. For instance, if the gable of a house, say 2oft. high, is available, a tree with a 4ft. or 5ft. stem may be planted between two dwarf-trained. Space is thus quickly utilised and time is gained. Soil in which Peaches succeed best is an important item. The best kind of soil is a deep loam rather heavy in character is better than the reverse. Chalk, peat, and sand are objectionable for Peach culture. Where this predominates more trouble will be experienced in obtaining
I
furnished with
rous roots.
wall has
where a
hi
to
success, although
this can be achieved. The whole of last-named type must be removed to the depth of 2ft. and replaced with some other compost. Freshly-cut turf 2in. thick is lasting, and
the
soil
of
the
is not in a wet condition, il it few days until it dries gradually. If the subsoil is of a heavy, retentive character, like clay, or even approaching that, where the percolation of the water from heavy rains will of necessity be slow, provision should be made to drain the site by placing at the bottom of each hole stones, clinkers, or broken bricks ill. thick. Cover these with Ireshly-cut turf or a layer of straw to prevent the fine soil washing down into the drainage and Under the drainage choking the passage-way for water. I: break up the subsoil 6in. deep to assist percolation is only in retentive, adhesive soils that this drainage is required. In the ordinary garden mould which is not of a wet character artificial drainage is not needed. Finish off w ith a mulching of hall-rotted horse manure 2111. thick this preserves the roots from frost during the winter, and arrests evaporation ol moisture from the soil should the
Tread the
quite firm
it
otherwise leave
for a
50
THE
summer be
the
a
CENTURY
BOOK
crop
OF
GARDENING.
following
action
is
diy one.
alter
Encouragement of root
first
season.
is
Pruning
important
they
is
are
planted
an
detail.
pruned
much
hindered.
When
;
basal eyes lie dormant and consequently gaps at the base of the tree are visible and
cannot he otherwise. Afler the fruit is gathered, should the weather be dry, a good soaking of the roofs weekly will much assist Ihe swelling of the buds in the embryo state. If the trees are not making satisfactory growth, apply liquid manure freely, or, failing litis, sprinkle ihe surface with bone meal or some other artificial manure,
washing
il
down
for
detrimental.
The month of February is a good time to prune newlyplanted Peach trees. Cut all the shoots back to within oin. of their base, always choosing a growth bud on the
Growth buds are of the shoot to prune to. The latter are discerned from blossom buds. As growth proceeds useless f course, to form shoots. there may be too man)' shoots push from the eyes, so that overcrowding may Lie the result, as in some instances two shoots spring from one base bud. Select the most promising, that is. generally the one on the upper side ol the branch rub off the other when iin. or so long to avoid
upper side
easily
;
if
the weather
is
bright and
warm, remove
to
the mulching of
to
admit
the sun
it
shine
for the
lyd. from ihe wall on which the trees growing should not be dug. much less cropped with anything else. Peaches prefer a firm soil. The surface may be pricked up 2in. deep with a fork in the spring to admit of the stimulative food being washed more readily to the roots, but these must not be seriously interfered with. Insect pests are a source of annoyance to the cultivator none is worse than black fly, which infests the tender, halfdeveloped leaves, causing them to curl inwards. These check the growth and entirely spoil the trees if means are not taken to prevent them from spreading. The remedy is to thoroughly syringe the affected parts with an insecticide in the afternoon, and lo well wash the trees the next morning with clean water. Berkley's quassia extract is perhaps the best insecticide for the purpose. This is a good remedy also for green fly and red spider, none of which should be allowed to spread.
soil
The
are
replacing
at
night
first
If the mulching should a drought set in. material is allowed to remain Imm the time it is placed there at planting time until it decays, the soil is kept in a cold and wel condition all the summer. Fibrous toots are not then made in the same way as when the surroundings are made more congenial by warming the soil. A little attention to such an apparently trifling detail is of the utmost importance. The pruning of established Peach trees i^ but indistinctly understood bv the amateur. The wrong lime is often chosen. The majority ol gardeners err in litis detail they prune their All trees in March when the blossom buds are pushing. be done in the pruning a Peach tree requires should September or October after the fruit is gathered. W hy wait until the spring when the work ran be so much belter done when the leaves are on the trees? T he latter are a guide to The main point is to allow sufficient space the primer. between the branches. Overcrowding ol the shoots is a mistake; maturity is the point to aim at. Never allow the leaves of one shoot to overlap those of its neighbour. Cut away all superfluous growth, selecting for removal those shoots that are weak, and also those that are extra strong, as these do not mature so readily, and never show as mail}' bloom buds as the medium-sized shoots do. Those of llie thickness of an ordinary cedar pencil are preferable. Shoots Ibis size and 2ft. long may be shortened hack to bin.: ol those I Sin. long may simply have their point removed ihose less may be left intact. When shortening a shoot always cut to a wood bud (not a flower bud) on the upper side of the shoot, as then the shape of the tree is so much letler preserved than when the shoots come from the
finally altogether
THE MELON.
Without doubt the Melon
our tender
in
is
summer
its
dessert fruits.
warmer months
the year
of
that the
is
Melon
flavour
Originally a
long time been cultivated in many warm countries throughout the world. Several forms of il have been introduced into this country at different periods. The earliest of which we have any record is the Musk Melon, said by Phillips, in his " Pomarium
native
Persia,
the
Melon has
for
Britannicum," to have been brought here in 1520, probably from Italy, though lor some time its cultivation was confined to the Royal Gardens at St. James's. Another account
gives the dale of its introduction as 1570, and Jamaica as the country from which we received it.
The grown
antaleupe Melons, so called from their having been a very long time at Cantaluppi, near Rome (though coming in the first place from Armenia), and the Romanos, also from Italy, were introduced from the Continent at a later period. By Ihe intermingling and frequent intercrossing of these various forms, innumerable varieties were raised, which, though popular for a time, have since been superseded by
(
lor
countless others.
The general
form, w ith a
prolific bearer.
character of the Cantaleupe is a roundish rough, irregularly netted surface that of the
;
and a
under
the
side.
is
Disbudding"
necessity
ol
important, and,
if
much pruning
in
In dis-
budding or thinning the shoots, the aim should be to leave all that is necessary to fill up gaps consequent upon the removal of useless growths in the autumn. It is better to err on the side of thinness than overcrowding. Directly the shoots can be handled the trees should be gone over, as then the shoots rub oil easily by bending them in the opposite way. Go over them several times, removing a
few shoots at a time rather ihan taking all off at once, as then no check is given. The summer treatment consists in supplying the trees with water at the roots when required, and keeping down
insect
fuly
:
The Persian and Water Melons are not now cultivated in our glass houses, although the latter are still imported in considerable quantities from the Continent for sale in our markets. The Water Melon is a distinct species. Though cultivated with us as a luxury, in the East the Melon forms one of the necessaries of life ; in both Persia and Caboal il is, perhaps, most extensively grown in the The minimum temperature in which the Melon open air. can be successfully grown may be put down at 65<leg. Fahr. To but to properly ripen its fruit greater heat is necessary. be aide to furnish a supply of Melons from May until October the cultivator will have little time unoccupied between those months, for the first sowing of seed should be made earlv in fanuary if the seedlings are to produce ripe
by May. Nothing is gained by sowing the seeds earlier than the above date, for if they germinate during the dark sunless days of December the young plants will become weak and spindly, and most probably will be overtaken by those liom the later sown seeds; the latter would also have the advantage of having made a quick growth under more
fruit
how
Seldom do the trees require water before they do, (hey mil t nol be neglected. It is surprising quickly ihe leaves are infested with red spider if the
pests.
"
it
roots are
swelling,
allowed to become dry. When the fruit is abundance of water is a distinct gain, as finer fruit is obtained and the trees make belter growth. It is upon the current season's grow th that next year's crop is
obtained
;
therefore
il
this
is
unsatisfactory,
the
fruit
favourable conditions, resulting in the production of better Different cultivators usually have their own plants. particular methods of sowing the seeds and growing on the plants before finally planting them out.
FRUIT
CULTURE.
to be
5 5
Sowing the
Seeds.
Sow
lhc--e singly in
small 6o-sized
made
firm.
[f the
young
sowing them in pans or at once The disin the permanent bed, as some recommend. advantage of the hist method is that much of the heat of the h il-hed is spent just when it would be of the greatest Those who follow this practice assistance to the plant. claim for it that by so doing there is no danger of injury to the roots of the Melon plants by removal, as is easily possible w hen they have to be transplanted from the seed pots. It is for this reason that many do not sow the seeds in
pots, in preference to either
from their pots, and have not been allowed to remain in them long enough for the roots to have become matted together, they will not suffer to any extent. Make a hole in tin- loose soil of the centre of the bed to comfortably
receive the plant.
after the hot-bed
a few days probably be too hot to allow of the Melons being planted. A thermometer should be inserted in the bed to ascertain its heat when Sodeg. are registered, with the temperature decreasing, the work
is
will
pans, as then the risk of injury to the roots ol the seedlings is much greater than if the seedling, well rooted in the pot
of planting
for the
may
be safely
commenced.
Sufficient
warmth
which it was sown, has only to he transferred from it to another pot or lied ol soil. This brings the question as to whether it is advisable to plant out the young Melon plants from ihe seed pots, or to repot them into a larger si/e before finally planting them. Unless it is intended to fruit the plants in large pots, place them in their permanent quarters directly from the small ones, as the)- then have a better opportunity of
in
il getting established before coming into (lower than Fill the allowed to remain in pols for a longer period. small pots in which the seeds are sown with a rather light compost, consisting of loam and leaf mould in equal Afterwards make quantities. use of nothing hut loam for Melon culture, and, provided the loam is good, it cannot be improved for this purpose by of any other the addition
well-being of the Melons is maintained by the bed without any further addition of heating materials.
Il should, however, be mentioned that in our case two rows of hot-water pipes run the whole length of the bed underneath it. For the first month keep the night temperature ol the house at 6Sdeg., and then raise it to 7odeg.
When
finally
the
to
fruits
are
well
set
raise
it
to
73<leg.,
and
75deg. A light spraying, with the syringe, ol lepid water several times daily, when the weather is bright, greatly assists the plants. If possible the house should also be moistened late in the evening, otherwise before morning the atmosphere becomes very dry. This has much to do with the appearance of spider, red
which evidently thrives where such conditions prevail. When this pest appears heavy syringing
usually resorted to in the but at night the atmosphere of the house is again far
is
material.
day,
Place the seeds in the pots about Jin. deep, and plunge the latter closely together in a mild hot-bed, and cover with Make the a piece of glass.
soil
the
good
I
of
the
plants, especial'y
hot.
are
Melons new
in
ill.
required
until
they
have
on
which
the
to
train
them
except an occasional damping with the syringe. When the seed leaves are seen pushing through the soil take
germinated,
position, suspended
fro 31
roof.
about Before
the
trellis
This
forth
here
make
will
ot
good progress.
Very
be
roots
little
water
needed
are
until
plenty
side shoots, the two uppermost ol which are tied to the trellis and the W hen remainder rubbed off. these two have grown about
Al night, made. if the weather is at all cold, throw a mat on the glass where outside, directly over the seedlings are, for being
so
are
along the trellis they stopped. Several soon he laterals will again
iSin.
also
bear
it
near to the
suffer.
glass
if
not
they would
female flowers.
is
is
used, because
probably
characteristic
some
varieties
to
rarely
produce
fruit
In the early part of the year about lour months elapse between the sowing of the seed and the ripening of the fruit, though in the warmer weather so long a time is not By the beginning of February the young plants necessary. for the early house should be sufficiently well rooted to It is a great mistake to place in their permanent quarters. plant Melons, especially early ones, in too large a body of
first lateral growths; it is not until these have been stopped and the sub-laterals appear that female flowers are obtained. When the flowers are seen to be opening the atmosphere of the house should be kept drier, and more
upon the
The Melon
plant
is
monoecious, that
male and female organs are enclosed in separate flowers, although both flowers are on the same plant. In order,
the
it is
Finer fruits are obtained if the roots are confined to This latter does not become a comparatively small area. sour, for it is so full of roots that the water given to it is At a later stage the plants can also be quickly absorbed.
soil.
necessary
This
after
is
latter,
and
more
efficiently assisted
if
confined than
allowed to ramble over a larger area Having made up a hot-bed of stable manure (about 2jft. deep and 2ft. wide) in the house or pit intended to be filled, cover the surface with three rows of turves, grass side Upon the two outer rows place a second downwards. layer, thus leaving a space between the two in the centre of Fill this afterwards with chopped loam, from the bed. which the loose soil has been shaken, so as to leave only
the fibrous portion for use.
upon the stigma of the former. The pistillate which afterwards develops into the fruit, is easily distinguished from the pollen-bearing flower by the ovary (resembling a miniature Melon), which may be seen below
flower,
commence
soil
requires
It will be noticed that when these first open not more than two or three will be in the same stage of development some will be fully open, while others have not yet begun to expand. Unless a few fruits are required very early, it is not advisable to " set " or fertilise any flowers until several are as nearly as possible in the same condition, for if one fruit
the
corolla.
to
552
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
In
GARDENING.
Marts to s\,cll much in advance of the others, it will continue to develop at the expense of these, and probably only one perfect fruit will be obtained.
01 course,
it
is
same
stage, but
the
"I
plants
and moist atmosphere the fruits may split. will behave thus even when great care is taken to prevent it. If an excess of moisture be present, it also invariably settles around the collar of the fruit, i.e., where the latter is joined lo its stalk, and speedily causes
a hot
Some
varieties
number
ensuing
decay.
Less water
at
the
root
is
Not
some
when
the fruits
than four or live should lie set, if this i, possible, as in the course of a day or two it can easily be seen which are likely to develop into the finest fruits; those not required may then be removed. Early in the season three are
if
Although a certain dryness both of soil and atmosphere with an increase of air are necessary for the full development ol the flavour of the fruit of the Melon, if these measures are adopted before the fruit is fully grown, it would probably be found that instead of this having increased in flavour, it was wanting in that most necessary
quality.
begin lo ripen.
The
in the year four fruits may remain on each plant. ultimate size of the fruit, however, needs 10 be considered when deciding how many fruits to remove.
Later
When the
Some
in
varieties of
such a
Melons produce small fruits; therefore case rather more might profitably be allowed to
if
good indication is given that the latter is in a condition to be cut. This does not always hold good,
fruit,
for
some
ripen than
Where
possible it is preferable to choose fruits that are some distance up the trellis rather than those low down near the stem, tor the former can le more easily attended to as regards t\ ing, etc., and would also receive more sunlight
varieties take a longer time to ripen than others. If the top of the Melon, when pressed gently with the thumb, feels slightly soft to the touch and a pleasant smell is also emitted, one may be fairly sure that the fruit is ripe.
The most
thev are cut
suitable place in
is
which
to
much
a cool, airy fruit room, though if they are slid rather hard, and yet have become detached from the stalk, they ought to remain for another day or two in a sunny
position
sides
than
if
all
are together
at
the base of
it.
under
glass.
instead
of
fruits are set and have been thinned to the required mini ber, they should be encouraged to swell as quickly as possible. The Melon, being but a shortlived and tender plant, is mosl easily in jured if its growth is checked in any way. It will be necessary to support the fruits in some manner as soon as they become at all heavy. II they develop as they ought do, the above to operation need not be done until three or
If the fruits are turned on their remaining upright when in the fruit room, and tissue paper is
placed over them at night, This they keep much longer. latter precaution prevents moisture settling around the collar of the fruit, while it often happens, especially if a Melon is fully ripe, that if stood for an an)' length of time in
upright position the base of it becomes quite soli, thus ren-
dering the
off
fruit useless.
few
of the leaves
may
immediately
admit
air
lour
set.
order
fruits
and
all
posdble
are
supported by means of a piece of board placed underneath and suspended from trellis strings, the by lour one at each corner. Moisture, however, frequently settles on the board, and is the means of causing many of the fruits to prematurely decay. A better siring alone, which answers the Use only two strings ; tie them lo each other under the fruit, thus
small
hitler to rest in.
sunlight.
to
is
i
a n k e
is
the
part
most
of
the
soft,
plant
affected
if
becomes
and,
pre-
way
is
to
make
use of
forming a sling
for
the
During the time the fruits are swelling the planls will need copious supplies ol water, as the soil will dry up quickly. Applications of liquid manure are very beneficial at this Regulating eriod, and may be given at least twice a week. and stopping ol the shoots are necessary when the plants are in lull growth. Each shoot that bears a fruit needs pinching one leaf beyond this, and all laterals and sublater.ds that eventually appear require to lie regulated by stopping according to the amount ol room vacant on the trellis. All leaves allowed to remain must have sufficient if they are crowded space for their proper development together thev will be unable lo perform their functions, and the plants will consequently suffer. It is well to pinch the shoots when they are young and By this to do so gradually, going over them every day. means the vigour of the plants, though not checked in any way, will be directed to those parts where most When the fruits approach the ripening period needed. there are several cultural details that ought not to be neglected, as fruits at this stage are easily spoiled. As soon as signs of ripening are noticeable, less moisture and more
]
The measures be not taken, quickly decays. To base of the stem is usually the portion attacked. avoid this malady the cultivator should endeavour to keep All growths which push from the stem hard and strong. the axils of the leaves on the stem ought to be removed when the plants are young, for if allowed to remain until well grown they prevent a free circulation of air around the
ventive
thus causing the latter to become soft and flabby. watering the lied, great care is necessary to ensuie that the stems of the plants remain always perfectly dry. No w ater should fall within I in. of the former. When the shoots are allowed to grow and develop before stopping, stem,
When
or
removing a lot of foliage at once, canker is promoted the shoots often die back to the stem instead of healing.
An atmosphere
al-o
continually saturated
weaken the plants, thus rendering them more liable to canker. A good cure is Portland cement rubbed well upon the parts affected it arrests decay and causes the Red spider also stem to become hard and dry again. and greatly disfiguring frequently attacks the foliage, Regularly syringe with clear water, and occainjuring it. Take care sionally with a solution of soft soap and wa'er. also that the house does not become hot and dry Melon Culture in Frames. Melons may also be successfully cultivated during the summer months on hot;
The
air
should be given.
May
FRUIT
about a month previously.
after planting sary.
It
is
;
CULTURE.
If
it
is
553
improve an existing,
Admit no
is
air
for
few days
il
the sun
important to close the frame early in the afternoon, so as to harbour as much sun-heat as possible, The plants have as none is available from hut-water pipes. necessarily to be trained on the surface of the soil, so that the fruits ought to be placed upon tiles or slates, as it i- ol As they approach the course impossible to suspend them, ripening period, die Melons need l" be well exposed to the light. If mats are thrown over the frame at night, the The temperature will be increased by several degrees.
details advised for the plants grown in houses, he proper with regard to regulating the growths and conditions to maintain at certain periods, etc., apply equally well to those in frames.
cultural
THE PEAR.
so high a state of perfecspeaking, as the Apple, it is one of the most valuable and highly esteemed of our hardy
tion
in
fruits.
By many
not
so
it
is
preferred
to
the the
Apple
latter
for dessert.
for
Though
purposes,
largely
used
as
culinary
some varieties of the Pe.ir when stewed are As a press fruit lor the manufacture of perry it delicious. is in some parts of this country largely cultivated, ami this
persons considered superior to cider. of the Continent notably the Channel Islands produces finer Pears than we, as a rule, are able to furnish from trees in the open ground and upon the walls of our home gardens. Farly in the present century many new varieties were raised and introduced to cultivation by Knight, Van Mons, Duquesne, and others. These were of such a high quality, that with lew exceptions they superseded the older ones.
is
beverage
by
many
The
fruit should be if, chosen bom the healthiest trees on the other from hand, pips are saved fruit whose flower was impregnated with the pollen of another variety, no The seed is best sown choice of course will be possible. in the autumn, either on a sheltered piece of ground known to be free from injurious insects, or in Sin. pots, covered over with slates or pieces ol board, and placed outside on Il tiles or ashes to prevent the entrance of worms, etc. will not be possible to obtain the pips from late Pears in the autumn, as they are not thoroughly ripe at that time. The autumn-sown seeds b-gin to germinate, as a rule, i.i the month of March, whilst those sown in February will Throughout probably not commence to sprout before May. the summer the seedlings may be allowed to remain in their pots, a sunny position and plenty of water at the root being necessary for them in the growing season. In October they are planted in iSie open ground at a distance between each plant of 1 Sin. and 111 rows 3ft. apart. Where stocks are simply required, the seed is generally sow n in drills, about Ojn. apart, prepared in ground that has this latter remark applies equally to been well broken up The following w inter they the seedlings above mentioned. may be transplanted and grown on until large enough for grafting upon. The question of the stock to be used for grafting the Pear is important, for the nature of this affects the future wellOf the several stocks employed, that of being of the tree. trees worked the Pear itself is undoubtedly the most natural upon this live the longest, and are also the most vigorous. The roots, however, are naturally long and fibreless, and are
variety
finest
liable to
grow downwards
;
and require
of the
Garden" we
learn that
in
the
course of a lew years the Abbe Duquesne and 1'rofessor Van Mons fruited no less than 8,000 varieties. Van Mons
for the same reason the trees ought to be frequent primings often transplanted, otherwise they move badly. In poor soil the Pear stock is to be preferred to the Quince, as its roots roam further afield, and are able to find food where
alone raised 80,000 seedling Pears, and spent the greater part of his life in carrying out this his favourite study. In its wild state the I'ear tree is thorny, with upright branches ami ol a pyramidal form, in which respect it differs from the Apple tree. Burnet observes that the cultivated tree differs from the Apple not only in its tendency to a pyramidal form, but also in being more liable to send out tap roots, as a seedling much longer in coming
into
In selecting stocks from only surface roots would perish. amongst the seedlings, all but the strong and erect-growing
bearing, and
exist
for
roots or
lived.
grafted
health,
upon
pro-
In a dry soil
will
centuries and
keep
its
have of the I'ear are of great mentioned by the earliest writers as growing abundantly in Syria, Egypt, and Greece. From the latter country it was imported into Italy, and though we have no record
first
;
The
accounts we
is
antiquity
it
ones should be rejected. The graft may be affixed quite close to the ground or at some distance away, as this stock and the graft increase For standard trees the most vigorous in size about equally. should be selected, as only these are suitable for grafting at In deciding whether a some distance from the ground. standard tree is to be grafted near the ground or some distance up the stem, the habit of the variety to be It would be useless to must be considered. grafted join the scion of a weakly sort on to the stock near the With a strongground and allow it to form the stem. growing, healthy variety it does not matter where the union takes place, as either stock or scion would make an equally Before the sap rises the stock needs to be good stem.
cut
down
to
the
it
point at which
is
intended
to
graft,
and
off
the
be
in
cut
and
cool
partially
covered
a
on
the
Romans.
-There are
show any
starting.
signs of
Propagation.
various
The
Quince
methods
of propagating the
and most
ally
genergraft-
Trees grafted
upi
in
practised are
this
become
buddingand
ing.
The
raising
is
of seedlings
resorted
the
only
for
to
purpose
of
obtaining
varieties
new
and
PEAR, LOUISE
BONNE OF
JERSEY,
the
fruit
is
often
55-1
FRUIT
shallow rooting its valuable in cold and damp soils, and for trees that are to be planted in limited Another good point of space, as in cultivated garden soil. the Quince is that trees worked upon it transplant readily
larger
CULTURE
height for originating
the two
555
lower horizontal branches,
From
especially
When the shoots push, the latter, of course, is trained upright, and the other two at some elevation in order to strengthen them, for they cannot be too strong, provided they can be bent down
and the third one
for the upright leader.
The increased size and colour of even when fairly old. fruit produced by Pear trees on the Quince is considered to be the result of the check experienced by the returning sap when it reaches the Quince stock, which does not become For this latter reason the union so large as the Pear. It is not should always be made quite close to the ground. the stem of the Quince that is required, but its surfaceplaced some If the graft were rooting fibrous roots. distance up the stem of the Quince stock, it is most probable that eventually the scion would enlarge more quickly than the stock, thus leaving the lower part of the stem thinner than the upper. The Hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha), the Mountain Ash (Pyrus Aucuparia), and the Medlar (Mespilus germanica) are also sometimes used as Pear stocks, though not nearly so extensively as the Pear and the Quince. The Pear appears to thrive in any good loamy soil, Soil. providing it is sufficiently well drained to allow of no stagnant moisture being present. The nature of the soil where Pear trees are to be planted must necessarily determine whether these shall be upon the Pear or the Quince stock. It has been already mentioned that the roots of the former reach further, and therefore require a greater depth of soil than do those of It will also be easily understood that as the the Quince. roots of the latter are so near the surface, they will need to be assisted by top-dressing and mulching, especially when the trees are bearing a heavy crop ol fruit. When young Pear trees are planted they make a better start if, after the roots have been laid out carefully in the hole made to receive them, a few barrow-loads of fresh loam are used to mix with the garden soil, placing it more All thick, libreless roots, especially round about the roots. and also any that are bruised or broken, need shortening back with a cut commenced under the root. In planting the Pe ir tree, regard must be had to the particular variety, whether the fruit is required early or late in the season, if it Local circumis of a weak or a strong habit of growth, etc. The fruit gathered stances also have to be considered. from wall trees is generally superior to that picked from Walls having a south or a west aspect trees in the open. should be chosen if possible. Wall trees have the advantage of those in the open of not being so liable to suffer when in The wall itself gives a certain flower from spring frosts. amount of protection, and more can be easily afforded by means of canvas blinds. The methods of training Pear trees are Training numerous, and depend upon the uses and positions for For covering a wall, horiwhich the trees are intended. zontal-trained trees are often employed, though formerly, to judge by the many specimens now existing in gardens, practised. Cordonfan training was more extensively trained trees furnish the wall more quickly than either of the above-mentioned, and are to be recommended, especially for temporary fruiting, until the larger trees are well grown. For very high walls fan-trained trees are suitable, as the upper part of the former is more quickly covered than by
easily
towards autumn."
horizontal training.
With
regard
to
trees
trained
in
the
last-mentioned
manner, those grafted on the Pear stock will need more room for development than if worked on the Quince. From 1 2ft. to 15ft. apart for those on the latter, and from 1 8 ft. to 20ft. for those on the former, according as the soil is rich or poor, are suitable distances to allow between them.
The branches
I2in.
apart; this may appear to leave a vacant space between, but it will be found heavy crop of fruit can be produced under The wall also becomes warmer from the when not so heavily covered by foliage.
:
following winter the stem will be pruned back to such a distance as will allow a space of i2in. between the buds, from which the second horizontal branches will be produced, and those branches already formed. The top bail will again be trained upwards for the leader. From this we see that only two horizontal shoots are made every year, so that some time must necessarily elapse before the lop of the wall can be reached, Some cultivators, if their trees are growing very strongly, retain four of these branches annually, two on either side of the stem. This is done by stopping the leading shoot, so as to cause it to push lateral growths. Two of these at a proper distance from the lower branches are then allowed to extend. When dealing with trees with the lowest branches almost at right angles to the stem, if the How of sap is not checked in some way the lop of the tree will benefit to the detriment of the base. In forming the bottom shoots, therefore, instead of training them immediately right away from the stem for a few inches, they should be allowed to rise, as the sap is then encouraged to flow to them. Of course, near to the top of the tree this will not be necessary ; the branches there should be as level as possible. To encourage the lower shoots to grow strongly, allow the laterals to develop, and pinch them late in summer. They must, however, be cut within in. of their bases at the winter pruning. For several reasons the laterals on the horizontal branches may be allowed to grow during the summer without stopping (unless they become unduly crowded, when pinching must be resorted to). After several branches have developed on either side and the tree is well formed, the side shoots ought to lie shortened in summer to five or six leaves, going over the upper half of the tree one day and the lower half after a few days' interval. The formation of fruit spurs will be greatly assisted by the free admission of sun and air thus made possible. In forming a fan-shaped tree, commence by first producing three shoots as advised for the horizontally-trained one. At the first winter pruning cut back the leading shoot to three properly developed buds a few inches above its base. The resulting growths at the end of the second season will then number five. At the following pruning, again shorten the leading one to three buds, and the two shoots made the previous summer also cut back to two eyes, and these will in their turn produce shoots. Those obtained first of all, after allowing a slight rise from the stem, should be trained at right angles to this, and the others as they are produced a few inches above them in an oblique direction. Until the wall space is filled, the more the branches extend the farther apart they will become, thus leaving room for more, which are easily produced by shortening others back to suitable buds. Cordon trees may be trained in an upright or in a slanting direction. When planted temporarily between other trees, or permanently against a fairly high wall, the former method is usually adopted. For furnishing a low wall the latter system is preferable, as it allows of more extension than would be possible if the upright method were practised. When the Pear tree is confined to a single stem, if the length of this is limited the tree is apt to prematurely die. There are other forms of cordons besides the single ones they may be double, treble, or even five-stemmed. The principal forms adopted for the formation of Pear trees for planting in the open are the standard, the pyramid,
J, ;
The
cultivating
a standard tree
first
develop a
straight,
good
heat
cultivation.
ol
strong,
the sun
and healthy stem. A thin and weakly one will always be a source of danger to the tree, especially in rough weather. It is well known that the stem or shoot of a tree is stouter at
the base than at the apex. This should be the case with the stem of our standard Pear, and by care and proper treatment it may lie obtained. Unless a plant has a certain amount of well-developed foliage, the food absorbed by the roots cannot
The formation of the horizontal-trained tree is thus described by Thompson " When the young plant consists of a single upright shoot or stem it is cut down
a,bove
at
the
proper
556
be
properly
All
THH
utilised.
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
slakes placed in the ground,
necessary, for a few weeks.
if
the
first
shoot
made
during the
where
it
was cut
to
all
not
made
About mid-
summer
may be pinched and pruned back to one eye in winter. Alter two
the
laterals
produced on the side branches to \m. From the buds upon the recently formed leader shoots to form more side branches will push the
following spring, and the one
growth the leader ought to have reached a length of bit., and should then be strong enough to form its primary branches. To accomplish this the leader is pruned to three buds above the point where it is intended that the stem shall terminate. This, be however, must
seasons'
bom
the
uppermost bud
will
Continue
latter
this
system
has
in
attained
the
tree
desired
the
height.
As
size
the
increases
and
vigour,
upper
branches
will naturally
grow so strongly
as
some
little
extreme end
us that
the
leader, strung.
to destroy its pyramidal shape this, however, must be prevented by slopping them
;
portion
but
usually any-
in
summer
at
the
required
thing
II
il
hard
seen
slim
it,
and
that
be
old
the
two
cut
year
when
PEAR,
REURRE CLMRGF.AU
limit,
down
will
enough to form the stem, the only course from the to grow for another season. three remaining buds shoots will push in the spring, and it is important that these be encouraged to grow strongly, and also evenly, as they really form the foundation of the tree. The future shape and beauty of the latter depend largely upon the care bestowed upon the training and
not be long
is
open
to allow
it
regulating of the
as possible
first
shoots.
They should be
apart,
as nearly
the
same
distance
and
if
one grows
Stronger than the other it should be pinched. As leaves are now produced in greater numbers at the
another evil is branches. The bush form, or open dwarf, is more generally made use of in the training of Apple trees still, it answers well for the Pear also, especially in small gardens, as they can be planted closely together. The maiden plant in this case must be allowed to grow lor two years before it is pruned back. At the end of the second year cut the shoot down to within 6in. of its base. In spring, when the buds below begin to push, select lour shoots lo form the foundation ol the tree. At the end of the second year, " Lindley's
;
Gross strong shoots are usually unfruitful, so that by allowing these upper ones to extend beyond their proper added to that of weakening the lower
point.
head of the tree, the shoots that push from the stem may lie pinched hard, and at the following winter pruning remove those upon the lower half altogether, and the remainder next pruning. The three branches formed areat the shortened to within I2in. of their bases in January, and when growth again commences, two shoots only from each Six branches are thus proof these are allowed to push. duced, and more will not be necessary for some years until
greater space
to
is
Guide
to the Orchard" recommends that two or three of the best placed shoots from each branch should be selected
to gin.,
heir
strength,
in
balanced, so
that
its
numerous
to keep the head perfectly one side shall not be higher nor more branches, and all must be kept as close as
taking care
available, for
all
be
defeated
by the
Instead, therefore, of again shortening the main branches, allow them to extend, and shorten any side shunts in live or six eyes during summer, and prune them back to three eyes The aim of of fruit buds. in winter for the formation the cultivator should be to keep the iree as open as possible, the principal branches must not to admit the sun and air cross each other, nor be allowed to grow inwards. For those whose space is limited, the best form of Pear
;
planted
-Grafted on the Quince stock, they may be 6ft. to 8ft. apart, and they do not obstruct The true form the light in the same way as standard trees. of the pyramid is an upright stem with horizontal side branches, each tier of these being gradually shorter than the This is important, lor if the upper one immediately below. branches are allowed to become stronger, and to reach over so as to destiny the pyramidal form, the lower nnes will inevitably deteriorate, and probably eventually die away. The method of training in obtain this particular shape is as The plant, having made one year's growth from follows In the graft, is cut back tn within 15111. of its base. spring several shoots will develop, the uppermost of which il not perfectly straight, it must is trained perpendicularly In order to encourage the be tied to a stake to make it so.
Pyramid.
at
from
an equal distance horn each other. this II regularity in forming the head be attended to and effected at first, there will be no difficulty in keeping it so afterwards, by pruning either to that bud immediately on the inside next to the centre (if the tree, or that immediately on the outside. This has reference only to the leading shoots, which are always produced from the terminal buds when pruned, and which alone form the figure and beauty of the tree. The intermediate space must of course be provided for at the same time, having regard to the number of branches thus employed, that they do not crowd each other. On the contrary, they must be kept thin and perfectly open, so as to admit plenty of sun and air ; the middle of the tree must be kept quite open from first to last. In pruning the supernumerary shoots, they should be cut down to within lin. of the bottom, which will generally cause the surrounding eyes 10 form natural blossom spurs but where the tree is in a vigorous state of health, branches will probably be produced instead of spurs if so, they must all be cut close except one, which must be shortened as
;
;
possible at
before.
espalier.
Another excellent method of growing the Pear is as an The necessary fence is made by means of stout wires, about lit. apart, stretched between poles bit. in height.
This system has much to recommend it, as little space is occupied by trees thus trained. The latter are fully exposed to the influence of the sun and air, the flowers are easily protected from the spring frosts, and the fruit is not damaged so much during the rough weather generally experienced in November as is that upon unsupported trees Horizontal and fan-trained trees are both in the open. made use of for espaliers. The first-named form, however^
remaining shoots to grow as vigorously as possible, leave them untouched until the end of August, and then bring
them down
to
horizontal
position,
attaching
them
to
FRUIT
the most generally practised, and is to be recommended. latter are well adapted for training upon curvilinear
CULTURE.
made
six
557
or seven
will
is
The
famous ones in the Royal Gardens at Trees fan-trained upon these are now still in Frogmore. good bearing, though planted when the gardens wi re made
trellises, similar to the
filly
or
more years
ago.
The Tear tree in a wild These, however, under cultivation are replaced by shorl branches, technically known as Spurs may spurs, upon which are produced flower buds II not pruned they would either be simple or compound. soon be too faraway from the wall to derive any benefit In spur priming, the object from its warmth and shelter. then should be to keep the spurs as near to the wall as
possible,
and also
to
thin
out
and regulate
to
suitable
As already mentioned, distance any that may be crowded. natural spins are formed by the Pear, and these should Some always be retained in preference to artificial ones.
varieties
produce
fruil
(
than do others
profitable to train
In
in
and numerously kind it is more young wood, upon which fruit buds
spurs
easily
more
trees
of this latter
Some leaves they may lie stopped. push as a result, and these also should be At the pinched after having made two or three leaves. winter pruning cut back those thai were checked when six In or seven leaves had developed to three or lour buds. II, all probability some of these will form flower buds. however, it should happen that each proved to be a wood bud when these pushed forth in the spring all should be This would require to be removed except the lowest. stopped after having made about six leaves, and in winter pruned back to three or four eyes to encourage the formaThe old wood projecting tion of (lower buds at its base. beyond would, of course, be cut away. Unless the sun and air are able to have bee access to the branches of the Pear tree an unfruitful state will ensue. is Il by pruning that we endeavour to bring about the former, so preventing the latter; by summer pinching we prevent the shoots growing too strongly, thus oven rowding and weakening each other, and also check the sap with the object of causing fruit buds to form. At the winter pruning the shape ol the tree should be
side shoots
regulated, removing all weak and badly placed leading branches growing inwards are shortened to an outside hud. When spurs extend too far away from the
properly
;
shoots
Pear Trees
ment
in the
Open.
It
the
summer manage-
the open is properly attended to little pruning will be necessary in the winter-time. If the shoots are allowed to grow unchecked during summer and the following winter are cut back to within I in. or so of
of Pear trees in
these remaining buds shoots will again push the ensuing season, and a mass of crowded growths will result. All summer shoots lor which no room can be lound without causing overcrowding should be removed altogether when growing, or, if there is still sufficient space for the formation of more fruit spurs, as soon as they have
their bases, from
branch they need to he pruned back, as well as removed too close together. The buds of a spur may either be flower buds or imperfectly formed ones that produce leaves only. This latter kind, if allowed to become numerous, will probably increase in vigour, thus tending to prevent the formation of blossom buds. Such spurs, therefore, must either be thinned out or shortened back at the winter pruning, to encourage fruit buds to form. Those on the upper part of the tree may be cut nearly close, while on the central and lower parts they must not be quite so severely shortened. An equal flow of sap to all parts of the tree will thus be encouraged. Root Pruning". The practice of root pruning is often most beneficial if judiciously carried out. Its obiect is to check gross and luxuriant growth, or to prevent the roots descending into a cold, damp subsoil. Trees worked upon the Pear stock are more liable to both of these conditions than those on the Quince. With regard to old
when
: ; ,
553
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
and large trees, it is, of course, impossible to lift them and cut luck the offending roots the best plan to adopt with them is to dig a trench all round at a distance of about 6ft. from the stem, and to shorten back with a sharp knife all the thick and fibreless roots that are found. In the case of younger trees the roots are naturally much more approachable. Bv making a trench a few feet away from the stem the soil can be worked away from the roots by means of a fork, the gross roots traced, pruned, and if possible replaced. Thinning' the Fruit. It is the practice of all good cultivators to thin the crop of fruit produced, if this is
;
will not keep. The late Pears are best left on the tree as long as possible, although it is not wise to leave them after the first or second week of November, as much damage ensues during a rough, windy night. When picking Pears intended lor keeping, avoid bruising them by squeezing with the hand. A Pear that has not been carefully gathered
will,
before
long,
show
signs
of this
by becoming
dis-
conditions are favourable, a heavier crop " set " than can be profitably brought to maturity, is often and if thinning is not practised, the over-abundant fruit will
necessary.
When
not only be inferior in quality, but the health and productiveness of the tree will probably be seriously weakened for the next season or two. As soon as the fruit is well set
coloured where bruised and commencing to decay. cool, regular temperature seems to be the requisite condition for successfully keeping Pears for any length of time. The fruit-room of the writer is fitted with stages in tiers one above the other around the sides, and a larger arrangement of similar design in the centre. These stages have shelves about ifin. wide and iin. apart ; the fruit is placed so as to rest between the two pieces of wood. Pears may be made to ripen a few weeks before their
proper season
if
thinning should be commenced. Sometimes it may be necessary to remove a whole bunch (especially on wall trees, where a better " set" is usually procured), but usually it is sufficient to thin out the fruits to two or three on each bunch in the case of the largervarieties, allowing rather more to develop upon trees bearing Of course, on many trees, especially in smaller fruits. prounfavourable seasons, thinning is totally unnecessary bably not more than one or two fruits will swell from each corymb of flowers. Unless the necessary thinning is performed, the energies of the tree are almost entirely used up so that the requisite in nourishing its burden of fruit, amount of elaborated sap is not stored up in the buds for the production of leaves and flowers the following year. Gathering and Storing. -The time when Pears are in a fit condition to be gathered may be ascertained by
;
The
best
method
this.
is
to
place the fruits in a basket inside a warm, airy glass-house. It is important that the Pears in the fruit-room be frequently
fruit may be removed if quickly become contaminated. The varieties of early Pears upon which chief reliance should be placed are Jargonelle, Citron des Carmes, and Doyenne d'Ete. The two latter are invariably ripe in July Beurre in the open, and the former also on a south wall. Giffard and Clapp's Favourite are two good-flavoured Pears,
examined, so that
all
decayed
in August. The lastat a most useful time Williams' Bon keeps we'l for a short time. Chretien, Souvenir du Congres, Autumn Nelis, Beurre d'Amanlis, and Mme. Treyve are excellent September Pe\rs, of which the first three should be consumed soon after being gathered. In October, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Fondant e d Au omne
which ripen
named
'
and Beurre
Hardy
all
ripen,
of
which
are
excellent
Pears.
Thompson's
(in
the opinion
of
many
in
is
the
culti-
best- flavoured
Pear
in
vation)
ripe
November,
de
la
This latter,
although
delicious
often
when
met
It
properly ripe,
is
with of inferior
quality.
requires
warm
tion
situa-
In
November
PEAR,
lifting
ready to be picked, the stalk of the This, however, is not the case with all varieties. Some, if left until they are in this state, become soft and mealy, and ought to be picked some time before if their full flavour is to be developed. Such are Williams' Bon Chretien, Easter Beurre, Doyenne Boussoch, and Flemish Beauty. The early Pears, as Jargonelle and Citron des Carmes, require to be eaten almost as soon as gathered, for they
fruit
;
up the
if
Pear
will
and December there are Forelle, the beautifully speckled Trout Pear, of good flavour Glou Morceau, one of the best, though to be well grown it requires wall protection. Doyenne du Cornice, the favourite Pear of many persons, succeeds well as an espalier, as does also General Todleben, a large and delicious fruit. Beurre Diel, Beurre Bachelier, and Chaumontel are all good
are
Winter Nelis,
flavour
;
and
of
excellent
Beurre
an abundant de Jonghe,
FRUIT
Knight's Monarch, Nouvelle Fulvie, a delicious late Pear Beurre Bergamotte d'Esperen, another prolific bearer Ranee, Olivier de Series, Ne plus Meuris, Passe Crassane. Easter Beurre and Doyenne d'Alencon are he latest of all. The last mentioned cannot always be depended upon to
; ;
i
CULTURE.
if,
is
weakly,
it
should be budded or
grafted higher
It
is
up the
stock.
first,
for though it is one of the last invariably in flower very early in fact, and so the blossoms are liable to
frost.
Germain
the best
t
Verulam, Vicar of Winkfield, and Uvedale's St. are the best stewing Pears, the first-named, perhaps,
if
all.
important to carefully distinguish between a wood to insert only the former when Stocks upon performing the operation of budding in July. which it is intended to graft should be cut down early in January, and also cut the scions then and lay them in the soil on a north border, until required for grafting in March. The Plum is not fastidious as to soil, providing that this is of ordinary fertility and the subsoil is not wet and cold. The fruit produced on trees which make a strong growth in too rich a soil is not of such a line flavour as that upon
THE PLUM.
This
are
is
trees of
many forms of it Buliace, Damsons, and so forth. Propagation. The usual w ay is by budding and
fruits,
and there
graft-
The roots of the moderate growth in lighter soil. Plum do not go very deep, consequently a great depth of In soil that is trenched the roots w ll soil is not necessary. naturally extend farther than in soil not dug; and in the former case the trees would not be 'liable to suffer so much
;
and sometimes by suckers and seeds. It is for raising Plum stocks that the latter method is usually employed. stocks are required in large numbers, for they are used for grafting Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, besides Plums.
ing,
it is important, therefore, to from drought in a dry season To have the finer well prepare the soil before planting. dessert Plums in perfection, the trees should have wall protection, and in cold, bleak situations a southern aspect is
;
transplanting in the
winter
following their
first
year's
Plum trees are planted few varieties upon north walls this in the South of England. The Plum tree succeeds well as a standard and bush in the open, although the blossoms are very liable to be nipped by spring frosts. On several occasions disappointments of this kind have been experienced. Those on walls are easily protected when in flower, and a crop is almost always to be depended upon. Another method to be recommended
required.
The
majority of our
growth into rows 3ft. apart, there to remain until large enough to be budded or grafted. The green tops of the leading shoots should be cut off, and, after another year's growth has been made, the stem pruned down to the two or three lowest buds the best shoot from these is selected the next spring, and the other two pinched off. When transplanted the previous autumn, the tap root requires
;
is
to
train
Plum
stout wires
between poles
I
high.
wall trees
5ft.
shortening.
Plum are the While As mentioned when writing of the Pear, if the variety to be budded or grafted is a strong growing one, the scion may be worked on the stock low down, and itself form the stem for a standard tree
best
The
stocks for
the
Pear Plum,
-
St. Julien,
and Mussel.
Mulchings of manure are most beneficial In the Plum, especially in dry seasons. The roots, being for the most part near to the surface, quickly suffer, and such a state of affairs tends to produce the gum disease so prevalent amongst Plums and Peaches. The stem of standard trees should be not less than 6ft. high this and the first branches of the tree may be formed in the same manner as advised
;
560
As
others,
THE
tlie
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
tree
increases in
to
size
be removed or shortened back to a suitably placed bud. All shoots having a tendency to become gross and over-luxuriant should be
or
tend
stopped or rubbed off in summer. The fan-trained tree is the one to be preferred for wall planting, as in the event of a branch dying, which is liable to occur occasionally, it is more quickly replaced than upon a horizontally-trained tree. Mr. Rivers slates "that Plums form most fertile oblique cordons. No matter how the shoots are pinched, they will produce remarkably fine crops of fruit, and continue to bear in spite of excessive pinching, forming cylinders of fruit. Their worst tendency is to excessive growth, which must be checked by root pruning." The fruit of the Plum is borne upon natural spurs, which form on the ends and along the sides of the bearing shoots from one to three years old generally, though fruit is not produced before two years. Young shoots should be laid 111 upon old naked branches, and between these where there is room old and weakened branches ought to be cul out il there is sufficient young wood to replace them. When spurs project too far from the wall they must he shortened back, otherwise they cannot take advantage of the warmth and shelter of the latter.
;
season abundant supplies of water. From this, then, it follows that the border must be of sufficient size to properly accommodate the far-reaching roots, and water, when applied, must pass away readily. It is impossible to successfully cultivate the Vine in a border of heavy and sour soil, through the presence of stagnant water ; therefore provide good drainage. Most cultivators agree that the anything either deeper border should be from 2lt. to 3ft.
;
is
not advisable.
15ft.
Presuming that
glasshouse measuring
wide by
40ft.
long is to be planted with Vines, the first thing to do would be to remove the present soil to he depth of 3ft. for a distance of, say, 4ft. from the front of the house. For the first year a border 3ft. wide will Ire sufficient, so this distance should be marked off. In the bottom of the border have drain-pipes, placed so as to form rows about 4ft. apart along the whole length of the border, and sloping to the front of the house, where they should communicate with a
I
main
drain.
be again
covered
Over these place gin. of brick rubble, to with two layers of turves, grass side
the
downwards.
provide a sufficient quantity to fill up to the required level, a few barrow-loads of lime rubble, and a good sprinkling of iin. bones, to be mixed in with the soil as the binder is made. Tread the soil firmly as it is filled in, and the outside layer should consist of turves, firmly
border,
of
To complete
During summer those shoots which push upon the front and back of the branches need removing (unless there is an empty space to be filled) other side shoots not needed
;
form branches should be pinched after half-a-dozen leaves have formed, to be reduced at the winter pruning to encourage the forrnation of fruit buds. Rem ive wood that is weak and improperly ripened. As a proper distribution of the sap to all parts of the tree is
to
necessary to the health and fruitfulness of the latter, the should do his utmost to bring about such a condition. This is greatly assisted by equalising the
cultivator
amount
ol
foliage
throughout
the
tree.
If left
to
them-
grow more freely than the lower ones, and soon cause the latter to become weak and eventually useless. To avoid this, when summer pruning the upper shoots must be. first stopped, and also more severely than those towards the bottom of the tree. Gathering the Fruit. Dessert Plums ought to be allowed to hang on the tree until quite ripe. The delicate bloom of the lruits is easilv rubbed off if these are not
selves the shoots on the upper blanches will naturally
used, must be neither few days before it is required, mix it as advised above, and at that time give it sufficient water When this operation is to render the whole suitably moist. completed, ift. of space between the old border and the new one will still remain. The following year, if the condition of the roots of the young Vines warrants such a proceeding, this space, or more if necessary, should be filled with new material for them to push into, and more ol the old soil removed, so as still to leave an opening between
position.
soil,
The
when being
two borders. This is considered a far belter arrangement than that of making an entirely new border. Plant N ines in an inside rather than an outside border, for the temperature of the former is much more regular than that of the latter, and it is also capable of being more directly controlled, so far as watering is concerned. The outside border
the
gathered very carefully (he sialk only of the fruit should be taken hold ol. Some late varieties, of which Coe's Golden Drop is one ol the best, will keep for some time if carefully gathered, wrapped in tissue paper, and placed in
:
requires
the the
lull
far
I
less
attention
in
litis
respect,
is
for
it
receives
mi.
Though
them
Plum
are
now
so numerous,
many
of
for
than water so often applied to inside borders. Examine the border outside a year or two after the Vines have been planted, and if any roots appear to be making their way through the arches in the foundation wall of the house encourage them by adding new soil. Vines may be either planted whilst in Planting". growth, or when dormant. The former method should be
enefit
of
the
rain,
which
far
better
hard
Early Favourite, a dark purple, juicy Plum, ripe in July (perhaps the earliest of all), and Early Green Gage, followed by Angelina Burdett, a round, purple fruit Early Transparent Gage, Denniston's Superb, a most delicious Plum, bearing well as a standard Green Gage,' Jefferson, one of the best for dessert, of a beautiful golden yellow colour, mottled with red; Kirke's, a deep purple; and Transparent G;ige, considered to be the finest of this section. Coe's Golden Drop, Golden Transparent Gage (Rivers'), Bryanston Green Gage, Ickworth Imperatrice, Nouvelle de Dorelle, and Reine Claude de Bavay, a large, highly-flavoured Green Gage, form a selection of our variety of the Eor culinary purposes Autumn Compote, best late Plums. Pond's Seedling, Victoria, White Magnum Bonum, Belle de Septembre, and Earge Black Imperial are six of the most useful.
; ;
THE VINE.
Much
has
from
but
time
to
are constantly increasing, so that to them these notes will prove doubtless of some value. The Border. The Grape Vine, when in suitable
Grape Vine,
adopted whenever possible, and endeavour to have the Vines planted by the end of the month of June, before the Then they have an canes have completed their growth. opportunity of becoming, in some measure, established in the new soil before winter, and will be, therefore, in proper condition to make a good start when the growing season But it is olten more convenient to returns again in spring. plant the Vines when dormant, and this method is practised by many growers, with perhaps equally good results, although the former is the better plan where it. can be adopted. Vines in a growing condition are best planted (when ready) as soon as possible, but dormant plants may be planted in November, or any period between then and the month of March. With regard to the proper distance at which to plant, If the vinery to be several points must be considered. planted be one for early forcing, then it will not be necessary to leave so large a space between the rods as when the plants are intended for a mid-season or later vinery. The growths made during the early and comparatively sunless
will not be so vigorous, and will consequently not require so much room as the shoots of Vines allowed to break almost naturally. The variety must also be thought of, some growing
its
growing
FRUIT
much
in
CULTURE.
6l
plant
stronger anil having linger leaves than others, so that different varieties indiscriminately at the same
etc.,
distance apart
as
would lie unwise. Such kinds, for instance, Gros Guillaume and Gros Maroc require more space for the development ol their foliage and thorough ripening of their wood than West's St. Peters, Lady Downes', and Luster's Seedling. Usually when a vinery is planted one rod only is left to each cane, though some of the best cultivators allow every Vine to furnish )l two rods. course, it from each cane planted two rods were allowed to develop, twice the amount of space would be required, and the plants consequently must be placed twice the distance
(
apart.
t aking first the vinery for early forcing, 2ft. 6in. should be allowed between each rod, while in the later houses the
been carefully removed from its pot, and the pieces ol crock, which have served as drainage are extracted, some of the soil needs working away (commeni ing al the base of the ball), so that the roots may be more easily spread mil. This is an important detail, and tin- voung Vine does not suffer from want of water after planting, which would be great if the ball of soil -generally hard and one mass ol rootwere allowed to remain intact. Cover the roots lirst with fine soil, and work this gently in between them so .is to le ive no spaces. The correct way to do this is, after having laid Out the roots, to pkn e the soil nrar the stem of the N ine, and with tile hand draw towards the extremities of the roots by this means the fibres are thoroughly covered and kept in proper position. Of course the whole of the roots must not be on one level they should be laid out in
il
; ;
(Probably
the
largest
in
the
World).
separate layers, in
in
a slightly
upward
direction,
and each
is
made
placed
II.
When
may
this
stage of the
work
is
completed,
with.
as
rougher advised
is
ofl
in
beyond a
serves to
indicate
the centre of
the
future
which should be made a hole of sufficient si/.e to accommodate any roots that need spreading out and deep enough to allow of a covering of
position of the plant, around
2in. or
3111.
a few weeks after planting shade the Vines rom the bright sun. close the house early in the afternoon to take full advantage ot the sun
I
heat,
of
new
soil.
So soon as signs wood are apparent gradually lessen more air. until eventually the house is
quite
the former run along the front of the house) there should
After
the
cool and dry. This latter condition ought to be maintained throughout the winter; even in frosty weather the ventilators need not be closed.
552 now follow treatment if the young Vine during the second year. As soon as the cane has apparently
will
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
miy be raised to 4Sdeg., allowing also a rise of
or 4deg. in the temperature before air is admitted. In the course of another ten days keep the thermometer at 5odeg. during the night, and give no air in the daytime until it has reached &5deg.
3dc-g.
We
briefly the
day
finished growing
towards the end of September cut it back to about half its length, and
eventually, in the
month
back
to the
last
two
while again four buds may not be too many to leave on the shortened shoot. Usually, however,
buds,
the
best
practice at
the
to
proand
much
as
previous
to
foundation for the Vine than if the shoots were allowed Keep to remain longer. the vinery perfectly cool
better
until
late
in
breaking.
side
As soon
have
as the
shoots
a lew inches,
form
the
the
foundation
the
it
spring,
when
close
and
en-
l6in. apart
the
side
as
before
men-
tioned,
by maintaining a
genial
moist
in the house,
Next
rise
give
/SLACK ALICANTE
GRAPES.
further
of
5deg.,
ing the most of the sun heat during the summer months.
sufficient
si/e
advancing
beinc
this, after
,
Vines have grown well the cane made during the second year should be of
cut back in
to
fie
left,
it
say, 5 ft.
long,
when
that time
ought
to
be about the
thickness of one's thumb if not so thick as this, further shortening is required, viz., to 3ft. or even less, according
to iti
c<
indilion.
all the side growths made during the slimmer must be lenioved from that portion of the Vine allowed to remain, for they are useless as permanent wood. We now arrive at the time when the Vine has sufficient vigour to produce fruit not much, certainly, but the fact of its having been successfully brought to a bearing condition is some slight reward for all the care bestowed upon it. Summer Culture. Commence by shutting up the vinery on the 1st of April. At that time the outside night temperature is usually about 40deg. Fahr., so that no difficulty will be experienced in keeping the house at 45deg. during the night. For the next fortnight maintain the thermometer as nearly as possible at 45deg. at night, and in the day, if the weather be dull, a temperature of 55deg. will be high enough. On a sunny day a little air must be admitted when 6oJeg. are registered, and as the house
At pruning time
maintained for about ten days, to 5Sdeg. which, alter a week's duration, gives place to a night temperature of 6odeg. From this time until the Vines have flowered and the berries are set no increase need be made in the temperature of the house. As soon as the shoots are about 15m. long tie them to the trellis to keep them away from the glass. This requires extreme care, as the young shoots are easily broken off at the base. Loop a long piece of matting (raffia) over the shoot about halfway between the middle and the growing end, and tie it to the trellis sufficiently tight to keep it well away from the roof. When the shoots have become stronger and harder, and again need tying, they can be brought much lower without fear of
breakage.
mentioned, not more than two or three be left for the young Vine to bring to maturity, so that as soon as it is possible to distinguish the If more than one three best cut off all the remaining ones. bunch appeir on the same shoot, that nearest to the base of the latter should be left. The stopping of the shoots needs attention. Pinch the
before
As
bunches must
fruit-bearing shoot
air
proportionately,
sufficient,
two leaves beyond the bunch of fruit. With the Vines planted at the distances apart already mentioned, and a proper distance allowed between the
fruiting spurs, there will, in the case of
for the
Great care is necessary in ventilating the vinery, especially after the buds have burst into growth. The weather in the month of April is most changeable more often than not bursts of sunshine occur, then cold showers of rain, or perhaps a bright sun shining with a keen, cold wind prevailing. It is during these trying periods that the vinerv needs careful attention. Until the buds show signs of breaking syringe the Vines six or seven times a day if the weather be bright, and at
;
above 75deg.
if the sun is not visible keep the evaporating tanks on the hot-water pipes filled with water, as the vapour given off counteracts the drying influence of the hot pipes and produces a more genial atmosphere. After the second week the night temperature of the vinery
most varieties, be no proper development of healthy foliage if these shoots are allowed to remain a greater length. Stop them while the shoot is still very young, so that only the point is really removed. All should not be pinched on the same day. A better plan is first to go over the strongest ones, and then allow two or three days to elapse before stopping the others. The lateral growths, which afterwards develop from the shortened shoot, need stopping after they have made one leaf. The sub-laterals wdll also appear in due time, and these, too, must not be allowed to make more than one leaf. The atmospheric moisture in the house should be greatly diminished when the Vines come into flower, for in order that the flowers may be fertilised, or " set," a rather dry and This condition facilitates tf|e buoyant air should prevail.
room
FRUIT
dispersion of the pollen and so lends to
flower fertilisation.
CULTURE.
become very large or ere closely together in the bunch. In thinning, hold the bunch by means of a small forked stick with the left hand, while the right hand remains free to use the scissors. By gently
the fully-developed berries
set
fire
heat
injurious to
the night temperature, therethe Vine at this critical stage fore, must be carefully regulated so that it does not rise Shaking the rods and gently drawing the above 6odeg.
tapping the stick with the scissors the remains of the stamens are shaken out, and one is able to see more clearly
in
flower help
to
disperse
Many
cultivators
make
brush for passing over the bunches in order to promote This is more necessary in early forced vineries, when external conditions are unfavourable, than in the one now under consideration. In about a fortnight after the
" setting."
Vines are
ture
at
in
what should be done. First remove the small seedless and badly-formed berries, then as many of those remaining as will leave them about -},in. apart. In performing this operation most of the inside berries must be cut out, and as many as possible of those on the top shoulders of the bunch should remain. The shape of the bunch needs to be considered, and the terminal side
berries
keeping it so for from 6odeg. to 65deg. When the berries are formed they another three weeks. swell rapidly, and encourage them to do so, for il their
night
this stage is checked in the least they will at On no account allow the never attain their proper size. Water it thoroughly border to suffer from want of water. With the temperature at 65deg. with weak liquid manure. at night, it may be allowed to rise to 8odeg. on a sunny This must, of course, be gradually day before air is given. After closing on increased as the house becomes warmer. a bright afterm on the thermometer may even reach 9odeg. Plenty of moisture is required again, and should be supplied by the water in the evaporating tanks, by damping the
regulated accordingly.
II
slightly raise
hern
by passing
progress
of matting underneath and fastening this to ihe trellis above. Avoid touching the berries with the head or hands (as may easily happen il care lie not taken), for the bloom is verv ijuii klv rubbed. As a rule the bum lies
piece
have to be gone over a second time before stoning to properly regulate the bunches. In a lew weeks the first swelling will be over, and the stoning period then commences. It is easy to ascertain
when
swell.
this takes
place, as the
to
Endeavour
swell.
it is
paths, etc.
has elapsed
the
berries
In thinning a bunch of Grapes, the object in view is to remove certain of the berries, so that the remaining ones
swelling will
may develop
a
properly.
to leave
on
bunch depends largely upon the variety. Closely clustered bunches, such as Alicante and Madresfield Court, need to be more severely thinned than, for instance, Black Hamburgh. Proficiency in Grape thinning, as in most other work, comes
;
it is impossible to say how many berries only after practice should be removed, about half the number usually, unless
have commenced their second and final swelling. Raise the night temperature for the last time to 7ode s In the course of a few weeks some of the bunches will commence to colour. When this is perceived admit rather more air during the dav, though the night temperature must be maintained until the end of August. After then gradually lower it and give more air, until by the middle of Octol ei the thermometer at night registers but 5Sde^., this a
.
VINERY AT HECKFIF.LD,
jpy right.
COUNT RY
LIFE.
FRUIT
fortnight later being finally reduced to
ol
CULTURE.
of obtaining its supply of food. On the other hand, if the condition ol the soil be wet and cold, through an overabundance of water, it becomes unsuilal le as a rooting medium, and the roots die away. The importance, then, of careful watering cannot be over-estimated. Many think that alter the foliage has fallen from the Vines no more
5odeg.
with plenty
air
if
shoot
one may also semibunch, thus shortening it considerably those shoots which have not prune i.e. partially cut back borne fruit, as by this practice the back buds are much Leave the N ines until finally pruned in strengthened. December, if possible. One will now be able to understand
it
will be
the side
growths
hum
If these Vine rod were thinned out to about lOin. apart. now examined buds will be seen to have formed in the axils of the leaves, and it is to cue of these buds that the shoots made during the summer must be pruned back Much depends thus the beginning of the spur is formed. upon which of the buds is chosen. Cut back the wood to a good eye or bud as near to the base of the shoot as possible. There will be no difficulty in finding a properly-developed bud well back upon Vines that are allowed to break almost naturally, though of early forced ones the same cannot be said. The grow th from the bud that is left will in its turn produce leaves and buds in the axils, and the following year also It is not requires to be pruned to the best back bud. rather always the largest bud that produces the best shoot In choose one that is firm, even though it is smaller. pruning, the cut should never begin lower than the bud, always slighily in front of it, and commence on the opposite
water is needed until growth begins again in the spring. This is a great mistake, lor the roots are active during autumn. Especially if a heavy crop ol Grapes is still hanging must watering at this season lie attended to. It is in the autumn thai the newly-formed buds become fully developed and matured, so that it is reasonable to suppose
are
Make
If
to the N ine at this period is beneficial. a practice, therefore, of watering well the border with liquid manure every season after the Grapes have been cut.
1
hat
assistance
until,
say,
will
be necessary until
Unless the buds are chosen as near the stem of the Vine
as
possible, the spurs, in a
long,
certain
thus taking
up
much
the Vines have started again in the spring, although this can only be determined by examination, as the amount ol water a Vine border requires depends upon the condition of the Vines and the formation of the border. II the former are healthy, and the latter contains plenty of brick rubble, more water will be absorbed than in the case of. border containing fewer roots and less drainage. Supposing the Vines to be capable of carrying a full crop of Grapes, water would be needed, broadly speaking, every three weeks after the first application (which, as a rule, is not necessary for some weeks after the Vines have been started) until the fruit is ripe. During the early and late months, some warm water should be added to the cold, in order to bring this to a suitable temperature about 6odeg. Eahr After the berries are set, at every alternate watering use
amount of the food supply. With regard to the pruning of the third year's leading shoot, forming the Vine stem, the point to bear in mind is that the portion lelt must It is be able to produce good spurs from every bud. useless to leave a long rod with the upper buds perhaps alone developing, or it the lower ones do so at all the If the Vine is thriving well 3 growth will be weakly. or 4ft. would be sufficient to leave annually until the top of This method of pruning the growths the house is reached. of the Vine hard back every year, spurring the Vine, as it is called, is the most generally practised, and is by far the most useful practice for ordinary purposes. Another, known as " the Long Rod System," and practised largely before the spur system became known, is also sometimes
1
liquid
manure
until the
Grapes are
ripe,
the
vinery
is
closed
in
remove about 2in. ol the surface soil and topdress the border with some well-rotted manure and Iresh soil. Alter the flowering period, sprinkle Thompson's Vine Manure thinly over the border and fork it in before the latter is watered. This is also repeated when the Grapes are
colouring.
been ascertained by analysis that one of the chief one therefore infers that is potash this substance must be in some way necessary to its successful growth. Wood ashes, which contain a quantity of potash, are valuable as a manure for Vines mix them with the soil when forming the border or with material lor topIt lias
useful.
dressing.
is
if
beneficial
Spurs on some varieties frequently die away, so that new wood must be frequently introduced to ensure a crop of fruit this really explains the Long Rod method, which simply consists of training and cropping a quantity of young wood instead of pruning to produce spurs. In an early forced vinery, too, bring in as many young
;
when applied
place to with the
sprinkled
on the border
before
watering.
It
may
now mention
a lew
important
rods
as
possible,
as
the
Early Forcing' of the Vine. Some growers cut the Grapes in April. To do this close the vinery the first week in November at a temperature of 55deg. This is
first
one or two rods, may be made to fill a whole house by allowing the leading shoot to run along the front of the house, and by training shoots, at right angles to this, up the trellis, the same distance apart as would be allowed for single rods. Treated in this way, the Vine continues in a
healthy
is
I
gradually raised as advised for a later house, until by the New Year the night temperature has reached 6odeg. Rising steadily, by the time the Grapes are read)' for thinning it has reached 7odeg. and a lew weeks later the maximum, The temperature gradually decreases 73cleg. is attained.
, ,
as the
earing condition
much
longer than
when
its
vigour
Some
restricted to
position
rod.
off the
justify.
Many
empty
This,
of the
The danger
buds
is
is
enough
to
fill
the
house.
however, can be avoided by planting temporary Vines in the centre of the vinery, allowing each to produce two rods. Train these in opposite directions on the trellis, one towards the back and the other towards the front, and crop them as heavily as can be profitably done. As the permanent Vine makes headway the temporary ones, of course, must be cut back, and must be finally cut out. Instead of having only one permanent Vine, three different varieties might be planted, each one being allowed
to
fill
simply allowing the ends to hang loosely, and check the rush of sap to the top buds alone. In pruning early forced Vines, one cannot keep the spurs so neat and short as they usually arc on later ones. To ensure a crop of fruit one must prune to the best bud, Pass a soft brush over whether that be the last one or not.
It is better to
to
the
trellis,
Watering. Upon
health of
the bolder
bunch when in flower to assist fertilisation, which does not then take place so readily as in the summer. When thinning, rememl er that the bunches and individual
the
berries will not attain their
lull
the proper application of water the Vine in a large measure depends, for if allowed to become dry the Vine has no means
size
when
lipe, so
it
will be
many
berries as advised
when
<j66
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
performed exactly as in grafting, with the difference that the scion is not severed from its own
roots until the union is complete. Check the stock as the graft increases in vigour, and finally, if necessary, remove it altogether. The green shoots of the Vine may also be inarched in the
Propagation.
difficult to
The
Vine
is
by no means
from he not congenial
l
roots are
stein
;
quickly and
for
easily
produced
is
if,
instance,
the border
Vine roots, others are quickly formed amid more appropriate surroundings of the vinery itself. These are by no means infrequent in
to the
the
forced
vineries,
is
outside
and are produced usually on the spurs. The methods of propagation generally adopted are layering, by cuttings, grafting, inarching, or "eyes." The latter is by far the most extensively practised, and is also the most satisfacThe technical term "eye "is applied to a tory. bud cut from the ripened wood of the previous summer's growth, with ^in. of wood on either
roots,"
one) "adventitious
(especially the
same way in this case, however, the two shoots must be as nearly as possible of equal thickness.
;
are
known
as
to
Propagation by Cuttings
any extent
in
in
is
not
practised
it
this
country,
though
is
common way
ditions allow
preparing the eye lor insertion, the opposite side of the wood to the bud, and should also slant outwards Eyes should Lie put in late in Tanuarv. Place them singly in small 60 pots, and plunge in a mild hot-bed in a warm house about 7odeg. Put a few crocks at the bottom of the pots lor drainage, and fill fairly firmly with a compost of fibrous loam and sand. In the surface of this make a small hole and fill in witli silver sand, into which the eye is If genllv pressed, until only the top of the bud is visible. the soil is moist (as it should be) before being used it will scarcely need watering again until roots begin to form in Careful treatment is necessary until a few weeks' lime. too high a temperature the plants are growing well w ill produce weak and spindling plants, while the application Grafting as of too much water would probably kill them. a mode of propagation is riot difficult if performed when the stock and scion are in suitable condition. In the winter, when Vines are resting, union between the two could not lake place, and if the operation were attempted in the early spring, when the sap is rising, bleeding would ensue. Apparently the best time for grafting is when the young shoots are a few inches in length. The scions, or grafts, must be taken from the ripened wood of the previous season, and kept cool and fresh by laving them on a north border and partially covering them with soil. A lew days before the grafts are required, if the buds are not alreadv swelling, the former should be- brought into a warm house to well prepare them for starting into growth. In selecting a suitable position on the stock for the graft, leave a shoot in advance of the point of union, otherwise the How of sap would cease at the bud below and the graft
side
it.
of
In
commence on
Vine growing to be carried on as a rural industry. There the cuttings aie taken from the last season's ripened wood, cut about long, and loin, the lower buds are removed. They are planted in the vineyards at certain distances apart, and remain as permanent plants, being afterwards variously trained according to SCI0N the particular system followed in the country. Layering. This is the most simple of all the methods of propagation, but it is not made use of largely so far as the Vine is concerned, for it is by no means a convenient
one.
It
consists in
ripened
wood
bending down a portion of the recently of the Vine into the border or a pot of soil,
and where the bent shoot comes into contact with the soil, Some to there fasten it down firmly by means of a peg.
recommend
splitting
the
shoot
slightly
at
this
point
to
consequently perish.
Of
the
various
in
ol
methods of
the
grafiing,
should so be fitted to the latter that as much as possible of the inner bark After of the one may lit over the inner bark of the other. being tied well and tightly to the stock cover the graft with When the grafting wax, leaving the bud, of course, free. latter commences to burst the shoot on the end of
the stock being removed,
the stock requires stopping, and when the graft In is growing freely may be removed altogether.
from one to two months' time the graft ought to the wax and matting can then be be established taken off. and the shoot given the same treatment as the others on the Vine. Inarching. The principles of this method, known also as grafting by approach, are the same as those of grafting, but whereas in the latter a part of one plant is cut off and made to grow upon another by inarching, two plants, each w ith
;
encourage the formation of roots, but if the soil is kept moist and the Vine well syringed roots will be emitted without this. Pot Culture. Vines in pots are, as a rule, the most generally cultivated where an early supply of Grapes is necessary, to avoid the hard forcing and consequent weakening of the permanent Vines, or where, perhaps, a vinery has been recently planted, and it is desired to maintain the supply of Grapes until the young Vines arrive After having been once hard forced at a bearing stage. growers pot Vines are usually thrown away, most These may preferring to again grow on young canes. one year or either be developed into fruiting canes in In grown for two years before fruit is taken from them. this case the canes are cut back after the first season's growth and grown on in the same way for another year. To have- pot Vines strong enough to bear fruit when only one year old great care is necessary, for if not really well Their propagation is effected grown failure is certain. This method of striking has been by means of eyes. already explained, so one may suppose that they are rooted When well rooted, move them into welland growing. drained 6in. pots, using for soil fibrous loam mixed Grow the Vines quickly. with a quantity of coarse sand. Keep them close to the glass, the house being closed early The in the afternoon, and a moist atmosphere maintained. thermometer at closing time may be allowed to reach CjOdeg. or 9Sdeg. When roots are again visible ,A round the sides of the pots remove them finally into I2in. pots. The best position in which to grow pot Vines is a lean-to house facing south they are here trained up the trellis and have all the light possible, both when growing and ripening. When the pots are well filled with roots the Vines become dry quickly and require large quantities they should never be allowed to suffer of water So soon as the Vine has reached a from dryness. length of about 8ft. stop it. also the lateral growths, which soon afterwards make their When growth has finished and the appearance. wood shows signs of ripening, more air should
'
hardened
to
be
moved
out
of doors.
Although
their
this
own
roots,
is
In vineries
system
usually
employed
for
the
purpose
may
not he wanted.
Having brought
the
pot Vine near to the stem of the older one, take off a portion of both at a point where the two can lie convenient!}' joined together. The operation is then
STOCK
&
SCION
UMTtD
water is now needed, the soil in the pots must on no account be allowed to become dry, or injury to the Vines will result. All the pruning necessary is to remove the laterals and shorten back the cane a little. Leave this about 6ft. long, sometimes more, sometimes less, The treatment the according to its strength. following year, when grown for fruiting, has been
much
less
FRUIT
in the notes on forcing. Before being growth the second season give a top-dressing of fresh soil, and w hen the N ines are in lull growth liberal supplies of manure water arc beneficial. Little water is needed at the roots until the Vines arc growing freely. Vines Out Of Doors. Vines were formerly more exten-
CULTURE.
forces
567
second
house.
late
given
in
detail
well
in
early
for
The
is
variety
upon
started
into
Grapes
it
Alicante; as
is
difficult to surpass.
Muscat of Alexandria
iis fruil
perature
doubtless owing in a great measure to the facl that better fruit can be obtained in glasshouses, which can now be erected quickly and cheaply. The climate ol our
time.
This
is
period
forced
for
to
most others
the as
early in
the temperature
country
out
is
of doors as a dessert fruit to form a profitable pursuit. Certain varieties when planted against sunny walls facing south produce and ripen their fruit in a blight summer, and doubtless if more attention were paid to the cultural require-
other varieties would be high enough. of Buccleuch, when well grown, is a remarkably fine and handsome Grape. The bunches are somewhat short and broad, with large, round, amber-coloured berries
The Duke
of rich flavour.
Rod System,
spurred
as the
results
would follow
in
back
This variety should be grow n on the Long wood is rather soft, and il annually Although this the spurs often die away.
many
is
cases.
It
Grape
bears
crop,
in
many
never
heavy
retain-
no
unfamiliar
gardens
a
sight in
Southern
to see a
England
cottage
by
covered
though
as
prod ucttve,
t
rolden
Champion
no
attention
has
soft
the
;
same
makes
regards regulation
of the grow th
defects
it
and
wood, Which
by
thinning
the
bunches
berries.
and
To
suc-
no
means
certain to produce a
satisfactory
crop.
One
Grapes
for
is
of the best
we have
keeping
late
inside
Plant
border. in the
undoubtedly
'
Seedling.
have
should
h e
of this
Lady D 6 w n e To
good
not
fruit
it
there
is
suffi-
variety
be
horizontal
i
trainf
consumed
t
before
n g
the
follow
t i
end
for
of
its
branches
this
January,
is
loped. Colman,
only
is
Gros though
quality
second-rate
so far as
to
good
that
lowest buds, so
three shoots
may be produced
the following season. Thee
should afterwards
concerned, is now largelygrown for market, chiefly for its fine appearV n1ess an c e given liberal
.
VILLA
badly,
remaining
quite red.
kept as a leader, the others being trained one to the right and one to the left. Other horizontal branches may be added annuallv from the new shoots produced the wall is eventually covered until they must be quite 2oin. apart. Each branch requires to be treated as a Vine rod and spurred in the same way, except that the spurs should be on the upper side only, and not less than 15m. apart. Attention to disbudding, stopping the laterals, and thinning the bunches and berries is also necessary here as in a vinery. Royal Muscadine, syn. Chasselas de Fontainebleau, is one of the best varieties for cultivation on an open wall. Though not large, the berries set well and are of good flavour. Chasselas Vibert, Black Cluster, and Esperione are other varieties for outdoor planting. Early Forcing Of Vines. For planting a vinery intended for early forcing, Foster's Seedling and Blai k Hamburgh are the most satisfactory. Madresfield Court also
;
produce exceedingly large bunches, though Of these, Gros of good quality. Guillaume, Trebbiano, and Raisin de Calabre are the best known. The first-named is a late Grape, with mediumThe last ol the sized black berries and enormous bunches. three is a white Grape, rather flavourless, though it improves by hanging, and will in this respect and also in colour The berries are round and keep well until early spring. Trebbiano is also a the bunches large and loosely formed. late variety, with while berries, more oval in shape than the the former, and with more shapely and compact bunches
these as a rule are not
;
flavour, though,
is
There are several periods during the Vine PeStS. growing season when the Vine is easily injured, as, for instance, when the young shoots first make their appearance, again when the flowers begin to open, and later when A great pest is the berries are swelling and stoning.
not first-rate.
568
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
All
that
is
visible
to
the naked eye is a white powdery substance, usually found this be Jl on the under-sides of the leaves and bunches. attacked at once it may be prevented from spreading, but il
allowed to establish itself it is very difficult to eradicate The spores of this fungus can only germinate when a certain amount of moisture prevails therefore the aim of the cultivator should be to avoid a damp, stagnant atmosphere, by On dull, mild maintaining a circulation of dry, warm air. days decrease the atmospheric moisture and keep the pipes of the house warm. Admit a little fresh air, so as to maintain The best remedy is flowers ol a constant circulation. sulphur, applied bv dusting the leaves and berries affected. Some growers paint the hot-water pipes with a mixture of sulphur and water ; this also answers well, but great care must be taken not to overheat the pipes when thus covered, or probably the whole of the fruit and foliage will be spoilt. In a day or two the spores of the mildew will have perished, when syringe off the sulphur with clear, soft
;
can be done is during the following season to try to prevent a recurrence. When the berries are very young, and their skins therefore lender and easily injured, some may occasionally be seen of a rusty colour. The berries thus affected have been injured in some way, and are suffering from what is known as "rust." Rubbing the berries with the head or hands when thinning will cause " rust," and keeping the house hot and dry when they are so young will also produce the same result. Of the injurious insects which affect Vines, red spider, scale, and mealy bug are the most prevalent and
harmful.
The
this, as
first-mentioned
is
difficult
to eradicate,
and
With
with
all
other pests,
it
is
important to begin
signs of injury are
first
water.
Soft water,
carefully
applied,
will
not
injure
the
Grapes, though if hard water be used a sediment often remains on the berries after they become dry. The shanking, i.e., the withering, of portions of the bunches is a most annoying malady, it such it may be called. It is hot usually a whole bunch that is affected, Most growers but generally one or mure ol the shoulders. the Vine is agree that shanking is the result of ill-health evidently not in a condition to properly bring to maturity a This may have been brought about through crop of fruit. the roots have possibly entered a cold several causes subsoil, the Vines miy bear too heavy a crop, or perhaps of red spider or are crippled from a severe attack The border may have been oyerwatered or the mildew. Vines checked in some manner, by improper ventilation or Once shanking the sudden removal of too much foliage.
; ;
bloom on the
seen ; it is easier to check this insect than to remove it when once established. A hot and dry atmosphere suits this Free and judicious ventilation is of benefit. pest. Once it does obtain a hold in the vinery, the simplest method of checking it is to well syringe the affected parts with water regularly several times daily, and once a day for a few days apply a solution of soft soap and warm water. If a vinery becomes thoroughly infested with mealy bug it is difficult to completely cleanse it. This insect is, perhaps, the most undesirable of all pests to have in the vinery, for as well as attacking the stems and leaves it greatly disfigures the fruit also, and can only be removed from the bunches by washing them. With Vines badly infested, remove all the loose hark in the autumn, and well wash the rods with some insecticide. The house also must be thoroughly cleansed with soap and warm water, and the surface soil of the border
removed.
the
has
commenced
it is
too late to
remedy the
evil
all
that
Well syringe the Vines in the early autumn after been cut, before the pest disappears into The the many cracks and corners of the Vines and vinery. Vine scale sometimes affects Vines under glass, though not The simplest to the same extent as those already mentioned. way to remove it is with a brush and warm soapy water.
fruit
has
THE STRAWBERRY,
BY
h'W
fruits
G.
WVTHES.
Strawberry upon
a
are
more
warm
early
One
desires Strawberries at
who have
the
disposal
plants
grown
the open
Forcing
berries.
Strawgood
is
To
in
obtain
way
to layer
the runners
small pots as
is
plants for
runner
allowing
production
only,
fruit,
not
them
to
strength
of early
This
be
method
followed
but
cannot
in
always
can
private
gardens, be
suitable
stock
who have
STRAWBERRY,
r ID CI rT BASKET. FILL
, ,
the plants
pots
V
in
small
6o-sized
for
forcing; b
THE
but, let
STRAWBERRY.
569
me
be no delay
I
like to
get
my
in
forcing
which
in
August as possible,
as
this
to
make their grow th none too long when good plump crowns
are needed for early forcing.
As
of
crowns,
commence
of
layer-
ing at
the end
June, the
plants
in
having been
early spring
denuded
of
the
their
flower
spikes
to
make
an
in
early runner
growth, and
three
of
layering
is
up
the work
of July,
and
this gives a
There
is
no waste by planting a few rows for this purpose, as the next year such plants give a splendid
crop of
fruit.
I
wavs
and
in
row
is left
open to allow
water, as
to the plants.
no want
beds.
of
1
of
soil in
Many growers
in
the
do
them
plenty
water be given.
in in
At the end
of three
placed
weeks the layers are rooted, cut from the parent plant, when potted being placed in rows on a hard ash
of propagation.
bottom
an open position.
large
in
to fruit.
is
not advisable
mass
roots can
it
worms
are troublesome.
The
potting on system
of turf
preferable, though
Another
good plan
is
to cut
square pieces
lifted,
and then
sometimes placed between the rows, and the layers pegged down, then
This plan
potted,
possible,
is
good
times the
Good loamy soil is lifted when rooted. plants droop badly when
Whatever system is adopted, pot as firmly as using the rammer freely. Use fairly heavy soil if it can be obtained, and not too As a sturdy growth is needed, a little bone meal or spent Mushroom any, manure.
to
recover.
it.
do not
TO FORCE. know of a
is
These
better
taste.
If
large
fruits
be
variety
of
in
Royal Sovereign, a
large,
bright
and one
forced
the earliest.
may
be forced
many
its
is
now
are
immense
good colour,
different,
Few
but
fruits
as the
smaller
of
excellent
This
Vicomtesse
H.
de Thury, a medium-sized
It
fruit, conical in
will
do well
in
growers, and
are to
fruit,
fruit.
La Grosse Sucree
and
of
early forcing
;
is
also
glossy,
excellent flavour
it
is
kinds
in
cultivation.
570
THE
CENTURY
is
BOOK
to
is
OF
GARDENING.
and
it
difficult
is
one of the
more subject
to
May
is
supplies
it
is
a splendid
Gunton Park
as
less
is
excellent
it
forces well
time.
Leader,
reliable
is
Sensation,
;
Veiteh's
Perfection,
Queen,
of
all
these
their
are
at
times
the
two last-named
and very
are
probably
start.
the
best
high
flavour.
Forcing
simple,
mild.
use fresh
leaves,
and
if
is
well to
have
the
heat,
The
week's
much
with
little
bottom
heat,
and
in
about six
from
time of
starting
will
be
showing
up
be
freely
to
and
need
a
of
place
near the
but
at
glass.
Very
be
little
moisture
in
been
it
required
will
this
period
growth,
should
with
all
greater
vigour
used,
the
necessary.
Tepid
the
water
times
and
the
damped overhead
in
daily with
syringe until
the pest
is
the
flowers open.
Mildew at times
higher
After
troublesome
the
a close
house, and
when
also
over
plants.
More warmth
if
may
be
given
stage
temperature
the
and,
is
quite
iodeg.
possible, a
little
bloom
set
no
delay should
take place
this
in
From
date syringe
liquid
twice
day and
every
when
the house
is
manure
a good fertiliser at
liberal
is
temperature
may
sun heat, as
thermometer
say with
may
same
be
allowed to run
up freely.
method
of forcing,
beginning
of the year,
is,
to place
them on
them
just the
as one
57i
572
THE
50deg. the
first
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
in
GARDENING.
bloom.
to
until
During the
I
latter
period keep
warmth.
As growth increases,
end
of
on
shelves at
time,
December
May.
bed
At the end
is
cool
preferable
but
in
all
cases
it
is
well to
glass as possible.
STRAWBERRIES
if
IN
Strawberries
results
is
are
more
important
to
the
majority of growers than forced plants, and of simple culture, but the treatment varies, as
the Strawberries were
to plant a
would be
not
less satisfactory.
The
old
system was
much
few
who studv
years, as the
best
results
young
Tire
plants.
even go further, and only take one crop from such kinds
Pine section
British
Queen, Empress
of India,
Latest
of
All
especially
do
soil
;
the
should
know
heavy
in
soil.
Light
will
support the
fruit,
badly
hot,
will
dry seasons
manure,
growth.
be beneficial.
At planting
it
is
Planting
may
be done
in
summer
If
preferably
in
1
the spring.
for the
planted early
crowns
as
next year.
find
If
same procedure
distance,
land.
If
advisable
into
regards
well
in
propagation.
the
small
ma}
by
be
planted
out
August, and
are
to
as
regards
the
less,
space
three
must
be
governed
the
time
the
Strawberries
i8in.
occupy
;
if
Ti ;b
StRawberrV.
573
give
6in.
;
less
if
between
the
as
rows
and
grown
not
be
so
great,
say
i8in.
between
the
rows and
the
the
same
between
plants.
Light soils
may
be improved
materials,
or
by adding
such
heavy
a
as clay,
marl,
cow
in
is
manure used as
the
mulch
summer
April.
in
STRAWBERRIES
/.V
popular, and
America
by Mr.
in
Ohmer,
of
COUNTRY
results,
an abundance of excellent
influence of sun and
air,
fruit,
ail
which, being kept from the ground and freely exposed to the
that could be wished
in
was
tiers of holes in
is
in a tier,
in at
the
same time
top
is
as the barrel
filled
The
VARIETIES.
An
a
open position
is
is
Waterloo also
is
good
a north border
it
is
For a
Thury
one
of the best
also
is
Royal Sovereign,
for
which
is
even
earlier
and
remarkably productive,
but Vicomtesse
Suffield.
best
preserving,
a
little
when grown
good
and
in
addition
of
All.
To
this
may be
added Oxonian,
If
Elton Pine, Frogmore Late Pine, Waterloo, Lord Suffield, and Loxford Hall Seedling.
mere
variety
is
needed
for
July supplies, such kinds as Dr. Hogg, James Veitch, Princess of Wales,
may
be added.
STRAWBERRIES AS ANNUALS. A good way is to grow the plants in described. Plants grown in poor or light soils answer thoroughly. In one way
but
this
in
:
the
it
way
have
adds
to labour,
another this
is
is in
Mv
is
system
in
is
The runners
their
this
is
essential.
Planting
done
July,
make
in
growth
in
one season.
is
Strawberries grown
It
this
way need
high cultivation,
plants will
trenched.
is
surprising
make
of splendid fruit
they give,
tlie old system of planting later and without a large crop the first vear. Royal Sovereign, La Grosse Sucree, and President succeed splendidly when treated as yearlings, but of course
this
will
way
of culture
is
only advised
for
dessert fruits,
fail
Plants
after the
Strawberry crop
or
is
cleared
is in
manuring
much
574
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
better
Alpine Strawberries. Of late years these small and delicious fruits have become known, and may be classed as distinct autumn varieties, for by growing such kinds
St.
as
the
October.
little
Joseph or any of the Quatre Saisons varieties fruits may be had well into As these kinds are so readily raised every year from seed or runners, they give
This class
is
trouble.
named
best
for the
few
varieties can
The
method
of culture
to raise
will
the plants
from
which
should
be
sown
in
March under
glass.
These
to
give
at
excellent fruits
produce
runners
the
same time
frost.
that fruit
of
is
being produced.
appears.
in
runners
The earliest formed runners begin These follow suit, and the plants ripen
light
form spikes,
until cut fruit
in
fruit
down by
following
or
Seed
sown
the
in
May
in
rich
of
soil
will
produce seedlings
is
to
the
year.
Doubtless
prick'
the
best
method
off
culture
rich
soil,
to
sow
under glass
pans
cold
boxes,
then
plant
i8in.
seedlings
I2in.
into
when
12'm.
large
enough,
the
in
frames and
1 5 in
.
out
beds
the
less
to
If
15m.
apart,
in
with
the
the
between
plants
is
and
to
between
even
a
rows. space
will
sown
open, planting
out
not
done
until
in
August, and
suffice.
On
may
be
sown
the
autumn
in
cold frame,
in
and the seedlings pricked out into boxes and wintered under
glass.
same autumn.
on the
as
in
Another
plan
fruiting
new growths
fruits
made,
and such
kinds as
the St.
;
may
made
be termed
perpetual,
their
are
for instance,
may
soil
new grow
autumn.
lighter
manure
beds
The
is
Antoine de Padoue
;
is
an excellent
companion
to
the
St.
Joseph, and
fine
will,
think",
be larger
it
is
welcome
The
Gunnersbury Alpine
Red
one
of
and White
very good,
Louis Gaultier
NORTH WALES.
575
FRUIT TREES
IN
POTS.
in
MORE
now
that so
ApriCOtS.
attention
is
now
pots,
especially
can
be
ripen
is
and
rest,
and the
in
house
used
for
some
other purpose.
An empty house
especially valuable
October
many Chrysanthemums
in
winter that
will
Apricot is not always satisfactory as a a house can lie given up lo il it does well, but in this case we should prefer to plant it out in soil that was freely dressed with old plaster and wood ashes, and the house should he constructed with movable lights, so that the trees can be fully exposed when the fruit has been We have seen very heavy crops in cool houses gathered. The ventilation is a most important under these conditions. Success to a considerable extent hinges upon this matter. being :<s perfect as possible without cold currents being
pot tree, though
The
Bigarreau
when
These are
Nectarines. -In all cultural details Nectarines require the same treatment as Peaches. Those who grow for sale often find Nectarines more satisfactory than Peaches. Early
is the best early variety Lord Napier succeeds Early Humboldt follows quickly after Lord Napier; Violette Hative, Rivers' Orange, Stanwick Elruge, and Victoria (late). The value of light and free ventilation Peaches. for Peaches, in fact for all fruits, has always been understood and appreciated by gardeners. A span-roofed structure is best, and it can scarcely be too wide or too lofty. There should be ample ventilation along the ridge, and also along each side, though side ventilation may not be much required when the trees are in blossom unless the weather is mild and sunny; but later on the side ventilation will be essential fcr perfect ripening of both fruit and wood. The initial expense of potted trees may in some cases be rather more than w hen permanent trees are planted, but in the latter case border-making is expensive, especially when the maiden loam insisted on by gardeners has to be purchased. We have known more money spent on Peach borders than would have purchased trees and pots several times over, and then afterwards the training of these permanent trees takes up much more time than need be given to trees in pots, so that the latter system in the matter of labour appears to offer some compensation. It is true that bearing trees are rather expensive to buy, but a neighbour of ours bought bearing trees in pots at half-a-guinea each, and he said the first year's crop paid for the trees. This may
Rivers'
created.
Cherries.
as formerly
;
under glass
they do not succeed so well with other fruit, but when a light house can be given up to them Cherries are very prolific, and they are easily protected from birds, which is not so easy to do outside, for even when netted the
birds
somehow seem
to
find
In preparing the potting plaster, for lime is essential for allstone fruits, especially for When failures occur it is usually through Cherries.
For pot their way inside. budded on the Mahaleb stock. compost do not forget the old
imperfect
free
ventilation
when
Fruit trees are easily kept by vaporising with nicotine. And il is true economy in every sense to begin when the Pinch the young shoots when five leaves first fly is seen. have been made, and turn the trees outside as soon as the crop has been gathered. The compost used for Peaches and
fly
Varieties May Duke, ArchPlums will do for Cherries. duke, Late Duke (all the Duke Cherries succeed in pots), Early Rivers', Waterloo, Governor Wood, Elton, liigarreau,
:
576
not
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
the
OF
GARDENING.
in
always be so, and many would prefer to start with trees, which when polled in the right kind of stuff soon develop into first-rate bearing trees. We have gathered fruit the second season from maidens, and there is some advantage in having the trees from the first under one's own management. Assuming it is decided to buy maiden trees, visit the nursery and select healthy, clean-stemmed trees, and as soon as the wood is ripe, without waiting for all the leaves to fall, have them home and pot immediate!}', so that the trees may commence at once to make new roots. The compost should consist chiefly of two-thirds good loam, heavy rather than light, and if the loam of the district is inferior have a load or two from some district where good loam can be had this will be money well spent. The loam should be enriched with some old manure and a sprinkling of bone meal, soot, and old plaster it will be all the better it the remains of the hair usually mixed with the lime for making plaster are left in. Trim the damaged roots with a sharp knife, drain the pots well, and have the compost in a condition which may be described as neither wet nor dry then pot very firmly, and set the pots outside either on a bed of ashes or on some impervious bottom which cannot be penetrated by worms. If the trees are potted early in October they may remain outside till the middle or end of January, especially the late varieties. If frost comes whilst the trees are outside, the pots must be sheltered with long, dry litter or herns. The size ol the ots must be suitable to the trees, ranging at
maiden
Always leave a shoot or two possible, and encourage them to grow and get strong. As regards stopping, all gross shoots, if any, should either be removed or stopped early in their career; if left they only rob the more moderategrowing shoots from which the next season's crop will be
spring.
young shoots
as
low
down
the
branches as
obtained.
It
is
all
the
young shoots
Peach trees should not be pinched so closely as the Plum, or the back buds may burst and the next shoots fail to ripen. Our custom is to pinch when about a dozen leaves have been made, stopping each shoot when that amount of growth has been made, without reference to any other shoot on the same tree. The back
at the
same time.
eyes that will bear the next season's crop will Chen be safe and remain dormant till the right season comes round. In unheated houses it is advisable to retard the blooming of the trees as long as possible by giving free ventilation till the buds begin to swell. When that period arrives a regular system of management must begin. Ventilate freely in mild weather, but avoid cold draughts, keep the roots moist, and use the syringe freely to keep down insects. Early morning ventilation and early closing in the afternoon encourage growth and cause the fruit to swell rapidly, but a little air should be given along the ridge at night.
Waterloo
ripens
;
in
July,
first
hem
Sin.
to
gin.
in
diameter.
w hen
work
thev
earlier in
When
the
I
and in these pots may be carried on for a number years by annual lop-dressings, removing as much of the old soil as possible, and filling up with good compost,
ol
ramming
is
it
in firmly.
fix
One cannot
mainly
a limit to the
life ol
it
a question ol
good
soil
We
some of
;
trees in pots
therefore there
the border.
tree
in
is
resembles Alexander, but is more reliable Hale's Early, early in August; Earl}' York, rather later than Hale's Early, very free bearer Royal George, August Stirling Castle, Alexandra similar to Royal George both are good Noblesse, early in September Dymond, a grand Peach Crimson Galande, September Barrington, September Princess of Wales, Sea Eagle, and Goshawk. PllllllS. Plums may be grown in the same house as Peaches and Nectarines, and as regards soil and potting the treatment is the same, but the young shoots should be stopped when four or five leaves have been made. Splendid Plums are obtained in pots, but if the crop is heavy some of It is important the fruit should be thinned off when young. that the ventilation should be as perfect as possible, but this does not mean that cold air should rush through the trees
;
why
at air
any time.
long as
pot
is
trellis.
The aim
of
This
not difficult
acts.
w hen
is
he
This
important
when disbudding
Transparent <iage, Oullin's Golden Gage, Late Transparent Gage, Coe's Golden Drop, Jefferson's, Kirke's, Belgian Purple, Monarch, Pond's Seedling, Prince Englebert, If possible, a division Victoria, Washington, and The Czar. of the house should be given up to Plums. They are delicious when grown under glass.
COB AND
FILBERT NUTS.
By G. Wythes.
many
One
often
Thorn where Not bushes might IN same time answer the purpose
As many growers are aware, the trees may be easily raised from seed and suckers. The last are not always satisfactory, as they reproduce growths too freely, but if the trees are grown on a single leg or stem from the start, it is easy to keep down suckers not Man)' trees have been planted in land that would not grow other crops, and left to required. Of course, the results have been woefully that is, to make what wood they liked. chance
some
attention
in
soil,
The
best
soil
is
grow
fruit well.
strong, heavy,
1
wet
induces too
in
much
leaf or
fruits.
The
best Nuts
a well-drained
soil of fair
depth, having a sandy or rock base, and the trees were manured freely every other
year.
may
if
573
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
sewage,
trees,
soil in
liquid
soil
in
the autumn
the shape of
are off
the
and night
Fowls' dung and manure from piggeries should be mixed with water or
In
is
in
than
in
others.
in
two tons
to the acre
trees.
Of
late
years
of
suitable,
from
will
this
fruits
are
1
obtained
if
good cultivation be
in
given.
Nuts
often
flourish
where
fruits fail,
and
stony
in a
dry
soil.
These
some
fields,
size.
On
the
Kentish
that
the
the)'
have grown
is
few
The
Hazel
It
is
often
common
Nut plantations
1
have
briefly
doubtless,
the
is
by suckers.
in
the
autumn and
2ft.
back
half
to,
say, 15m.
distance
length,
may
rows and
will
at a
fit
distance of
for
apart, with
in
the
between the
after
plants.
They
This
its
then
first
be
planting
out
their
to
permanent quarters
gin.
three years.
During the
off.
is
buds,
of
say 6in.
the
tree,
from the
soil,
should be rubbed
little
to
form the
if
stem
pruning
will
decide
shape
the leader
side
will
be
to
plant
in
their
permanent quarters,
at
command,
filled
or there
may
be
double or even more that distance between the rows and the land
of
5ft.
with low-
clear
of
the
trees.
After culture
will also
is
keeping the plants free from sucker growths, and regular feeding
1
have referred
in
to.
Another method
of culture
at the start
by
the autumn.
anv other
Many growers say that trees from layers way of propagation. They certainly make less
wood than from suckers.
in
After
down
rows
a couple of years,
be ready
to
plant
in
their
permanent positions
in
two years.
in
The
light
October
It
or
November
rows, say,
2ft. in
apart,
but
will
sow
thickly
boxes and
rows
in
the spring.
A few
in
as the Cosford,
come
the
fairly true
from
seed
such cases
of culture
are
fairly
numerous.
The Kent
It
is
Cob
large
is
one
of
most
popular
on
account of
shorter,
this
is
its
free cropping
less
and quality.
of
Nut, and
distinct,
being broader,
and with
the Filberts.
account of
is
is
its
free
cropping.
true
1
The Cosford
distinct,
if it
termed
but
much
quite
like
the
type, yet
as
good.
soil
am
is
not sure
be quite as
variety.
grow
in
almost any
and
a splendid garden
The
Atlas
Cob
is
COB
AND
is
it
FILBERT
NUTS.
579
Cob
have seen.
it
The
Berber
is
likewise less
known, although
is
of excellent
become a
it
favourite.
The
A very
their
distinct variety
is
Pearson's
is
trees
of
this
The
known.
Cob.
Filbert
The true Kentish is an excellent Nut and of delicious The Prolific Filbert produces the fruit in bunches and
is
The Red
well flavoured
it
is
one
of the
garden culture.
It
The White
a good
it
like
it
the red,
fruits
skin,
and
is
is
very productive.
purple-leaved
is
hardy
of
variety,
as
when
There
Filbert,
but
is
no
very pretty.
in
Nut culture
bushes,
that
is
so seldom undertaken
is,
to
make money
advise
it,
out of the
often
But
if
strongly
farmers
and
one
may
so regard
planting only
the most productive and saleable kinds, and to grow them throughout on the principles laid
in
down
be
finest
may
in
Choose the
in
the proper ways, and then a good crop will await one, larger
some
In
years than others, of course, as much depends upon the weather at the time of flowering.
Nut
all
culture,
in
general,
hesitation.
essential.
It
is
as reasonable to
expect a
man
to
knowledge
of
his
work
as to expect
a grower to
produce profitable
without previouS'trainin^.
SHADY WALK-
58o
GROUP OF PYRETHRUMS.
WHEN
of
entering upon a
new
hand, nne
soil
is
must
not a
way
to
lay
it
out,
or
first
ensuring that
the
mixture
of
brick'
ends, tin
pots,
debris of a similar
of flowers.
It
undesirable nature
not
much
laid
growth
is
impoitance
to
commence
vegetables.
In
of
the detail
for the
must naturally be
guidance
of the
left to
individual
First
taste, but a
few broad
in
rules
may
be
down
beginner.
and
foremost, cart
plenty of good
soil,
by
methods
of
primarily with the idea of exhibiting their geometrical or fantastic proportions, but so that they
may
The
fitly
It
is
beds, but
soft
the beauty of their occupants, that the charm of the garden should be sought.
of
green
is
an expanse of sward
is
is
marred where
the lawn
many
flower beds.
Villa
this
simple straight path leads from the wicket to the door, bordered on either side
Where
there
is
space
oblong,
size as to interfere
with the
full
expression of beauty
subjects they contain, for natural and artistic effect can never be attained where the
characteristic growth.
Oftentimes, however,
beds, and
in
may
LAYING
grass, and
OUT
GARDEN.
Here,
in
8l
if
rich,
deep
soil,
the beautiful
until
hardy flowers
late
flourish
autumn,
while
host
lovely
climbing
plants,
such
as
Roses,
Honeysuckles,
many
garland
of
the
wall
with
festoons
of
blossom
and form
background
for
the
denizens
the border.
fur
in
is
advantageous
be
permitting
foot.
In
close
inspection
of
the
flowers
times
when
grass
would
sodden
under
first
little
The
often
reason of a path
to provide a
;
delav as
in
possible
therefore
are
seen
public gardens,
line
is
departure
from the
obstacle
straight
necessarily
should
be
avoided.
line,
Where,
however,
is
any
deviation
such deviation
Thus
seats,
lawn
its
in
the house
at
dividing
of shrubs,
of
beds,
garden
summer-houses,
line.
any objects
interest,
ample motive
structures
a
for
the the
same
rule
to
fill
want
their
in
positions
which
the
they
stand,
of
and
should
of
if
give
the
idea of
plan.
owing
Let
the
existence
merely
lasting
to
whim
Oak"
the
the
designer
the
garden
as
work'
be
of
materials.
is
best
wood
be
procurable,
a
All
lifetime,
upper portions
should
of
pergolas
it
when well seasoned it will last bamboo answers the purpose well.
is
so-called
work"
avoided, for
generally
at
trivial,
in
useless,
and
in
bad taste.
as
small
gardens
quite
much
domains, and
in
many
of the
582
THE
Running water
is
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
in
GARDENING.
but where
or
it
large gardens
does occur
if
charming
with
effects result,
even
if
its
volume be small.
A
if
runnel
;
ift.
so
in
width,
treated
of
artistic feeling,
adds
much
to
ways
success
to
result.
in
There should
the shape of
its
little
cascade,
some
in
way,
or
foaming
into a miniature
pool below.
opportunity occurs of utilising some of the moisture for a bed w here plants delighting
boggy
ground
may have
a
in
quarters.
is
absent,
there
is
generally a
garden, even
ill
naturally-constructed rock
of the
garden
sunny
position w
afford
the
means
of
cultivating
some
of
beautiful alpine
If
bog plants.
an
old
COLONY OF
A SPHODELINE
LUTEA
(King's
Spear).
may
seed sown
in
the chinks, or
if
mortarless
placed between the stones, a host of beautiful things will cover the surface with blossom, such
as Tufted
Pansies,
many
others,
while
in
Many
How am
as
to
"
as
Pelargoniums,
admitted, give
or
Geraniums
they
more
familiarly
called,
will
generally
be
summer and
in
early autumn,
some months
the
early
the
autumn with
is
bulbs,
six
months,
in
up
summer
before
their
growth
ripened to
make way
a freer
to
hardy
perennials, which
583
84
THE
previous chapters.
a selection of
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
in detail in
One
noble
can
make
kinds
for
permanent
planted
effect, for
in
when once
soil,
deep, rich
and given
will
remain
in
health
without
some years.
thus
will,
They may
with spring
the
be
under-planted
bulbs, and
borders
little
and
beds
with
labour,
produce
In
flowers for
planting
many months.
bear
in
ever
mind
that
them
Hardy flowers
the
shrubbery as
of
where
of
groups
the
same kinds
are
far
flowering shrubs
effective
more
than
hap-
when
dotted
about
in
hazard fashion.
If
the garden
is
of the
usual
rectangular
is
form,
and
there
of
vegetables,
keep
these
bush
or
other
fruits
can
be
In
planted
near
the walks.
it
small gardens
able
to
will
be advistrees
to
THE COLUMBINE
those
is
{Aquilegia cccrnha).
restrict fruit
of
the
bush form
chiefly
upon the
English
as
Paradise
stock.
given of
how
to
commence gardening,
details
have
been given
TOWN GARDEN.
By
E.
H.
to
WOODALL.
the
F^EW
j
things
are
more depressing
garden
in
average
man than
the
a
dismal
plot
aspect
of
a neglected back
town
of considerable size.
Such
came under
my
it
management and
1
careful arrangement,
has
be
of
use to those
in
all
who
find
themselves possessors
an acre
quite
of
the case
in
is
is
wide
of
surrounded
and the
The ground
is
flat,
soil
On
two
TOWN
somewhat
wall of
GARDEN.
raised
one a
Vine
border long
disused,
the
other
the garden.
A few poor
one
touch
of
greenness
the
to the into
space within.
three
The
vegetables,
first
idea to
cut up
ground
squares,
for
flowers,
of
its
one
and
it
for
and
one
it
for
reserve
account
ugliness,
a
did
grass
of
shelter,
to
which
a
was
the
cherished
wish
the
new
possessor.
At
last
was
and
decided
make
old
broad gravel walk' across the w idth of the garden at the far end,
bolder,
so as
to
heighten
the
Vine
obtain
garden
is
at the into
southern
slope.
projecting
ground.
to
destroy the
formality
of
tire
long strip by
into
making a broad grass walk" from the entrance, diagonally across the ground the angle between the greenhouse and the garden wall. This walk, 7ft. broad, was
quite
3ft.
sunk'
into
the
ground
by the steps
clay and
at
the
entrance, and
rose
to
gradually to the
raise the
ground
either
level at
The
path,
a
soil
beds on
of
side and
12ft.
make an even
the
slope to
the path
of
At a distance
about
from
grass
hedge
Olearia
Haasti and
red
and
white
double
Japanese
decorative
means two broad borders were obtained having different aspects, and at the upper end a very warm and sheltered corner was formed for tender plants, while at the lower end by the door two fair-sized triangles were dug out of the clay to form a drainage to the sloping walk, and at the same time afford a
the
garden.
Bv
this
moist
s
and
d v
some
hardier bog plants and
f
1
where
might
thrive.
To
wards
upper
a
the
end
narrow
r
a v e
path
was
cut through
the ban k
round
the
the
end
of
greenh u s e h
i
TOW
walk
Bay
trees
in
in
winter
the neighbours by
After this
means
of
striped
awnings
tied
from stem
to stem.
rough blocking out of the flower garden, the next thing was to
heart
against
plant
it,
and to harden
one's
unsuitable
things,
586
THE
in
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
there
is
might be
themselves.
in
in
but the
new and
not well
known
in
as yet,
seems
to
corymbs
its
of
sweet white
neat
foliage
little
flowers
August and
and
glossy
so
is
an
ornament
looks
to
any garden.
and
black,
are
quite
useless,
and
sooty
soma
varieties of the
Holly.
Pink's
On
of
the
other
broad masses
them adorn
bedding
this walk,
Lilies,
and a bed
a long succession.
Yuccas, Tritomas,
and
tall
hardy
afford,
plants
and
annuals,
and
composites, plenty
their fragrance
may
not
equal that of
Sweet Peas, Mignonette, and Sweet Geraniums of bloom for cutting, even though those grown in country air. Irises of all sorts, and
and
Dahlias are bright and useful
in
till
happy as
possible,
the sun
behind the
walls of
a
tall
autumn.
they were so
The
business
the
it
trouble.
In
this
instance
all,
dismally sooty and black that the only thing to do was to whitewash them
and a precious
it
was
to
surface.
done than
in
was the
a
make
or mar, and
made
will
a great
in
town garden.
freedom
situations.
There
from
frost,
is
the greater
in
so
many shrubs
live there
would perish
frostier
So the walls where the sun lingered longest were planted with Choisyas, Laurustinus, Jasmines, variegated Euonvmus, Escallonias, and many another flowering shrub and climber, including Clematis in variety, and they are all doing well and looking as they should
do
ornamental.
The plague
of
caterpillars so
common
climb
in
town gardens
in
the early
tall
affect
any
of these.
On
oval-leaved Privet,
was
of course adopted,
masses
of solid foliage,
it
and
in
two vears
this
full
of interest
and beauty as
was
their
desolate
love.
wonder
to those
to
This excellent
article
of
the
given
by
Mr. Woodall.]
In
It
laying out a
is
new
folly to
In
ground plant
life
is
never
vigorous.
Money and
is
labour spent
pleasurable,
or
half-
their reward,
poor
soil
and careless
it
the
soil of
the garden
is
poor, cart
in
into
good
better to
well than a
dozm badly; and study the plants purchased, one requiring more moisture than
another, and some seeking shade rather than the light of day.
Commence
coaxing.
left until
the garden
is
in
experiments w,th those flowers desired for their beauty or interesting associations,
587
588
THOSE
in
who
possess no
broad acres to
cultivate
flowers, or
own
may
in
find this
much pleasure
in
growing flowers
rooms.
Many
in
plants
are
happy
attention than
the greenhouse,
to draught.
where
It is
less
exposed
a great
greenhouse, even quite a small structure, to form a hospital for the plants from the rooms, w hich at times get sickly through dry air, gas, and dust, also to hasten into growth those
that have
been repotted.
Gas,
of
course,
is
a great
enemy.
electricity.
The
to leave
uninjured the plant's growth, and even delicate Ferns will preserve their green healthy aspect
when
air
produced by gas.
for this is
It
is
a thousand
grow
six things
never satisfactory.
to
its
Much, naturally, depends upon the aspect When windows are opened in the morning
the floor
is
contents.
foliage, or
for
cold draughts to
window
half
swept without covering over the plants with paper, success will never attend room gardening. Light is important. Vegetation will not endure for long in darkness, and in a light sunny window one sometimes sees plants even brighter than
or
in
those
As a
in
house
is
in
the country,
where the
air
is
the neighbourhood of large cities, chief reliance must be placed upon foliage plants, such as
Sieboldii,
Aralia
Aspidistra
lurida
and
its
excelsa, Cordyline
australis, Dracaenas
of sorts, Ficus
WINDOW
AND
ROOM
GARDENING.
these are
in in
5X9
the most
of
Succulent plants,
is
it
may
be grown
host
window, and
;
these there
wide choice.
The gorgeous
Phyllocacti
are a
in
themselves
and
their
opening wide
the
sun,
though
this
wonderful beauty
is
White,
mauve, and
in
a host
of
shades of
is
all
the leading
or
with
in
reflected
the
petals.
Nothing
more gorgeous
more interesting
plants
leaves,
the whole flower world than a blaze of Phyllocactus blossom, and these
in
may
is
be grown
a
;
window.
it
if
one
may
the
not ornamental
is
Hard-leaved
australis,
at
least,
room
plants,
such
as
Aralia
Sieboldii,
Ficus
elastica,
Cordyline
this
quickly
fall
into
bad health.
to
obvious.
the
Dust chokes
plants.
up the
surface,
and interferes, so
speak, with
the breathing of
Treat each
spring days,
leaf
summer
to
or-
on
a
warm
when
rain
is
falling,
stand
the
plants
in
out
doors
obtain
refreshing bath.
Sponging
one
of the
principal
is
items
rule.
to,
more so than
a
is
the
Watering
is
another
in
important
means
plant
in
the saucers.
of
Sometimes
accumulates
quickly
sufficient
rot.
put
into
large
fatal
;
time
an inch
water
the bottom.
This
Always water
as well
as
well.
Driblets
harmful
but
the
in
beginner
usually
gives
to
the ball of
soil
One
thorough watering
in
will
during the
week
are
in
active than
the spring,
when new
in
made
to
exhaust moisture
the
trifling,
are
of
or
importance
in
successful
room
window gardening.
of plants in a
successful grower
:
"A
great
many
for-^years in
dwelling-house,
provided
a fairly light
position.
is
The bane
of
settles on
the leaves.
To
counteract
this
they
should
in
be
tepid
get
is
dry.
An excess
to
of
moisture,
this
equally
be
avoided, and
if
very
liable to
happen
stood in vases
or
jardinieres,
which do
a light
plants
it
may
is
alone.
The
of
year to
it
repot
in
that require
is
the
just
as
the
roots
are
590
starting into activity.
THE
CENTURY
gas
is
BOOK
it
OF
GARDENING.
Where
burnt
is
healthy condition."
Ill-health
is
soil
that
is,
in
the bottom
egress
moisture.
When
into
becomes
sour
or
filled
with
worms
repotting
should
when
of
vegetation
roots
as
bursting
new
leaf.
Pot carefully,
preserving
as
many
the
and use thoroughly clean earthenware pots, not the fanciful glazed receptacles so
in
frequently seen
drawing-rooms.
is
decayed
bottom
leaf of
Over
and
the crocks
in
the
some
of
rougher
soil
to
down
disturbing
the
drainage.
Pot
firmly,
and
until
are
of this
established.
is
The reason
roots
that the
are
not
sufficiently
When
a
a greenhouse
is
avail-
them
to this for
as a gentle
warmth
In
will
grow
in
window, culture
for
necessary
species
sidered.
artificial
the
individual
is
and
varieties
conlittle
Sometimes
manure
such
is
helpful
in
but
preparations
must
it
be
a
carefully
handled
give
is
mistake
to
an
overdose,
which
means that
in
excess
in
that
prescribed
the
directions,
it
and
never
repeat
at
frequent intervals.
judiciously
used,
HIS
ROSES.
When
in
manure has
of flowers.
a remarkable
effect
display
Insects,
of
in
in
and
seen
when
in
more under
control.
When
first
sponge them
will
off,
Neglect means
increase at
necessary.
liable
time to render a course of fumigation in the greenhouse or " Geranium," are more
of
to
attacks
than
is
any
the
hard-leaved
class.
But the
is
way
to
prevent
Healthy growth
It
seldom attacked,
such attacks.
is
most severely.
WINDOW
AND
ROOM
GARDENING.
591
Foliage
Aralia Sieboldi.room
plant,
Plants.
room for years without requiring much attention. It is somewhat heavy-looking plant, owing to its large drooping fronds, but it is interesting, and propagated by the little plants produced on the fronds. In this way it
a
is
The
reason thai
this
is
an excellent
though not so serviceable as the Aspidistra, is because the foliage is leathery. It must be an impure air to affect the tough shining coat, impervious to dust, One is and easily sponged to remove all sediment.
dusty a room is when such a plant as The drawing of the this is not sponged for a week. finger across the leaf leaves a distinct impression in the layer of dust, which of course chokes up the pores, so Very often to speak, and the plant dies prematurely. w indow and room plants f;iil through having been drawn
able to realise
off
and potted
is
how
up separately when more stock is desired. FicilS elastiea (the India-rubber Plant).
better
This
even
known than the Aspidistra, but is not so satisfactory in many ways. The India-rubber Plant is more
up
in heat,
" made
to sell,"
and
appear-
ance, attractive to the eye at first, soon vanishes when the plants have been in the room for a week or so. Market growers, to obtain saleable stock quickly, lorce
along the plants, even the hardiest kinds, in heat, and when fresh from the house they look vigorous and handsome. Of course this healthiness does not last, and plants grown thus require careful treatment afterwards, avoiding cold currents of air and giving no more w ater than Foliage plants may be successfully is absolutely necessary. managed, but flowers and the Winter Cherry (Solarium) are difficult to retain in health for any length 61 lime. This is popularly Aspidistra (the Parlour Palm). called a Palm, but there is no relationship between the Aspidistra and the Palm of the greenhouse. The Aspidistra is the best room plant in the world it is unexcelled, and will stand the roughest treatment with impunity, so much so that it is used in restaurants, in draughty halls, and it will brave even the changeable atmosphere in these places without injury. The greenleaved species, A. lurida, is not so popular as the variegated variety, which is readily distinguished from the
other by broad longitudinal stripes of creamy while, more conspicuous in some forms than in others. The plants will increase in beauty with age, forming in time quite
.separate
and even when divided up and placed into without any kindly treatment in the greenhouse, they succeed remarkably well both in gaslighted rooms and in large towns. But remember that careful sponging of the foliage to remove dust is imperative. The Aspidistra is, however, of slow growth, and for that reason is somewhat expensive; but the first outlay is the only one. Main- things cost less, but
leafy masses,
SINGLE
difficult
WHITE PETUNIA.
pots,
maintain in health, some room gardeners to prevent the leaves turning yellow and The fault is not always, however, due to dropping off. culture, but more often through purchasing plants highly fed and produced in a high temperature. It is far better to secure a rather scrubby-looking hardened plant than
to failing utterly
require
replenishing
often,
especially
it
dividing an Aspidistra
the pot, the proper
when
is in
way
new
growth begins, to turn the plant out ol the pot, shake the soil from the roots, and divide the mass into as many
but too small pieces are a mistake. time must elapse before they are of respectable size, and, therefore, as the gardener says, "decorative.'' Loam, some well-decayed manure, and a little silver sand form the correct ingredients for the compost. The flowers are very strange brownish objects produced on the surface of the soil. FemS. Happily, several Ferns are quite comfortable in
considerable
any fresh, green, exotic species which seldom retains the hue of health lor many weeks. Ficus elastiea, as the name suggests, is an Indian plant, aid is much benefited, especially when in a room, by a little soot water occasionally or some good fertiliser. Soi t promotes green colouring in the leaf, and no plant is more readily upset when its foliage is permitted to remain covered The Aspidistra and Alalia will stand a with dust.
considerable layer for
large
some
time,
pot
Ls
not
necessary.
Many
specimens the w riter has seen have been in quite small pots, but in such cases food must be given, especially during the spring months, in the form of stimulants.
room, but to try to grow a collection is a mistake. The most successful generally in rooms are the following, all of great beauty, andthey will continue, with careful treatment, many years in a healthy condition Pteris tremula, grown so largely by market gardeners for room decoraa
:
When
in the
repotted
it
is
tion,
is
as
handsome
as any,
retain
its
tall
graceful fronds of a
and even
they
in winter, unless
the
their freshness.
room be Gas is a
Ferns
great
are
enemy
more
or
of Ferns.
less
all
season they are at rest, starling into free growth again with spring, at which season repotting if necessary must take place. More peat will be required in the soil than in the case of the other plants already mentioned. An excellent Fern lor rooms is Pteris cretica and its variegated variety albo-lineata, whilst mention may also be made of Onvchium Cvrlomium japonicum, falcatum, and Asplenium bulbiferum. The Aspleni ml will remain in a
that
shabby,
greenhouse to recover from the check to the routs, as, unlike the Aspidistra, it does not recover quickly from such a disturbance Ot other good foliage plants, note should lie nade of the prettily variegated ami thoroughly sturdy Ophiopogon Jaburan variegatum, a big name for a useful plant, with narrow, brightly-coloured leaves and. in its flowering time, bluish spikes. The room gardener who is really interested in the culture of plants w ill succeed with things not usually grown under such conditions, but only kinds that the novice may use have been mentioned. Of Palms, Phoenix dactylifera, Corypha australis, and the Kentias are the most serviceable but Palms require move careful treatment than any of the foliage plants previously menThe leaves require constant sponging, and this tioned. occupies considerable time, as the dust accumulates in the
;
ribs, so
to say.
592
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
Flowering
Plants.
for
There
is
greater
choice of
flowering
plants
a room.
Many
of
the
most precious
may
is
be grown
in this
plant,
position.
Begonia WeltOniensiS
the sake merely of
It dies
its
charming window
for its
it
is
flowers, or for
not possible to mention two more charming window plants for baskets than these, the type, C. isophylla, having blue
the
down
up again
in
spring.
name
The tuberous Begonias are not strictly room plants, but are useful, of course, when taken from the greenhouse for
this
purpose.
When
is
beyond
the
room life for a certain time, considerably extended, and one gets It is bounds of true room gardening.
These Bellflowers, or Campanula, are grown with conspicuous success in many windows, and in some towns and villages there seems to be a "plague" of Campanulas, almost every cottage windovv displaying its
are white.
and instructive, however, to try experiments with the object of coaxing into respectable growth plants not usually considered appropriate for certain forms of gardening. BulbOUS Flowers in Rooms. Amateur gardeners are beginning to realise that there is a wealth of beauty in the bulbous flowers of the Daffodil, Hyacinth, Tulip, and so forth, but especially the Daffodil, which is one of the most suitable of all bulbs for windows. The bulbs flower satisfactorily if they are potted in the autumn, placed in a dimly-lighted cellar, or under a depth of 5in. of ashes in the open, then brought to the room when growth begins. The plan of the writer is to place the bulbs, selecting strong ones for the purpose, in the autumn in a cool dark cellar
interesting
wonderful basket of blue flowers. This, of course, is usually the result of one individual possessing a good plant and arousing envious feelings in the hearts of the neighbours, who forthwith go and do likewise. C. isophylla and its variety are not the only Bellflowers for this form
of culture,
as the pretty little C. Portenschlagiana, C. muralis, C. carpatica, and C. c. alba are also successful when grown in this form. The way to treat these Bellflowers is to allow them to increase without disturbance
until
it
is
are necessary.
seen by the growth that division and fresh soil They are easily propagated by cuttings of
little shoots taken in spring, and when in growth give an abundance of water, varying the plain water with some
the
gentle stimulant,
say,
some
liquid
manure or
fertiliser.
When
is
in flower,
and when the growth shows well above the soil the plants are taken to a sunny window where the atmosphere of the room is not very high. A high temperature means a forced spindly growth and few or Daffodils are not made sufficient use of for no flowers. this purpose they are more successful treated in this way than any other bulb, and rarely do the plants refuse to
free
from
frost,
very charming, and so freely are the flowers produced scarcely a trace of foliage is seen hidden it is beneath the foliage. Fuchsias. At one time the Fuchsia was a favourite window plant, but it seems to have gone out of fashion, though signs are not wanting that in the flower garden
that
;
at least
it
will
occupy
its
rightful position.
in
Few
plants
are
prettier
or,
when
flower,
more
graceful,
the
flower.
The trumpet
handsome
Horsfieldi,
much-neglected bunch or Polyanthus-flowered Narcissi, are generally a success, also the fragrant rich yellow Jonquils. Then one may also grow the pretty Snowdrops, blue Scillas, Crocuses, and similar cheap and pleasing bulbs. A new interest has been given to room gardening by the introduction of the Chinese Water-lily or Joss-flower, a variety of Narcissus Tazetta. This will flower well without soil but perhaps it will be better to give the advice of Messrs. Barrand Sons, who, we believe, were amongst the first to import the " The Water Fairy Flower, or Chinese plant from China Sacred Lily, is a species of Polyanthus Narcissus, annually imported by us from Northern China, where the climate and soil impart to the bulbs a marvellous precocity, together with a wonderful power of producing a great
drooping flowers bending the slender shoots with their weight and one may obtain a great variety of colours. The double varieties are less satisfactory and less pleasing than the single kinds, and should not be grown much in the window. The Fuchsia may be kept during the winter in a cool cellar, and when spring comes taken back to
;
the
in a
window, when
It
requires
much the same treatment as the Geranium, and It is sunny window cuttings will root satisfactorily.
most suitable
impossible in the space at disposal to give a list of the varieties ; any good catalogue will supply
this information.
Mother Of Thousands
an
;
its
growth
is
in the temperature of greenhouse. In nearly all houses in China and Japan the Sacred or Good Luck Lilies are grown in the living rooms in fancy bowls, filled simply with pebbles and water, and the natives compete with one another in growing the finest specimens for their New Year's Festival, successful culture being regarded as an
in forty days
extraordinarily rapid
warm
(Saxifraga sarmentosa) is such old-fashioned window plant that one need scarcely describe it the reason it is often a failure is because too much water is given, and through interfering with the delicate tendrils. S. Fortunei with its pinkish flowers is also useful for the same purpose, though neither is so attractive, as a basket plant, as the Campanulas previously
mentioned.
emblem
of 'good luck.' 'The largest and best developed flowers are called by the Chinese Grand Emperor. Each bulb produces several heads of bloom, the individual flowers being white with yellow cup if single, or white with yellow nectary if double, and delightfully fragrant. In
is a colouring is wonderfully bright, but failure to flower the bulbs properly is usually the result of too kindly treatment, when the pots are allowed to get thoroughly crammed with the bulbs can find roots, so that one wonders how its wealth sustenance from the little soil remaining
Lily).
;
This
its
summer.
is
;
Any good
fairly light
country the bulbs of the Sacred Lily can be flowered as successfully as in China, and to watch the rapidity of
this
their
growth is most interesting. Keep in a sunny window by day, and on a table near the centre of the room by night, as frost destroys the flower buds. The plants should not be kept in a room while gas is being
burnt, as a too dry atmosphere shrivels up the flower buds;
sunny window is essential it This handsome plant success in any other position. behaves very curiously sometimes it flowers abundantly,
treated
much
popular
in
the
same
for
style,
do
so.
Zonal Pelargonium.
"Geranium," but the
plant,
The
true
name
is
this
is
Geranium
a hardy British
a draughty situation must also be avoided the more natural conditions of a warm greenhouse will promote the greatest success, and the plants can be removed from
;
thence to a sitting-room
when
in
bloom."
and the brilliant flower of the greenhouse and summer garden is of hybrid origin. Still, all this does not alter the fact that the Geranium is one of the best of all window plants, which will remain unharmed during- the
WINDOW
winter
if
AND
ROOM GARDENING.
spring
S93
may even
and
lie
hung up
by
its
cottage
window
the
oil
Geranium lamp or
Henry Jacoby, that rich candle is burned at night. crimson flower, mav be thus grown, and in fact all Geraniums, and their name is legion, may e placed in In few classes ol indoor flowers is there a this position. greater range of colour, from snow white, through shades of crimson, salmon, pink, rose, and an infinite variety almost of subtle tints. Almost any kind of soil is suitable, and during the summer months especially give When the plants become leggy, cut plenty of water. back the shoots hard, and this must be carried out in
1
when new growth begins. Cuttings of moderately Cut them ripened shoots may be struck in the window. just beneath a joint, and remove the two lower leaves to provide a clean stem for insertion in the soil. Roots will be emitted in less than a month, and then the cuttings may be potted off separately. A soil composed of loam, leaf mould, and silver sand is usually given, but, as previously mentioned, Geraniums are nol particular in this respei t. It is almost impossible to remove dust from the foliage. One cannot sponge a tender, solt leaf, bill
when
the
plant
is
exposed
to a
soft
rain
it
becomes
leaved Pelargoniums must not be grown they are only suitable for the window-boxes; in a room French, Regal, Show, but all the other Pelargoniums and so forth are not suitable for this treatment.
refreshed.
lw
WINDOW
Window-box
differs
BOX
GARDENING.
gardening
sometimes
greatly,
reflecting the
mind
of the
owner,
use
of
plants
purpose.
In
Winter
be
ma n y
into
shrubs
use.
In
can
brought
many
instances the
remain
as
left
throughout
well,
the
summer
is
matter
of
selection
and position.
For
example,
window-
winter furnishing.
They
in
ARALIA
right,
all
S1EBOLDI, VALLOTA,
IN
ROOM.
the
summer, and
or
present
very
shabby appearance.
Nor are
box
of
But
where
not
fully
exposed
sun
many forms
droop over
bulbs, such
variegation.
foliage only.
There are
trailers
very graceful
is
to
the
box.
If
shrubs
not
crowded,
it
easy
to
insert
few
as Crocuses,
Scillas,
Tulip.
One
as
much
over,
colour to
Lobelias,
utilised to
enliven a box
coloured evergreens.
As soon
Nierembergias,
Sedum
will
gracilis,
and
one
or
two Ivy-leaved
the
Pelargoniums can be
advantage, and
give a
in
summer change.
the
winter,
So few give
sufficient
water
to
window-boxes
and yet
it
is
594
THE
CENTURY
are
BOOK
subjected
OF
to
GARDENING.
season
when
plants
in
the open
much
is
wet.
In
caused
think
at
of
to
manure
or
top
But
let
them water
well,
summer and
they
will
then produce glossy growth, pretty and clear variegations, and one will be
entirely.
loth to
Even
such
as
if
it
window adornment
etc.,
it
in
is
summer,
easy
to
Begonias,
Pelargoniums,
plant
Fuchsias,
in
Lobelias,
Heliotrope,
move
them
the
garden
of
until
autumn.
Among Euonymuses
also
find
alone one
can
make up many
silver
variations in
form
plants and
colour,
a very
variegated
form
in
to
Cupressus
those
will
also
furnish
sufficient
each
while,
it
if
of
containing
only,
for
is
difficult
make
selection.
if
Euonymuses
seldom
are the
salt
in
most satisfactory
spray, such
as
in
little
shrubs
window-box, especially
at
all
exposed to the
healthy
Remember
be
flies
smoky towns,
and,
should
not
used
such
positions.
When
away.
spring
SPRING.
in
The
in
the
months
as
the
to
flower-beds
the garden below, and the sheet anchor will be hardy bulbs
the
this
Snowdrop
position,
Chionodoxas,
other
tall
Tulips, and
even
not
Primroses and
Auriculas
but
one desires
something
is
or
in
lov-growing
plants,
unseen
except
when one
close
a
at
hand.
Snowdrops and
be
kept
filled
Scillas
house.
Bulbs,
It
too,
is
are so
cheap
now
may
without
much expense.
are
filled
when they
be placed
with
soil.
Make
bottom, and
level,
in
so as to provide a ready
way
for
A few
made
may
the bottom of
the box,
of
principal
compost,
neither too
heavy nor
brilliant
may make
colouring,
Then,
a place in
of course,
it
loses
its
imparted to
it
by
scarlet Tulips
The
writer
knows of one enthusiastic gardener, not blessed with In these who makes use of his window-boxes.
(I.
which
to
are growai
reticulata),
its
filled
Bakeriana,
in
I.
Danfordiae,
Galanthus Elwesii,
has
garden Snowdrop,
recognised
Crocus Imperati,
the
leek-like
bloom
before
of
its
January
leaves
>
gone
Iris
alata,
easily
by
arrangement
Sternbergia
that
lutea,
little
bulb
may
full
be sent to him.
By
in
beautiful
is
surprising
when
not
in
the
winter one
is
how
lost
well
Snowdrops, especially
or
in
when
opening
on a
January
One
its
desires the
slender stem.
bulbs,
Iris
very interesting
be
able
to
grow these
the
delightful
early-flowering
the
Irises
is
especially,
filling
which
open ground.
reticulata
worth
a whole
It is
box
with for
sake
Iris
of
its
delicious
is
many
good gardeners.
it
This
mistake.
and
is
especially in pots
IN
a frame or greenhouse.
is
SUAAMER. There
a wide choice of
plants
for
the
window-box
in
summer, and
WINDOW
it
AND
as
ROOM GARDENING.
much
is
595
is
advisable
to
vary
or
the
contents
as
possible.
continuous
plants
stream
of
scarlet
Geraniums,
a
even Fuchsias,
graceful
and
pretty as these
are,
becomes
by a
times,
wearisome, and
delightful
;
surfeit of
a
yellow Calceolarias
aspect
to
an abomination.
Good
is
self
colours are
they
harsh
impart
hues.
restful
the
box,
of a
and
the
eye
not
irritated
medley
of
purplish crimson
colour,
or
at
anything
all
to an
"ashy"
of course,
worn because
of its
more horrible travesty of a beautiful flower one can hardly imagine. At the sides of the window-box strings may be fastened leading to the nails placed at the top of the window, so that such creepers as the Canary Creeper (Tropaeolum canariense),
novelty, though a
ordinary climbing
Nasturtiums
Tropasolums), or even
a
the
small-leaved
Virginian
Creeper
(Ampelopsis Veitchii)
to speak,
of the
may
window.
(Saxifraga
plants
One
are
likes to see a
S.
The
mossy
Rockfoil
hypnoides),
Wallaceii, the
in
common
make
the
Stonecrop,
and similar
evergreen
mossy
in
very
is
charming
windows,
especially the
mossy Saxifrage,
the
will
burdened
the
spring
Over
edge
of
box
let
the
Nummularia)
this
tion,
trail,
or
yellow
colour
is
much.
and
it
is
certainly a plant of
atten-
months.
window-boxes
to
the
in
sun.
the
revel
soil.
The
them
writer
has seen
in
summers beds
flowers
on
railway
stations
with
in
no shade near.
Musk
things
refer-
Lobelias,
alluded to above
ring to
when
in
window-boxes
sum-
During
the
summer
water,
is
window
siderable
quantity of
if
especially
at
all
the
to
position
exposed
the
sun.
596
THE
the plants are
little
CENTURY
BOOK
[
OF
GARDENING.
When
soil
in
occasionally, as
then
the
water
soil
Remove decaythe
beauty
shrubs.
until
quite
autumn,
|
when
use of
make
one deals
or
with
this
question,
mere
matter
or
thought
bring
,
a very simple
plants
to
in
1UIMULUS.
cold
frame
things
may
remain
great
harm, longer
than
others,
such
as the
Persian
to
many
much
to
occasions
grow these
in
It
is
absolutely
impossible
to
is
provide suitable
There
and
contend
against
room
changeable
of the
temperature,
Lyre-flower,
for
dryness,
draughts.
We
have
the
brought
cold
in
buxom specimens
in
frame
beauty
in
spring and
a
used
them
for
considerable
is
season.
neat,
well-flowered
write
such
as
that
shown
the
illustration,
we may
Splendid
writer
same
of
the Petunia,
Mimulus,
Musk,
once
and
other
homely
in
subjects.
results
are
often
obtained
a
by
of
window
cottages
gardeners,
especially
trie
all
cottages.
of
The
well
remembers
kinds
for
number
were
good
upon
outskirts
large
town,
year,
in
and
the
the
seen
the
a
noted
reason
down
like
these
were
grown, from
or
year to
window,
that there
bulb,
was no greenhouse
with
tall
frame.
Plant,
large
Onion-
slender
flower
spike,
Mother
of
Thousands
(Saxifraga
sarmentosa), the variegated Ophiopogon, the Fern named Aspienium bulbiferum, Phalangium
Ivy grown in a pot, a very pretty decoration, always green and very Geraniums, Fuchsias, Daffodils, Vallota purpurea, some Cactuses, and in one case an Himantiphyllum miniatum, which had been given to the cottager by the gardener at the
lineare
variegatum,
;
vigorous
" Hall."
This
is
usually
regarded
as
quite
an
indoor
in this
plant,
but
it
was
thriving
well
enough
winds
of success
away from
searching
leaves.
draughts
beautiful
of
and
sponging the
plants,
Campanulas,
;
bloom,
one instance no
than six
the
filling
the
window
and
standing
upon
table
Campanula
flowers
seemed
to
be
having
somewhat
in
than
alike,
C. isophylla,
being as free
In
otherwise they
are
much
also.
some cases
miniature
fernery
is
TUB
Constructed
interesting
in
GARDEN IN
is
i.
597
the
of
window,
as
and
this
an
way
loving
Ferns, as
adding a feature
of
cases were
to
in
great vogue,
is
wise not
treatment
failure will
warm
can
be
in
temperature,
otherwise
of the
Some
in
smaller
kinds
accommodated,
winter than
of
giving,
of course, less
summer.
to
One
taken
so
is
now
these
Fern cases,
be
probably
in
because
this
little
interest
seems
this
class,
;
though
the
why
should be
of
not evident
great
world
Ferns
contains
many
exquisite jewels.
TUB
N
f
GARDENING.
DOW -BOX
us
t
gardening
the
allied
reminds
i
that
ub
of
ga
d e ni n g
It
NARCISSUS, MIiS
FLORA
in
WILSON.
deserves consideration.
often
possible
of to
is
grow
their
some handsome
plant
in
tub
and
not
the
open garden.
Tubs
hall
plants
may
be placed upon the terrace, by the garden path, or on each side of the
door,
is
when
Sometimes the
warm powerful odour, such, These plants, when no better accomtub as the Lemon Plant and the Cape Pelargonium. modation exists, such as a conservatory or large plant house, may be stored away in cellars
foliage
of
straw or similar
material.
The
following kinds
AgapanthllS, an
tected
in
excellent tub plant, is readily prowinter by covering it over with mats, and
placing
in
housed
elsewhere.
delightfully
some outhouse when the plants cannot be The clear blue of the flowers is fresh, and when seen on some old terrace
walk, or by the side of an oaken doorway, the flowers supply just that dash of bluish colour required amidst greys and the soft tints from Roses and the hardier summer
plants. The great secret of abundant bloom is nut to let the plants get, so to speak, " over-tubbed," as the foliage
is
During the
summer
of liipiid
is
wise to give a
little
manure.
There are
umbellatus, but the type is more adapted for tubs than the forms of it, such as albus.
This
Plant,
or
for
will
remain healthy
many
Sweet-scented years in
IRIS
GERM A NIC A
lull, and its foliage is pleasing in colour, and when rubbed gives of) a delightful perfume as of ripe cut lemons. It is not thoroughly hardy, and when placed in the open, a warm, sheltered position must be selected. Myrtles make excellent tub plants, and remain in health for many years with top dressings of soil, and their fragrant foliage is always welcome. They will also succeed in large pots and of course the remarks here made as to tub plants apply to those that succeed in pots or large Italian oil jars cut in half. A delightful picture was once formed of the blue Iris in flower in one of these earthenware jars, and even when out of bloom the glaucous foliage is attractive. Myrtles should always be placed out of doors for the summer months, choosing a somewhat shady place The effect of this open-air existence is to well ripen up
598
SOILS
the
AND
in
THEIR
the
TREATMENT.
599
wood
and
promote a
wealth
of
llowers
Other'
following spring.
Rollisson's Unique, Oak-leaved (quercifolium), stable or outhouse during the winter months.
Good Tub Plants. Besides the popular kinds already mentioned, the writer has seen the following made good use of in tubs Abutilon Boule de Neige, the beautiful white variety so frequently seen in greenAgaves of sorts ; Brugmansia houses and conservatories Knighti Choisya ternata, popularly known as the
:
ment will be as necessary then as in the summer months. The Cape Pelargonium specimens grown by Mr. Hudson at Gunnersbury House Gardens, Acton, are very line,
and remind us of a class of plants that seems to have passed almost out of cultivation. At one time the Pelargoniums, or " Scented-leaved Geraniums," as they were
Mexican Orange-flower the Orange the Coral tree (Erythrina Crista-galli) Hedychium Gardnerianum, or the Garland-flower, one of the hardiest of its race, with
;
handsome
Heliotropes,
flowers in
Musa-like
leaves
and
fragrant
flowers
smothered
;
with
their
sweet-smelling
capensis,
summer
the pretty
Plumbago
and
more
familiarly
known, were
in
considerable demand.
Yuccas.
SOILS
gardening, soils have very
IN material
may
very
drained
is
is
difficult.
much to he taken as found. To materially improve them Change comes only after many years' cultivation, and by the addition of
soil
both of
of
many
Working, however,
intelligently
of
light or
very heavy.
A medium
soil
that
is
in
clay,
in
bog formations.
Clay
They
yet
usually
soils
2ft.
Clay
from
where well managed are very reproductive under fairly favourable conditions. usually need some sort of drainage, such as is furnished by cutting out drains
in
to 4ft.
in
such directions as
laid
in
may
these,
ensure a
20ft.
fall
for
the
parallel,
to 40ft.
cjin.
apart
may
be
required,
and
consist of
is
pipes,
or
or,
failing
some
So
of
stone
heath
off
in
carrying
surplus moisture.
costly.
other
is,
cases
first,
where deep
soil
;
draining
may
soil
is
be too
The
object of
drainage
sour
to
relieve
the
of
become
stagnant and
and
air
harmful
to vegetation
choked with
water excludes
life,
air,
and
as
retreats
it
downward
stiff soils
but sweetens
soil
and renders
in
fertile.
imperative
working
and
Wanting
render
it
air,
it
is
infertile,
and several
in
exposure
soil
to
light
air
is
needed
to of
fertile.
But
if
trenching
be well
also,
broken
only
and
thrown out
air
dug and
broken up
will
not
it
will
the
penetrate
later,
in
but
also
permeate
and
great
mav
of
good
is
As the process
spit
from
next trench
is
laid
over the
broken-up subsoil
soil
These strong
soils
benefit
greatly
by
liberal
exposure
elements
in
winter
when uncropped,
Frost congeals the
so that
provided the winter be fairly dry and there be hard, penetrating frosts.
water
in
the
soil,
and
in
to
burst asunder,
is
when
Wet
on the
before.
after
up,
but positively
make
its
Certainly
stiff
should
never
be
6oo
THE
rain falls,
if
CENTURY
fallen,
BOOK
or
is
OF
GARDENING,
It is
worked when
allow
clay
has just
imminent.
in
Such
case
far
wiser
to
soils,
off,
It
the
left
after the
autumn crop
was taken
to follow.
as the
worms
abundant pores
of
for
rain to
is
to
as keeping
etc., to
more porous
will
or
better
in
still
to
sow
on
early
If
in
during the
will
spring.
work
far better
than
those
nature
when
obtainable.
Sweepings
of
town
streets,
manure and
is
grit,
are good
from roadsides and ditches, stacked to decay and dressed with lime.
dressing; so also
porous.
Decayed
leaf soil
is
good
of
straw
fibre,
Cow
better
and
pig
be largely avoided.
of
these dressings
aids
to
and
the
wood
fires
or of
garden
soils.
refuse
are
valuable
and feeding
stiff
Light Soils
are
more
These are
of
in
;
a sandy loam on gravel, perhaps not very deep and soon drying often rather
shallow.
iittle
They never
is
retain water,
and
artificial
drainage
is
not required.
In
all
not bringing
them
to the surface.
The
more
readily can
serve to attract water from lower strata to the surface, and thus furnish moisture
is
Whether these
can
be found
lower
soils
in
manured, and
on
soils
and crops
find
at
once greater
shallow worked.
During dry
as
summers crops on
on
deep-worked
soils.
soils
always
thrive
doubly
as
well
those
growing
shallow-worked
so
Light
soils,
whilst
or
benefited
by
almost
by applications
of
of
half-decayed stable
cow-house manure, as
a
both
fertile
and retentive
moisture.
is
Where
very
of
practicable,
helpful.
dressing
is
of
clay
on
in
So, too,
in a
the addition
of retentive
loam.
In
summer
all
soils,
no matter
large
measure
it
kept moist by having the garden hoe run over the surface frequently, thus keeping on
mulch
the
of fine soil.
Too much importance cannot be attached to this matter of preparing soils. Unless good condition healthy growth is made impossible, and if beginners in gardening would only lay this truth to heart, vegetable crops would be more abundant in years of
soil is in
prolonged
drought.
Insufficient stress
has
been
laid
in
the past
of
providing a firm foundation or root run, to prepare the plants for times
is
when
all
their strength
necessary not
merely to
fight against
insect plagues,
is
but
in
it.
times of drought.
The way
is
to
make
insect
of
attacks
to
strengthen
or
Weakly
garden.
of
stock
In
soil
always
articles
first
seized
upon,
whether
the
greenhouse
is
the
kitchen
the
much space
preparation, heretofore
and
we
now than
6oi
YEAR'S
the
WORK
work
be
will
IN
THE GARDEN.
be
as
at
A
performed
performed,
BRIEF
and
calendar
the
of
year's
may
brief,
useful
to
beginners
details
in
in
gardening,
culture
information
of
given
the
various
of
and
selection
of the
varieties
some length
work.
JANUARY.
The Flower and Indoor Garden. The work
this month depends largely upon Sometimes the ground is fro/en hard, which stops all planting of trees, shrubs, and hardy perennials. Sometimes,
be the weather.
to
on the other hand, il is very mild, when planting of all kinds When arrears may be pushed forward without hindrance. have to be made up, every opportunity should be taken at this time, as planting of deciduous trees should not be
if
possible,
when
become very
active.
looking and unsatisfactory. This applies to the border as well as lo the rock garden. Phloxes, especially the Phlox stellaria group, are never seen in true beauty unless allowed to ramble much in their own way. It will be very important at this season to regulate the temperatures of the various houses, Orchid, stove, and greenhouse but full information is given upon these points in the chapters dealing with this important phase of plant culture. Give water with great care, never overdoing it, and remember that no fixed rule for watering or syringing can be laid down. More moisture will be
;
PHLOX STELLARIA.
Therefore, where alterations must be made in the pleasure grounds, in the shrubbery, or in the border, work away with a will, forming good groups of Roses, and never performing Bold groups are the work in a niggardly, half-hearted way. a thousand times preferable to paltry clumps, dotted about here and there without any good reason, the result being a spotty, unwholesome effect, utterly unlike the restful aspect One group of the garden artistically planned and planted. of some beautiful Rose is more charming than the same bed occupied with a dozen varieties of varying colours and When planting Roses or hardy diverse habits of growth. flowers, keep them away from overhanging trees or shrubs with hungry roots, which fill the neighbouring soil and rob Follow the advice given in previous chapters it of fertility. upon the way to plant. Such plants as Dielytra spectabilis, brought on in gentle warmth in the greenhouse, are very pretty in the window or house now, and other things may be introduced also, the Persian Cyclamen, Chinese Primrose, Hardy plants may be planted now if the and so forth. weather is favourable, and remember the advice, previously given, that a group is better than a single specimen hungryrequired upon one day than on another, and so forth, everything depending upon the outside temperature. Heed must be paid to those plants that are at rest, or at least not in
these need less water than those very active. growth Plants approaching their flowering stage, such as Chinese Primulas and Persian Cyclamens, are benefited by weak liquid manure. Azaleas, Lilacs, Staphylea colchica, and
full
;
other shrubs, gently forced, will be of the end of the month for decorations.
much
service towards
number
of shrubs,
Guelder Roses amongst them, respond readily to a little artificial heat, not hard forcing. Carnations and Auriculas,
and, indeed, every plant that is quite hardy, but given frame protection during the winter months, must not be coddled. Give air on all favourable occasions and water
carefully.
should be a good
notes plant
and so
forth.
Rhubarb
is
forced, as
warm
Asparagus may have a dressing of manure, and house. plant a few Early Ashleaf Potatoes under a warm wall where
602
the soil
is
THE
light, also a few Southern Counties.
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
covered up at night.
Peas
in the
Mice are often very troublesome to early Peas, and the usual way to prevent their
depredations is to damp the seeds and roll them in a bag of dry red lead. Sometimes a. paste is made of lead and water and the seeds rolled in it, but the former plan is cleaner.
At the end of the month plant any early variety on a warm border, where later it will be
possible
to
give
the
plants
If
frost.
sow
now, and a fortnight any early Radish, especially the pretty French Breakfast. Outdoors throw out on a warm border the soil
3in.
The
Fruit
Garden.
for insect
Finish off the pruning of fruit trees and Vines at once, and
of
stable
manure
2in.
thick
especially
American
for insect in
Remedies
will
pests
be
found
be
the
chapter
Fruit
also.
upon
insecticides.
Radish seed fairly thick, covering up with long litter until all the seed has made good growth. A cold frame is of
trees
may
planted
previous
chapters,
MA LOPE.
that
great
in
it
So much information fruits in has been given u pon one need hardly write more now.
FEBRUARY.
The
weather
plants
may
be
made on
warm
Flower
still
and
Indoor
Garden.
Open
enables planting of trees, shrubs, and hardy so far as practicable all such work Where work of should be completed during the month. this kind may not be in progress, it still may be desirable to prune or thin out manv shrubs, and even the heads of Then the soil of the flowering or other ornamental trees.
to continue, but
border can be forked over, and if in the process some decayed garden refuse or manure be worked in, so much the better. Where hardy plants and bulbs are in borders the pointing with a fork should be very shallow, and a dressing of fresh soil strewn amongst the plants will do great good. Lawns should be occasionally swept and well rolled Where the latter are weedy, an applicagravel paths also.
;
covered with litter or mats till plants are formed. In a warm house or frame sow seeds of Comet, Eclipse, Ai, or other good Tomatoes. This should be done thinly in pots. If a good heat can be furnished, some dwarf French Beans may be sown in pots also. A thin sowing of Celery seed may be made in a pan. Seakale roots with stout crowns should be put, a few twice a month, into any dark warm place in soil to produce blanched heads. Look over all stored Potatoes, Carrots, Beets, or other roots and rub off few strong roots of Rhubarb may premature growths. Lie covered over with large pots or tubs, and further with long litter, to promote early growth.
There
is,
where
fruit is
grown
really
more work
to
outside in February.
tion of
some weed-killer
Dwarf Roses may be hard pruned at the end of the month, especially where the stems are protected from frost Standard Roses are best by moulding soil about them. All descriptions of Chrysanthemums left till next month. may still be propagated by putting the stout young root shoots as cuttings into pots filled with sandy soil, and Dahlia roots from standing them in a frame or cool house. which it is desired to obtain cuttings for rooting should be placed in shallow boxes filled with cocoa-nut fibre refuse or soil, be watered, then stood in full light and in quite gentle
them.
warmth to start them into growth. All foliage plants in houses should have an occasional cleansing, using a sponge Bedding plants of or soft brush to wash the leaves. the ordinary tender order may have tops taken off and Fuchsias especially give put into warmth as cuttings. Sow both tuberous nice young tops for such purpose. Begonia and Gloxinia seed in shallow pans on sandy soil Give greenhouses and plant frames and stand in warmth.
days, keep all decayed leaves Bulbs yet gathered, and dry off rapidly after watering. buried in pots outdoors in ashes may be brought into a greenliberal
necessary work has been brought up to time. All pruning, if not completed, should be so at once. Even where wall trees, especially Peaches and Nectarines, have been unnailed from the walls to check premature blooming, pruning should be completed, even though the renailing be left till the end of the month. With these trees the great object of the pruner should be to cut out bare shoots and preserve stout young, well-budded growths. All bush and pyramidal Apple and Pear trees should have pruning completed, as also any trained cordon or espalier trees. The refuse should be collected and burned, the trees in every direction, as well as Gooseberry and Currant bushes, being first sprayed with soft soap, then densely Have Raspberry dusted with fresh slaked lime or soot. canes pruned back and, if needful, thinned, then loosely Liberal dressings of manure tied to stakes or trellises. should be lightly forked in over all fruit trees and bushes, and also between old rows of Strawberries.
Plants of the latter in pots for forcing should now be stood frame to help start root action, or be placed in a cool greenhouse temporarily for the same purpose preparatory to placing them in good warmth on high shelves. few such plants should be thus treated now and again at the All Vines should have been pruned end of the month. long since, but where done late touch over the ends of the See that inside borders cut spurs with painter's knotting. for early Vines and Peaches are thoroughly moist and get on a gentle warmth, increasing it gradually as the month proceeds. It is a mistake to fire up too hotly at the first. Where trees or Vines are planted on outside borders, cover the stems where they are exposed, as a sharp frost
in a
ventilation
on
fine
It is yet a house by instalments to get them into bloom. good time to pot up Liliums, using plenty of sand about Plant perennials such as perennial Phlox. them. The Vegetable Garden. On warm borders make at once a sowing of Chelsea Gem Pea, and at the end of the month one of May Queen or Senator for succession. The the latter two 3ft. high. first-named is but 2ft. in height In open and strong, deep, well-manured ground make a further sowing of Long-pod Beans, such as Seville or Sow in rows 2ft. apart and thinly Johnson's Wonderful. Where a large frame is at disposal, make, if in the drills. possible, a hot-bed of manure, put the frame on to it, half with soil, and then plant I2in. apart some Ashleaf, fill Failing a hot-bed, Ringleader, or Sharp's Victor Potatoes. put the frame down on a warm border and throw some soil Such frames should be well into it to raise it, then plant.
fruit
All on them often does great harm when the sap is active. houses, whether heated or not, will be all the better
All Vaporiser, as just yet for a good fumigation with aphides are weak, and much good may be done by a good fumigation. It is wise to fumigate before the pests have established themselves upon the plants, and not wait until every shoot is smothered.
XL
Year's
Work
IN
THE
GARDEN.
MARCH.
The Flower and Indoor Garden. Outdoors
the
bulbs are now breaking through the soil, and scraping over the surface with one or two pointed sticks helps to loosen the soil and give it a neat, fresh appearance. Even where beds have carpet plants over them similar treatment is desirable. March is a good month to undertake the transplanting of evergreen shrubs, but it should be done early, so that the development of bulbs and other flowers be not hindered. Where Roses have been untouched, long shoots may be partially cut back prior to the final pruning early in April. Still, in warm gardens or in southerly districts the final hard pruning may be done at the end of March. All descriptions of outdoor climbers, and especially Clematises, Roses, Ivies, and Virginian Creepers, should now have a hard pruning and be neatly tied or nailed ready for the summer growth. Seeds of some hardy annuals, and not least of Marguerite Carnations, Malope, Iceland Poppies, and similar things, may be sown under glass to secure plants to bloom in the summer and autumn. Plant indeed, anyout neglected layered Carnations or Pinks thing that is hardy may be got out in open weather. Put Dahlia roots and Begonia tubers into boxes filled with soil or cocoa-nut fibre refuse, and after damping them stand in
;
be thinned out when but a few inches long. Peaches or other stone fruits in houses will be getting into bloom. To help set the flowers, tie two or three rabbits' tails to a stick
or
fine
Also tap the branches occasionally to help disperse the pollen. Give plenty of air on dry days, but do not expose to cold draughts. Get into warmth
lightly
gradually other instalments of pot Strawberries for forcing. It is best to get these into a frame on leaves first for a couple of weeks, then to take them into heated houses, standing them on shelves near the glass. In all cases look keenly for aphis or red spider, and, if found, fumigate at once with All Vaporiser, the best of all fumigators. In a pit or low hot-house both Melons and Cucumbers may be planted out on raised mounds of soil, consisting chiefly of strong turfy loam. These must have a temperature ranging from 7odeg. to 8odeg. of heat, the house or pit being frequently damped or syringed to check the development of red spider or thrips. Outdoors great attention should be given to Gooseberry and Currant bushes and to Plum trees to keep birds from injuring the fruit buds. Either net them over or dust freely occasionally with lime or soot. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots on south walls
XL
will
be opening bloom.
Some form
of shelter,
by the aid
warmth
cuttings
to
for the
purpose of making
or division to increase stock. Seed of both Begonia and Gloxinia may be sown in warmth also In a Coleus and Celosia, as these require a long season. small heated house or bed cuttings of all descriptions of bedding plants may be propagated by being set thickly into pots filled with sandy soil. Plants in greenhouses now beginning to push growth, under the influence of more light and warmth, should have plenty of ventilation and more water manv also should now be repotted. The same may be said of plants kept in rooms, all of which will greatly benefit by repotting. The Vegetable Garden. March is naturally a busy month in this department, especially southwards or where the soil is fairly light and porous, or generally if the weather be open and mild. But, all the same, much work that is habitually advised to be done should be deferred for A a week or two if the weather be cold, wet, or frosty. further sowing of any good Long- pod or Green Windsor Broad Bean may be made, selecting for this crop deep retentive soil. Both early and late in the month further sowings of good Marrow Peas should also be made, taking special care, as these crops will have to produce their pods in the summer, that the soil is deep and liberally manured. Where root cuttings of Seakale have been saved for planting, get these put out at once in rows 2oin. apart, and Towards the each set I2in. from the other in the rows. end of the month get planted out on a warm border any Cos or Cabbage Lettuce plants that have been wintered in a Any similarly wintered Cabbage plants may be got frame. Plant some medium-sized tubers out on more open ground. of Jerusalem Artichokes in any outlying ground that has also some tubers of Stachys tuberifera been deeply dug on a border in rows iSin. apart, the sets being ioin. apart Where spring Onions are needed for pulling in the rows. also make in as salad, sow a few drills on a warm border the same way a sowing of Early Nantes or Model Carrot for early pulling in rows I2in. apart, and, where desired, very small sowings early and late in the month of Extra Early Milan Turnip seed. Plant early Potatoes yet only on a warm border where shelter from spring frosts can be given, A free sowing in the open ground and on deep soil may be made of Tender and True or Hollow Crown Parsnip seed, and on a warm border a few drills may be sown of Red Globe Beet seed for summer pulling. Make sowings in small beds of Brussels Sprout, Autumn Giant Cauliflower, and Snow's Winter White Broccoli seed, covering A sowing of Victoria Spinach may be up from birds. Sow some Celery and made, as also of Parsley seed. Tomato seed under glass. The Fruit Garden. In warm houses Vines will now Special care should be taken to keep be breaking growth. up fire heat, especially at night, as frost would do the young shoots great harm. The very weakest shoots may
; ;
furnished them at night and on till the bloom is set. belated planting should now be completed, the
neatly staked,
roots
to
Any
trees
and a mulch of long manure placed about the Raspberry canes should be keep them moist.
pruned to the desired length according to their strength, and be loosely tied to stakes or wire trellises. Look carefully over Black Currants for any burst and non-growing buds, and gather them to destroy because infested with the
white mite.
all
directions
work will now need to be done. Where there is a small hotbed or means to furnish bottom heat in a greenhouse, especially in a close-shutting frame, cuttings of all descriptions of
bedding plants can now be inserted into pots soil, and thus quickly induced to root. Also
seed
filled
with sandy
may be sown
of
many tender
flowers
Gloxinia,
in
pots
and pans
Celosia,
Cockscomb, Lobelia, Petunia, Verbena, Balsam, Asters, Stocks, Portulaccas, and so many other
flowers that
it
Zinnia,
beautiful
is needful should be thus raised for later All hard-wooded plants as a rule now need shifting into larger pots, and such things as Azaleas, Camellias, Heaths, etc., need the compost to be one-half of
planting out.
peat,
lons,
Calceolarias, Fuchsias, Abutisoft-wooded plants, do best with little peat, but more of turfy loam, leaf soil, and white sand. Give greenhouses and frames containing plants, plenty of air now, and more water generally will be required than has been the case through the winter. Outdoors make quite early sowings of Sweet Peas in clumps and rows, but thinly. Sowings also may be made where they are to flower of all sorts of hardy annuals Mignonette, Clarkias, Godetias, Annual
whilst Pelargoniums,
all similar
and
Chrysanthemums, ^thionema, and of all similar things. Some may be sown thinly in small pots, and raised in a frame for transplanting. Outdoors give Roses a final hard pruning early in the month, and as growth ensues watch for maggot in the leaves, and destroy them. Clear away any old foliage from about hardy Ferns, and give a top dressing of leaf soil. All spring bulbs will bloom this month, and some especially Hyacinths may need small stakes to support them. Lawns will now need frequent mowing, and gravel paths sweeping and rolling, for every part of the flower garden will be looking neat and gay. The Vegetable Garden. There is probably no busier
month
garden than April, for then much cropping has to be completed. All Potatoes should then be planted, and it is an excellent rule, where practicable, to put in the late main crop varieties early in the month, and the earlies, that so soon come up, about the third week. Other sowings may be made of good wrinkled Marrow Peas, varieties that reach to a height of from 3ft. to 4ft. being best. Specially good for sowing this month are Sharpe's Queen, Gladstone, and Autocrat. Quite at the
in the kitchen
6o4
THE
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
MTHIONEMA.
end of the month a sowing may be made of Ne Plus Ultra, or Long-podded Negro Dwarf Kidney Beans, on a warm border, and a row of Ne Plus Ultra Scarlet Runners also, ridges of soil being left on each side, across which Fir branches may be laid, to protect the plants for a week or two at night should frosts prevail. At the beginning of the month the customary sow ing of Onion seed, in shallow drills I2in. apart, should be made on good rich soil, and at the end of the month Onion plants raised under glass may be put out where they are to grow lor the summer. Sowings also in shallow drills may be made of both Nantes and Intermediate Carrot seed, and whilst Turnip-rooted Beet should be sown early in the month, tapering-rooted varieties should be sown at the end of the month. A further sowing of either Victoria or Long Standard Spinach should be made as before, also of Milan Turnip. Salsify and Scorzonera should also be sown thinly in drills. Where plants are needed, make in the middle of the month a sowing of Seakale seed in wide drills, and at the same time, where young plants are needed, sow Asparagus seeds in drills I2in. apart. Lettuce, Cabbage, Radish, and Mustard and Cress seed may be sown each month. In a warm house or frame sow Vegetable Marrow, Tomato, and Cucumber seed. Make outdoor sowings of Brussels Sprouts, White Broccoli, Giant Cauliflower, Savoy Cabbage, Red Cabbages, and various winter Kales. The Fruit Garden. Bloom on fruit trees, especially on walls, opens so freely in April that it is needful to furnish some description of protection to it from late white frosts. This is best done in the form of tiffany, frigi domo, a scrim canvas, which, fixed to rollers in long lengths, can be let down over the trees at night and be raised in the morning after the frosts have gone off. It is difficult to furnish similar protection to bushes or pyramid trees in the open garden, but these do not habitually flower so early. In all cases when the sun shines out warmly, expanded bloom on trees may be helped to set or become fertile by running a bunch of soft feathers tied to a stick over the bloom, also by topping the branches to dislodge the pollen grains. Where early Strawberry plants are showing bloom trusses, after giving the soil between the rows a good
hoeing, a mulch of long
down, as
clean.
that
will
litter or manure may be strewn mulch, and then later keep the fruits
Keep an early look-out for evidences of caterpillars Also, again, on Gooseberry bushes, and hand pick them. look after mite-infested buds on Black Currants, and pick them off, burning them at once. In the vinery early-started shoots should now show the prospective bunches, and bear
Remove gradual but very gentle tieing down to the wires. all but one good shoot to a stern that carries the best bunch. Later, houses may be shut closer and kept warm to start the vines. Go over later Peach, Nectarine, or other stone fruit trees in houses, and fertilise the flowers as previously advised. In the case of the earlier trees all foreright and back wood growths, w ith one-half the rest, may be rubbed out. The chief buds to save are those that spring Irom the
bases of the present shoots.
in pots
under
glass,
cool frames, to
heat.
Get more Strawberry plantand the latest batch should now be in bring them on gradually to bloom without
Almost
all
growth, and require a Pelarlittle stimulant in of liquid manure. goniums require assistance of this kind. An important work which must not 1)6 neglected is the thinning of seedlings.
full
When
factory.
too
is
spindly
and
unsatis-
Early in the month Calceolarias and the hardier bedders may be put out, and later on everything except Zonal Pelarthe most tender kinds will bear planting goniums, and so forth. In the earlier chapters of the book much information is given with regard to bedding. Lift spring-flowering bulbs when the foliage has died down, not before, unless, of course, their removal is necessary, whether the bulbs are in leaf or otherwise. Keep a sharp look-out for green fly, which increases tremendously at this season, inflicting Roses in particular. Before it has made much headway it is wise to syringe sharply and freely with clear water, but if the pest has obtained much hold then fumigaf" with tobacco, or in the case of plants in the open ground dip the shoots in tobacco water. The Vegetable Garden. This month the grower, in
YEAR'S
WORK
IN
THE
GARDEN.
605
Beet, early Carrots,
a great measure, will see the results of labour expended early Keep the hoe going to check w eed growth on in the year. all favourable occasions, and in some cases moisture will be necessary for newly-planted crops, such as Cauliflowers,
glass.
Brussels Sprouts, and early Celery from plants raised under Seed sowing is also important, as now is a good time
The Fruit Garden. There is less work in this department than in the vegetable garden. Hoeing and clearing are necessary, and newly-planted trees may need mulching should the weather be dry or east winds blow. Wall trees
should receive attention. Remove strong shoots as they appear, as these if checked at this early stage of growth will give more strength to other parts of the tree. Apricots should be thinned early in the month, taking these fruits in hand before any other, then following on with Peaches and Nectarines. Disbudding of the latter should now be completed, and cut out any shoots overlooked earlier. In a few cases blister may be troublesome remove affected leaves, giving such trees more shelter than others. Recently-planted Strawberries will need attention in the way of moisture in dry weather, and remove flower trusses. Give Strawberry
;
sow main crop Carrots, Beets, autumn and winter Cabbage, and Peas for the early autumn supply, such as Ne Blus Ultra, Late Queen, and the Michaelmas Pea. Sow Runner Beans early in the month, as there is no danger of frost, and with the soil in a warm condition the The new type of Climbing seeds germinate more quickly. French Bean has found much favour of late years. Such kinds as Tender and True, Excelsior, and Earliest of All Broad Beans may be sown in strong are valuable varieties. soil, and a cool quarter is best for this late sowing, choosing Turnips for August a Green or Broad Windsor variety. supplies should be sown in the middle of the month in \\ ellworked soil. Sow thinly, and select a cool quarter, as at Some growers damp this season Turnip fly is troublesome. over at sunset and dust with wood ashes and soot two or This promotes growth, and once the three times a week. Such crops as Savoys for latter is active the fly is crippled. winter are best sown thinly this month in an open place to
to
quarters that are at all weakly supplies of liquid manure as soon as the fruit is set, but it is well not to touch the tender fruits with the liquid. Thin the trusses on young plants required to carry fine fruits. Mulch the surface to keep ripe
fruit clean, also to
removal of
all
summer production by
become
important both
Planting out is case of all such things as Brussels Sprouts, the early autumn and winter Cauliflowers, and Broccoli the earlier the planting is done the less
sturdy.
in
Bedding,
sub-
summer months
as
and otherwise, must be completed this month. Choose, if possible, rather a showery time for the work, and water the plants well afterwards until they become
established. Finish planting the ordinary out bedders of the Zonal Pelargonium type, and be careful to remove fading flowers. This applies to practically all plants, especially of the pod-producing type. The plants cannot bear a double burden, and unless the seed-pods are kept rigorously picked off, the display of flowers will cease. Pay great attention at this time to Carnations. Tie up the slender flower stems to neat sticks, and give water freely when the weather is dry. It is as well to stir the soil occasionally about the roots. This is an excellent time
regards moisture, and there is greater freedom from caterLettuce should be transplanted pillar with strong plants. carefully in rich land, but better results will follow if the seed is sown thinly in drills and the plants thinned during Celery raised in frames or in boxes the next three months. Earlier should be transplanted in rows 6in. apart all ways.
well
be placed in their permanent quarters, as it is plants than allow seedlings to get drawn. Celery seed sown on a warm border for late supplies should be thinned, as the plants grown thus may be Frame Cucumbers should lifted direct into the trenches. be sown and planted out this month. Thinning seedlings is important, as much depends on the thinning as to their Asparagus should be thinned severely, also future success.
plants
better
to plant small
may
sow seed of perennial and biennial flowers, either out of doors or in a frame, selecting a well-made bed for the purpose, where there is not too much sun. Choice seed should be sown in a shallow pan in a frame. Syringe Poses
to
HBBBIHBHH^wM^
ROSE,
.'s.jtm&sBmmiiBt
6o6
occasionall)
to a
THE
,
CENTURY
BOOK
OF
GARDENING.
and transfer Primroses, Auriculas, and Daisies shady part of the garden, but water them freely. Put a stake to Hollyhocks, Dahlias, and any tall plant likely to suffer in a strong wind. Dahlias have become popular garden flowers, and the newer Cactus varieties are fast ousting the other forms out of the garden. This is not desirable, but there is no question that the Cactus Dahlias are sumptuous garden (lowers, of a great variety of rich colours and beautiful form. The true Cactus Dahlia flower has pointed petals, slightly twisted, not broad and flabby.
The Vegetable Garden.- Peas will be turning in freely from the first sowing also French Beans, which should be gathered whilst young, as they age quickly. Asparagus should not be cut after midsummer, and no vegetable will better repay feeding with a good fertiliser, such as liquid manure, given every three or four weeks from July to September. Young beds recently planted or from seed should be mulched with some light material. Both spent
;
Train the best shoots of wall Figs in to take the place of wood to be cut out another season, and stop other shoots not needed for extension. Shoots of Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and other stone fruits on walls should be nailed in as growth strengthens. Nail in others not needed for extension, and in a few cases last season's wood not bearing fruit may be cut out, thus allowing more room for the new wood. Summer pruning or stopping is now an important work. Shorten the foreright shoot of Pears. Cordon trees also should be pinched close back to form fruit spurs, of course Syringe over omitting the leaders needed for extension. late in the afternoon wall trees of all kinds, especially Peaches and Nectarines. Apricots require much moisture in light pour soils, and well repay feeding. Go over Peaches and Nectarines carrying too much fruit, removing badly placed fruits or those too thickly placed.
old
burnt refuse and leaf soil are excellent. All Potatoes should now be earthed up before top growth has advanced much. Trenches should be dug for Celery, and manure placed in them in readiness for the plants. Prepare land cleared of early Potatoes or Peas for winter Spinach this needs good cultivation, and when the
or
;
Mushroom
manure
One
of
the
month
upon
is
to
This
operation
the
Cartully
Strike
one need not enter into details on this occasion. Pinks from pipings, and remove plants in the
the
article
flower,
and
soil
is
infested
lime
shady
of
to give
place
so
out
as
doors,
impor-
showers.
give
plenty
Dahlias
of
is
;
2ft. to 3ft.
water
none too
also allow
and a mulch of
manure.
ber that
are best
much
Rememearwigs trapped
Broccoli.
latter
The
suffer
will
less
in
in
severe
weather
grown
for
whe
an open
pots
early
position.
Leeks
winter
best
morning when
earwigs are very tro ublesorae.
early
supplies are
planted
month,
shallow
this
in
2ft.
PYRETHRUM APHRODITE
apart,
Chrysanthe mums
will
and
require con-
supply of Lift carefully, as they suffer badly manure for the roots. Beans and Peas in dry seasons if the roots are broken.
trenches
a
liberal
with
Consult Mr. Beckett's article upon these for advice. Less fire heat will be required in plant houses now, but much water must be given if the weather is very
stant
attention.
for
will need good cultivation. deep drills, well manured some Dwarf Beans may be sown for late time previously. supplies. Such kinds as the Canadian Wonder and the Cauliflowers Climbing French Beans give good returns. sown now will turn in for October supplies, but these are best sown thinly in rows, dropping a few seeds at intervals of I Sin. apart, and thinning to the strongest plant when large enough. Sow Turnips for succession crops. Endive is an important salad plant for the early winter supply. Both the Green Curled and Batavian should now be sown. Sow Cucumber for pickling on ridges. Mushroom beds made now at the foot of a north wall or ridge shaped in the open will be valuable for supplies in the early autumn. Thinning, transplanting, and planting out will need timely attention. Make up blanks by sowing at the earliest date, covering the seed with mats to conserve the moisture. The Fruit Garden. There is more work daily needWall Vines will need more ing attention under glass. moisture, and disbudding is a point often overlooked in the case of hardy Vines, and thin bunches before the)' flower.
autumn sown
thinly
this
month
warm.
Sow
and
in
This month the weather sometimes excessively hot and dry, or with thunderstorms and rain. During a time of heat and drought there wili be much labour in keeping newdy-planted green crops going indeed, at this time will be seen the advantage of advice given early to plant in May and June, thus enabling the plant to obtain roothold to stand extremes of weather. This is an important month as regards seed sowing, as from
varies,
20th is the best time to sow spring exact date can be given, as much depends Ellam's Dwarf Early Spring and upon soils and situation. Mein's No. 1 are excellent varieties; on the other hand, the
the
10th
to
the
Cabbage.
No
is a great market favourite, and very reliable and May supplies if sown at the early date named. In sowing spring Cabbage give an open position, not a sloping dry border sow thinly, and make the seed bed
Early Rainham
for April
firm
if
the
soil is light.
this family,
and are as useful for autumn and early winter supplies as the spring Cabbage. The Rosette is the best for autumn use, and the Hard)' Green for winter. Sow thinly in good soil,
YEAR'S
WORK
IN
THE
GARDEN.
607
Spinach is an important winter vegetable. Sow seeds in cold or late gardens, and few kinds are superior to Carter's Long Standing and the
protecting the seeds from birds.
Victoria Round-leaved in the South.
wise to have plenty of Pansies because the plants if not in a very hot position flower with wonderful free-
dom
sow this vegetable; sow in Carrots may be sown for winter use ; seed sown now of such kinds as Early Gem or the Short Horn varieties will provide roots that may be left in well-drained soil all the winter. Sow Parsley for winter use early in the month. When the weather is dry and hot, water at dusk, and dust over with soot to promote growth. Previous sowings should be thinned, and last year's plants not allowed to seed, but given food in the shape of liquid manure. Early Potatoes should be lifted and stored in a cool place. Seed of these for next season should be " greened " by exposure in the sun previous to storing on shelves or in boxes if the latter, allow plenty of air to circulate round the seed. Plant all winter Greens, as the season is sufficiently advanced to secure a good growth before winter. Celery for first supplies will need copious watering food, also, if large heads are needed. Liquid manure is excellent for growing crops. Make the last sowing of Dwarf Beans on a warm border, using a dwarf variety. Sow thinly, or thin early, as the seeds germinate freely. Late Peas may be sown, but very early kinds must be selected, such as May Queen, Daisy, Chelsea Gem, and Bountiful.
to
enough
noted.
from white through mauve, purple, to blue. It is important to get plants of quite tufted growth, as these flower over a longer season and more freely. Stir up the surface soil of the flower beds occasionally to let in sunshine and air. A hard-caked surface is of little value to plants in
varied the flower beds.
midsummer
The Fruit Garden. Budding of fruit trees is done this month, but it should be performed by specialists, as they have the best stocks at command. Early Strawberry beds will have ceased to bear, and hoe between the rows after the mulch is removed. Mid-season and late crops in parched weather may need moisture to swell up the fruit, and let this be carried out when the sun is declining. Runners will soon be procurable for new planting indeed, if the flower growths were removed, as advised, they will be ready early in the month. These may be layered by pegging down into good soil or in small pots the latter is the best way, as the plants do not suffer when detached from the parent stock. Peaches
;
at
this
frequently with
heat.
date are at times infested with green fly, but more red spider in light soils and with much
Syringe freely late in the day, and in the case of trees fruit is not too far advanced add a little flowers of sulphur to the water. In showery weather mildew is troublesome. Dust the trees over with dry sulphur. Cherry trees are often infested with black fly, a troublesome pest. Dip the points of the shoots at once in a solution of quassia or tobacco water, and when dry dust with tobacco powder. Fruit borders in dry weather will need mulching with short manure to retain moisture and keep the surface roots from
on which the
and may be cleared away. Celery will need food let the work be done immediately. and moisture, and more soil placed to the roots to blanch for early use, but defer blanching of the later lots for some time, as by so doing moisture and food can be given and there is less fear of bolting. Cut herbs for drying and dry Spring-sown Onions in them in the shade in a cool place. early gardens will have matured sufficiently to lift and dry Should growth on boards or shelves previous to storing. be late, bend over the tops of the thick-necked bulbs a week or two previous to lifting, and place the roots in dry weather on the soil to harden before housing but they soon decay in damp weather, and keep badly if second growth begins. Spinach sown in July should be well thinned. Sow seed of winter Onions early in the month in soil made Such kinds as Giant firm by treading in dry weather. Rocca, White Naples, and the Leviathan Italian are excellent also Lift Garlic, and dry for winter use for this purpose. Shallots. Globe Artichokes, as the crop is cleared, should be cut down, and the land etween the plants well dressed Cardoons may now be blanched, with decayed manure. but if moisture is wanting they will run to seed badly. There should be no delay in planting out salads, such as Endive, for autumn supplies and make another sowing of Lettuce to stand the winter at the end of the month, sowing the Hardy Hammersmith Cabbage or Hick's, and Bath or Brown Cos. So much depends upon the locality. If cold, Lettuces are best sown late this month to stand the winter, but in the South the middle of September is sufficiently early. Cabbage sown early in July will need attention in Avoid a crowded seed the way of moisture and thinning. bed, and make another sowing to give a succession to the earlier lot the same varieties are still the best for the
; ;
1
crops, such as Peas, will have finished bearing Broccoli may still be planted, but
Plant out Coleworts as they are large enough. Twelve inches soil and not much space. apart all ways will suffice. Sow the Plardy Green Colewort for use early in the year ; also Cauliflower for May and
purpose.
They
like rich
June supplies.
the
inj
ury
Also
freely
to
water
assist
the fruit to
swell.
month
many
be
shrubs
may
or
Perfection.
Garden.
August
is
The
Fruit
many
as
trees
stock
for
a trying
another
year.
month
fruit
in
Sow
gardens,
so
many
tufted Pansies
need
attention.
may
gated
side
be
propataking not
Fruit of early
Cherries will have
by
pieces,
but
bits
those
tufted
which
in
soon
cold
is
and
way
of
become established a
It
syringing of wall
trees to
frame.
STANDARD ROSE.
foliage
6o8
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
leafage
freely.
GARDENING.
removed and weed growth destroyed
to
Protect late Cherries, also Currants and Gooseberries, from birds. The early kinds of Apples, such as Duchess of Oldenburg, Irish Peach, and Mr. Gladstone, are of better quality if the fruits are gathered from the trees a few days in advance of eating. Culinary kinds, such as the Keswick Codlin, Mank's, and Lord Grosvenor, are best gathered and placed in a cool store, as if left too long many fall. The fruits of early Peaches, such as Hale's Early and Alexandra, should be gathered early in the day. Rivers' Early Nectarine is invaluable this month for first crop on open walls. Strawberry plants layered last month will now be ready to plant. The ground for these should be double dug or trenched and a liberal supply of food be given. Raspberries will crop longer if given a mulch and moisture in dry weather, and as soon as the crop is cleared cut out the old fruiting canes. The growth of autumn fruiters should be regulated, weakly shoots removed, and strong ones supported on wires or stakes. Alpine Strawberry plants should be fed freely in dry seasons, and
the fruit thinned for latest supplies.
admit
air
SEPTEMBER.
is an important month, as evergreen shrubs may be planted now indeed, no better time can be chosen for the work. Towards the end of the month take up tender plants that are to be preserved through the winter months. Make a sowing of annual flowers. A list is given of the kinds to sow at this time. Strike Roses from cuttings, plant Carnation layers and bulbs, and gather seeds. It is an important month fur bulb planting ; indeed, the writer puts in almost everything now Scillas, Narcissi, Daffodils, and so forth, keeping back the Tulips until October. There is a wonderful selection of beautiful flowers to be obtained amongst the hardy bulbs. Daffodils and Tulips are hosts in themselves, and bold masses create rich effects. Towards the end of the month more fire heat will probably be necessary, and at any time sharp frosts may be expected. The Vegetable Garden. The hoe should have no rest in favourable weather. Digging of quarters needed for winter crops is essential in many gardens where double cropping is carried out this work is often a laborious
;
The Fruit Garden. This is a busy month. The best kinds of Peaches, Plums, and early Pears will be in season. Peach trees should be gone over at least every other day, and ripe fruits placed in a cool fruit store, as if left till the stalk is loose the fruit will not keep long. Many of our best Pears, such as Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise, and many others, will be ready to place in the store this month, but there should be no undue haste, as the fruit keeps better when allowed to hang as long as possible. In the case of late Peaches and Nectarines remove all leaves that cover the fruit, and with regard to Figs cut away wood not needed for next season this w ill admit light to the trees, and mature the new wood. After the fruit has been gathered from Peaches, Nectarines, and Figs cut out the old fruiting shoots to save pruning next spring, and the wood will then ripen better. Any shoots of Pears or bush Apples not summer pruned may now be taken in hand. Cut secondary growths back to within a couple of buds from their base, and weak shoots may be cut away in the case of crowded trees.
;
Towards
the
process
if
at
all
dry,
and
it
is
adviseable
that
it
be
done when
Cabbage may with advantage follow Spring Onions, as the land will be in good condition, and in planting Cabbage, if the weather is dry, draw drills, as plants may then be watered more effectually.
rain has moistened the soil.
Lettuce, as advised in August, for spring crops, as at may be too large to winter well. On the other hand, if the weather is mild there is a great gain of time with August-sown plants. Corn salad
Sow
sown now
Endives
be useful for late autumn and early spring. be large enough to plant out. A good breadth of the Batavian will be useful for winter supplies if the plants can be protected. Large plants of Lettuce may be lifted with their roots and placed in cold frames for autumn
will will
middle of October all tender flowers must be removed from beds and borders, the soil well manured and deeply dug, then planted with bulbs of divers descriptions, somewhat deeply, the soil being then planted with various hardy spring flowers or foliage plants to make the beds green for the winter. Plants thus removed may be put into boxes thickly, or in any way preserved, and be placed in a greenhouse All descriptions of or frame out of the way of frost. deciduous trees or shrubs needing planting, and especially Then may flowering ones, should be attended to now. follow, where needed, lifting, dividing, and replanting, after well manuring and digging the ground, all descriptions Fresh ones from the nursery may of hardy perennials. also be planted now, so also Foxgloves, Sweet Williams, Canterbury Bells, Wallflowers, and other biennials. It is a capital month for the performance of work of this description, and the garden is, in consequence, very gay in the spring Leaves that now fall thickly should and summer following. be collected and stored in heaps, as the matter produced when in a decayed condition is valuable for potting or as All climbers may have now a partial trimming to manure. Early in the month put a last keep them fairly neat. batch of cuttings of Geraniums, Calceolarias, or similar plants into 5m. pots filled with sandy soil, and stand them Plant windowon shelves near the glass for the winter. boxes with small hardy conifers and shrubs, bulbs, and some Begonia tubers should be lifted hardy plants for carpets. from the open ground where they have grown during the
Canna roots summer, dried, then stored in boxes. and Dahlia tubers, the stems cut hard down, should also be lifted and dried, then stored on shelves or in boxes, and be
kept in a mild but not
warm
use,
month, and
lifted,
transplanted at the foot of a south wall ; they will winter here better than in open beds. The same advice is applicable to Endives, as often the large-leaved Batavian w ill pass through a winter safe if planted now, as advised. Parsley should be thinned, and some routs of the springlifted carefully into frames, or a bed may be covered over with frames and sashes. It is also a good plan to place a few roots in pots or boxes where frame room is Late Potatoes should now be lifted. limited. For late tubers the best mode of protection is doubtless potting, and, what is so important tc the grower, treated thus they keep longer if well protected by soil. Tomatoes on walls should be gathered at the end of the month and placed on shelves to ripen. Frost will injure fruits not quite matured. Gather Capsicums grown in frames and dry them. Vegetable Marrows if cut and placed with the stalk end in water in a The same advice is good for cool place will keep for weeks. Beans fullv grown. Encourage late Peas to grow freely, and should mildew be at all troublesome dust with sulphur, or syringe with a solution of the same. Roots that need ripening, such as Seakale for forcing, should have the old
sown seedlings
and small sizes, then properly In ground that has carried stored after being well dried. summer crops plant Cabbages, Coleworts, and late-sown All Onions Savoys to turn in small in the ensuing spring. should have been cleared from the ground, well dried, then Towards cleaned, and roped or stored in a cool dry place. the end of the month lift for winter storing the stocks of spring-sown Carrots and Beets, just rubbing the soil and leaves off, then storing them in a very cool place in dry sand. Tomatoes outdoors should now be cleared off partially ripe fruits will finish off in a warm room, and
seed,
Any green ones may be converted into pickle or preserve. seed Marrows should be cut and placed under cover out of Seed Runner Beans should be gathered, lest reach of frost. The rows may frosts open them and dislodge the beans. be cleared away. At the end of the month any Herbs not stored should be cut, dried, and put into paper bags for use The latest sowing of White Turnips may be as needed. moderately thinned. Where White Broccolis are strong grown it is well to lay them on their sides, taking out a spit
A
of
YEAR'S
WORK
IN
THE
GARDEN.
Take
up
Gladiolus
bulbs
that
609
have
ground from behind each plant, then throwing the plant to its side and laying the spit of soil from behind the Finish next plant on to the stem to keep the plant down. earthing up Celery, well patting down the sides of the Where spare portions of ridges to exclude rain and air. ground are to be trenched it is well to get on to them liberal dressings of manure, then, as the trenching proceeds, bury the manure between the upper and lower spits of soil, as that furnishes the crops with food and moisture during
leaves
develop.
on
the bulbs, and keep them separate for sowing in drills the following spring. Store the large bulbs in dry sand in
the
summer
season.
The
soil
October is the best and bushes of all descriptions. being yet warm root action is created and the
cases should be
Planting
in all
done only where the soil has been deeply worked and well
cleaned.
The
addition of fresh
manure is not needful if the ground has been previously manured and cropped. In any
case such applications are best
given to
face.
fruit
trees
on the
sur-
Do
boxes for the winter, as these are generally tender. Plant and especially evergreen variegated shrubs and conifers in otherwise empty beds, and add clumps of bulbs in plenty and in variety. Clear up all leaves that will cease falling by the end of the month, and thus leave the flower garden neat. Work in planting or renovating left undone from October should be completed now, as it is undesirable to have pleasure gardens in an untidy state all In greenhouses and frames ample preparation the winter. must be made to protect tender plants from frost and also from damp. In the greenhouse give fire heat when the temperature is low or the air is very damp, giving a little top air at the same time. In frames let the lights be thrown open on dry days, but be close shut on wet ones ; cover these up well at night if frost prevails. Chinese
small
Hyacinths,
should be flowering freely in a Water at this warm house. time of the year somewhat sparingly and with care.
much
Store
by liberal waterings. Apples and Pears in a cool shed or house, where some ventilation can be given, but where the temperature at any time does not fall below freezing point. It is also a capital time to commence root pruning of
all
Work
month
yet
is
more
restricted,
but
plentiful.
There should be activity in manuring and trenching all vacant plots of ground to have them in good condition for
spring cropping.
descriptions
of
Heaps
of all
trees that
make
excessive
wood
little fruit.
Cuttings should be taken from Currant and Gooseberry bushes so soon as the leaves have fallen, and should be properly made and planted, as early planting encourages early rooting. Raspberry suckers may be lifted and planted in clumps of three, in
garden refuse, especially such as have been used to grow Vegetable Marrows, should be turned, have a good dusting of soot given in the process of turning, and then be utilised as manure. Go over Asparagus beds and remove all decayed growths, then, forking
off 3in. or
soil,
rows
4ft.
apart,
on good fresh
plantations.
place
on the surface
thick
soil, to
make new
Strawberry beds should be well cleaned, have the soil gently loosened and some manure laid
over
Plants in pots for winter forcing should have some of the
it.
the winter.
desirable to
earliest stood
in
a cold frame,
some long litter or Fern round the young sucker growths of Globe Artichokes, adding a
place
little soil
and the rest stood on a dry ash floor and well packed with ashes for the winter. Cut bare back now all inside or outside Vines that have dropped their Also if new Vines are leaves. GLADIOLUS to be planted, do that speedily. Fruit trees under glass mav be untied from the wires and pruned, and any planting required may be done now.
to
keep
it
in its place.
soil
Draw
frost.
ridges
of
it
over
Celeriac to keep
secure from
GANDA I'ENSIS
over Parsnips
the ground.
NOVEMBER.
The Flower and Indoor Garden. Bulb
planting
Complete the moulding up of Trench Celery, leaving the ridges very firm and neat. out Seakale and Horse-radish, putting the strong roots into soil thickly for use as needed, and saving side roots to make
cuttings for future
into
increase.
put
should be fully completed this month. Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissi, and many smaller hardy bulbs can be liberally planted in all directions, both in beds and borders and on Specially should many be put into pots, one large grass. Hyacinth root into a 5m. pot and five Tulips into a 6in. pot. Narcissi or other bulbs should be proportioned to the size of the roots. When potted stand on a dry, hard floor outdoors, and cover up thickly with ashes or cocoa-nut fibre refuse for several weeks to cause roots to be formed ere the
place in soil to produce early blanched heads. Give Potatoes that are stored in pits or clamps Go over additional covering in case severe frosts come. late Giant Cauliflowers, and as they show small white a
warm dark
heads break down the outside leaves over them to protect from frost. Have covering material ready to protect frames in which are Endives, Lettuces, Cauliflowers, etc., or to place about similar plants that may be growing in the open.
of
November should
fruit trees
and
,,
Cio
THE
CENTURY
BOOK OF
GARDENING.
department.
provide
the
bushes planted, or transplanted, as this is work better done late. Also, where needed, continue to root prune coarse woody trees. It is a good month, especially on mild days, to go over wall trees and prune them, doing this generally rather hard than otherwise, and in the case of Pears that have become too thick-set with large spurs, cutting some clean away to compel the formation of new shoots to be pinched to form new spurs Figs especially should have old branches cut out to make room for young ones, and where the weather is very severe in the winter it is well to unnail the trees, bundle them up by tying, and wrap them in mats for a few months. Go on pruning all trees and bushes in the open, burning the trimmings. A solution of caustic soda, 2lb. and of commercial potash, 2lb. dissolved in hot water, with 20 gallons of water added, and 41b. of soft soap, makes a capital liquid with which to gently spray all fruit trees and bushes to destroy insect life. Get more Strawberry plants in pots into frames, to bring them on gradually prior to putting them into warmth to force later on. Complete the pruning of Vines, Peaches, Nectarines, and similar trees under glass, and give these during the winter two sprayings or gentle syringings
early than
,
Mushroom house
Seakale every
supply.
quantities
to
Those without conveniences for forcing may cover the plants in the open with pots, which should be smothered with
prevent this a goodly will make the heat more lasting and less violent. Asparagus should be forced under glass, and a gentle bottom heat, with a temperature of 6odeg. will be sufficient Permanent beds should now be prepared for forcing, to give a succession in February and up to the time the beds in the open ground provide material for cutting. Rhubarb will be in greater demand after the New Year, and place roots of an early variety in the forcing house every three weeks for the next two months. Radishes force easily make a small sowing to give a supply in three months. few early Potato sets may now be started for pot or frame work, to plant out early in the year. Endives should be protected in the open, and that under glass covered as needed for blanching. Choice vegetables, such as late Cauliflower and early winter Broccoli, will need protection ; if the heads are formed it wdl be well to lift, with roots intact, and house in a cool place, as only a few degrees of frost injure the lender flower. Celery should be protected, and late plants receive their final earthing up. Free Lettuce on a warm border hum all decaying matter, as damp is fatal at this season. lift Jerusalem Artichokes, and sort and clamp like Potatoes. Prepare the land for other crops, and remove every trace of the Artichoke, as it soon spreads. Protect Globe Artichokes with bracken or litter, and in places where these plants winter badly a few shoots may be potted up and housed under glass for planting out in April. Cabbage plants in the open should be made firm by trenching, and then moulded up to protect the stem growth. Make up Mushroom beds monthly from now onwards until the month of April. After that better crops are secured from beds in the open if the Mushroom house is
litter,
To
manure
of the solution just described, as that is most efficacious in clearing the trees and houses also. Fruit tree borders under
now by removing a few inches of adding a dressing of half-decayed manure and strewing some fresh soil over that, and an occasional liberal watering given through the winter, as Nature does outside, will be productive of great good to Vines and trees.
glass will
be benefited
the surface
soil,
DECEMBER.
The Flower and Indoor Garden. This month
is in flower out of doors, chiefly Christmas Roses, which provide plenty of welcome cut flowers when a handglass is placed over a tuft in bud. This protection shields the flowers, which otherwise would become bespattered wilh soil. Clumps may be lifted also and brought under glass. Chinese Primulas and Persian Cyclamens will keep the greenhouse bright with colour. At this season watering is an operation that must be carried out with extreme care. There is no better plan of ascertaining whether a plant If it gives requires water or not than by rapping the pot. but a clear ringing sound, then water is certainly needed When watering if dull and heavy, sufficient has been given. never water in give a good dose at each application driblets. Never let the greenhouse go below 4odeg. but a better temperature to maintain is one of 45deg. Plant out trees and shrubs, Roses, and so forth, when the weather is suitable. Forced Hyacinths are welcome now. The Vegetable Garden. The work in this department
little
at
all
month, though anything but grower, is most interesting. Planting, pruning, and cleansing are important, and the first named should be proceeded with on all favourable occasions. It is useless to plant in frozen ground and, though it is at times difficult to escape frost, it is well to defer the work till the soil is in suitable condition. Pruning of trees may proceed, and, in many cases, it is wise to remove useless old spur
fruit
;
warm.
growths.
preparation of the soil for future crops, and one may do much in the way of digging, manuring, Every advantage should be taken and trenching the soil. when the ground is dry or frozen to wheel manure to the
will chiefly consist in
Newly-planted trees should not be formed at merely shortened back early in the spring. Nail wall trees and give clean shreds or ties. Care is needed in tying young trees to allow sufficient space for the wood to swell. Trees covered with scale or moss may now be cleansed, and give old walls that harbour insects a good syringing of strong insecticide, detaching the trees from the walls belore doing the work. Prune Currants and GooseNewly-planted berries where birds are not troublesome.
planting, but
trees should
puddling the should be trenched sufficiently early to enable frosts and winds to sweeten the Forcing of vegetables will surface soil newly turned up.
plots
soil,
that
require
this
assistance.
Avoid
and
all
light
or
medium
suils
prevent
IT
set forth
now my pleasing duty to heartily thank all who have assisted in achieving the object when the CENTURY BOOK OF GARDENING was commenced, that is, of making it a " comprehensive work' for every lover of the garden." The task of illustrating the
is
light
one, and
particularly
is
this
the
case
specimen flowers,
vegetables,
and
fruits.
For
valuable
rendered
in
this
connection
my
of
;
best
thanks
are
;
especially
due to
Messrs.
Carter
famous
seedsmen,
world
High
Holbom
to
known
Messrs.
Maidstone.
COOK,
1 ''
i-
INDEX.
PAGE
Abelia chin en sis Abelias, '1 he Abies brachyphylla canadensis ,, excelsa as an evergreen shrub
,,
PAGE
PAGE
Aquilegia viridiflora and vane y atro-
387 37 44 44439
-
And J-
nn
;].[
...
11.
,1
ilmnda
in
the
gn
-u
house
...
303 423
3,
purpurea
vulgaris ,, Aqnilegias, 166 Treatment of Anthyllis montana
...
423
323 357 69 69 69 69
71 71 71
152, 166
...
true,
The
tessel-
4 3
Anemias, The
Anemone
,, ,, ,,
megapotamicum
The, varieties
of
,,
,,
alpina ... ... ... ... alpina sulphurea angulosa, 69 apennina ... luldensis, 69 blanda ... coronaria, 71 caroliniana., decapetala, 71 fulgens ...
Acacia, False,
The
pink false, The Acacia Rose, The Acacias: Species and varieties, with
culture
407
,,
dinalis alba, or
...
10
71 71
Honorine Jobert
...
j.
j.
Lady Ardilaun
whirlwind
...
...
229
4,
,,
71
71
Acasna microphylla
pulchella, 4 repens Acasnas, Culture of the
,,
166
4
,,
71
71 71 71 71 71
162
,,
,,
,, ,, ,,
306 312
11
and
varieties
...
ranunculoides
... ...
... ...
...
The
rivularis, 71 Star, The stellata, 71 sylvestns ,, virginiana, 71 vitifolia ,, Anemones, 166 Culture of the
71
71
Achillea Eupatoria
The
Angelica tree, the
Angrascum Scottianum
230 219
14
Angra?cums, 323
Adam's Needle Adiantum cuneatum and its varieties Adiantums, Hardy and greenhouse, described and cu tural notes given Adlumia cirrhosa ...
Adonis, 69 vernalis Aerides, 323 culture ot i&schy nan thus fulgers grandiflorus ,,
,,
Culture of Anguloas, The ... ... Ani^opteris erecta ... Annual flowers, Fragrant, near the
house
,,
,,
...
...
45
19 13
,,
,,
...
357
?7
...
...
Lobbianus
speciosus
^sculuses, The /Ethionemas ... Culture of the Agapanthuses on terrace walk ... Agathaea ccelestis ... Agave americana ... Agaves, American, large, and Cape Fig Marigolds, 46 on the lawn ... Agaves, The, for greenhouse
,,
not
...
13
324 Clarkei ,, 324 Aralia Chabrieri 312 elegantissima, 321 reticulata 312 in a room and window ... 588 Sieboldi 294, 423, 433 spinosa 3, 389 Veitchi and gracillima ,, 312 Aralias, 312 upon the tawn 45 Araucaria Btdwilli for the greenhouse 294 Cooki in the greenhouse... ,, 294 Cunningham! in the greenhouse 254 excelsa in a room and window 588 imbricata 443 in the greenhouse ,, 294 Araucarias, The greenhouse 294 Arbor-vitas, Chinese, The 450 Common American ... ,, 449 Arbutus Unedo ... 433 Arbutuses, The... 423 Arches, Cordon Pear trees for ... 518 Arctotis 26 Arecas 370 Arenarias 163, 166 Argemonr 26 Aristolochia elegans, 315 gigis 315 ... Goidieana 315 orniihocephala ... ... ,, 315 ringens, 315 Sipho ... ,1 33 tricaudata 315 Aristolochias 315
.
Antirrhinum glutinosum Antirrhinums Aotus gracillima Arabis Arabises, Culture of the Arachnanthe Cathcarti
73 73 73 163 103 30
2-6
166 162
Anthetnis,
Armeria, 73 csespitosa, 73
it
latifolia...
maritima... alba
73 73 -3
Lancheana
...
plantaginea splendens...
vulgaris Armerias, 166 for edgings
ferrierense
,, ,,
Anthuriums
,,
propagating
...
...
73 73 137 92 166
fo3 1O6
killing slugs
and
10
Artemisia
Stelleriana in the border
...
Arum
,,
3or 48
15
italicum
maculatum
15
pulche
la
...
Aphelevis,
The
Allamanda
catb.irtica, 315
Schotii
American, The
495 42 37 ... 433 Chelsoni 315 315 315 264 69, 166 349 392
...
Aphides
Apple,
,,
The
Cox's Pomona, for a lawn ... GascoUne's Scarlet Seedling,
for a
Arums
lawn
...
...
...
,,
Peasgood's
Nonsuch,
for
Arundinaria auricoma ... Fortunei aurea ... ... ,, Hindsi Hindsi graminea japonica, 4, 375 Metake nitida, 375. 437 Simoni 375,
,,
437
4 ,7
lawn
,,
,,
Simoni
conspicua
striata
pot, single
Arim
,,
lo
,,
lawns
,,
,, ,,
trees
,, ,, ,, ,,
The
...
...
,, ,,
dessert
,,
Alcnsoas
Aloysia citriodora Alpinia nutans Alsophilas, The Alstrcemerias, hardy,
for villa
gardens
...
for arches
,,
for
for
mansions market
The
...
9, 69,
159
48 398
101
14, 106, 162
The
517 511 517 539 540 542 533 539 533 518 521 536 539 539 575
72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 52 72 72 72 72 72 72
Arundos, The
A^clepias Ash, The, species and varieties
98 47 294 294 98
73
,,
,,
forcing
varieties, tenuissi-
mus
,,
272
of,
greenhouse
its
Sprengeri, 272
culture
Alyssums
Amaranthus
Amaryllis Belladonna formosissima, 69, ;8 Amasonia punicea Amelanchiers, The
26 69. 78
casrulea californica
fistulosa
...
ramosus
,,
,,
The
264 306
3 -9
canadensis chrysantha
fragrans
..
A c phodeluses
Aspidistra lurida and its v.iriegated variety in a room or window ... Aspidium... A^pleniums, The, described and cultural notes given Aster alpiuus ... ... Asters, dwarf, 74 tall various kinds of ... ,, Asiilbe Lemoinei Astilbes, list of best, and culture ... various kinds of
,,
,, ,, ,, ,,
glmdulosa
gla
...
American
blight
... ...
.
491 22
xa
...
389
33 2
... ...
...
Arnygdalus, The, 389 Davidiana Anagallis ... ... ... Ananassa sativa variegata
... ...
...
...
Auchusa
italica
26 312 9, 69
,,
Skinneri
Stuarti
thdlictrifoli
1
fl
74 73 75 75 74
11.
INDEX.
PAGE
PAGE
Border, espalier Apple trees for back of
11
,,
PAGE
Camellia reticulata Sasanqua, 235, Thea ,,
Camellias, the best
235 235 235 102 14
16'j
Athyrium Filix-fcemina F.-f. and its varieties F.-f. plumosum Druery ... F.-f. plumosum, forms of
,, ,, ,,
flowers,
plants, for
some
beautiful
...
planting a
,,
selecting
positions
Candytuft
1, ,, ,,
,. ,,
14, 16,
F.-f.,
tasselled or
crested
,,
Borders, arranging
alpine,
164 Chinese,
...
The
a foliage plant
,,
,,
Halimus
75
11
combination of plants for ... colours to avoid clashing ... herbaceous flowers for, at
beautiful,
all
dwarf The
grandiflora
166 9 9
9
grandis
in half
shade
latifolia
...
Aubrietias, 164, 166 List of best, and culture Aucuba, The, 423 for shady places Auriculas from seed, 77 potting propagation by division ... ,,
seasons...
,,
isophylla, 592
,, ,, ,, ,,
...
alba
mollis, 297 mollis, forcing narcissiflura Azaleas, forcing, 303 greenhouse ... for cutting ,, Ghent and mollis, 4 hardy ,, new, classification of ,,
,,
436 77 78 76 297 297 297 297 297 297 303 297 296 297 389 39i
maintaining,
8
mixed
no formality in the ... shrub, and hardy flowers ... tender plants in, 149 Tall ... ., Borecoles and their culture ... Boronia heterophylla, 297 pinnata...
,, ,,
153 147
,,
Mayi macrantha
macrostyla
persicifolia...
...
9 80
9
14 8
52, 155
11
,,
megastigma
polygalaifolia
..
...
Bouvardias Box, as an edging ... as an evergreen shrub ... for shady places, 436 The
,, ,,
14, 80,
,,
various
for the
78,
So
41 31
Cannas
summer garden
Canterbury Bells
Capsicums Caragana
Carbolic acid for destroying insects
at roots of plants
466 392
508 166 160 512
Cardamines
Cardinal Flowers, The Carnation and fungi ... as a greenhouse flower ,,
fly,
164,
...
424
14
Brachycome
iberidilolia
in
...
257
81,
white,
The
Azara microphylla
Babianas Bamboos, 41
41 33
shade
. .
The
...
Groups
of
...
78
4. >y
in variety
265 45
47
... ...
...
2,
The
...
Brugmansia arborea
Brunsvigia Josephinae
hardy, The in border Bambusa disticba, 437 Metake nana, 437 palmata, ,,
,,
,, ,,
374.430
...
4
437
4,
375. 437
3. 3,
Ragamowski, 437
tessellata, 437 Veitchi ,, Banana, Abyssinian, The Barberries, evergreen, 423 The Barberry, evergreen, and Ja^minum
Bulbocodium vernum
Bulbophyllutns, 323
,,
...
Culture of
Treatment of
nudiflorum Bartonia aurea ... ... Baskets, hanging, Ferns for Batemannias, choice ... Battersea Park, sub-tropical gardening at
372
367 329 46
4-i'J
for
warm
The
positions
,,
,,
396 232 238 265 465 400 392 494 4y9 166 325 325 493 264 78 228 592
4t>5
,,
252 82 260, 263 256 254 262 252 259 316 393 466 393 370 393 295 393 42 10, 23 324 502 493
33i
,,
Importance of
..
show
The
Tree or Perpetual Carnivorous plants Carpinus Betulus Carrot, The, culture and varieties Caryas Caryota urens Castanea vesca
,,
...
Castor-oil plant,
The
Catalpa bignonioides ... Catalpas in the sub-tropical garden... Catananche, 166 caerulea
Bullace,
Bay, Sweet, The ... Beam Tree, The white Bean weevils
Beans
,,
go 436
135
78, 134
The
Cabbage, white Buxus sempervireus fur shady places species and varieties of ,,
Butterflies,
467
508 7
and
varie-
502
,,
Butter
...
436 424
de
Ver37
376, 444
The
397
39=
Cabbage
,,
butterflies,
white
502
The
456
511
ground
Begonia Rex and varieties Begonias, 48 culture and varieties... fine-foliaged, 313 room, ... ,, tuberous
winter-flowering ,, Bellfiower Bellflowers, alpine various ,, Bellis aucubaefolia Berberis
,,
,, ,,
Cedars,
466
14 301
,,
The
of,
Celery, Culture
fly,
and
varieties
...
The
...
231 14
11.
48 313 370
14
Darwini
evergreen
in variety
,,
,, ,,
by the Sea
speciosa...
83 83
...
9 83 30S 84
83
tomentosum
...
327
...
...
519 436
2
serrulata
...
...
nepalensis
house
Calatheas, The Calceolaria alba amplexicaulis
,, ,, ,,
repens ior shady places stenophylla ,, vulgaris tor shady places Berberies, The Bergamot, crimson, The
,,
436 374
...
43<5
Burbidgei
...
153
fuchsisefolia
9 313 392 Bignonia Chamberlayni 315 magnifica, 315 radicans ... ,, 7, 37 Tweediana, 315 venusta ... 315 ,, Bignonias 272,315 Billbergias 308 Birches, The 392. 433 Birds and Crocuses 87 Blackthorn, The 433 as a deciduous hedge .. ,, 439 Bladder Senna, The 394 Blechnum Spicant 350 Blechnums, The 358 49i Blight, American 266 Blood-flowers Bloodroot, Canadian, The 78, 135 Bloomeria aurea 78 Bluebells in the grass 221 Bocconia cordata 78 Bolleas, choice 329 Bomareas 272 Books upon sub-tropical gardening.. 47 66 Borago laxiflora
,,
scarlet,
The
violacea Calceolarias
Cerasuses
Cercis carnea, 6 Siliquastrum grandillorus Cereus, 42 Night-flowering ,, Chamaerops excelsa Cheilanthes, The Cheiranthus alpinus Marsballi Chelone barbata obliqua Cherries for forcing for orchards ,, in pots
...
...
Calendula
,,
in
officinalis
and
varieties
...
17
Calla
Calliopsis
234
...
Calochorti
... ...
,,
,,
luteusconcolor,78 Lyoni
,,
14 78 78 76 75 76 78 78 78 73
Japanese
Selection ol
The
Pie, 240
trees for a
lawn
...
The
,, ,,
Calthas
Camassias
Camellia, culture of propagation of
78 78 78 78 166 78
393 394 301 3or 370 166 358 166 83 303 537 575 393 528 393 393 394 518 519 393 468 466 7, 33
virginica
5, 15, 83,
3 166, 219
Lucilias
pruning
INDEX.
PAGE
Chrysantheninin buds
2S7
...
lil.
TAGE
370 342 335 338 87 autumnale and varieties 87 byzantinum ... ... 87 ,, Colchicum Parkinsoni, 87 speciosum 87 Parkiusoni in the grass 221 ,, speciosum in the grass 221 ,1 Colchicums in the grass 22r 166, ... Coleworts 468 Colour in the flower garden, Distributing ... 44 Names of plants for ,, 45 Colutea arborescens and others ... 394 Conifer craze, The 371 Conifers 440 Evils of grafting 442 ,, 44t from cuttings ,, from seed, 441 grafting ... ,, 442 Popularity of, 375 Selecting 376 ,, Soil for ,, 440 Convallai ia majalis in pots 265 Convallarias 87, 166
PAGE
Cuttings
88
Burridgeanum
1
...
...
14 14 14 14
Cocos Weddelliana Ccelogyne cristata 335, Ccelogynes, Culture of certain species Colax jugosus Colchicutn alpinum ...
Cyananthus lobatus
Cyanopliyllum magnificuni Cyclamens, Hardy Cyclobothras
8,
and pro...
Cycnoches
Species and treatment of Cydonia japonica and varieties
,,
,,
276 t6
86
86, 160
leucantbemtun grandiflorum
.,
...
maximum
Old cottage pink segetum and grandiflorum
Society, National
...
84
14
s.
... ...
,,
uliginosum
decorative, Propagation of
278 86
J4
Cymbidiums, hybrid, beautiful Cyperus alternifolius and varieties ... Cypripedium spectabile Cypripediums List and treatment of
,,
,,
Newly-imported,
treat-
Chrysanthemums, Annual
,,
ment
,,
of
and
324 265 308 358 324
3
'4
Early Exceptionally
flowering
free-
Fortunei
in the
greenhouse
family,
The
396
2S0
Convolvulus major,
Cordyline
,,
15
mauritanicns
australis
,,
and
Groups of Housing
in
in a
295
588 295
41
window
,,
Dasmonorops
Daffodil, Winter,
,,
Royal Horticultural
Bruanti, 295
rubia
The
..
Gardens
at
of,
Cordylints
Daffodils
,,
,,
fcS
Chiswick
Introduction
into
45
15 15
in
Liquid
lor
coronata, 15 grandiflora
Druinmondi
anil
,,
p irple
159
15 15
Pentstemon
,,
tinctoria
for
Outdoor
Cornflower
Cornus alba
shady
...
places...
...
,,
,,
425 494 370 167 155, 167 268 219 114 116 160
summer
gard'
Michaelmas, Dwarf
84
Coryius Avellana
394
74 74
i4
Cibotiums
Ciuiicifuga cordifolia, 87 Cimicifugas, The
,,
racemosa
86,
Cirrhopttalums, Culture of
Treatment of
3
Gum, The
laurifolius
..
37
27 372 308
4
,, ,,
,,
49T 68 88 16 86 241
424
of,
lor
...
3, 7
3,
66,
424 237
14 14 14
integripetala
Cotoneasters, 394 for shade ... Covert plants succeeding in shade Cowslips, American, The Crab, Common ... Crabs, John Downie and Dartmouth Siberian, The ,,
,, ,,
88
14
... ...
Clarkias Clematis, 34 asthusif Ha aromatica, 36 balearica ... ,, cserulea, 34 c. odorata ... ,, calycina, 34 campaniflora ,, cirrhosa, 34 coccinea
,,
Crane
fly,
The
Cneorum
Fioniana
indica
4,
,, ,, ,,
36
31
crispa, 36
Davidiana
36 34 34 36
36 34 34 36 273 36 7
,, ,,
395
,, ,,
,,
Mezereum
pontica for shade rupestris
Value of, for their fruits 377 Oxyacantha 436 Pyracantha 377 425
P.andLaslandi, Valueof.for
their fruit
537 46Q 166 166 166 2,8 436 397 436 166
4 5
166 316
fl.-pl,
Fortunei graveolens, 34
indivisa
Cornucopaea
15 15
Daturas
Davallia canariense
Davallias,
,,
,,
and album
Crinums
Crioceris asparagi Croci, Autumn - flowering, many species and varieties of ... spring - flowering, many ,, species and varieties of ... Crocosmia imperialis ...
The
cardinale
n
,,
Jackmani group
11
type,
The
and
492
358 358 98 10
varieties
pallida
,,
,,
cashmerianum formosum
grandiflorum nudicaule
Zalil
fl.-pl.
...
Crocuses
36
6,
,, ,,
87, 155
Autumn
265 166 87
,,
89
81 166 89,
,,
Large white, 36
ochroleuca
otientalis
montana
,,
34 36 3t 34
ment
,,
,,
J
...
...
,,
,,
songarica
,,
36 34 36 34 34 36
7
flowers of, Protecting from birds Indian 332 in the grass ... .219, 22r ,, Pots of, for rooms ,, Crops, proper rotation of 456
,,
Delphiniums
annual
89 160, 324
15
list
of
...
evergreen section of... for warm house hybrids and species ...
aefolia
Crown Imperial
Cryptomeria japonica
Cuckoo
,,
Native ... ... Cucumbers, Culture of, 468 Forcing in frames Cultivation, deep, The value of ...
pint,
303 397
1,
Cupheas
Cupressus
,, ,,
hlifera
Lawsoniana and
,,
varieties
cucullaria
in
autumn
Climbing plants in greenhouse, Culture and treatment of Cob Nuts, Pr pagalii.g
380
27r
,,
formosa
spectabilis
...
,,
Dicentras
Dictamnus
i-raxinella
Cobra
Plant,
The
and C.
578 316
50 338 494 26 37^
Currants
,, ,,
...
alba
...
Didymochlaena truncjtula
Dieffenbachias... Dielytra spectabilis Dielytras Digitalis
,,
...
...
Cockscomb
Cocos
,,
,
S"'eciion of
White,
for villa
gardens
...
316 3'5
iv.
INDEX.
PAGE
PAGE
Erythronium Erythroniums
Escallonia macrantha, 7 Philippiana ... Escallonias Eschscholtzia
as a hedge
...
PAd2 Saw, Rose and others Flower garden, Pests of Flowergardening, Distributing colour
Flies,
Dodecat'ieon Jeffreyanum
,,
CO
varieties
...
i65
93, 166
Meadia and
500 491
Dodecatheons
90, 166
439
Dogwood
Doodias,
The
Clusii
Doronicum caucasicum
,, ,,
plantagineum
p. e.
excekum
Harpur-Crewe
in the
,,
,,
Half-hardy annuals
in
in
45
Doronicums
Doryopteris,
The
list
Eucalyptus citriodora in the greenhouse Eucalyptus globulus in the greenhouse Eucalyptus Gunni, 3 in greenhouse Eucharis amazonica Burfjrdensis ...
,,
295
295 295 308 308
308
Flowers, annual
219
13
house
Flowers, Biennial by the lakeside Everlasting ,, for water and waterside ,,
,,
3J 139 21
...
Dracaenas
,,
,, ,, ,,
of
...
Lowi
Sanderiana.
Hardy
,, ,,
141 13
Drabas
Dragon's Mouth Drosera rotundifolia Drummond Castle, Terrace garden at
Eucharises,
The
Eucomis punctata
Eulalia japonica Eulalias Eulophiella Euonymus japonicus, 427 as a hedge
quercifolia
Dutchman's Pipe
Earwig,
13
Euonymuses
Eupatorium purpureum Eupatoriums Euphorbia jacquiniasflora
splendens ,, Euphorbias, The Eurybia Traversi
...
The
scaber...
...
Eccremocarpus
7, 37.
Echevena
fulgens
...
308
308 429
."15
103 219 on Vine borders ,, 522 Pond 130, 305 Spring, in the greenhouse 228 ,, Fly, Black 492 Green ,, 492 Foliage in autumn, Shrubs wiih beautiful 3<So Foliage plants for = tove 3" Forget-me-nots, The 113, 169
,, ,,
Forsythia suspensa
,,
,,
7 in the in
Echinops Ritro
9, 9.
ruthenicus 9. 90 Edelweiss 90, 152, 164 Edging, Box as a 92 Edgings, 90 Armerias for, 92 bad... 90 Dwarf Veronicas as ... Plants for, 90 Rockfoils for 92 Saxifrages for ,, 92 Soft stone for, 90 Thrift for ,, 9Tufted Pansies for 92 White Pinks as 02 ,,
,,
Eurya latifolia variegata Euterpe edulis Eutoca viscida ... Evergreen plants for hedges Evergreens
transplanting ., Everlasting flowers
,
,,
greenhouse
the green-
34
15
viridissima
house
Forsythias Foxgloves, White
Francoas...
439 373
for...
^.N<
t
time
21
Exochorda
grandiflora...
397
,, ,,
161;
Fraxinus family, The Freehold, Tenancy of Fringe tree, The Fritillary, The, in the grass Froghopper, The Fruit culture, 539 farming
,,
London
,, ,, ,,
in Shirley in pots
,,
,,
Soil for
...
,,
,, ,,
Climbing
Elephant's-ear Gold, The
The
Elms, The
Elymus arenarius
Endive
Epacris Eclipse hyacinthina candidissima ,, carminata fulgens ... ,, ,,
,,
,,
,,
Male
Ferns, Chief types of variation in
,,
,,
,,
360 349
...
on pergola, 520 on wall Fruit tree blossom, beauty of Fruits, Best market
,,
Bush
,,
,,
34b'
,, ,,
,, ,,
,,
,,
,, ,,
354 Filmy 360 or transparent 355 ,, Flowering 360, 362 for hanging baskets 36/ for a small greenhouse 365 ... Hardy and exotic 343 ... for glass culture ,, 353 The best, and culture 350 ,,
Exotic
..
The
...
,,
destructive to plants
Fungicides
Hard, The
,, ,,
350
358, 360
..
Funkias
...
299
Epidendrum cochleatum
vitellinum majus Epidendrums, Species of, and treatment Epidendrums, Tall-growing, culture
ot
Room
and
its
349 591
,,
Lady
,,
333
,,
,,
,,
,,
Epilobium album,
Epilobiums
,,
varieties of
of
...
*59
94
crested
357 357
3s 2
...
forms of the
Maiden-hair,
,,
The
Native
soil for
Epimediums
Epiphronitis Veitchi
,,
,,
,,
Epiphyllum truncatum
Eranthemums, The
Eranthis hyemalis Eremurus, 92 Bungei, 93
,,
,, ,,
Olgas
robustus, 93
Eremuri, Culture and ... Erica aemula Aitoniana Turnbulli Austiniana, 229 Candolleana ,, carnea, 299 Cavendishiana ... ,,
,,
himalaicus... propagation of
93 93 92
299 296 299 299 4 299 299 299 299 299 2-9 299 299 427
,,
,, ,, ,,
,,
,,
,, ,, ,,
hyemalis, 299 mediterranea... melanthera, 299 Marnockiana oblata, 299 Parmentieri rosea
,,
,,
,,
Silver,
The
of,
Spores
sowing
...
propendens
superba ventricosa Bothwelliana
,, ,,
166 324 94, 160 tall mauve and whi; ; ,, ,, 9 Gall mites 496 Galtonia candicans 81, 160 and Salvia patens 148 ,, ,, Garden, A town 5*4 Cornish, A 30 ,, flowers, Pests < f 491 ,, Italian, at Belton House ... 239 ,, kitchen, Pests of 491 ,, Rock, at Highnam Court ... 162 ,, Making a 160 Plants for 162 winter, A 378 ,, Year's Work in a 602 ,, Gardenia citriodora 308 florida ... 308 ... Gardenias, The ... 308 Gardening, Window and room 588 Horticultural, Chiswick, Gardens,
In an Irish
Chrysanthemums
Gardens, Rock
,,
.,
in
tricolor Wilsoni
lf
,,
,,
Wilmoreana
Hardy, The
The..
Ericas, 92
,,
427
9 93, 166 165
Erigi-rons
7 299 166
9 66,93,1 59. 166
15 '5 164
166 238
47 367 Tree 357, 360, 367 ... Ficus 272, 315 elastica in a room or window 588, 5gr ,, Fig, The 545 Filbert and Cob Nuts, Propagating 578 Filberts, varieties of 578 Fir, common, The 443 Douglas, The 443 ,, Scotch, The ,, 448 Silver ,, 443 Spruce, The ,, 447 Value of, as timber ,, 376 Fittonia argyroneura ... ... ... 313 Pearcei ,. 313 Flamingo flowers 506 Flax, New Zealand 3 in greenhouse ,, 295 Flies, Ichneumon 504
,,
garden
Stove, select
427
301
Gaura Lindheimeri
Gazanias Genista aetnensis,
,,
,,
10,
427 94 94
2
hispanica, 2
tinctoria
alba prascox
Genistas, species and varieties Gentiana acaulis and its varieties Gentianella, The
_
164 95
93, 166
Gentians
Geonoma
gracilis
370
10
95 166
INDEX.
PAGE
Gesnera cardinalls
elliptica
,,
v.
PAGE
Greenhouse, The, and
,,
PAGE
Hop, Annual, 16 Japanese Hordeum jubatum
15 15
...
1 ,
exoniensis
nasgelioides
,,
refulgens
...
...
Gesneras
its
fl
wers
...
Ventilating the
Geum,
166
coccineum
-pi
Geums
Gibson's, Mr., Orchid collection
Gilia
'59 165
scabra
96 jubatum cerastioides
...
Gymnogrammas
Gynerium argenteum,
,,
320
i5
Hornbeam
,,
as a deciduous hedge
common, The
T be
Hoya carnosa
elegans Humulus japonicus
Humea
315 240
15
...
...
Ginkgo biloba
Gladioli
407
41
Hunnemannia
fmnarijefolia
102
Cnllure and propagation of Early-flowering New races of Gladiolus brenohleyensis ColvilleiThe Bride
,,
,,
96 96 96 160
161
and Gesneriana
Tulipa
Meleagris
329 163
14S
Tho
166
and Salvia
Roman,
in
early,
The
...
...
11
Haberlea rhodopensis
ii
,i
,,
for pots
,,
gandavensis,
The,
96 96 266
i37
15
Habrothamnus
Halesia tetraptera Halesias, The
240
3
The, Hyacinths
,,
pots
list
266 102
102
102
autumn
...
,, ,, ,,
double,
of
Glaucium luteum
Glc clienias, The Globe Flowers Gloriosa superba Glory of the Snow Glory Pea ... ...
Halimodendron argenteum ... ... Hamamelis arborea, low standards of, and white Mezereon
102
102 81
at
360
142, )6o
H ^maini lis
Hampton
,,
315
83. 155
arboi c and others ... Court, Shrubby tub and pot plants at ... Sub-tropical gar,,
i
for orchards
...
tor villa
gardens
on lawn
culture of
Grammatophyllums
it
Granadilla,
The
of doors
...
Hamburgh
Chasselas de Fontainebleau out of doors Chasselas Vibert out of doors
of Buccleuch Foster's Seedling
237 22 166 167 505 96 138 360 537 533 520 323 324 315 567 567
5C7
dening
at
...
Hardenbergias
for greenhouse
...
greenhouse
in
...
shade
...
calycinum
in
shade
Moserianum
Hypericums, The
Hypolepis,
varieties..
The
Annual
...
Hawkweeds, The Hawthorn, common. The ... ... Japanese, The Hazel, Constantinople, The Wych, and white Mezereon... Hazels, Wych, The
,,
396
7
16
if>5
Heather
Heath, Cornish Moor, The Mediterranean ,,
,,
Ichneumon
Ilex, species
flies
and
varieties of
Immortelles
Impatiens, The India-rubber plant,
,, ,, ,,
tree,
The
...
Duke
The The
Hedera
Hederas, The Hedge, Holly as a
,, ,,
,,
plants,
Deciduous
...
Privet as a
Whitethorn as a
Evergreen plants
in
for...
...
"3
567 567 567 567 568 568 568 567
15
Hedges
,,
,,
English
for
gardens,
Room
427 298 298 98, 427 428 436 438 439 439 439 437 439
439
The
in
...
309 295
a
room
or
588 50 389 37 480 504 500 507 508
ni.
window
Indian Shot
...
Indigo, Bastard, of Carolina Indigofera floribunda Insect attacks, Mtans of preventing enemies and friends ,, 489, Insects, Scale Insecticides ... Various, and ways of
preparing them
Introduction Inulas
...
improvement in ... Ornamental trees and shrubs to form Hedychium Gardnerianum Heleniums Helianthemums, 99. 166 smaller. The
,,
433 240
99, 166
3
Helianthuses
99
21, 23
46 78 295 68
...
Flower gardening
in
the
Helichrysums
Heliconia aurea striata
,,
illustris
428,436 38
38 38 38 38
Emerald Gem,
Irish,
38
Glymi
... ...
and culture
Species Hemerocallis Hepatica, giant, The Hepaticas Herniaria glabra Hesperis matronalis Heuchera sanguinea
,,
100
,,
,,
,,
The
407
38 38
41, 78
78, 166
Pampas, The
Quaking, large
Scilla campanulata in the Scilla nutans in the ... Scillas in the
221
in the
the...
99 100, 159, 166 69 101, 166 166 10 166 Heucheras 101 Hibbertia dentata 273 Hibiscus, hardy, The 3, 101 Stove ,, 309 syriacus and varieties ... ,, 398 Hickory Nuts, American 393 Hieracium aurantiacum 101
of,
described
Raegneriana
various kinds of
309
Jacobasa Jacob's Ladders, The Japan, Chrysanthemums in Jars, old red Florence oil, Use of Jasmine, white, common, The
...
27 167 276 45
3
3
Jasmines
,, ,,
Greenhouse
Various kinds of
aflfine,
Hardy
Greenhouse, Araucaria Bidwilli for the Cooki for the ,, Cunninghdini in the
,, ,,
,,
,,
,,
excelsa in the
Himantophyllums
,,
Bulbous plants in the ... Bulbs for the Climbers in, culture and
treatment of
264
Climbing
for the
Tropasolums
in
Eucalyptus citriodora
the
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
Phormium tenax
Spring flowers Staging of Structure of
in the
,,
,,
,,
Temperatures
for
295 295 294 296 226 228 295 365 224 228 224 223 223
240 Hippeastrum, The 264 Hippophae rhamnoides 3, 400, 433 as a hedge ... ,, ,, 499 value of, f r ,, ,, its fruits ... 377 Hoeing, Value of 454 Holland House, shrubby tub and pot plants at 45 ... Hollies of value for their fruit 377 Sea, 93 The 428 ,, variegated and other ... 428 ,, Holly, The, as a hedge ... 438 Yellow-berried ... ,, 377 Hollyhock, The 101
,,
273 38
...
Jasminum
,, ,,
38
officinale
7
7,
nudiflorum
,,
38
and evergreen
...
Barberry
,,
Sambac,
315
revolutum
purple.
... ...
7,
The
The
4,
disease,
The
Honesty
Honey Locust
Honeysuckles, Dutch and late Dutch for north-west wall ... Winter-flowering ...
,, ,,
Kennedyas
pot plants at ... 'icliiiore.uia, Kcntia
I
...
Fosti liana
7, 39,
...
45 370
Kentias,
The
...
370
401
2
Kerria japonica
7
38
Kerrias, The ... Kleinia as a carpet plant Kniphofias, 102, 160 hybrid, List
ot...
42 103
VI.
INDEX.
PAGE
PAGE
Lilium, umbellatum and varieties
Lily, African,
,, ..
Knotweeds
Koelreuteria paniculata
Kohl Rabi
106
41. 249
Metrosideros,
The
...
...
Arum
..
Belladonna
78
100, 159
,,
Day
Jacobean Mariposa
of the Valley
7
78, III
...
401 6
,,
and
215 142
107, 166
,,
for forcing
...
...
...
New
Zealand,
The
...
...
...
Newly-imported
...
Laslias,
,,
,,
Tree
..
237
106 411 16 10 16 427 166 165
White, and the disease Limes, The Limnanthes Douglasi Linaria dalmatica
,,
varieties,
and
334 166
ri2
15
Mimulus
Mimuluses, The
Annual
Mina
.
Linum Linums
Liquidambar, The
1 10,
407
...
Monarda didyma
and Papaver Monardas, The
,, ,,
and culture List of, and culture Laslio-Cattleyas, List of, and culture
,,
Lithospermum prostratum
4, 165, 168
...
Lagerstroemia indica
Lobb, William, Orchid collection Lobelia and Anemone japonica cardinalis and varieties Mulleri fulgens, no, 160
,, ,,
320 10
Monkey Flowers,
Moose Wood
Morisia hypogasa
112
The
...
...
no no
52,
Moustera deliciosa
The
...
...112,160
...
...
...
Kaempferi
...
...
Larkspur
Larkspurs, Annual Lasiandra macrantha Lastrea dilatata ..
,, ,,
,, ,,
Lobelias
,,
211
1
of...
10
165
no
...
syphilitica
Lonicera belgica, 7
,, ,,
Caprifolium
...
soil for
...
of
... ...
328 403
61
The
...
495
592
41.3
Periclymenum
sempervirens and variety
minor
Standishi, 38 Loniceras...
,,
,, ,, ,,
Filix-mas,
Plumose forms
of
Xylosteum...
37 37
37
7
winter,
493 503
7 403, 516
Mullein
3:
45,
...
montana
pseudo-mas Filix-mas
ihelypteris ,, Lastreas, The l.athyrus Laurel as an evergreen shrub a mistake in the shrubbery ,,
,, ,,
...
...
common, The
for
...
shady places
,,
,,
Portugal,
The
...
350 350 349 360 39 439 374 424 436 424 436
45
Musa Ensete
Musas, 314 upon the lawn Muscaris in the grass, 220 The Mushrooms, growing Myosotis alpestris, 165 The ...
304
45 113
Loquat,
The
73 241
17
...
26 241
31
3
...
Myosotises, The Myi siphyllum asparagoides ... ... Myrtles, 7, 114, 433 on terrace walks
in
9,
Laurus
nobilis
Laurustiuus,
The
4
429 431
16 ro3
Lavatera trimestris
Haageana, 9 ,, Lycorisaurea
Lagasca?
Lygodiums
Lyre-flower,
The
...
The
...
,,
Apple trees for Cherry trees for Currants on ... Double Bigarreau Cherry
for
...
Lysimachia
Lysimachias,
_
... ...
...
Narcissus Mme. de Graaff, 115 Nasturtium, 17 Flame-coloured, Nectarines A succession of ,, Negundo aceroides ... ... Nemesia strumosa Suttoni
The The
...
7,
The
in
241
7
..
Nemophilas
Neottia picta
Mackaya
,,
bella
Garden
,, ,, ,,
...
Magnolia grandiflora
338 316
mm
,,
Gooseberries on Groups of tender plants upon moss and weeds on, Destroying, 61 Repairing Quince on Strawberries on ... ...
palustre
...
520 45
61
Lenne
stellata
in
the greenhouse
515 520
Hi
Magnolias, The... Mahonia Aquifolium for shade Maiden-hair tree Maiden's Wreath Maize, green, Culture of
...
3,
molle
Nephrolepis, Nerines
The
28
sylvestris
...
Nerium Oleander
Nicotiana
,,
affinis,
Tabacum
268 242 28 28
167
17
Nierembergia rivularis
Nigellas
...
...
...
...
terrace walk Leopard's-bane, The giant ... Leptosiphon, species and varieties Leptosyne Stiltmani Leschenaultia bilobu major ... Lespedeza bicolor
...
...
Lettuces
...
429 313 471 37, 69 45 151 16 16 299 397 471 295 103 361
Mallow, Tree
160
alba
The
17 9 165
The
Propagating
Cob and
,, ,,
Filbert,
Kent
3 273 273
r
...
521
its
varieties
Scarlet.
The The
...
...
4.42
...
...
in
shade
Liatris spicata
436 104
159 165
The
Mar.inlas Marattias Marguerite, Blue, The Daisy fly, Marguerites Marigold, Cape
...
Liberliagrandiflora Libertias
...
...
The
...
The
and fungoid disease for the mixed border
in pots
...
304,402,410,411
...
,,
"'
...
Marsh
Market, Apples for Marvel of Peru Masdevallias for shallow pans
that require baskets Matthiola blcornis
,,
,,
Madonna
for
disease and
remedy
...
...
433 387 387 387 387 387 387 3'4 361 48 499 241 17. 4 2 46 17 42 166 53 112 338 336
17
Oak, The Turkey, The ,, Oaks, American, The Odontoglossum citrosmum, and culture
crispum (Alexandras) Odontoglossums for cool Orchid house List and treatment
,, ,,
of
338
31 123, 167
Use
of old
...
Old
Man s Beard
The
Lucihas, 165
Omphalodes
,,
The
...
Madonna, The
,,
Plantain
Maurandya Barclayana
lt
,,
The
and
varieties
Wood
...
Mazus Pumilio
Meconopsis
,,
I.
ilium
,,
auratum and varieties ... ... canadense and varieties ... candidum and disease and the Delphinium disease and remedy
,, ,,
cambrica
...
for
5^ 10 15 10
39 405
325
Oncidiums, Culture of ... for cool Orchid house for warm house ,, requiring same treatment as cool Odontoglossums Onions, large
342 336
Merodon
equestris
55 499
166
42, 302 389,406
varieties
...
Jnosma tauricum
362
or
165,167
Mertensia sibirica
Onychium auratum,
japonicuni
in
362
...
room
window
589
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
Peach, the
vii.
PAGE
Plants, for
,,
...
295 302
302
common
succession of
I'M
Peaches
A
,, ,,
,,
302
11
Orange
,,
45
in
,,
392
..
237
37 404 45 529 537 537 537 537 537 537 537 537 537 335 320 320 320 321 319 337 323 342 342 338
321
Pear,
,,
The
Prickly,
The
...
Oranges, Mock, The on the terrace walk Orchard houses trees, Pears for Orchards, Black Currants for Cherries for ...
,,
saw
,,
,,
fly,
The The
,, ,, ,, ,,
ill-health amongst, cause of ... in tubs for terraces Succulent, for the greenhouse
...
,,
,, ,,
,,
,,
,, ,,
trees
... ...
and fungoid attacks ... as cordons for arches ... with beautiful floweis for a lawn
little
Tender, aspect for groups of, upon the lawn ,, in the border ,, used for sub-tropical gardening
Window,
insects attacking
...
window, Watering
,,
Damsons
Plums
for
for
gardens
...
Gooseberries for
Raspberries for Red Currants for Strawberries for
... ...
Platycodon grandiflorum
Platycodons,
...
...
,,
,,
The
Platystemon californicus
Pleiones, culture of
Pelloeas,
The
Orchid Butterfly, The collector, Mr. Gibson Mr. Ure-Skinner ... ,, ,, William Lobb ... 1, culture, Advice to beginners Dove, flowers 323
,, ,,
362 309
10
Pleroma
Pleurothallis
,,
,,
Pentstemons ... 127, 160, 167 Peperomias 314 Pepper Bush, Sweet, The 4 Tree of the United States ... ,, 394
Pergola, English, An fruit trees on ,,
Peristeria elata
...
...
...
fruit
...
...
,,
,,
...
..
Odontoglossums for Oncidiums for ... houses, Temperatures of ... hybridists, Some famous ... introductions of Dr. Roxburgh Orchids and Admiral Bligh and Messrs. Loddiges ... and Mr. Bateman and Sir Joseph Paxton ...
,,
,,
Pergolas
Periwinkle, The Pernettya mucronata Persica vulgaris Pescatoreas, choice ... Pests of kitchen garden
,,
,,
,,
,,
cultivation of
easily-grown epiphytal
for cool
for
...
,, ,,
,, ,, ,, ,,
bouse
... ...
,,
,,
intermediate house of flowers amongst hardy, The on rock garden ,, History of, notes upon the hybridisation of imported, Treatment of
Form
...
...
...
Importing
... ...
...
Mimicry
,,
in
...
Moth
Rebasketing, 335 Swan ... Swan, Species and treat-
320 319 320 321 320 323 340 320 342 341 319 123 162 320 319 340 319 319 323 324
Petunias
Chinese, Forcing
,,
,,
Plumbago capensis
,,
and alba
,,
Plumbagos
Plums,
,,
,,
The
Phacelia campanularia ... Phaius, 323 Culture of grandifolius ... ... Phalasnopsis, 323 Culture of... ... Phalangium lineare aureo-variegata
. .
18
Podophyllum Emodi
peltatum
Podophyllums
Poinsettia pulcheri ima
Polemoniums
589 4 4 404 430 314 27
129, 167 129, 160
...
...
...
in
...
Polygonatums, The
Phillyrea
Philodendrons
,, ,. ,,
...
Annual
border
...
limestone,
,,
The The
plumose forms
of the
...
Dwarf
...
...
Poljstichum aculeatum
Herbaceous
Perennial, in
rupicola, 370
...
th'?
...
...
ment
,,
of
...
Winter-flowering Ornithogalum nutans in the grass pyramidale ,, Ornithogalums, The Orobus, 124 azureus vernus ,,
328 327
221 160 124 167 167
reclinata
tenuis...
...
370 370
3
Phormium tenax
,,
,,
,,
,, ,,
,,
h e
...
Phormiums, The,
...
112
4
...
73, 165,
...
242
124
Oxydendron arboreum...
Pa^onia Moutan
...
403
4
15S
124 125 37o
4 5
129 160 314 Phyllocactus, 42, 302 speciosiss'mus 302 Phyllocacti. Varieties of 302 Phyllostachys Boryana 375 glaucescens ... ... ,, 375 Henonis ,, 375.437 Kumasasa 375.437 mitis 375, 437
353 350 362 Pond Flowers 130 Pondside or stream, Giant Gunneras by 47 Ponthieva maculata ... ... ... 338 Poplars, The 404 160 Poppies in variety ... Poppy, Horned, 15 Mexican 102, 130 Plume 78, 160 ... in Prickly, 26 Welsh, The ,, Populus, species and varieties of ... 404 Potato, The, 476 disease, The ... 478
seed tubers ,, Potatoes and the disease Forcing, 487 Lifting ,, Planting Preparing soil for ,,
,,
476
512 478
Pasonies, Herbaceous, for the border The, species and garden ,, varieties
insra
,, ,,
4,375,437
437 437 437 314 129
167
Paeony Moonlight Palms, 370 Date, of commerce Large, upon the lawn
,,
...
Rhubarb, value
of.
... ...
Franchetti..
... ...
Evening
Japanese,
Star,
Pancratium illyricum
,,
maritimum
...
7 78
...
,,
The
Pandanus...
True White ground Picotees, 82, 252 Pieris brassies, 502 Rapi
Pilocereus,
...
The
,,
The
orientale
and
Monarda
...
didyma
Paraffin emulsion as an insecticide
Pimpernel Pine, Black or Austrian Cluster, The... Chili, The, 443 Corsican, The, 447 ... ...
,, ,. ,, ,,
46 86 167 131 31, 123, 167 131 248 ... 131 247 ... 248 248
... ...
508
7i
Stone,
The
Swiss Stone
alata,
315
casrulea...
,,
Weymouth, The
true,
Decaisneana
edulis
3i5
,,
kermesina, 315
princeps
The
248 247
131
The
...
439 429,436
166 248 44S
Prophet Flower
Pioteas,
The
...
Pink, Cheddar, The, 89 Sea Pinks, 130 alpine annual and biennial ,,
Pissardi
,,
439 2,517
372
2
The
...
stove
insignis, 433
Paullinia thalictrifolia Paulownia imperialis, cutting hard back to get big leaves ... in sub-tropical garden ,,
montana, 433
Laricio Pinaster
... ...
Pittosporums in variety
at
...
..
..
sinensis
,,
pl
...
... ...
Forcing
303
spinosa
triloba
...
404 447
362 132
7
The
...
Chatsworth
l'ea,
,,
Everlasting
weevils
... Plane, Oriental, The Plant bugs Plants, Border selecting positions for Covert, succeeding in shade ... ,, Foliage, for the greenhouse ... ,,
404 499
154 436 294
The
405
viii.
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE Rosa macrantha
,, ,, ,,
Quamash
Quassia and
secticide
soft
PAGE
78
soap wash as an
in-
508
...
...
Qnercus, Species and varieties of Quercuses, The Quince on the lawn ... ...
430 406
515
moschata alba
multiflora
)f
,, 11
,
Rosemary
4,
Rowan
Rubus
,,
405 436
5 '9
phcenicolasius
...
and varieties
3,
Rubuses, The
47
10,
...
..
Pissardi,
204
poinifera
rubiginosa
in shade ,, sempervirens
...
Radishes
in
Ramondia pyrenaica
Ranunculus
,,
478
165, 167
,,
,,
aconitifolius glacialis
fl.-pl
Ranunculuses, The
species and varieties
...
for villa
gardens
Red
,,
,,
spinosissima
...
...
Wichuriana
alpine,
...
...
The
...
Rues,
,,
Mradow
in
43 1 436 310
...
The
fly
43:
,,
aphis or green
truction
and
its
des-
Ruta
215 204 r95 500 r95 204 500 198
albiflora, 4
graveolens
,,
,,
... ...
pond
,,
New
Zealand
47 96
46
,,
,,
Carmine
flowers,
Pillar
...
chafer, green,
The
and
dis-
Reinwardtia tetragyna Renantheras, Culture of Resin wash as an insecticide Resurrection Plant of North America
Restrepias
Retinospora obtusa
ti ,,
3ro 324 509 368 338 446 439 446 446 448 430 370 23 274 431 431 431 431 431 436 431
,,
,, ,, ,,
Rosomanes
...
Hebe's Lip...
How
to plant a
its
Sabal umbraculifera Saccolabiums, Culture of St. John Worts, The Sahsburia adiantifolia Salix Family, The ... ... Salsify, Culture of Salvia patens ... and Galtonia candicans splendens ,, Wild, and Lilium croceum
,, ,,
... ...
...
...
'
...
...
...
,,
...
...
as
procumbens
...
,,
1,
pisifera, 446
,,
,, ,, ,,
...
...
Rhapis flabelliformis Rhodanthes Rhodochiton volubile ... Rhododendron dauricum atrovirens ferrugineum
,,
,,
in the
greenhouse
..
,, ,, ,,
,,
... ...
...
,,
Fortunei
hirstitum
,,
,,
,,
ponticum
,,
i,
,,
in
shade
...
'
Provence saw flies and others stocks for Hybrid Perpetual ... stocks, Preparation and selection of
200 214 192 202 228 436 204 201 203 500
rgi
173
Saponarias, The Sarracenia purpurea Sarracenias, The Satin Flower, The Savin, common, The
446 fly, Pear, The 499 Saxifraga Camposi in the grass 221 ... 221 granulata fl.-pl. in the grass ,, Species and varieties of 135,136 ,, Saxifrage, Meadow, in the grass ... 221 Saxifrages, 165, 167 for edgings ... 92 Scabiosa caucasica ... ... 10,137,160 Scabiouses, Annual 18 Scale insects 500
Saw
Scarborough Lily
Schivereckia podolica Schizanthus Schizoneura lanigera Schizostylis coccinea
270
167 250
... ...
,
...
430
431 248 431 431 41 390
',
greenhouse...
...
... ...
Arches of
as climbers under glass
nutans
in the grass
,,
Sikkim
v.
,,
Bourbon
Perpetual ... ,, Boursault and forms Briar, Austrian Bush, for exposed and
position China or Monthly
...
,,
Azaleas
...
...
Rhodo ypos
kerrioides Rhubarb, Forcing, 487 Growing pots, value of, for plants ,,
407 478 46
98 407 274 4 4 407 249 295 310
7,
196 194
cold
183 197
its
varieties
Scutellaria alpina
,,
moccineana
...
...
..
,, ,,
...
...
Christmas
climbers for exposed positions
196 199
r83 rg8 207 216 213
Scutellarias,
,,
The
...
sanguineum
...
..
Sea Buckthorn, 433 as a hedge ... Value of, for its fruits
Seaforthia elegans Sea Hollies Seakale, Culture of, 479
,,
,,
The
...
...
Damask
garden
...
159, 166
...
forcing
Rivina humilis Robinia hispida Pseudacacia and varieties ,, Rocket, double white, The ... Rockets, Sweet Rockfoils for edgings Species and varieties of ,, Rock garden, List of plants for
'
for the
...
pots,
Value of
487 46
73, 163
..
407 407
135 92 135 166 160 162
,, ,,
,,
for
...
...
10, 155
,,
Pruning
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
a Plants for
...
...
Making
,,
gardening
,,
Rock gardens,
knd^crsia
1
147 constructing Orchids, hardy, in xloph ylla ... Romneya Coulteri ... Rondeletias ...
11
...
...
massing town and suburban gardens Hybrid Perpetual, for bedding Tea, for bedding ...
,, ,,
Sedum as a Sedums
433
42
carpet plant
,,
in pots
Tea-scented
,,
Insect pests of
... Japanese Lenten, varieties
41, 160
... ...
,,
,. ,,
,,
gardening
,,
Cordyline australis in
of,
Manures
for,
176
Musk
Noisette,
,,
,,
The
of
the,
Orange fungus on
Propagation
signs
,,
with
tum
,,
in in
ill -
Pruning
,,
tum
plants,
,,
,,
589
,, ,,
Scotch
for
health
amongst,
590 589 589
152
cause of
plants,
Watering
,,
,,
,, ,, ,, ,. ,,
...
Rosa
,,
,.
204
194 r95
...
,, ,, ,, ,,
,, ,,
and varieties damascena gallica and varieties indica Bourbonica iaponica and varieties
,,
,,
...
garden
..
...
Hybrid
Protecting, from frost
...
200
194
,,
,,
,,
lucida, 204
lutea
213 215
36^ 368 caesia 368 ,, caulescens ... ,, 369 ... cuspidata ... ... 368 ,, denticulata, 367 Emiliana 368 ,, erythropus, 368 flabellata 368 ,, grandis 368 ,, inasqualifolia 368 involvens 368 kraussiana ,, 367 aurea 368 ,, ,, lepidophylla, Lobbi 368 368 ,, Martensi and varie^ata... 368 ,, Ponlteri, serpens ... 368 368 ,, umbrosa, 369 uncinata 369 variabilis, 369 Wallichi ,, 369 Wild novi ... ,, 367,369 Selaginellas, Culture and selection of 367 Sempervivums 138,167 Senecio, 167 pulcher 160 Senecios, The 138 Sequoia sempervirens 448 Shade, Covert plants succeeding in... 436 Shallots 4 7g Shirley Vicarage Garden, Fruit tiei s in 515 Shortia galacifolia 138 Shrub borders and hardy flowers ... 1 Shrubbery, Common Laurel in the.. 374 Shrubs and trees, Deciduous... ... 387 Evergreen... ... 423 ,, ,, for towns ... ... ., 433 ... in winter ... ,, 376 Pruning 382 ,, ,, variegated, The ,, abuse of 372
.
.,
INDEX.
PAGE
onrubs,
i)
ix.
PAGE
btrawbernes, tor orchards for villa gardens in the open ground Planling on lawn, 520
,, ,,
PAGF
Tree,
,,
December
and
January
378
,1
flowering ... deciduous, Transplanting time for Evergreen, as hedges flowering from August to
300 439
37 378 3^4 302 433 37 2 378
,,
Varieties to force
...
October
in
,, ,, ,, ,,
winter
382
Way
to
re-
,,
,,
381
450
4 2 3,433
Pruning timefjr
Grouping of November-flowering
on their own roots, Importance of
planting, Faults in
,,
,,
in
,,
Paulownia
at
the in the
,,
gardening...
311 3'5 42 42 54
Wayfaring Trees and Shrubs, Deciduous Evergreen for towns in garden ,, woodland
,,
411
,,
,,
,,
,,
and
...
,,
,,
,, ,,
winter Transplanting
in
...
376 380
372
,,
variegated,
The
...
373
37i
Battersea
46 46 46
4 r,
,,
,
abuse of
Trees, Causes of decay in
,
i.
M
,, ,, ii ,,
412
_
,,
shelter
,,
,,
334 416
378
380 378 37b
..."
,,
Regent's
47
,,
,,
,,
.,
,,
October
42
54 301
,, ,, ,,
,,
433 433
421 373 373
Silene
Silenes,
Annual
18,
,,
,, ,,
,,
Silphiums,
The
g.
38
The
Snake-root, Black, The Snake's-head, 1 he, in the gra^s
43 1 439
405, 436
86
32 411
Swainsonia galegifolia Sweet Sultan 18,83 Verbena 37, ("19, 230 Williams So, 142 Sycamore by the sea 433 Common, and its varieties 387 Symphoricarpus racemosus 377, 410 Syringa 4"4
,, ,, ,,
,, ,,
style
,,
,,
,,
,,
family,
The
410
,,
in the
greenhouse
...
,,
,,
Pruning of
,,
Need
of care in
...
Tabernaecnontana coronaria
Tacsonias,
3ii
,, ,, ,,
,,
The
274
4 3'J
55
in the grass
Snowflake, Spring, The Snowflakes, 103. 166 in the grass ... Sobralias, Species and varieties of, with culture ... Soft soap wash and quassia as an
insecticide Soils and their treatment
95 219 !55
22
i
...
...
449
235 37 274 9 536 62
,, ,,
,,
,, ,,
333
_
... ...
...
...
yellow
...
...
Solanum Capsicastrum
,,
,, ,,
crispum jasminoides
599 250 37
...
...
37, 250, 2 74
315 3
r
beaiorthianura
Wendlandi
39
minima
1
...
The
38 107 13S
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
,, ,,
,,
wounds
in,
Healing
Trenches
Trenching, Bastard, 454
Trichoglottis fasciata
True
...
Solomon's Seal
,, in the grass Sollya, The Sonerilas, The Soot as a preventive against insect
138, 167
219
= 74
Falconeri
3!4
Tritonia Tritonias
...
268
...
The
Spinach
,,
...
...
Trollius. 142
,, ,,
,,
The
brachyceras canariense
Jarratti
... ...
...
160, 167
Fire,
The
Tropasolum azureum
Tansy-leaved, The Thorns, The, 395 for forcing Thrift for edgings
Thrifts
274 274
14
... ...
2-4
15
,.
,
Lobbianum
polyphyllum speciosum
tricolor
...
... ...
...
...142,
...
...
,,
167 7
,,
274
274 274
9
Lindleyana Thunbergi in the greenhouse Spiraeas, 409 Shrubby, The Spleenworts, The Sprekelia formosissima Spring flowers in the greenhouse ... Spruce, as an evergreen shrub Hemlock, The
,,
304
3
Norway, or
Silver
Common
Stanhopeas, The...
Stapelias,
The
Lobbi, 4)9
,,
Tropaaolums, Climbing, for the greenhouse ... in the greenhouse ... Trumpet weed, The Tuberose, The Tubs, Plants in, 597 for terraces ... Tulip Bouton d'Or
,, ,, ,,
shrub
orientalis
...
439 450
14 !, 167
...
Lady
Tree
...
Thymes, The
Tiarella cordifolia
,,
The, 142
Batalini
Staphylea colchica, 410 forcing Star Flower, Spring Starworts, Dwarf, 74 Tall Statice latifolia, 160 profusa Stephanotis floribunda Sternbergia lutea Stock, Night-scented, 17 Virginian Stocks Stonecrops, The Stove Climbers Flowering plants of the Flowers of the ,,
Foliage plants for Shading for the ,, Temperature of the Strawberries, Alpine as annuals, 573 Forcing ,,
for
303 139 74
The
3ID 167
19 32 138
Species of Tillandsias, 311 Tiptila oleracea Toadflaxes, 108 Annual Tobacco as an insecticide
...
in the grass
,,
,,
...
94
16
Crown
Im...
Tobaccos
Todeas, The
,,
Torenias
open ground
Town
A
for
509 23 364 479 512 480 480 480 250 584 433 142 295 36
and Gypsophila
perial,
,,
,,
Greigi, 143
linifolia, 143
paniculata lanata
macrospila
platystigma
...
,,
persica, 143
...
,, ,,
,,
suaveolens
,,
in the grass
in the grass
...
sylvestris
,,
,,
,, ,,
...
undulatifolia
viridiflora, 143
vitellina
...
...
...
10 143 143 143 143 221 143 221 143 143 144 142 143
X.
INDEX.
PAGE
Tulips, Early varieties of Florist's, 144 in pots ,, in the grass ,,
,,
,,
PAGE
Vine. Chasselas Vibert,
,,
PAGE
Weevils, 501 Pea and Bean Weigelas, 4 The Wellingtonia gigantea ...
... ... ...
143
143, 270
for
out
of
219
'43 143
Late-flowering
,,
,,
out of doors
Golden Champion
,,
Parrot
,,
,,
Rose
Single
Star, 78
Star, Giant...
143 144 141 7S 143 480 144 .400, 436 250 495
,, ,, ,,
,,
,,
,,
Grape, rust Gros Colman Gros Guillaume Hop-leaved Lady Downe's Seedling Madreslield Court
502 411
450
in
448
... ...
...
Weymouth
,, ,,
Pine,
The
Stat s
...
,,
,,
,, ,,
41 502
446
36 533 263 106 92 439
ig 10
Clematis, large
villa gardens ground Picotees Lily and the disease
Currants for
...
...
,,
for
out
of
...
,,
Ulex europjeus
Ulmus
family,
The
431 411
,,
The
Trebbiano
...
270 320
Late
,,
,,
mildew
on,
A remedy
for
out of doors
Vallota purpurea
2 70,
Vanda
,,
Cc'erulea,
Culture of
592 332
|28
,,
Shanking of
Viola biflora
567 563 560 567 567 567 568 5"7 568 144
145
...145,
Willow Herb
Willows, The, 407 Weeping, The Windflower, Apennine Window and room gardening
Aralia Sieboldi in
,,
...
...
aus-
Hookeriana
Sanderiana, Culture of suavis, Culture of
teres
tricolor,
comma
,, ,,
,, ,,
... ...
,,
,, ,,
33 2 332
S28
cucullata
lutea, 144
sy!ve->tris
166
,,
Mundyana
...
...
rothomagensis
Culture of
Vanilla,
The
Culture of Forcing
,,
,,
room, Ophtopogon Jaburan variegatum in ... A room, Phalangiurn lineare variegatum in A room, Succulent plants in
Aspidistras in
589
Box gardening
plants, Insects attacking
..
589 589 588 593 590 596 519 167 231 38 327 378 378 427 99, 144 502 33 503 39 37 50$
162 365 365 385
Windows,
greenhouse
and
hardy
...
Manures
pests of
for
...
Viscarias
Vitis aestivalis calitornica ,,
,, ,, ,, ,,
plants used in
,, ,,
,,
,,
Coignetia?
cordifolia
...
...
...
when
and
,,
,,
,, ,,
Labrusca Thunbergi
vinifera
...
vulpina
39 39 3g 39 3 h 377 39 39 39 39
6,
Wlneberry, The ... ... ... Winter Daffodil, The flowering Begonias Honeysuckles ,, ,, Orchids ,, Tree; ,, ,,
,,
...
,,
,,
garden,
A
...
..
,,
,,
...
...
...
...
...
their destruction
...
...
...
phlomoides phceniceum Verbena, Sweet, on terrace walk Verbenas Veronica Andersoni variegata
,,
Wistarias
...
...
...
...
...
Shrubby
3,
Wahlenbergia
serpyllifolia
... ... ... ... ... ...
166 167 45 45 45 45 45 45 57
...
Wood
Lilies
,,
...
...
terrace,
,, ,, ,, ,,
,,
Woodwardia
orientalis
Wounds
Walks and
,, ,,
lawns...
... ...
Xeranthemums
Year's
...
23
...
... ...
...
...
in
vegetable garden
460
63 45 45 45 32
37
...
...
...
...
411 88
Making grass
terrace, Myrtles on
,, ,,
Cojking Apples
for
,,
,,
,,
,, ,, ,,
Pears for
...
Fruits for
,,
.,
,, ,, ,.
,,
,,
Vincas,
,,
145,
Gooseberries for Raspberries for Red Currants for Strawberries for Stove 431
,,
... ...
Wallflowers Wall plants, Climbing or shrubby south, Roses for Walnut, The
,,
Work in the Garden, A Yew, Common, and its varieties Yucca aloifolia variegata
,,
...
filamentosa
gloriosa
...
...
...
...
7
401 32g
141
,,
Warscewiczellas, Culture of
Some The
3 41
412
for water-
The
for
...
567
...
out
...
of
...
Water-lilies,
The
Pests of
Hamburgh
...
... ...
border-, Flowers on
Cha^selas
de
Fontainebleau
...
215 589 ... 589 118, 122 120 120 270 61 501
145,167
... ...
carinata Treatias
maxillare...
..
Zinnias
431 78 78 78 78 28
3 38
Zygopetalum
Zygopetalums, Culture of
...
329
xi.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Abbotsbury, Bamboos at Abies nobilis
PAGE
Blossom-time
Bluebells
393 2 o 13/ ... 38 Border at Hambledon Manor House 148 ... at Henham Hall, Mill .Ik 133 at Holme Lacy 146 547 ,,
L, 11
1
Abraxas grnssulariata
Acrocliniums Aerides Aldenham Gardens, Weeping Beech
in
... Park, Group of Elms ,, Aloes, Flowering Alpine flowers at Tangley Manor
y Si
11
u m
1
1
< i
n eso,
f\
...
,,
'
4U
in 41 55 i5'
,,
at
Henshurst
19
,,
at
Flower
Hillside.
157 9, 159
" D elite t\ A C Chrysan hern urns An exhibit of Bold display of Larl y-flo wc ing
1
Souvenir
* 1
1
d'une
...
...
1 1
...
...
,,
280 278
29I
House
Alton Towers, Ch'nese fountain at ... F^rns on lion foun., ,,
tain at
,,
,,
,,
Downside,
156
ix.
76
Leatherhead
P.ejny, A Boronia heteiophylla Bowling green, Old, at Sutton Place Box edging with flower border ... Bradford, The Hall Bramshill Park, Hants, Firs at ... Bramshill Park, Hants, The grand
Cinerarias
236
246 425
viii.
,,
343 105
297
161
Cistus ladaniferus
tain at
American blight in various stages Anemone, Japanese Poppy Angrascum sesquipedale Aphides in various stages Apple bush, A fruiting Duchessof Oldenburg Espalisr, tor back of border
,,
...
233 492
7'
34
From
513
1
terrace to terrace
445
71
avenue
at
...
...
...
...
Group of ,, Apricot, The Aquilegia ca3i"ulea Aquilegias, Various kinds of A alii Sieboldi in a room Arbour, curious, A, at Elvaston
,,
...
Yew,
at
Rous Lench
at
321 49 2 5-6 541 523 524 534 527 542 54* 584 72, 73 593 274 353
vni. 6
Brome
dure
37
271
'
426
Hall,
,,
Brome
,,
Norfolk, Terrace
at
,,
,1k
263
24 218 396 465 499
331
5
...
The
Water-lilies at
Broom, White
Brussels Sprouts Bugs, Plant Bulwick Park, Northamptonshire,
Codlin moth, The Ccelogyne cristata Colchicums, A colony of Colewort, Hardy green Columbine, The
Garden walk
,, ,,
at
Grass walk
Hall.
,,
at
...
...
at
Belton
House,
... ...
The
Burford, Dorking,
,,
Lawn
Arch, Clematis-covered
,,
Orchid houses
ofRjses
Arches of verdure
Brome
Hall,
...
Norfolk Art and Nature Artichoke, Globe Jerusalem or tuberous Aahridge Park, fountain. The, at Italian garden at ,,
,,
42
Grantham
at
at
2:4
228, 2^4
... ...
...
Cabbage
Cacti,
,, ,, ,,
at
...
261
Aspall Hall,
423 305
3/2 453 493 272 58: 26 346 348 75 386
Calceolarias
,,
in a
greenhouse
Camellias
The, at
Campanula
Asparagus
beetle in various stages ... Sprei'geri ... Asphodeline lniea, A colony of Aster, China. Pyramidal Aihyrium FiliK-foemina plumosum
,, ,,
Canna
Cannas, Dwarf A house of Carnation Balmoral ... Dalgetty Duchess Consuelo ... Duke of Orleans ... ... house at Great Bookham Lady Ardilaun Mine. Therry ... ... ,,
,, ,, ,, ,,
revolvers
Aubnetias, various kinds of Avenue, An. of Firs Beech, A, in Blenheim Park, ,, .. Oxfordshire ... grand, The, Bramshill Park,
502 301 312 50 223 235 8) 16 103 50 29^ 236 2-3 262 259 255 261
Convolvulus ... Cornflower Cornish Garden. A Corridor, Exotic flowers in a Cottage garden, The Cottager and his Roses Cottager's Rose garden, A
Crane
fly
Cranmore
Hall,
Somersetshire,
Terrace garden
at
,,
,,
339
terrace
... ...
The
of
3-jo
Crocu.es, Currants,
Autumn
fly,
221
Currant saw
grubs and
cocoon
...
A bunch
of
...
Daddy-long-legs
Daffodils
in
493
at
256
263 254 262 82 257
8t
ihe grass
Hunter...
Hants
Garville
Gem
combe Manor
Daisies, Michaelmas, Various of
219
73 132 52 bg
kinds
Azalea
Bed of House
,,
Daisy, Moon,
The
...
of
...
Seedling
Carpocapsa pomonella
...
...
3 j2
...
forced
Dielytra speclabilis
231
at at
Three
vera
distinct varie-
Downside,
B tinboos
Abbotsbury Gunnersbury cattle Abbey, Rose garden at Bean, French, Earliest of All Runner, Mammoth White
436
...
ties of
Leatherhead, borJer at
at
Xcd
1
;
Bamboos,
4 178
,,
...
,,
weevils
...
Beds ot summer flowers ... Beech arches at Levens Hall avenue in Blenheim Park, Oxfordshire
Bonum
Rose garden
...
..
in the wild
...
House,
Linton
...
ChU44
Eishing Park, Gozlalming, The race garden at Echinnps Echo Walk, The, King's Weston Edelweiss
Edging, Thrift
ter-
5S7
90
...
De
d.ir,
at
Park,
373 493
14
,,
Maids one
414
4.97
*"ggs
...
Celery
fly in
various stages
Centaurea cyanus
Centaureas, various
Single
tory at
232 231
,,
A dcnhaui Park arbour at Alh unbra garden at ... Clipped Yews at ... ... Leading to Italian garden at
of,
in
A unous
440
117
Erica Cavendishiana
Italian
290
C71
...
...
Yew
arch-
Birches, Silver
37 371
way
at
Bismarckia nobilis
...
370
375
at
Blickling,
Bv the Oak in
lake in
...
View
Fern
dell,
...
...
decoration, A incurved, An
...
Hart's-tongue,
frilled
^56 348
^
(
Ladv, Plumy
Fernery, British, A outdoor, An
"352
.54
xii.
INDEX.
PAGE
PAGE
Hall Barn, Bucks, Hedge of Yew, Bjx, and Holly at
,, ,,
PAGE
Madresfield Court,
,,
Ferns
344
and Palms
Exeter
,,
at
Streatham Hall,
227
...
and rockwork
by
streamside,
...
...
1G7
43S 147
85 273 148
at
...
519 516
402, 403
Ven
...
House,
...
...
270
521 10 133
Somerset
,,
350
317
Ham
at
by the steps,
in
Sydenham House,
Caunton
349
M ^guerit-s and
,,
summer
flowers
at
... ...
Devonshire
,,
Weeping Yew
551
...
the
wild garden,
fountain,
Lower
at
lake
308
...
Melon house,
4(32
A hue
Manor
on
lion
Alton
3 '3
Rose walk
Roe/.li alba
group of
...
,,
Fir,
,,
,,
Sub
at
tropical plants
at at
41, 43 x.
361
Mimulus
Minley Manor, View in the garden
at
416 377
3 G
...
,,
,, ,,
5G3
Firs
,,
An avenue
of
Hedge
Ichneumon
,,
,,
Helianthus, Perennial
Flowers, hardy,
Helichrysums
...
.
...
348 99 99 22
male, female,
503 494 495 497 503 112 473 473
caterpillar
...
44 10 505
Helmingham, Corner of gatden at... Oak avenue ... ... Henbury Court, Gloucestershire,
garden rest at Henfreya scandens
99 45
4
>5
and cocoon
Fouiuam, Chinese,
,,
at
Alton Towers
470 309
Suffolk,
Henham
,,
Hall,
,,
mixed
154
border
Walk
garden
460
101
,,
incouiparabilis
Heuchera
343
31
Towers
Foxgloves
Freesia refracta alba
Fritillaries
at
Fruit room,
,,
A model
Interior of
,, ,,
,,
,,
...
122
in
... ...
...
Old gateway
at at
...
...
49a 496
91
...
Hyacinths
at Blickliug, Norfolk ... at Liilieshail ... Corner of, at Helmingham... Formal, at Longford ... at Tortworth Court ,, Fountain at Ashridge Park
449 67
45
ii.
Hydrangeas
... ...
...
Helmingham Hall
...
Iberis
iG
79 199
front,
280
85 133
,,
glen,
,,
on-Avon ... Melbury House ... Hertfordshire, Rose bed in House, Severn End, Worcestershire
...
Pa3onies, a
,,
,,
bunch
of
Typical
469 366 46
garden
Irises in a Gloucestershire garden Ivy over Bouchuich
...
...
in
,,
summer-time
moreland
Elvaston
Ixias
126
at
S.reatham Hall,
227 589
57 70 251 273 39 532
522 549 502 452 17 55G 553 530 518
,,
Italian, at
117
554
61
Juniperus communis
376
,,
Kalmia
Kelly House, Tavistock,
...
428
3G4 312 314 5S2 363 417 307 460
581
Corner
s,
in
...
...
421
Light ami
,,
My Lady
Wroxton Abbey.
293 507 483 164 193
121
2,
Banbury
old, in Ireland old, The, Bulwick Rock, at Newstead
in
Exeter Indoor ,, Panshanger, Corner of the lawn at ... garden walk, A In the garden at Passiflora Constance Eliott Passion Flower Peach, pot, Single house with double transverse ,, tiellises at Wilton House ...
,, ,,
...
Aubey
...
,,
King's Spear, A colony of King's Weston, Echo Walk, The square garden, ,, ,,
,, ,,
tree in flower
...
The
...
...
Water garden
in
...
Kitchen garden,
,,
,, ,,
47 97 417
141
Henham
Hall
of
...
,,
,,
walk
,,
Court
...
,,
streamside,
A
r
...
Laburnum walk
Ladybirds,
egiis
at
,,
The
,,
Terrace, Druinmond Castle cottage ... Topiary, Elvaston ... Town, A plan of Toweis ... Alton view at View in th;, Blickling Hall
and grubs
Lady
at
Place, Huiley,
AylesHall, ford 515, 517 55i ... Williams' Bon Chretien 527 Pears and Apples, Arches of
... A porch of, 521 cordjn Pelargonium, The, of various kinds...
Preston
Ltelia Perrinii
Lodio-Calile)
a.
A
...
Penshursr, Border
140 3G8 447 5.4 477 58 472 420 421
at
Tangley
509
506
,,
Lavender walk
,, ,,
at Strathfields tye
...
..
west,
,, ,,
307 275 24
349
Lawn
,,
at Liilieshail
Lettuce
Mammoth White
Hall,
,,
Levens
Beech arches
at
... ...
Ferns
in,
at
Caunton
Gateway, Maidenhead
Manor An old,
...412,577
Huntercombe,
53 96 240
...
Libocedrus decurrens
Lilac, Gatht-ring Lilford Hall, Cordon fruit trees at
...
Gladiolus of Gloxinias Godetias, spjeies and varieties Goosebeiry saw fly, grubs
15
...
Pergola walk, A Petunia Petunias Philadelphus, The Phlox, Type of Picotee, Kavourite Pine bv Waterside Pink, Chinese Pinus austriaca and Retinospora squarrosa Plant bugs ... Plants, Climbing, in greenhouse
and cocoon Grape, Black Alicante Great Tangley, Flower- ma' gined
lake at Gredlington,
rnbrum
497 56140
Polemonium Richardsonii
Pond, skating, Ashridge Park
...
A Larch
at
at
447
246
Hall,
at
... ...
Greenhousis
View from
terrace of
Potato Windsor Castle Potatoes, Fine Preston Hall, Aylesford, Pear walk... Preston Park, A)lesford, Inside the
418 499 271 326 530 5:9 130 423 478 458
515
Linum
Liriodendron tulipifera Longford Castle, The terrace Lupine, annual Lupines, white
...
no
402
21
at
Streatham
Exeter...
225
4
17
Pear walk at Primrose Primroses, Evening, and otherfljwers Primula ot)2onica ... Primulas, Chinese, A house of
Protea cynaroides
.8
nr
510
INDEX.
PAGE
Pruning, Pattern of, Shirley Vicarage Primus semHatfl in flower Pyrethrum uliginosum Pyrethrums, group of, A
Radishes, A dish of Ka'pberries, a bunch of Rrtinospora squarrosa and austriaca ... Rhododendron drive A
fine,
516"
XIII.
PAGE
Srillas, species and varieties of Scol pendrinm, fi illed, A Sc Itish garden, A
PAGE
Tulips, Doub'e Parrot
... ...
132
5S0
Sedum
Shiplake Court, Henley, Rose beds
.,
'37 348 47
13S
'43 '43
U5
483 457
tree at at
457 545
,,
at.,.
188
33 39' 411
Pinus
...
Shrubs and
418 429 385 399
trees
Ven House, An
,, ,,
old
Walnut
...
in a dell
Conservatory
A
... ...
...
walk Rhododendrons
,,
,,
...
430
382 406 249 1G2 164
152
at
Swanmore House
...
Rhus C otinus
Richardia Elliottiana ... ... Rock ga den at Highnam Court
,, ,, ,,
...
...
...
ai
Newstead Abbey
...
...
Spleenwort, Maiden-hair, on a wall... Sp. ing, Scotch orchard in Stanway House, Gloucester hire, south front Starwons, various kinds of Siock Empen r White, branching Strathfieldsaye, Lavender walk at ... Strawberries in bar. els, American
,,
Ft-rns by streamside
and
501 56' 563 144
Vinery
,.
at at
<
hiswick.The
5'4
,,
211
5'9
52
4
at
Shiplake
Apple,
shire
at
Lilliesh-.11,
Shrop...
Bunnell's Seedling
Bltiii, ic.6
,,
,,
bower,
A
...
...
...
climbing,
flowers,
,, ,,
A A
...
,,
,,
covered doorway,
,, ,,
glorious
...
...
,,
,,
,,
,, ,,
,, ,,
Strawoeri y Fillbasket Royal Sovereign, forced Streamside, Ferns by, at Ven House,
,,
,,
,,
,,
Garden,
at
Panshanger
65 64 7C
5
,,
,,
06
62
at
at..
,,
natural,
at
A
West Dean
225 109
,,
Laburnum,
Lavender,
,,
Park, Chichester
,, ,, ,, ,,
401
,,
,,
,,
,,
...
...
211
at
...
206
185
455 43
41
of
Rhododendrons
Gleirede Dijon
half-standard,
... ...
plants,
field
,,
,,
,
216
196 j g 1
,,
,,
,,
Hybrid Bourbun Purity Hybrid Perpetual Mrs. Rumsey Hybrid Tea Aurora Grand Due Ado'phe ,, de Luxembourg...
,,
A
...
shady,
A
..
213 20S
1S9 187 :74 183
,,
Viscountess Folkestone
of
Walnut tree, An old, at Ven House Water garden, The, Wisley. Surrey
,,
579 355
12
Lilies at
,,
,,
Brome
Hall
i
,
506 2r8
122 119 118 502 502
,, ,,
at
,,
La France, Beds
study, A, 215
Wisley Hybrid
white
,,
Tea,
53
,,
Lily, Marliac's
,,
Tea,
The
House
...
Rhododendrons
at
Weevils, Bean
462 216
181
Pea
Wellinetonia, Weeping, A West Dean Park, border at,
,, ,,
,, ,, ,,
A
at..
,,
at,.
Laburnum walk
tree at
A panoramaot
at
...
... ...
,,
,, ,,
Bjnksian
...
Malmaison, 212
Noiseite
...
..
...
,, ,,
,,
,,
Tangley
Manor
House
Alpine
290
522 '95 503 506 38i
flowers at
Tan-y-bwlch,
terrace
North
Wales,'
The
574 449 4'7 90 395
92
5"i
Wilton House, Peach house with double transverse trellises at ... Window, Banksian Roses in
,, ,,
Peg*ed-down
prize,
Basket cf
f,
...
200 207
183 184 210 203 205 437 583 488
Wireworms
in var ious
stages
Tea,
,,
,,
,, ,, ,,
of
varied
ruis of
... ... ... ...
e, in
May
Wisley, Surrey, Water garden at ... Wistaria sinensis, vii. standard, A... Worth Park, The fountain earden at. The rival paths ,, ,,
2S0
575
Tbr ps
Tisbington Hall, Derbyshire, Gate-
to
...
way
,, .,
at at
...
3 fi 9
293 374
Terracts
Favourite
Yew avenue
at
Tomato, A big
,,
Dedham
Peerless
,,
St. Catherine's
to...
of forced
Xerophyllum asphodeloides
Yew
.. ,,
arbour,
Rous Lench
,,
S dntpanlia ionantha
Salpiglossis sinuata
Topiary gardens, The, Elvaston Tortworth Court, A flower-fringed path ... Formal garden at
Saponaria calabrica
Town
garden,
plan of
29 79 55
,,
,,
archway, Tire, Etwall Hall avenue, Lower, Rous Lench Court ... Dovaston on Bank weeping, A, at Melbury, Dorsetshire
353 217
4S8
ocymoides
...
Paw
fly,
and cocoon
various
499
136
492
Trees and shrubs by the lakeside, Wroxton ,, Abbey, Banbury Twin, Burnham Beeches ,, Tropasolums
4"
374 51 19
Yucca group
,,
450
3
lecurva
432
SOUTWARK PRESS?*