10/03/2014

1
Midterm Review
Assumptions

Steady state

= 0

= 0

Adiabatic / perfectly insulated = 0

= 0

Isentropic / reversible adiabatic

No change in kinetic energy

No change in potential energy

Ideal gas =

Polytropic

=

Cold air

=
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2
Ideal gas processes (state 1 to state 2)

=


=

get M from table A1

= 8.314

= 287

= 53.3

Constant temperature

2
=

2
1


Constant volume

2
=

2


Constant pressure

2
=

2


For isentropic and ideal gas

1
=
=

= exp

1
=
=

1


Polytropic process (state 1 to state 2)

= =
1

=
2

Ideal gas

1
=

1
=

1
1

1
=

1
1

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3
Steam cycles

Need two properties to fix state

In two phase region both known properties
should not be p and T

Vapour Quality, x:

=

Cycles with open systems

Each component is treated as a separate control volume

2
2
+

Steam Turbines

Designed to produce a given pressure drop
Given state 1 and P
2
or pressure drop

State2s

2
=
1

2
(
2
,
2
)

2
=

2
=
2
+
2


State 2

2
=
1
+
2

1

2
(
2
,
2
)

Work

=
1

2






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4
Steam turbine with re-heat

Given either T
3
or heat input


3
=
2



3

3
,
3
or
3

,
2



3

3
,
3


Work

=
1

2
+ (
3

4
)

Steam condenser

Constant pressure process
3
=
2

2
,
2

2
,
2

2
,
2


Assume x
3
= 0

3
=
3

3
=
3

3
=
3

3


Heat Loss

=
2

3

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5
Liquid Pump

Isentropic and incompressible


4
=
3
+
3

4

3


Isentropic

3
,
4

4
=

4

3

+
3

Work

=
4

3



Steam Generator

= (
1

4
)

Thermal Efficiency

=


=
(

/ ) (

/ )
(

/ )


=

1

2

4

3

1

4


Back Work Ratio

=




=

4

3

1

2



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6
Open Feedwater Heaters (OFH)

Condensed flows from 2 and 5 mixes,
exits OFH at state 6.

If not specified, x=0 at 4 and 6


Apply the first law to find y:

2
2
+

2
2
+

0 = 0 0 +
2

2
+
5

5

6

6


0 =
1

2
+ (1 )
1

5

1

6


Closed Feedwater Heater (two outlets)

Two inlets and two outlets

If not specified, assume terminal temperature
difference is 0 (T
6
=T
7
)

For the steam trap h
7
=h
8


If not specified, x=0 at 4 and 7

Apply the first law to find y:

0 = 0 0 +
2

2
+
5

5

6

6

7

7


0 =
1

2
+
1

7


=

6

5

2

7


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7
Closed Feedwater Heater
Thermal Efficiency

=


=
(

/
1
) (

/
1
)
(

/
1
)

= 1
1

4
+
1

= 1
1

3
+
1

4

Air Cycles



Air standard Cold air standard

2
=

2
=

4
=

4
=

3

Get enthalpies and internal energies from
the p
r
and v
r
values using table A-22
For expansion or compression of Otto and
Diesel cycles

1
=

1
1

2
1

3
=

3
1

4
1

=

c
v
and c
p
assumed to be constant

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8
Otto Cycle

Compression Ratio

=

2
=

3
=

2
=

3


States 1 and 3 are usually given

=
2

=
3

2

=
3

4

=
4

1




Otto Cycle
Only internal energies needed at each state
- Given state 1, state 3 and r
- For states 1 and 3, use given temp to find u
from table

State 2:
2
=
1

1

get u
2
(
2
) using table

State 4:
4
=
3

get u
4
(
4
) using table

For cold air standard

State 2:
2
=
1

2
1
=
1

1


State 4:
4
=
3

4
1
=
3
1

Find c
v
(k) from Table A20

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9
Diesel Cycle

Compression Ratio

=

2
=

2


Cut-off Ratio

2
=

=
2

=
3

2

=
3

4

=
4

1




Diesel Cycle
Given state 1, r and r
c

State 1:
1
(
1
) and
1

1
use table A22

State 2:
2
=
1

1
get T
2,
u
2
and h
2

State 3:
3
=
2

get v
r3
, u
3
and h
3

State 4:

3
=

get u
4

For cold air standard

State 2:
2
=
1

1


State 3:
3
=
2

State 4:
4
=
3

4
1
=
3

and

Find c
v
(k) and c
p
(k) from Table A20





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10
Thermal Efficiency

/
=

/
=

= 1

4

1

3

2





= 1

2
= 1
1

= 1

4

1

3

2

= 1
1

1
1

1







Dual Cycle




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11
Brayton Cycle




Brayton Cycle











For reversible air-standard

2
=
1

1

4
=
3

3


For reversible cold air standard

1
=

1
1

3
=

3
1

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Brayton Cycle with regenerator

=
3

max .
=

4

2


Brayton Cycle with reheat

=
3

=
3

2
+

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13
Brayton Cycle with intercooling

1
+
2

+
( )

1

Brayton Cycle

= 1

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14
Aircraft Propulsion

= 0

2
2
=

2
2

= (
5

)






Aircraft Propulsion













Relative to the engine v
1
=0 and v
4
= 0.





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15
Refrigeration:

=
1

4

=
2

1

=
2

3

3
=
4

1

4

2

1


Cascade:






















For intermediate heat exchanger

8

5
=

3

2




For COP

=

1

4

2

1
+

5



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16
Multistage Compression with Intercooling




For COP

=
(1 )(
1

8
)
1
2

1
+(
4

3
)