What Can Science Tell Us About Collective Consciousness?

2004 Robert Kenny and Leaderful Teams Consulting

Foreward and Overview
A growing number of people are discussing collective consciousness and wisdom. When first
published an article about these topics in !""#
!
$ m% literature search turned up onl% one line of
related scientific research$ begun in !"&"$ regarding the social effects of 'unified field(
consciousness$ accessed through group practice of transcendental meditation )T*+.
#
A %ear later$
the ,rinceton -ngineering Anomalies .esearch ),-A.+ lab began stud%ing how focused group
intention and attention / or 'field consciousness( 00 brought order to random computer output. n
!""1$ .oger 2elson and 3ean .adin began researching similar effects that occurred when mass
attention was captured b% events li4e the O.5. Simpson trial. n !""6$ the Fet7er nstitute and the
nstitute of 2oetic Sciences )O2S+ co0sponsored two national dialogues e8ploring group
consciousness and s%nerg%$ which m% wife$ 5ulie 9lover$ organi7ed. Fet7er published a report$
Centered on the Edge: Mapping a Field of Collective Intelligence and Spiritual Wisdom$ three
%ears later$ and supported creation of this website in #::#. The following %ear .upert Sheldra4e
published a boo4 about 'e8tended mind($ and O2S and the Association for 9lobal 2ew
Thought co0sponsored the first conference on collective wisdom$ which was attended b% #$1::
participants. When did an nternet search regarding collective consciousness in October #::;$
got more than <=$::: hits. n its *a%05ul%$ #::= issue$ What Is Enlightenment? maga7ine ran a
feature article on collective consciousness. Clearl%$ the topic has been increasingl% infiltrating
our social discourse.
s There Scientific -vidence? f more and more people are tal4ing about collective
consciousness$ is there an% scientific evidence to bac4 it up? >es / and that?s important.
.igorous science helps us avoid the fu77% thin4ing and un@uestioned assumptions that too often
characteri7e spiritual and 2ew Age discussions. *oreover$ science ma% ultimatel% introduce
mainstream societ% to collective consciousness and demonstrate how it can benefit us all.
Over the past !# %ears$ ?ve studied a good deal of intriguing research about collective
consciousness. t suggests that we influence each other in man% subtle$ %et powerful wa%s$ and
that our collective wisdom and creativit% can be harnessed for the common good much more
than we do presentl%.
*oving Around This 3ocument. This Foreword and Overview will give %ou some brief
e8amples of the research. f %ou want to delve into the research in greater detail$ %ou can e8plore
the longer paper that follows. f %ou clic4 on a lin4 in the Overview$ it will ta4e %ou to the
corresponding section of the in0depth paper. t is the most up0to0date and comprehensive /
perhaps the onl% 00 surve% of the research on collective consciousness available toda%. t
represents m% perspective on collective consciousness$ based upon m% thin4ing and e8perience
wor4ing with collective wisdom in teams and organi7ations over more than ;: %ears. Finall%$ the
paper?s endnotes will allow %ou in man% cases to lin4 to the original research.
We have also provided additional wa%s for %ou to find the sections of the paper that are most
interesting to %ou. >ou can clic4 on the lin4s in the Table of Contents$ above.
We will cover a lot of ground in this paper$ addressing a number of crucial issues involved in the
scientific stud% of collective consciousnessA
3efining collective consciousness clearl% and operationall%$ in a manner that
allows us to conduct effective scientific researchB
Ceginning to outline a model of individual and social development$ and to
develop a theor% and testable h%potheses regarding collective consciousness$ so
we can conduct research that is rigorous$ disciplined$ interdisciplinar%$ cross0
cultural$ and grounded in human e8perience and developmentB
3rawing upon theor% and research regarding consciousness$ fields$ subtle
energies and tele0prehension$ that suggest possible e8planator% mechanisms for
collective consciousnessB and
-8amining some of the possible implications of building collective
consciousness$ based upon the research$ in terms of ph%sical$ emotional and
mental healing$ strengthening and sustaining our organi7ations and communities$
and facilitating learning and creative collaboration.
Cefore moving into the bod% of the paper$ let me briefl% summari7e the main areas of research
and potential benefits that will later address in detailA
What s Collective Consciousness? Collective consciousness is a mode of awareness that
emerges at the first transpersonal stage of consciousness$ when our identities e8pand be%ond our
egos. A crucial capacit% that accompanies this awareness is the abilit% to intuitivel% sense and
wor4 with the interactions between our and others? energ% fields$ ph%sicall%$ emotionall%$
mentall% and spirituall%. For e8ample$ Dust as 9ene .odenberr% imagined a future where Star
Trek?s Spoc4 could 'mind meld( with others$ more of us are now becoming aware of our
capacit% not onl% to intuit each other?s thoughts and emotions$ but also to consciousl% thin4 and
create together without communicating through our five senses.
The .ole of -nerg% Fields. *ost of the researchers below postulate that energ% fields e8plain the
effects of consciousness. Fields are regions of influence.
-8amples include gravitational$ electric and magnetic fields. Although invisible$ we have learned
how to measure these fields. Some of the research will now describe$ however$ indicates that
another t%pe of field ma% be associated with collective consciousness.
,si or Tele0prehension. ,si is e8tra0sensor% perception or influence$ perhaps made possible b%
the apparent abilit% of consciousness to operate be%ond the constraints of space and time.
-8amples include telepath% and remote viewing. The e8istence of psi )or tele0prehension$ as Een
Wilber calls it+ has been convincingl% demonstrated in a large number of scientific studies$
carried out b% *aril%n Schlit7$ 3ean .adin and others. For e8ample$ in a number of remote0
viewing e8periments people have described a distant location to which another individual has
been sent$ with a statisticall% significant degree of accurac%$ well be%ond chance levels. As in
other psi e8periments$ pairs who had an emotional bond have obtained the strongest results.
These findings suggest that building a sense of connection and trust in groups ma% allow
members to access and understand each otherFs perspectives more readil%$ to 'see through each
other?s e%es.(
Ciologist .upert Sheldra4e and others have conducted a number of ingenious e8periments that
show that psi abilities are widespread$ even in animals. For e8ample$ using s%nchroni7ed video
cameras in dog owners? homes and wor4places$ he has proven that dogs go to the front doors of
their homes to wait$ as soon as their owners decide to return home from wor4$ even though those
times are varied dail%. Sheldra4e$ .adin and others have conducted man% other telepath%
e8periments$ showing that people can sense the thoughts and intentions of others across space
and time. Through tele0prehension$ the members of a group ma% be able to read each other?s
minds and engage in a non0sensor%$ creative$ mental interpla%.
Facilitated Gearning and Creativit%. Sheldra4e has also demonstrated that we can assist each
other?s learning across distances. n one of a number of studies$ a group completed a newl%
created crossword pu77le. t was then broadcast to millions via TH$ for them to complete.
Subse@uentl%$ a new group$ that had not seen the pu77le$ finished it significantl% faster than the
original group. f we e8trapolate from individual to group effects$ these results impl% that a team
ma% be able to help other teams to develop cognitivel% and creativel%$ without an% e8ternal
interaction. S%stems theorist -rvin Gas7lo has suggested that such findings ma% also e8plain
cultural s%nchronicit% in times past$ where a discover% or creative renaissance in one culture
appeared within relativel% short timeframes in other cultures around the world$ despite an
absence of communication.
The Creation of Order or Coherence. .adin$ the ,rinceton -ngineering Anomalies .esearch
),-A.+ Gab$ and .oger 2elson?s 9lobal Consciousness ,roDect have conducted man% other
intriguing e8periments with random0number0generating ).29+ computers. .29s are
programmed to issue 7eroes or ones randoml%$ so that each
number eventuall% appears 1:I of the time. Ordinar% people$ however$ have used intention to
create order out of this randomness$ causing .29s that were sometimes thousands of miles
awa%$ to issue significantl% more of one number over man% trials. Conded pairs / couples in a
relationship / produced effects that were si8 times stronger than individuals. Gi4e the remote
viewing e8periments$ these results indicate that people with an emotional connection$ when
acting in concert$ are more influential than individuals acting alone.
9roups also produce stronger results than individuals. For e8ample$ even when onl% the
attention of groups has been captured b% high0interest events$ the .29 effects have been three
times greater than individual0intention results 00 despite the fact that the groups were unaware of
the .29s and therefore did not intend to influence their output. When groups of people
meditated together / a practice that creates even greater focus b% s%nchroni7ing members? brain
waves / the effect of their coherent attention was si8 times greater than the individual0intention
results. Finall%$ during certain events that have captured mass attention$ such as ,rincess 3iana?s
death and the "J!! tragedies$ the combined output of <: .29s around the world has significantl%
deviated from chance. These results suggest that focused collective attention or intention can
create significant order in otherwise random and chaotic realit%. t is precisel% this effect / the
transformation of randomness into coherence 00 that underlies insight$ learning$ healing and
creative manifestation.
nterpersonal and Collective -ntrainment. 5ust as we can create order in ph%sical s%stems
through focused attention or intention$ a number of e8periments have suggested that two or more
people can create s%nchroni7ation or coherence between their nervous s%stems. For e8ample$
*aril%n Schlit7$ William Craud and others have shown that calm individuals can intentionall%
reduce the an8iet% of others in distant places$ and that focused people can help others in remote
locations to concentrate their attention. These effects ma% be e8plained b% other studies$
including those conducted b% a non0profit organi7ation$ Keart*ath$ and b% researchers at Cast%r
Universit%JUniversit% of Washington Consciousness .esearch Gab. -ven when participants were
in separate rooms$ their heart and brain waves became s%nchroni7ed or entrained$ when the% had
close living or wor4ing relationships$ or when the% felt appreciation$ care$ empath%$ or love
toward each other. When people meditated together$ their alpha brain waves entrained. And
when people were able to internall% entrain their own personal heart and brain waves$ the%
caused the heart and brain waves of other individuals to entrain with theirs. -ntrainment appears
to increase attention$ to produce feelings of calm and deep connection$ and to facilitate tele0
prehension of each other?s sensations$ emotions$ images$ thoughts and intuitions. Gi4e
Sheldra4e?s facilitated learning e8periments$ these findings have significant implications$ since
chronic stress is a 4e% cause of ph%sical and emotional illness$ and since enhanced attention
greatl% improves learning and creativit%.
3istance Kealing. n another arena / distance healing 00 <&I of !1: controlled studies have
shown that individuals and groups can use intention$ rela8ation$ enhanced concentration$
visuali7ation$ and a re@uest to a healing force greater than themselves$ to heal others to a
statisticall% significant degree.
mproved Lualit% of Gife$ ,eace and Social Kealth. On communit%$ societal and even worldwide
levels$ more than #: e8periments$ published in respected scientific Dournals$ have demonstrated
that Transcendental *editation groups$ representing !I of a target population$ have caused
significant improvements in social indicators of @ualit% of life$ health and mental health$ and
have reduced crime$ accidents$ conflict and war$ apparentl% b% reducing stress in the
corresponding population.
,romoting the Common 9ood. These and other studies provide strong evidence that$ given
certain conditions$ we can develop and wor4 with our collective consciousness to produce a
number of important interpersonal$ organi7ational and social benefitsA increased empath%$
compassion$ understanding$ respect$ appreciation and rapportB greater cooperation$ creative
collaboration$ teamwor4 and collective wisdomB and enhanced well0being$ peace$ and ph%sical$
emotional$ mental and spiritual health. n our increasingl% diverse wor4places$ communities and
global institutions$ where we are challenged b% e8tremel% comple8 problems$ developing these
capacities will not onl% promote the common good$ but could also ensure our survival.
The Focus of This ,aper
Ho I and !ou enter into a "e#$ and ho !ou % as an alien o&'ect or "it# % &ecome a "thou#$
in a circle of understanding and care$ is an e(traordinar! m!ster!) * "e# seems to hold the
heart of the +osmos
,
hidden in its em&race)
/ Een Wilber
=

have written this paper in order to give scientists and la%people ali4e an overview of the
possibilities offered b% science and the wisdom traditions$ in terms of investigating and
understanding the phenomenon of collective consciousness. t is alternatel% referred to as group$
shared$ correlated$ field$ ecological$ global$ cosmic$ or Eosmic consciousness$ although these
terms are not alwa%s used in the same wa%. n man% instances$ the various terms reflect ever0
widening circles of identit% and care$ which are correlated with deeper and deeper levels of
consciousness.
have not focused upon collective isdom for the most part$ since believe it is necessar% to
begin with consciousness$ which precedes wisdom$ in attempting to conduct a research program.
Apart from some of m% own action research$ have not found an% research studies on collective
wisdom per se. 2onetheless$ much of the theor% and research described in this paper will
indirectl% appl% to collective wisdom. do not mean to impl% that collective wisdom cannot be
the focus of research. For a discussion of collective wisdom$ please consult m% papers listed in
endnote 1$ especiall% those after #::!$ including the paper on this website$ Calling -ut -ur
.otential: /eveloping Collective Wisdom and Team S!nerg!)
have organi7ed this summar% according to various lines of research and practice. n each
section$ propose one or more intriguing and important @uestions$ which might help us to stud%
and understand collective consciousness. also provide lin4s for readers who wish to pursue
some of the information in greater detail. have placed these lin4s in the endnotes$ so that
would not clutter or complicate the main te8t.
3ue to space limitations$ will not be able to describe the wor4 of some of the individuals or
organi7ations that have conducted research in the research areas described below. .ather$ have
referenced those whose wor4 believe to be central and critical to the research area. Although
periodicall% mention criti@ues and problems$ space limitations prevented me from discussing
these criti@ues in detail. Finall%$ cannot cover all the arenas of potentiall% relevant research. For
e8ample$ the e8tensive research regarding intergroup relations and regarding teamwor4 would be
ver% productive areas to e8plore. *% overall intention$ rather$ is to provide references that will
allow readers to consider the debates and controversies in greater detail and to engage in
dialogue through this website. f %ou would li4e to obtain addition information regarding
relevant researchers$ whether cited here or not$ please consult the articles$ chapters$
audiocassettes$ and boo4 that have published regarding collective consciousness.
1

A number of researchers are now investigating collective consciousness per se$
<
or phenomena
that ma% be related. will refer to the 4e% theorists and researchers below. recentl% interviewed
or corresponded with most of them )about #: individuals+$ to discuss their latest thin4ing and
@uestions regarding collective consciousness. also updated m% 4nowledge of the field b%
reading a number of the latest articles and boo4s. As a result$ this paper should give %ou a fairl%
comprehensive overview of research that ma% be relevant to understanding collective
consciousness.
reali7e that the research @uestions have presented will have to be e8plored in a certain order
and over at least the ne8t #: to ;: %ears. f one e8amines the histor% of the propagation of novel
ideas and phenomena$ pioneers can wait decades before their ideas enter the mainstream and
become eligible for research funding. *% hope is that this paper will stimulate interest in
research regarding collective consciousness and wisdom. n m% conversations with the
researchers doing pioneering wor4 in these arenas$ one theme emerged consistentl%A the%
believe$ as do$ that learning to develop collective wisdom ma% prove e8tremel% helpful in
dealing with the comple8 social and cultural issues that we face as a globe.
The Strengths and Gimits of Science
am delighted that this website is opening a dialogue with the scientific and academic
communities regarding collective consciousness. Scientific in@uir% can bring disciplined
thin4ing to the e8ploration of an% phenomenon$ can unearth une8amined assumptions and
beliefs$ and can clarif% confusing$ redundant$ and unnecessaril% comple8 terminolog% and
concepts. When novel ideas begin to spread through societies$ the% often progress from the
original innovators and pioneers to the academic and scientific communities. C% bringing rigor
and discipline to the stud% of collective consciousness$ these communities can help build bridges
to organi7ational and communit% leaders who might otherwise dismiss the phenomenon out of
hand. f scientific investigation validates the realit% of collective consciousness and its effects in
societ%$ the phenomenon will begin to receive serious$ more widespread and mainstream
consideration and application over the ne8t !: to 1: %ears. f the potential benefits of collective
consciousness are demonstrated$ in areas such as creativit%$
&
leadership$
6
health and mental
health$
"
problem solving$
!:
and sustainabilit%$
!!
these aspects of our lives ma% well be
transformed and the common good
!#
ma% be advanced significantl%.
On the other hand$ traditional science ma% be limited in its abilit% to e8amine all aspects of
collective wisdom. As Een Wilber has noted$
!;
science e8cels in e8amining sensor% e8perience
)via empiric0anal%tic science+ and phenomena that can be understood through reason$ logic and
concepts )via phenomenological philosoph% and ps%cholog%+. Understanding some aspects of
collective consciousness$ however$ ma% re@uire the practice of contemplation and meditation$
and access to 4nowledge via gnosis$ i.e.$ direct 4nowing or reali7ation$ which is transrational$
translogical and transmental. Such e8periences have been elucidated b% the world?s wisdom
traditions.
n the last case$ scientific rigor ma% still be brought to bear )and speculative$ often culturall%
conditioned metaph%sics
!=
avoided+$ since claims can still be tested through the essential
components of all forms of 4nowledge validation$ including review and consensual proof b% a
communit% of trained peers who have practiced the specific approach being used )in this case$
introspective phenomenolog%+. 2onetheless$ to the degree that the stud% of collective
consciousness re@uires e8amination of the higher developmental stages of human consciousness$
and the direct e8perience of Spirit$ or infinite$ nondual -mptiness$ that e8perience can onl% be
e8pressed b% poetr% and metaphor$ not b% finite and dualistic categori7ations and descriptions.
-instein warned us that science without religion is blind and that religion without science is
lame. Since the split has alwa%s appeared nonsensical and strange to me$ have chosen to use
Wilber?s integrative model as a framewor4 for discussing the research and wisdom traditions
presented.
The Challenge of Clear 3efinition
f we want to approach collective consciousness scientificall%$ we must first develop a clear
definition of what we believe it uni@uel% is$ based upon our e8perience and observation. For me
even to write this paper$ have had to do so. Otherwise$ cannot suggest the areas of research
that ma% be relevant and fruitful.
t is not unusual to find conceptual unclarit% and confusion when the dimensions of a
phenomenon are first being e8plored. Cut if we wish to observe and measure relevant variables$
conduct methodologicall% sound research$ and develop findings and conclusions that are valid
and reliable$ then we must define collective consciousness in a wa% that is clear$ that is as simple
and parsimonious as possible$ and that can be operationali7ed )i.e.$ contains variables that are
measurable+.
will present m% wor4ing definition of collective consciousness$ and will situate it within a
model of human development$ in the ne8t section.
A *odel of Kuman 3evelopment
n an online draft of his latest boo4$
!1
Wilber continues to la% out an integral model of human
development$ which is thoughtful$ clear$ rigorous$ interdisciplinar%$ and grounded in a cross0
cultural surve% of scientific research and te8ts from humanit%?s age0old wisdom traditions.
Cecause his model is so comprehensive$ it provides an e8cellent overall framewor4 for defining
collective consciousness and s%nthesi7ing the relevant research. t helps us avoid conceptual
confusion and the narrow lacuna and unwarranted absolutism$ in which single0discipline theor%
and research often get trapped. C% stripping metaph%sical concepts that are culturall%
conditioned from the transpersonal stages of development$ his model allows us to stud%
collective consciousness scientificall%.
Wilber portra%s his integral model via a comprehensive ps%chosociograph of individual and
collective development. Ke draws upon theor% and research from the wisdom and scientific
pra8es and proposes correlations between levels of consciousness and t%pes of development.
!<

The vertical a8is of his graphic model represents the overall level of consciousness for an
individual or a collective )!: levels are suggested+. The hori7ontal a8is displa%s !# t%pes of
development$ which include cognitive ),iaget$ Aurobindo+$ self0senseJidentit% )Goevinger$
Coo409reuter+$ moral )Eohlberg+$ needs )*aslow+$ values )9raves$ Spiral 3%namics+ and
interpersonal )9ardner+ development.
To la% some groundwor4 for m% later discussion of collective consciousness$ let me give a brief
e8ample of individual development$ ta4en from an essa% wrote.
!&
At a certain point in their
lives$ individuals ma% begin a series of transpersonal stages of development$ wherein their
'sense of identit% or self e8tends be%ond the individualMto encompass wider aspects of
human4ind.(
!6
Wilber labels the first of these levels 'higher mind )vision0logic+($ on the
cognitive developmental line. Kere individuals 00 having transcended$ %et incorporated$ their
previous identities )e.g.$ ego0$ famil%0$ membership0group0$ ethnic0$ and nation0centric+ 00 now
consciousl% choose a world0centric identit%$ 'not Dust with all humans$ but with nature.(
!"
The%
go be%ond mutual recognition$ the 'free e8change ofMactuali7ed self0esteem needs(
#:
to mutual
identit%$
#!
whereb% individuals now recogni7e themselves in each other$ 'be%ond the illusions of
separation and dualit%.(
##
ndividuals begin to ma4e organi7ational decisions$ for e8ample$ from
the perspective of a common good$ that transcends$ %et embraces$ the boundaries of ego$ famil%$
tribe$ cit% and nation.
*oreover$ whereas individuals on the previous level add up the diverse perspectives in a
collective$ in order to arrive at integration$ individuals wor4ing at the vision0logic level 'directl%
see the integral NthroughO intuition.(
#;
The development of this intuitive abilit% ma% pla% a
crucial role in the development of collective consciousness. .esearch indicates that members of
a group ma% be able to directl% apprehend the une8pressed thoughts and feelings of each other$
and perhaps the intelligence of Spirit. f this is so$ teams can engage in a relativel% fast$
nonverbal interpla% between their hearts and minds. n m% e8perience$ teams and organi7ations
can access a level of wisdom that surpasses$ %et incorporates$ the individual perspectives of their
members.
n terms of collective consciousness$ the developmental and spiritual literature describes an
evolutionar% progression$ leading to ever widening circles of identification and careA from a
particular group )marriage$ famil%$ organi7ation$ etc.+$ to a communit% )geographic$ interest
group$ etc.+$ to a societ% or culture )national$ ethnic$ tribal$ etc.+$ to all sentient beings$ to 2ature
)ecological consciousness+$ to the globe )global consciousness+$ to the cosmos )cosmic
consciousness+$
#=
and to the Eosmos )Eosmic consciousness+.
#1
The wisdom traditions assert
that$ ultimatel%$ an individual 'reali7es a Self0identit% with Spirit.(
#<

A Wor4ing 3efinition of Collective Consciousness
The circular ripples that radiate out from a pebble thrown into a pond can metaphoricall%
represent our sense of ever widening identit%. n Wilber?s !:0level model of consciousness$
transpersonal development spans levels si8 through nine. believe collective consciousness
begins to emerge at level si8. define it asA
* mode of aareness$ in hich e directl! e(perience$ through an intuitive felt0sense$ our union
ith the interconnected holeness of life$ and recogni1e ourselves in others) -ur identit! e(tends
&e!ond our individual &oundar! and em&races the collective$ through a free and conscious act
of identification$ rather than through definition &! convention or e(ternal authorit!)
Once this awareness develops$ individuals / because the% now perceive themselves as mutuall%
interdependent parts of a larger whole 00 develop an authentic$ abiding and primar% concern and
care for common good and for the well being$ health and productive functioning of the
communities to which the% belong )including organi7ations and$ eventuall%$ the global
communit%+.
2ote that am spea4ing about a mode of awareness that ma% e8ist in an individual$ not a
collective. The phrase$ 'group mind($ that is sometimes used to refer to collective consciousness$
gives the impression that a new mind and$ therefore$ consciousness emerges as a collective
entit%$ a position that is speculative at present.
#&
am therefore simpl% holding for now that the
reported e8perience of connection$ of communion$ and of direct apprehension of the thoughts
and feelings of others is due to some form of invisible interaction between the members of a
group. The research cited below will outline some possible e8planations for the nature of that
interaction.
2ote also that am not using the term coined b% Carl 5ung$ the 'collective unconscious($ which
he used to describe the phenomena of universal$ archet%pal and m%thological images and
s%mbols which appear across cultures.
#6
Although collective consciousness involves ever
widening circles of identit%$ and therefore an awareness of the man% essential and universal wa%s
in which we are profoundl% connected to other humans and to all manifestations of life$ building
collective consciousness and wisdom is primaril% a conscious act / one that e8plicitl% nurtures
diversit% as the 4e% to reaching true wisdom.
#"

3eveloping A Theor%$ A *odel and Testable K%potheses
To m% 4nowledge$ no one has %et developed a theor%$ a model or testable h%potheses regarding
collective consciousness. One productive wa% to do so would be to use a @ualitative research
method$ such as grounded theor%$
;:
to interview individuals who believe the% have e8perienced
collective consciousness. Such a research method allows a theor% and h%potheses to emerge
from the perspectives and e8perience of those who possess 4nowledge of the proposed
phenomenon. n other words$ the data of people?s e8perience shapes the theor%$ rather than it
being imposed upon data.
t is common for scientists to first e8perience or observe a phenomenon$ to notice and stud%
correlations between apparentl% relevant variables$ to speculate about and to investigate possible
cause0and0effect relationships$ and to search for and postulate e8planator% mechanisms. The first
two activities ma% ta4e place before scientists formulate a theor% or model. To m% 4nowledge$
this is the situation toda% regarding collective consciousness. On this website$
;!
in m% own
writing$
;#
and in the wor4 of others$
;;
the @ualities or dimensions of collective wisdom$ the
correlations among variables$ and potential cause0and0effect relationships have been postulated.
-ssentiall% the% includeA
P Lualities of the felt e8perience of collective consciousness$ including resonanceB communionB
sense of communit%B interconnectednessB mutual understanding$ respect and supportB concern for
the welfare of each other$ others and the common goodB precognition of each other?s thoughts$
words andJor actionsB loveB intuitionB openness and receptivit%B s%nerg%B coordinationB being
heard and seen full%B shared$ correlated$ or unified consciousnessB and sense of a group fieldB
P -ffects that ma% be correlated with$ and possibl% caused b%$ collective consciousness$ andJor
focused group attention or intention$ including increased personal$ group and social creativit%$
collaboration$ conflict resolution$ wisdom$ health$ mental health$ and effectivenessB and
improved decision0ma4ing.
P Conditions that ma% support the emergence of collective consciousness and its presumed
benefits$ including creating a sense of sacred space and time$ good listening and communication$
openness$ receptivit%$ trust$ emotional bonds )warmth$ love$ care$ etc.+ between participants$
intuition$ tolerance$ respect$ inclusiveness$ clarif%ing purpose and intent$ meditative and
contemplative practice$ and development of higher levels of consciousness.
Collective consciousness is a ver% comple8 phenomenon. There are man% aspects and
dimensions$ which might be e8amined. For e8ample$ one might focus upon the @ualities of the
felt$ inner e8perience of collective consciousness. Or one might focus upon the observable$
e8terior manifestations and effects of collective consciousness$ the behaviors of group members
that e8press concern for the productive functioning of the collective. ) and 5ulie 9lover have
considered some of these dimensions in another seed paper on this website$
;=
such as the
distinction between the felt inner sense of communion with others and the e8terior processes and
interactions which contribute to building and sustaining communit%.+
Our model should reflect the comple8it% and wholeness of individual and collective
development. The number of interactive variables will therefore ma4e research challenging. On
the other hand$ well designed$ cross0cultural$ longitudinal$ hermeneutic and structural research
;1

would honor$ rather than reduce$ the comple8it% of human development$ would enable us to
stud% the relationship between individual and collective development$ and would provide a
profound understanding of the nature of collective consciousness.
n the following sections$ will describe theor% and research that ma% be relevant$ in order to
build an ade@uate model of collective consciousness and to e8amine collective consciousness
scientificall%.
The Felt0Sense of Collective ConsciousnessA Tele0,rehension
The e(tended mind is a scientific h!pothesis that leads to testa&le predictions) It is alread!
supported &! a large &od! of evidence$ &oth from people2s spontaneous e(periences and from
controlled e(periments)
,3
/ .upert Sheldra4e
When as4ed in interviews to describe the features of collective consciousness$ a common
response concerns the felt0sense of e8trasensor% perception or communication$ of being able to
anticipate another?s words or behavior$ of reading another?s mind$
;&
of seeing through another?s
e%es$ of feeling another?s feelings$ and of a harmonic resonance of heart and mind.
;6

Conse@uentl%$ people spea4 about a sense of deep connection. This ma% be due to telepath%$ the
e8change of information between two or more minds without using ordinar% senses.
Wilber finds the evidence for psi to be 'ver% compelling($ as do a number of researchers.
;"

Sheldra4e has noted that much psi research has been 'scientific$ open0minded$ and
e8perimental$(
=:
with research protocols that have t%picall% been more rigorous than those used
in mainstream research$ even in the hard sciences and with results that often e8ceed chance b%
huge margins.
Wilber calls this abilit% to feel another?s feelings or 4now another?s thoughts in an immediate
and direct wa% 'tele0prehension(.
=!
Ke identifies three wa%s in which tele0prehension ma%
occurA
=#

!. ,s%chic or psi phenomena. A 4e% e8ample is telepath%$ or prehension )feeling$ perception or
awareness+ at a distance.
#. A transcendent Self )Spirit+. Wilber believes 'the same nondual and nonlocal SubDect inhabits
all subDects$ such that an instantaneous intersubDectivit% from within connects holons
=;
prior to
an% NcommunicativeO e8change.(
==

;. Karmonic empath% or resonance. n e8terior resonance or vibration$ a note struc4 on one
string instrument$ e.g.$ causes the same string on another nearb% string instrument to vibrate.
Karmonic empath% is the 'interior e@uivalent between two sentient beingsA a t%pe of felt
resonance or mutual prehension / an immediate$ nonrefle8ive$ intersubDective presence or
resonance with another holon at a similar level of depth.(
=<

The second proposed source of tele0prehension brings us bac4 to the limits of traditional science$
as discussed above$ and to the importance of meditative practice and direct awareness$ in terms
of developing a true and full understanding of collective consciousness.
=&
Of course$ traditional
science can be used to stud% the first and third phenomena$ since the% ma% be e8terior
manifestations of the second.
.alph Waldo -merson seems to have described the e8perience of collective consciousness$ even
though he did not use that term. Ke attributed his e8perience to the presence of the divine$
similar to Wilber?s second e8planation of tele0prehension. -merson described his discover% of
'an identical NcommonO nature appearing through all($ which
is 4od) *nd so$ in groups here de&ate is earnest$ and especiall! on high 5uestions$ the
compan! &ecomes aare that the thought rises to an e5ual level in all &osoms$ that all have a
spiritual propert! in hat as said$ as ell as the sa!er) The! all &ecome iser than the! ere)
It arches over them like a temple$ this unit! of thought6) *ll are conscious of attaining to a
higher self0possession) It shines for all)
78

-merson referred to 9od as the Over0soul$ 'that common heart of which all sincere conversation
is the worship.(
="
Similarl%$ Friedrich Kolderlin said$ 'MWe calml% smiled$ sensed our own 9od
amidst intimate conversation$ in one song of our souls.(
1:

The potential trap is that groups ma% become caught up in e8trasensor% phenomena per se$ or to
become primaril% focused upon re0creating$ over and over$ a wonderful feeling of connection /
rather than developing and using the e8panded capacities of collective consciousness for the sa4e
of serving the common good. f collective consciousness indeed involves the direct and intuitive
sensing of tele0prehension$ the implications for mutual understanding$ empath%$ compassion$
mutual support$ effective decision0ma4ing$ creativit%$ conflict resolution and collaboration are
profound. For these reasons$ the research on tele0prehension is important to consider. We ma% be
able to identif% the 4e% factors or variables that would enable groups to derive the above benefits
for the sa4e of their communities$ organi7ations and societies.
Sheldra4e has suggested a number of simple e8periments that ordinar% fol4s can conduct$ to help
scientificall% e8plore and document tele0prehension$ which he calls 'the seventh sense( )a term
designed to distinguish it from the 'si8th sense($ a term biologists have alread% applied to the
electrical and magnetic senses of animals+.
1!
Ke believes that these phenomena are e8plicable.
.ather than suggest research @uestions for this segment of the seed paper$ refer %ou to
Sheldra4e.
1#
will outline some @uestions in the sections below$ regarding subtle energies$ fields
and psi phenomena.
The .ole of Subtle -nergies
Cased upon contemporar% research regarding brain functioning and neuroph%siolog%$ Wilber
considers matter )mass+ and energ% / or matter0energ% / to be two of the e8terior$ ph%sical
forms
1;
of consciousness )prehension+. As life evolves$ the states or forms of matter0energ%
reflect each level of consciousness and become more comple8. Wilber views matter0energ% as
intra0ph%sicalA not be%ond matter )meta0ph%sical+$ but interior to it$ not above nature )super0
natural+$ but within it. According to this model$ matter0energ% e8ists at all levels of evolution.
1=

What a number of researchers refer to as subtle energ% )'prana(+$ therefore$ can be found at all
levels. Wilber distinguishes three t%pes of energ%A gross$ subtle
11
and causal$ each corresponding
to certain states and stages of consciousness.
Wilber proposes four h%potheses$ which he believes will clear up much of the conceptual
confusion and culturall% conditioned thin4ing regarding subtle energies$ in both the wisdom
traditions and scienceA
!. ncreasing evolution brings increasing comple8it% of gross e8terior form.
#. ncreasing comple8it% of form is correlated with increasing interior consciousness.
;. ncreasing comple8it% of gross form is correlated with increasing subtlet% of e8terior energies
)energ% patterns or fields+.
1<

=. Comple8it% of gross form is necessar% for the e8pression or manifestation Nnot the e8istenceO
of higher consciousness and subtler energ%.
1&

Wilber believes that the 'real test case of an% theor% of subtle energies is whether it can
ade@uatel% e8plicate the cha4ras.(
16
will discuss this issue in the ',ractice$ 3evelopment and
Character( section$ below.
.esearchers have been attempting to understand the nature of the subtle energies )such as
electromagnetic fields or photon emissions+
1"
harnessed b% non0conventional healers. The
e8planator% mechanism for this t%pe of healing is still unclear.
Field -ffects
-ut &e!ond ideas of rongdoing and rightdoing
There is a field)
I2ll meet !ou there)
When the soul lies don in that grass$
The orld is too full to talk a&out)
Ideas$ language$ even the phrase each other
/oesn2t make an! sense)
0 5elaluddin .umi
A number of researchers have argued that individuals and groups can influence each other
outside of modalities of communication that use the five senses$ through some form of field
effect.
<:
This is not a wild or unfounded suggestionA magnetic$ electrical and gravitational fields
are all 'invisible$ %et capable of bringing about effects at a distance.(
<!
n biolog%$ the concept of
morphogenetic fields$ underl%ing the form of a growing organism$ is widel% accepted$ %et
scientists don?t '%et 4now what these fields are or how the% wor4.(
<#
Successful sports0team
members refer to a 'si8th sense($ empath%$ and an abilit% to 'anticipate the moves of the other(
<;
B or to a 'clic4 of communalit%$( an almost audible shift whereb% sports participants 'react as
aMunit$ rather than as an aggregate of individuals.(
<=
n m% consulting e8perience$ have found
that$ if the members of a group or team have established a sense of trust$ a warm emotional
connection$ and an inspiring$ shared purpose$ the% can perform tas4s fluidl%$ efficientl% and in a
highl% coordinated state$ with minimal verbal communication or visual contact.
<1

Under his h%pothesis of formative causation$ .upert Sheldra4e has postulated that
morphogenetic fields are part of a larger famil% of fields called morphic fields.
<<
*orphogenetic
fields are a new 4ind of field$ unrecogni7ed so far b% ph%sics$ and are 'not Dust a wa% of tal4ing
about standard mechanistic processes.(
<&
The% evolve$ have a histor%$ contain an inherent
memor%$ are created b% morphic resonance )a nonlocal influence of li4e upon li4e$ a transfer of
information or an activit% pattern$ across space and time.+ The% are regions of influence$ located
in and around the self0organi7ing s%stems that the% organi7e into 'spatiotemporal patterns of
vibrator% or rh%thmic activit%.(
<6
The% wor4 probabilisticall%$ imparting characteristic properties$
wholeness and order upon the 'inherent indeterminism of their s%stems( and ma4e them 'more
than the sum of its parts.(
<"

Sheldra4e suggests that attention creates perceptual fields$ which connect us to what we loo4 atB
that mental fields ma% help e8plain tele0prehension and the e8perience we have of 'e8tended
mind(B and that a social field 'organi7es and coordinates the behavior of individuals within a
social group$ for e8ample$ the wa% individual birds fl% within a floc4.(
&:

Sheldra4e has suggested that morphic resonance )'resonant connections(+ might enable us to
perceive each other?s images$ thoughts$ impressions$ or feelings$ even if thousands of miles
apart. Such a phenomenon 'ma% be similar to$ if not identical withMtelepath%.(
&!

Sheldra4e and his colleagues have conducted a number of e8periments$ which so far seem to
indicate that his h%pothesis is valid.
&#

Sheldra4e believes that attention and intention are the means b% which our minds reach out and
connect with other members of social groups.
&;
n fact$ the research that describe in this paper
generall% e8amines the role of attention and intention in creating or utili7ing mental fields to
tele0prehend.
Sheldra4e?s wor4 is congruent with Wilber?s model and his h%pothesis ; )above+$ according to
which the subtlet% of fields increases as material bodies )or morphic forms+ become more
comple8 and the degree of consciousness grows. Wilber suggests the following schemaA
&=

!. '9ross energies surround their associated material bodies in ph%sical fields.(
&1
Corresponding
level of consciousnessA sensorimotor or material.
#. The etheric energ% field$ according to the wisdom traditions$ surrounds the ph%sical fields as a
more e8pansive sphere. Hital consciousness. '3reaming( state of consciousness ma% begin.
;. The astral )powerful emotional+ energ% field$ in addition to enveloping the two prior fields$
passes through the acupuncture meridians of living organisms. -motional0se8ual )emotional0
pranic+ consciousness. Subtle bod%0energ% begins.
=. ,s%chic )thought+ field ! is caused b% sustained mental activit%$ according to the wisdom
traditions. *ental level of consciousness.
1. ,s%chic or thought field #. Kigher mental consciousness.
<. The causal field emerged after development of the comple8 neocorte8. Overmental )nearl%
formless+ consciousness. Causal )ver% subtle+ bod%0energ%. Formless state of consciousness.
&. 2ondual. Supermental consciousness.
The more comple8 the form$ the greater number of energ% fields around it. Wilber believes that
these seven$ maDor levels of matter0energ% appro8imatel% correlate with the @ualities that the
wisdom traditions have associated with the seven cha4ras. Kis s%nthesis is e8tremel% valuable$ in
terms of simplif%ing what is often a bewildering arra% of seemingl% different terms used b%
researchers and the wisdom traditions.
To give a sense of how part of Wilber?s schema can be related to e8isting scientific 4nowledge$
the famil% of gross0energ%$ for e8ample$ contains genus gravitational$ electromagnetic$ strong
nuclear and wea4 nuclear energ% fields. The genus electromagnetic contains species cosmic ra%s$
gamma ra%s$ 80ra%s$ visible light$ infrared$ microwaves$ etc. The ta8onom% of his schema is
e8tremel% helpful$ in terms of framing research on subtle energies and the fields of collective
consciousness.
The local aspects of these energ% fields$ according to Wilber$ are the areas of highest densit% or
of greatest probabilit% of being detected. *an% can be detected ph%sicall% with certain
instruments
&<
and can be perceived b% highl% respected ps%chics and non0conventional healers.
&&

-ven the most basic t%pes of fields$ such as electromagnetic fields$ seem to be able to influence
obDects at a distance$ with no observable material traveling between them.
s There A Field Created b% '9roup *ind(?
mentioned earlier that theorists and researchers have sometimes speculated that collective
consciousness reflects the e8istence of 'group mind(. 5ust as we collo@uiall% sa%$ 'We are of one
mind$( is there a unified mind associated with an% coherent collective? As an individual has a
mind$ does a group have one$ too? At this point in time$ we don?t 4now.
From a theoretical perspective$ Wilber does not believe that the members of a collective are
'li4e( or 'are( an individual or an organism / viewpoints that are called the 'organic( model$ in
the former instance$ or the 'organismic( model$ in the latter case.
&6
An individual has a center of
prehension$ which controls and coordinates the parts.
&"
Cut in a collective$ members are not
parts$ or subholons$ completel% subservient to the control and direction of the group or a 'Super0
.( .ather$ the% are co0creative partners$ who choose to come together as an association or
networ4 because the% feel that their interiors )individual values$ intentionalit%$ etc.+ resonate
mutuall% and empatheticall%. The% then together fashion and agree upon a set of goals$ norms$
etc.$ through which the% can act in coordination.
6:
Wilber believes that man% proponents of
s%stem theor%$ eco0philosoph%$ the Web of Gife$
6!
and 9aia as a superorganism$ adopt either an
organic or organismic model$ which reduces the interior of the collective to an e8terior s%stem or
form and eliminates the freedom and rights of the members. n this sense$ Wilber argues that a
group mind does not e8ist.
Kowever$ Wilber does believe that the internal and defining aspects of a collective holon or
networ4 / the sum total of its interior intersections )shared$ cultural0pattern feeling0meanings+
and e8terior intersections )shared social0behavioral rules+ 00 are carried in the sum total of its
members$ including in a morphic field$ in )not as+ the group?s collective prehensions$ and in the
members? genetic inheritance. Ke calls this 'solidarit%(A
6#
the cultural bac4grounds$ the interior
culture$ and the intersubDective dimensions of the Eosmic habits of the collective holonB and the
interior feel correlated with the collective$ e8terior morphic energ% fields$ ecos%stems and social
s%stems.
6;

f we therefore do not see group mind as a conscious entit% that controls or dictates the thin4ing
and behavior of the members of a self0aware collective )in contrast to the control and e8treme
influence e8erted b% the leader of a cult or a mob+$ perhaps we can postulate the creation of a
group field that represents the conscious and reflective interaction$ consensus and shared
intentions of the members of a collective / the influence and power of which ma% wa8 or wane$
based upon a number of d%namic factors. This perspective fits m% e8perience of collective
wisdom. Although at times group members seem to simultaneousl% access the consciousness of
Spirit within them )Wilber?s second mechanism of tele0prehension$ above+$ at other times the%
seem to access / through their e8plicit and implicit interactions / the wisdom that arises from
considering and embracing the diversit% and wholeness of their individual perspectives. The
interpla% of their hearts and minds perhaps creates a group field. Some of the rare research on
group effects that will cite below suggests that groups ma% create fields that are more powerful
and influential than individual fields.
2onlocal Field -ffects
According to the Hedanta0HaDra%ana model presented briefl% above$ which Wilber has
incorporated with refinements into his model$ subtle matter0energ% )bod%mind+ can e8ist without
gross matter0energ% )bod%mind+$ and the causal bod%mind can e8ist without either.
6=
When %ou
dream during sleep$ or during some nonordinar% wa4ing states / such as out0of0the0bod%
e8periences )or Qastral travel?+ 00 %ou 'reside primaril% as a subtle bod%mind($ according to
Wilber. When %ou are in 'dreamless0formless sleep($ or in formless meditative states$ or have a
near0death e8perience$ %ou reside as a causal bod%mind.
61

f true$ this ma% e8plain how certain nonlocal field effects can occur$ since certain energ% fields
would no longer be tied to a particular form. For e8ample$ in the psi research that report in this
paper$ distance did not diminish the accurac% of results.
6<
Although more research is needed$ it
appears so far that electromagnetic field effects$ including those associated with the heart$ ma%
operate within relativel% circumscribed regions. Fields associated with consciousness$ especiall%
mental activit%$ do not appear to be bounded b% space or time.
Wilber believes that the above assertions are 'open to a fair amount of empirical and
phenomenological testing( of their validit%. The subtle energies$ in Wilber?s model$ are
'postulated as real$ concrete$ detectable$ often measurable.(
6&

.esearch .egarding 2onlocal -ffects
66

will now review the research regarding field effects.
nsect and Animal Coordination and 2onsensor% Communication. Sheldra4e considers animal
societies to be social morphic units$ which 'provides a wa% of understanding the coordination of
the behavior of individual organisms within the social unitA the colon%$ school$ floc4$ herd$ pac4$
group$ or pairR.
6"
For e8ample$ he and other researchers have concluded that the behavior of the
members of termite colonies are coordinated b% social fields$ which contain the blueprints for the
construction of the colon%$ and pass through ph%sical barriers.
":
-8periments have indicated that
neither sense0mediated communication$ nor an electrical field$ can li4el% e8plain how termites$
after the nest the% are building is cut in half and separated b% a steel plate$ can still go on to
create structures and tunnels that are perfectl% aligned.
"!
Conse@uentl%$ Sheldra4e has concluded
that in termite coloniesA
the individual insects are coordinated b% social fields$ which contain the blueprints for the
construction of the colon%M. To ma4e models without ta4ing such fields into account is rather
li4e tr%ing to e8plain the behavior of iron filings around a magnet NwhileO ignoring the field$ as if
the pattern somehow RemergedR from programs within the individual iron particles.
"#

The highl% respected biologist$ -dwin Wilson$ has similarl% argued that RThe total simulation of
construction of comple8 nests from a 4nowledge of the summed behaviors of the individual
NsocialO insects has not been accomplished and stands as a challenge to both biologists and
mathematicians.(
";

n the case of termite nests$ the wor4ers first ma4e columns$ then bend them toward each other at
some point and Doin them at a midpoint between the two columns. Termites are blind$ so the%
cannot ma4e this happen through visual alignment. .esearchers have concluded that the
coordination does not happen through movement bac4 and forth between the columns$ to get an
alignment through measurement$ nor does it seem that sound pla%s a part.
"=
And$ as Sheldra4e
points out$
Smell can hardl% account for the overall plan of the nest or the relationship of the individual
insects to it. The% seem to R4nowR what 4ind of structure is re@uiredB the% seem to be responding
to a 4ind of invisible plan. As Wilson phrased the @uestion$ RWho has the blueprint of the nest?R
suggest that this plan is embodied in the organi7ing field of the colon%. This field is not inside
the individual insectsB rather$ the% are inside the collective field. 5ust as a magnetic field can pass
through material structures$ so NmustO the colon% field. This abilit%...would enable the field to
organi7e separated groups of termites even in the absence of normal sensor% communication
between them.
"1

9unther Cec4er suggested that a Rbiofield$R an alternating low0energ% electric field produced b%
the termites themselves$ could account for the coordination. The effect fell off as the distance
between the groups was increased.
"<
Cut Sheldra4e$ in accordance with Wilber?s model$
concluded that Rsuch fields are unli4el% to be able to provide the blueprint for the termite nest.
Kow could a specific pattern be established in the electromagnetic field to begin with?R
"&

Sheldra4e suggests that a set of e8periments conducted b% -ugene *arais ma% indicate that
Ranother$ more m%sterious 4ind of field seems li4el% to be involved as well.R
"6

*arais separated termite mounds into two halves and inserted a steel plate$ which was a few feet
wider and higher than the termitar%$ into the breach of each mound$ thereb% preventing all
sensor% and electrical means of communication. 3espite this$ the termites still built a similar
arch on either side of the plate$ which were aligned.
""
Sheldra4e commentedA
The repair activit% seemed to be coordinated b% some overall organi7ing structure$ which *arais
attributed to the group soul$ and prefer to thin4 of as a morphic fieldM. Unli4e the field
investigated b% Cec4er$ it was not bloc4ed b% a metal plate$ and was therefore unli4el% to be
electrical in nature.
!::

Kowever$ it Rwould be difficult to prove that no sounds could have gone...around the barrier.R
!:!

So Sheldra4e has proposed a research protocol that would control for this and other variables.
Unfortunatel%$ no one has attempted to replicate *araisF e8periment.
Sheldra4e and others have demonstrated that psi capacities are widel% distributed in the animal
4ingdom.
!:#
n a series of e8periments$ he showed how certain pets sensed when their owners
decided to return home from wor4 or an e8cursion$ even when the% varied the time from da% to
da%.
!:;

Sheldra4e argues that humans have partl% lost or neglected the psi capacities that animals
demonstrate$ and that$ as Wilber claims$ the% are not paranormal or supernatural abilities.
!:=

Ciophoton -missions. Frit70Albert ,opp has detected 'biophoton emissions( from living
organisms. ,hotons are electromagnetic light waves with ver% high intensit%.
!:1
,opp discovered
in his e8periments that bacteria$ sunflowers$ fleas and fish 'suc4ed up( the light emitted b% other
living organisms in their environment. Ke concluded that this e8change of photons$ or wave
resonance$ was a form of communication$ even a means for living organisms to influence the
health of each other. This ma% especiall% be the case when healers use their hands in touch or
near0the0bod% healing.
!:<
From his stud% of illnesses$ ,opp h%pothesi7ed that illness results from
incoherence$ in the form of either too little or too much light. ',erfect coherence is an optimum
state Dust between chaos and order.( ,opp also believed that biophoton e8change might e8plain
'how schools of fish or floc4s of birds create perfect and instantaneous coordination.(
!:&

Stuart Kameroff also found that living tissue emits photons.
!:6
n addition$ he discovered that
microtubules inside cells
!:"
conduct photons. n collaboration with other researchers$
!!:
he
reali7ed that microtubules help create coherence of waves )'superradiance(+ in the bod%. This
allows photons to 'communicate with other photons throughout the bod%$ causing collective
cooperation of subatomic particles in microtubules throughout the brain.(
!!!
Superradiance ma%
account for the tendenc% of the brain toward --9 s%nchroni7ation$ and ma% provide another
basis for field effects between living organisms.
!!#
)See Correlated Consciousness$ below.+
Cardioelectromagnetic CommunicationA Keart To Crain. -merson once gave metaphoric
e8pression to something researchers are now beginning to measure.
The heart in thee is the heart of all9 not a valve$ not a all$ not an intersection is there an!here
in nature$ &ut one &lood rolls uninterruptedl! an endless circulation through all :humanit!;$ as
the ater of the glo&e is all one sea$ and$ trul! seen$ its tide is one) It is one light$ hich &eams
out of a thousand stars) It is one soul$ hich animates all people)
<<,

0 .alph Waldo -merson
A relativel% new arena of research is called energ% cardiolog%
!!=
or cardioelectromagnetic
communication.
!!1
The heart?s electrical field is measured with an electrocardiogram )-C9+. The
magnetic component of the heart?s field is 'not impeded b% tissues and can be measured several
feet awa% from the bod%.(
!!<
Under certain conditions$ the heart?s electromagnetic waves
s%nchroni7e with the brain waves )measured b% the electroencephalogram or --9+ of oneself or
other human and non0human animals.
!!&

For e8ample$ heart0focused attention is correlated with greater s%nchroni7ation of heart and
brain.
!!6
Sustained positive emotions$ such as appreciation$ love$ or compassion$ are associated
with highl% ordered or coherent patterns in the heart rh%thmsMand a shift in autonomic balance
toward increased paras%mpathetic activit%.
!!"
This 'ph%siological coherence( is the state of
'more ordered and harmonious interactions among the bod%?s s%stems.(
!#:
Cross0coherence
occurs when 'two or more of the bod%?s oscillator% s%stems$ such as respiration and heart
rh%thms$ become entrained and oscillate at the same fre@uenc%.(
!#!
When individuals were taught
how to use a positive0emotion refocusing techni@ue to generate appreciation$ cross0coherence
significantl% increased. t was e8pressed as a higher ratio of alpha rh%thms in the brain
)measured b% the --9+ that was s%nchroni7ed with the heartbeat )measured b% the -C9+.
!##

ncreased ph%siological coherence is correlated with a number of health and mental health
benefits.
!#;
n the converse$ e8perimental evidence suggests that certain prolonged negative
ps%chological states can facilitate the progression of cancer and increase ris4 for ph%sical illness
and earl% death.
!#=

As report elsewhere in this paper$ a number of studies have found that subtle energies used b%
healers are correlated with increased wound healing rates$
!#1
lowered pain$
!#<
increased
hemoglobin levels$
!#&
conformational changes of 32A and water structure$
!#6
and changes in
ps%chological states.
!#"
.ollin *cCrat% has argued that the effect of electromagnetic or
'energetic( communication ma% ultimatel% be found to be a mechanism in healing of this t%pe.
-ven though these benefits have to do with individual effects$ the research present below
suggests that perhaps people can influence each other?s ph%siological coherence and thereb%
help others improve their ph%sical and mental health.
When waves are s%nchroni7ed and overlapping$ their combined amplitude is greater than the
individual amplitudes. The information that the% carr% gets stronger and complete information
about the other wave is e8changed. Waves have an almost unlimited capacit% for storing
information.
!;:
This realit% ma% help e8plain not onl% the e8perience of deep 4nowing in tele0
prehension$ but also the healing effects generated b% healers who enter rapport with their clients
when conducting non0conventional methods.
Several researchers have studied entrainment$ or ph%siological s%nchroni7ation$ between people
during moments of empath%. n one e8periment at Keart*ath$ two participants faced each other
at a distance of five feet and practiced an emotion0restructuring e8ercise that has been shown to
produce sustained states of internal ph%siological coherence.
!;!
The alpha &rain waves of one subDect )measured via an --9+ became precisel% s%nchroni7ed
with the .0waves )pea4 of the waves reflected in an -C9+ carried b% the magnetic field from the
heart of the other subDect. 'These data show that it is possible for the magnetic signals radiated
b% the heart of one individual to influence the brain rh%thms of another at conversational
distancesM. The degree of coherence in the receiver?s heart rh%thms appears to determine
whether hisJher brain waves s%nchroni7e to the other person?s heart.(
!;#
Similar results have been
obtained b% other researchers
!;;
and in other e8periments conducted b% Keart*ath.
!;=
For
e8ample$ Ginda .usse4 and 9ar% Schwart7 found that people who more regularl% e8perience
positive emotions such as love and care are better receivers of others? magnetic0field signals.
!;1

Cased on the results of these and other e8periments$ the researchers at Keart*ath concludedA
The nervous s%stem acts as an antenna$ which is tuned to and responds to the magnetic fields
produced b% the hearts of other individuals. This cardioelectromagnetic communication is an
innate abilit% that heightens awareness and mediates important aspects of true empath% and
sensitivit% to others. t can be enhanced$ resulting in a much deeper level of non0verbal
communication$ understanding$ and connection between peopleM. NtO has the potential to
promote the healing process. From an electroph%siological perspective$ it appears that sensitivit%
to information contained in the fields generated b% others is related to the abilit% to be
emotionall% and ph%siologicall% coherent. 3uring coherence$ internal s%stems are more stable$
function more efficientl%$ and radiate electromagnetic fields containing a more coherent
structure.
!;<

Cesides this heart0to0brain communication$ the hearts of different individuals have been found to
influence each other )heart0to0heart communication+.
Cardioelectromagnetic CommunicationA Keart To Keart. Although the number of subDects is still
too small to reliabl% generali7e$ researchers at Keart*ath have found that the heart rates of
people who have a close living or wor4ing relationship$ and who generate feelings of
appreciation for each other while sitting four feet apart )and being blind to the data+$ can become
entrained. This entrainment apparentl% also occurs during sleep$ between couples that have been
in long0term$ stable and loving relationships. Their heart rh%thms can converge and can
simultaneousl% change in the same direction.
!;&
Another stud% found that the heart rates of
married couples$ who were s4illed at empathi7ing$ became s%nchroni7ed and trac4ed each other
during empathetic interactions.
!;6
3espite some methodological problems$ several studies have
suggested that entrainment ma% also occur during empathetic interactions between therapists and
clients.
!;"

These results regarding cardioelectromagnetic communication indicate the importance of
relationship0centered approaches to not onl% clinical and professional care$ but also to team and
organi7ational development. Cased upon training thousands of people to maintain coherence
during conversation$ Keart*ath researchers have concludedA
t is a common e8perience that the% become more attuned to other people and are able to detect
and understand the deeper meaning behind spo4en wordsM$ even when the other person ma% not
be clearM. ntuitive listening helps people to feel full% heard and promotes greater rapport and
empath% between people.
!=:

The proposed interpersonal communication mechanisms ma% in part e8plain the effects of
service and care that emphasi7e the relational aspects of human interaction in professional
settings. For e8ample$ see ,ar4er ,almer?s wor4 regarding 'teacher formation( and research
related to relationship0centered care ).CC+$ including the Fet7er?s nstitute?s program.
!=!

Correlated or Shared ConsciousnessA Crain0To0Crain Communication. 3espite the t%pical
methodological issues that need to be wor4ed out in an% new area of research$ a number of
e8periments
!=#
has indicated that tele0prehension of thoughts$ images$ emotions$ intuitions and
ph%sical sensations between persons is facilitated when people are bound b% close emotional ties
and empath% )e.g.$ 'bonded couples( or mono7%gotic twins+$ are in an altered state of
consciousness$ or meditate together$
!=;
although this effect occurs in other situations$ too.
!==
The
respective --9 brain wave patterns of pairs become highl% s%nchroni7ed or coherent. --9
alpha rh%thms or visuall% evo4ed potentials )measured b% a functional *. machine+ created in
one person can produce the same effects in another$ even when members of a pair are separated
in sound0attenuated or electromagneticall% shielded rooms.
!=1
n addition$ in several e8periments$
individual interhemispheric s%nchroni7ation occurred )a phenomena that happens during
meditation+ when paired participants tried to sense each other?s presence while in separate
rooms. *oreover$ the individual with the greatest s%nchroni7ation tended to influence the other
member of the pair.
!=<

-rvin Gas7lo has attributed this phenomenon to field effects.
!=&
Earl ,ribram has theori7ed that
our brain perceives obDects not primaril% through language or images$ but b% resonating or
getting in s%nch with them. 'To 4now the world is literall% to be on its wavelength.(
!=6

.emote Hiewing. A common statement from those who e8perience collective consciousness is
that the% feel as if the% can see through each other?s e%es. .esearch has indicated that this ma%$
in fact$ be true$ as one mode of tele0prehension. *%stics$ intuitives and ps%chic healers have all
spo4en of another 4ind of sight.
There is a communit% of the spirit.
5oin it$ and feel the delightM.
Close both e%es
To see with the other e%e.
0 5elaluddin .umi
A number of e8periments have tested remote viewing and found statisticall% significant results$
well be%ond chance levels.
!="
n a well0designed$ double0blind e8periment$ an independent
researcher prepares target sites. A target is then selected randoml%. One person$ the recipient$
proceeds to the designated site. Through focused attention$ a second participant$ the viewer$
describes the details of the site that the beacon is viewing. ndependent Dudges determine whether
the target was correctl% described andJor identified.
For e8ample$ 5ahn and 3unne conducted ;;< rigorous trials$ with =6 ordinar% recipients and
remote viewing distances ranging from five to <$::: miles. Almost #J;rds of the results
e8ceeded chance levels$ with odds against chance of one billion to one. As in other tele0
prehension e8periments$ those recipient0viewer pairs who had an emotional or ph%siological
bond obtained the best results.
!1:

A government panel$ including two 2obel laureates and other distinguished researchers chosen
for their s4eptic views$ reviewed #; %ears of e8perimental data. All agreed the research was
impeccable.
!1!
A second review b% a team that included 3r. .a% K%man$ a noted s4eptic$
concluded that the results far e8ceeded chance.
!1#

Kal ,utoff and .ussell Targ concluded that the most important success factor appeared to be a
'rela8ed$ even pla%ful$ atmosphere$ which avoided causing an8iet%.(
!1;
f viewers interpreted or
anal%7ed the scene$ the% would invariabl% guess wrong. -8pectation or imagining seemed to
have a similar effect.
!1=
The unconscious aspect of the mind and the right hemisphere of the brain
seemed to be in use
!11
/ indicating receptivit%$ rather than conscious control. *eta0anal%ses
indicate that results are more significant when the viewers are in altered states of
consciousness.
!1<
These variables match man% of the identified success factors in other forms of
tele0prehension$ and are similar to factors reported b% meditators and those in creative states.
Through e8periments involving screened rooms$ ,utoff$ 3unne and 5ahn concluded that
electromagnetic waves could not e8plain the remote viewing.
!1&
This supports the idea that
another t%pe of field$ perhaps created b% focused mental attention$ ma% be at wor4.
Another form of mental focus$ intention$ ma% create an even more powerful field. will describe
e8periments regarding the effects of intention upon other living s%stems in the following
sections.
2onlocal$ ntentional nfluence. A large number of studies have e8amined the abilit% of people
to influence other living beings in remote settings. n a series of e8periments$ for e8ample$
influencers changed the direction of 4nife fish$ got gerbils to run faster on activit% wheels$ and
slowed the rate of hemol%sis )bursting of cell walls+ in red blood cells.
!16
n !< remote staring
trials$ starees showed significantl% greater electrodermal activit% )-3A+ while being stared at
)1"I$ versus 1:I chance+$ indicating that the% had unconsciousl% felt the attention of the
starers.
!1"
These results have been replicated a number of times.
!<:
A meta0anal%sis reported a
significant effect si7e in e8periments where the receiver?s s4in conductance was targeted.
!<!

.emote intention has been shown to have a significant calming effect on a group of highl%
nervous people$
!<#
and to help participants focus their attention$ especiall% those whose attention
tended to wander.
!<;
n some cases during these studies$ telepath% occurred.
!<=
A number of these
findings have been replicated$ including intention?s effect upon healing.
!<1

A meta0anal%sis has shown that intention can affect a wide range of living organisms$ including
their healing. *oreover$ studies have demonstrated that a group can significantl% influence the
e%e or gross motor movements$ breathing and brain rh%thms of a different group. Although the
effects were small in scale$ ordinar% people$ who were tr%ing remote influence for the first time$
consistentl% produced them. The -3A studies succeeded =&I of the time
!<<
and the studies in
general had the intended effect ;&I of the time$ in contrast to an e8pected 1I chance success
rate.
!<&
3istance seemed irrelevant$ with effects e8tending even into outer space$ during a space
mission.
!<6
The greatest influence occurred when the subDects greatl% needed the intended effect$
which indicates that healing interactions ma% be particularl% effective. Finall%$ as with other
forms of tele0prehension$ strength of effect correlated with how much the influencer related to
the subDect$ increasing as the subDects changed from animals$ to human cells$ to other people.
This finding is consistent with Wilber?s assertion that humans share a greater number of fields
)and subtler fields+ with each other$ than the% share with animals$ for e8ample$ thereb%
increasing the means and strength of influence.
9an7feld )whole field+ e8periments eliminate sensor% input b% placing participants in
soundproof rooms$ covering their e%es$ etc. These e8periments$ including studies of telepath%$
have produced the strongest results$ with 6#I significantl% better than chance.
!<"
A meta0
anal%sis of all gan7feld e8periments showed odds against chance of ten billion to one.
!&:

After reviewing a number of studies involving telepath% and ps%cho4inesis )influencing obDects
at a distance+$ Craud identified the factors$ which ma4e remote influence more li4el%A
!. .ela8ation and alert receptivit% via meditation$ biofeedbac4$ etc. 9entle wishing$ rather than
intense willing or striving was most effective.
!&!

#. .educed activit% or sensor% input.
;. 3reaming or internal states or feelings that create connection.
=. .ight0brain functioning.
1. Celief in success.
<. Hiewing life as interconnected and believing that e8trasensor% communication is possible.
!&#

*editation involves man% of these factors. 3uring the highest state of meditation$ siddhis
)ps%chic events+ ma% occurA seeing ever%where at once$ unit% with the obDect of focus$ and
ps%cho4inesis.
!&;
The correlation with meditative states ma% help e8plain the effects of
meditation reported in a later section of this paper.
3istant Kealing ntention. *ore than 6:I of Americans believe that their 'thoughts can cause
healing for another person at a distance$(
!&=
as do &1I of famil% practitioners.
!&1
Two0thirds of
more than !1: controlled studies of distant healing intention )3K+ over the past =: %ears have
indicated that distance healing can result in statisticall% significant healing effects.
!&<
Of the more
than 1: of these e8periments$ that were rated to be of e8cellent methodological @ualit%$ &=I
%ielded statisticall% significant results.
!&&
*eta0anal%ses of these studies 'provide strong evidence
that 3K is related to predictable changes in a distant person?s ph%siological state.(
!&6

The 3K healer uses intention as the essential healing modalit%$ rather than conventional
chemical$ mechanical or energetic interventions$ which are avoided b% means of spatial$
temporal$ andJor sensor% shielding. Specific forms of treatment t%picall% include intercessor%
pra%er$ non0directed pra%er$ energ% healing$ shamanic healing$ non0contact therapeutic touch and
spiritual healing. *ost healers use a process of rela8ation$ enhanced concentration and
visuali7ation.
!&"
Comprehensive$ e8cellent surve%s of the literature$ including possible field
effects$ evaluations of the efficac% of distance healing$ and limitations have been conducted b%
Garr% 3osse%$ 3aniel Cenor$ *aril%n Schlit7$ William Craud$ -li7abeth Targ$ 3ean .adin and
others.
!6:

3espite impressive results with some fairl% well designed studies$ which used clearl% defined$
randomi7ed$ double0blind protocols$
!6!
-li7abeth Targ found that man% of the studies$ published
through !""=$ had failed to control for one or more variables other than subtle0energ% andJor
distance healing$ or the treatment and control groups had not been appropriatel% matched. So she
and Fred Sicher designed a double0blind e8periment$ using healers who utili7ed all t%pes of
healing techni@ues$ who believed that their healing efforts were going to wor4$ and who had had
%ears of successful e8perience in distance healing. Over !: wee4s$ for si8 da%s per wee4 and an
hour per da%$ each healer held an intention for the well being of a patient with end0stage A3S.
-ach healer treated a new client each wee4$ so that ever% healer treated ever% client$ in turn. This
ensured that overall healing$ rather than a particular techni@ue$ was studied. 3uring the si80
month trial$ =:I of the control group died. Cut the !: patients who received distance healing
survived and became healthier. A team of scientists concluded that the treatment had wor4ed.
Cut the control group was !: %ears older$ on average$ compared to the treatment group$ which
might have accounted for the deaths. So Targ and Sicher repeated the stud% with =: patients$
controlling for all factors$ including age and positive thin4ing )in each group$ 1:I guessed after
three months that the% were being pra%ed forB belief did not correlate with results+. The treatment
group$ over si8 months$ was healthier in ever% wa%A fewer hospitali7ations )three vs. !#+$
hospital da%s$ and new A3S0defining illnesses )two vs. !#+B significantl% lower disease severit%
and doctor visitsB significantl% improved moodB and$ overall$ significantl% better medical
outcomes on si8 of !! measures. Fift% statistical tests determined that no other variables
accounted for the results.
!6#

These results were confirmed b% a !#0month stud% of traditional forms of intercessor% pra%er
)mostl% Christian or non0denominational+ for cardiac patients. Teams of intercessors$ who were
not gifted healers$ but simpl% believed that 9od responds to pra%er$ pra%ed for one patient over
#6 da%s$ thin4ing the first name of the patient. ntercessors did not receive feedbac4 regarding
results. 2either the medical staff$ nor the patients$ was aware of the stud%. S%mptoms for the
pra%er group decreased b% !:I more than the control groupB and the% had fewer adverse medical
events$ shorter hospital sta%s$ and a number of other superior indicators. As in the TargJSicher
stud%$ not the pra%er method$ but$ rather$ holding a healing intention$ was what mattered.
!6;

n all the well designed studies Targ had reviewed$ it was this last factor that seemed commonA
effective distance healers used intention$ combined with a re@uest and surrender to a healing
force greater than themselves )'the spirit world$ a religious figure$ the collective consciousness$
light$ or love(
!6=
+. Ultimatel%$ healing influence ma% be drawing upon the life force and
consciousness of Spirit itself$ with us acting as the receptive and open vehicles for the ph%sical
manifestation of wholeness.
!61

.adin conducted a stud% of two groups that used 3K. The effect si7e for changes in
electrodermal activit% of the target was almost twice as large as previous meta0anal%tic estimates
involving individual attention. 'This suggests that groups ma% enhance 3K effects.(
!6<

Other studies of distance healing$ using group meditative practice and focusing upon social
effects$ are reported below.
Social and Cultural Kealing. Onl% two of the !1: studies covered b% the surve%s mentioned
above involved distance healing b% groups.
!6&
t is not possible to conclude from such a small
number of studies whether individual of group healing efforts are more successful.
!66
Cut the
research describe below ma% indicate that 5ung ma% have sensed the power of collective
healing$ a power which indigenous and -astern traditions have not forgottenA
-ur personal ps!cholog! is 'ust a thin skin$ a ripple on the ocean of collective ps!cholog!) The
poerful factor$ the factor hich changes our hole life$ hich changes the surface of our
knon orld$ hich makes histor!$ is collective ps!cholog!$ hich moves according to las
entirel! different from those of our :individual; consciousness)
0 Carl 5ung
!6"
9roups of Transcendental *editation )T*+ practitioners have had significant impact upon the
well being and ph%sical and mental health of surrounding geographic communities. *ainstream
scientists have tended to dismiss the T* research out of hand$ primaril% because of @uestions
about the T* organi7ation?s alleged 'promotion of the personal interests(
!":
of its founder$ the
*aharishi *ahesh >ogi$ or because of s4epticism that believers or practitioners could conduct
unbiased research$ or because T* researchers occasionall% claim that T* is more effective than
other techni@ues.
!"!
>et$ 1: ver% rigorous$ sociall% focused$ scientific studies$ which have
'controlled for alternative e8planations$(
!"#
have been conducted over more than ;: %ears. *an%
of the e8periments have been published in well respected$ peer0reviewed scientific Dournals. The
results have been impressive$ in terms of improved @ualit% of life and health and decreased crime
rate$ accidents$ war$ etc. cite some of these studies below.
The *aharishi originall% h%pothesi7ed that if !I of the population
!";
in a geographic area
practiced T*$ the coherent calm and stress reduction created b% the group?s meditation would$
via what he called the 'Unified Field($ lower conflict and other forms of social disruption in that
area. )f a group practiced the more advanced T*0Sidhi program$ he h%pothesi7ed that onl% the
s@uare root of !I of the population would be needed.+ According to his h%pothesis$ individual
stress increases collective stress on all levels of collective consciousness )famil%$ communit%$
cit%$ state$ national and world+$ and vice versa.
!"=
Cut a meditating group?s coherence / defined
as 'wor4ing together for mutual support$ achievement and fulfillment(
!"1
/ is more powerful than
the incoherence of the larger s%stem within which it is located. t can therefore bring order to the
whole. The incoherent members of the larger s%stem tend to move 'randoml%($ wor4ing against
each other and therefore canceling each other?s actions and efforts. This effect has been
compared to the laser$ where a 'relativel% few in0phase$ coherent photons stimulate the whole
s%stem to become coherent$(
!"<
or to the heart$ where the pacema4er cells / about !I of the total
cells / cause all the heart?s cells to beat rh%thmicall%.
A !""; stud% found that$ when =$::: people meditated together$ violent crime in Washington$
3.C.$ declined #;I over the course of the e8periment$ in contrast to its rising in the months
before and after. The results were shown not to be due to other variables$ such as weather$ the
police$ or anti0crime campaigns. The predicted effect had been posited with and independent
review board$ which had participated in the stud% design and monitored its conduct.
!"&
A similar
effect was shown in a stud% of #= U.S. cities$ in which !I of the urban population regularl%
practiced T*. A follow0up stud% demonstrated that the #= cities saw drops of ##I in crime and
6"I in the crime trend$ compared to increases of #I and 1;I$ respectivel%$ in the control
cities.
!"6

3uring a two0month period in !"6; in srael$ on da%s when a T*0Sidhi group e@ualing the
s@uare root of !I of the surrounding population meditated$ independentl% published data
showed that war0related deaths in Gebanon dropped &<I$ and conflict$ traffic fatalities$ fires and
crime decreased. n srael$ the national mood increased$ as measured b% a blinded content
anal%sis of the emotional tone of the lead$ front0page picture stor% in the 5erusalem ,ost$ and the
stoc4 mar4et increased. Other potential causal variables were controlled for.
!""
,redictions
regarding war0reduction in Gebanon and increased @ualit% of life in srael had been posited with
two independent proDect review board of scientists before the e8periments began. The stud% was
subse@uentl% repeated seven times$ with statisticall% significant effects.
#::
.esearch in five
conflict0ridden locations around the globe$
#:!
in the U.S.$
#:#
and worldwide )via T*0Sidhi
assemblies of &$::: practitioners$ e@ual to the s@uare root of !I of the world?s population in the
mid0!"6:s+ produced similar effects.
#:;

According to 3avid Orme05ohnson$ one of the regular researchers of T*$ the e8perience of
'transcendental consciousness( has been shown to result in increased individual coherence$ 'as
indicated b% improved health$ creativit%$ intelligence and social behavior$(
#:=
in more than <::
studies conducted b% #:: universities in ;: countries. Several studies regarding T* showed that
interhemispheric coordination and the number of areas in the corte8 perceiving information
increased.
#:1
These results are similar to those reported in the section on cardioelectromagnetic
communication )above+ and in the general literature on the ph%sical and mental health benefits of
meditation and contemplation.
#:<

The sociological studies cited in this section measure social health in a broad senseB and the
research on individual health benefits ma% be e8trapolated to the social arena. Other studies have
e8amined the effect of group T* practice on aggregate$ more t%pical measures of individual
ph%sical and mental health. For e8ample$ eight studies have shown that group T* meditation is
significantl% associated with improved ph%sical and mental health among others outside the TM
group.
#:&
After controlling for a number of factors$ meta0anal%ses of T* studies have found it to
be 'more effective than the clinicall% derived approaches that are modeled after it( in reducing
an8iet%$
#:6
improving ps%chological health$
#:"
and reducing tobacco$ alcohol and drug use.
#!:

*ore than 1:: studies have reported stress0reducing effects of T* practice$ thereb% presumabl%
benefiting ph%sical and mental health.
#!!
Several studies support the h%pothesis that T* practice
can reverse long0lasting effects of stress on neuroendocrine regulation.
#!#
A recent stud% ma%
provide 'empirical support for a postulated ps%cho0neuroendocrine mechanism that could
mediate the observed reductions in behavioral indicators of social stress(
#!;
reported in the
studies cited above.
*an% of the T* studies purport to show that group practice 'has a more beneficial effect than
individual practice.(
#!=
*oreover$ larger groups ma% have more significant effects than smaller
groups. For e8ample$ one e8periment e8amined the degree of serotonin turnover / a
neuroendocrine benefit lin4ed to reduced stress / and correlated it different0si7ed T* practice
groups. The results strongl% suggested that increasing group si7e 'increases serotonin turnover$
not onl% in group members$ but also in individuals completel% outside the group.(
#!1

The -ffect of ,s%chosocial Support and Communit% Upon ,h%sical and *ental Kealth. A good
deal of research indicates that relationships and involvement in strong communit% or social
networ4s$ including ps%chosocial support groups$
#!<
are important predictors of ph%sical and
mental health$ of recover% from disease$ and of length of life.
#!&
For e8ample$ in one stud% a
small town of immigrants had a strong sense of communit%$ which spanned class and economic
lines. n spite of man% high0ris4 health factors$ the townspeople had a heart0attac4 rate less than
1:I of nearb% towns.
#!6
Cut a generation later$ when the sense of communit% had dissolved$ the
heart0attac4 rate matched the rate of the neighboring towns. Studies of cardiac patients have
demonstrated that 'isolation / from oneself$ one?s communit%$ and one?s spiritualit% / rather
than ph%sical conditions$ is one of the greatest contributors to disease.
#!"
.esearch has suggested
that social connections and support ma% slow the progression of cancer and reduce mortalit% ris4
from it.
##:
,eople who live the longest are often not onl% those who believe in a higher spiritual
being$ but also those who have the strongest sense of belonging to a communit%.
##!

Although one might argue that the benefits of communit% and support networ4s arise through the
observable interactions between members$ the research presented in this paper suggests that we
influence each other in additional and perhaps more powerful wa%s. 3eveloping collective
consciousness is a wa% to wor4 more consciousl% and s4illfull% with the healing and creative
powers of communit%.
ndigenous traditions$ communall% oriented cultures$ and a number of -astern traditions still
recogni7e the primar% role of communit% in individual health$ and see a rupture in one?s
connection with the communit% as a 4e% factor in ph%sical$ emotional and mental disease.
###
n
mainstream U.S. culture$ we have unfortunatel% shredded a good deal of our sense of
communit%$ including that which once e8isted in the wor4place. 9iven the research presented in
this paper$ it is imperative that this destruction be reversed.
##;
f organi7ations and communities
hope to nourish the health$ well being and productive contributions of their members$ the% need
to build a sense of care$ mutual support and communit%.
Collective ntention and Attention$ Coherence and 9lobal Consciousness. 5ust as remote
attention and intention influence the harmonic order and coherence of living s%stems$ similar
effects have been found upon randomness generated b% machines. ndeed$ our influence upon
inanimate realit% ma% be as profound as our influence upon living s%stems$ as one m%stic notedA
*ll things in the orld have &een made in consideration of ever!thing else) Ever!thing in the
heavens$ on the earth$ and under the earth$ is penetrated ith connectedness$ ith relatedness)
0 Kildegard of Cingen$ Scivias
##=

A random number generator ).29+ or random event generator ).-9+ electronicall% issues the
numbers 'one( or '7ero( in random se@uences. We can test empiricall% whether individuals can
influence the output of these computers$ causing more 'ones( than '7eroes( to occur$ to a degree
that represents a statisticall% significantl% deviation from chance )a 1:I probabilit% of one of the
two events occurring+ or randomness. >ou might as4$ 'What does that have to do with collective
consciousness?( First$ it can show the abilit% of humans to create order or coherence in realit%$ a
phenomenon that underlies health$ learning$ creativit%$ meaning and culture. Second$ it ma%
demonstrate that focused collective attention and intention bring these benefits to large segments
of our world.
Over man% %ears$ Kelmut Schmidt tested gifted ps%chics$ while .obert 5ahn and Crenda 3unne$
of the ,rinceton Universit% -ngineering Anomalies .esearch ),-A.+ lab$ tested ordinar%
people. Coth sets of participants achieved .29 output that represented statisticall% significant
deviation from chance. Over a !#0%ear period$ in #.1 million trials$ 1#I of the trials and almost
<&I of the ,-A.?s "! participants influenced the .-9s in the intended direction$
##1
compared
to 1=I of Schmidt?s trials.
##<
*ore than #1I of the ,-A. e8periments involved distance
influence$ up to thousands of miles.
##&
Cecause of the nonlocal nature of these effects$ .oger
2elson began calling the e8periments 'field consciousness( studies.
.oger 2elson and 3ean .adin conducted a meta0anal%sis in !"6& of more than 6:: .-9
e8periments conducted b% <6 researchers. The intended results
##6
had been achieved 1!I of the
time. Similar results were found in a subse@uent meta0anal%sis covering e8periments over =!
%ears$ between !"1" and #:::.
##"
The odds of this outcome over such a large number of trials
)where results would be e8pected to return to chance levels+ are a trillion to one.
#;:

The ,-A. lab also conducted studies with pairs of people$ who 4new each other previousl%.
Together the% tried to influence a .-9. n =# e8perimental series with !1 pairs and #1<$1::
trails$ man% produced results that e8ceeded the effect of either person alone.
#;!
'Conded pairs( /
couples who were in a relationship / created a coherence effect almost si8 times as strong as
individuals.
#;#
5ahn and 3unne suggested that emotional closeness might create resonance
between individuals$ and result in stronger influence$ Dust as two waves that are in phase or s%nch
amplif% a signal.
#;;

When .-9s were ta4en to a variet% of group events$
#;=
the .-9 data seemed to become ordered
when activities were more intense or captivatingB when the% evo4ed concentration$ or were
emotionall% meaningful to participants 00 in other words$ when man% or all of the group?s
members became simultaneousl% more attentive and engaged in an event$ when their collective
consciousness became more coherent or focused$ or when the% were engaged b% similar$ intense
feelings or thoughts.
#;1
Although participants were unaware of moments when the .-9?s output
had become ordered$ in one stud% the% described a corresponding$ high0interest event segment as
a 'special$ shared moment.( One participant said that the 'change in the group?s energ% had been
almost palpable.(
#;<

The effects of group attention were three times greater than the earlier individual0intention
,-A. studies.
#;&
5ust li4e pairs and couples$ groups seemed to produce larger results. 2elson
discovered that$ when a group was meditating together$ the effects were si8 times as great.
#;6

n the mid0":s$ 3ean .adin began stud%ing high0interest points during mass0viewer events$ and
found similar$ significant influences upon .-9 output. For e8ample$ during the *arch !""1
Academ% Awards$ with an estimated viewership of one billion$ he operated two .-9s$ with one
in a nearb% room and one !# miles awa%. Ke and an assistant noted what the% considered high
interest and low interest segments during the ceremonies. A subse@uent comparison of these
events to the .-9 data showed that the highest interest periods correlated significantl% with
ordered .-9 output$ and that the odds against this happening were !::: to !. n the four hours
after the event$ both .-9s ver% soon returned to and maintained randomness.
#;"
.adin replicated
these results with other events$ such as the !""1 O.5. Simpson trial verdict$ the !""< Summer
Ol%mpics Opening Ceremonies$ and in smaller groups$ such as a personal growth wor4shop.
#=:

C% !""& these results had also been replicated b% researchers in !# studies. Kighl% significant
results were obtained$ with odds against chance of !:$::: to one.
#=!

Although 3ic4 Cierman has correctl% noted that$ 't is unclear if the driving factor behind these
apparent anomalous correlations is a shared emotion$ a shared attention$ or a specific state of
consciousness that ma% transcend ordinar% time and space constraints$(
#=#
the effect is
unmista4able. t will ta4e more e8perimentation$ together with measurement and control of other
variables$ in order to 4now how to interpret the underl%ing causal factors.
n !""6$ 2elson began calling the machines -99s$ or -lectro9aia9rams$ and decided to enlist
=: other scientists in setting up a global networ4 of devices. Kis goal was to test for something
li4e the 'noosphere($ Teilhard de Chardin?s term for a field of intelligence that he believed
surrounded the earth.
#=;
Through 2elson?s 9lobal Consciousness ,roDect
)httpAJJnoosphere.princeton.edu+$ researchers have been stud%ing the correlated effect that world
events have upon the random numbers generated b% the -99s. According to the ,roDect?s
h%pothesis$ a positive deviation from randomness is predicted.
#==
.esearchers so far have found that some events have been correlated with significant results )for
e8ample$ ,rincess 3iana?s death$ 2ew >ear?s celebrations$ and "J!!$ one of the most stri4ing
results
#=1
+. 2elson believes these events captivated public attention. 3uring all the public
ceremonies for 3iana$ the degree of coherence was !:: to one against chance.
#=<
Cased upon
various independent data anal%ses of results observed on "J!! from the -99s networ4$
performed b% 2elson$
#=&
.adin$
#=6
,eter Cancel$
#="
and .ichard Shoup$
#1:
together with a critical
anal%sis b% -dwin *a% and 5ames Spottiswoode$
#1!
2elson offered the following interpretation
of the strong deviations from randomness that with correlated with the maDor events of
September !!A
We do not have a theoretical understanding of the sort that must underlie robust interpretationsM
but would li4e to describe a speculationMthat the instruments have captured the reaction of a
global consciousnessM. Cased on evidence that individuals and groups manifest something we
can tentativel% call a consciousness field$ we h%pothesi7ed that there could be a global
consciousness capable of the same thingM. t would seem that the new$ integrated mind is Dust
beginning to be active$ pa%ing attention onl% to events that inspire strong coherence of attention
and feeling. ,erhaps the best image is an infant slowl% developing awareness$ but alread%
capable of strong emotionsM. The -99 networ4 reacted in a powerful and evocative wa%.
While there are certainl% sensible alternative e8planations$ this is not a mista4e or a misreading.
t can be interpreted as a clear$ if indirect$ confirmation of the h%pothesis that the -99s?
behavior is affected b% global events and our reactions to themM. The results from this scientific
stud% are an apparent manifestation of the ancient idea that we are all interconnected$ and that
what we thin4 and feel has an effect on others.
#1#

f 2elson?s speculations are borne out b% further research$ then humanit% has inherited a new
responsibilit%A to be conscious of the impact of our pooled thought and feeling. The following
studies highlight an important considerationA namel%$ that collective intention for advancing the
common good$ organi7ed through pra%er or meditation )especiall% its advanced forms+$ ma%
create a field effect that is opposite the one created b% largel% unconscious$ mass attention. n
other words$ collective intention that is grounded in love$ empath%$ compassion$ altruism$ etc.$
ma% create a healing field effect$ in contrast to mass attention that is focused primaril% b% fear$
threat$ danger$ mistrust$ horror$ anger$ etc.
Shortl% after "J!!$ T* practitioners gathered in owa for five da%s 'to meditate together to create
an influence of stabilit% and peace(
#1;
in the United States. Orme05ohnson predicted post facto
that strong coherence in the -99s output would have been produced on September #<$ #::!$ the
da% on which the highest number of meditators )!6:: individuals+ practiced. When 2elson
anal%7ed the data$ he found that its departure from e8pectation on that da% was 'stead% and
unusuall% strong$ leading to a final result that has a chance li4elihood of about one in !:::$ had
it been an a priori prediction$ instead of a non0formal e8ploration.(
#1=
)n science$ formal
e8periments are based upon predictions made before data collection begins.+ This result ma%
support the h%pothesis of T*?s founder that the e8perience of a unified field of consciousness
creates coherence in the environment.
Orme05ohnson also predicted post facto that the strongest coherence would be reflected during
periods of T*0Sidhi '%ogic fl%ing($ an advanced meditative techni@ue$ which involves a
'subDective e8perience of waves of bliss.( The concatenated result for the five da%s of group
practice$ during the time period of most powerful results )&A:: / &A;: p.m.+$ showed a fairl%
stead% trend$ but as a negative deviation from randomness$ the opposite direction predicted b%
2elson?s h%pothesis. Commenting on the results$ 2elson noted how this opposite0direction result
occurred during another focusing of collective intention for the common goodA
Although this Nthe T*0Sidhi anal%sisO is a non0formal e8ploration and is too little data to allow
robust interpretation$ such an effect corresponds to a reduction of the si7e of deviations from
e8pectation in the nominall% random data. t is worth noting that the Silent ,ra%er on September
!=$ #::! Nconducted simultaneousl% via man% organi7ed events in -urope and the eastern U.S.O
showed the same patternM$ steadil% opposite to the usual directionB but somehow it loo4s right /
s%mbolic of the moment?s contrast to the preceding da%sM. ,erhaps we should predict such an
effect from deepl% focused meditations.
#11
A recent stud%$ with -99s located in T* meditation halls$ found a ten0times more powerful
effect for %ogic fl%ing$ compared to regular T*.
#1<
As predicted ahead of time$ the effect was
again opposite the trend direction produced during and immediatel% after "J!!.
Although further stud%$ replication and careful interpretation of these results are necessar%$ the
data trend?s opposite direction raises an intriguing possibilit% regarding the positive effects that
collectives can have upon communities$ societies and our world$ when collective intention is
marshaled / and practiced 00 on behalf of the common good. As these and the earlier T*0related
data suggest$ perhaps we can mobili7e and harness large0scale$ constructive intention$ in order to
bring healing to dis0eased situations locall%$ regionall% and globall%.
The above results$ together with the relativel% larger effect si7es obtained in studies of bonded
couples and of groups$ suggest that 3K b% groups ma% be more efficacious$ relative to 3K b%
individuals$ after controlling for other variables. 9roup0based 3K certainl% deserves more
stud%.
#1&

Facilitated Gearning and Creative S%nchronicit%. Sheldra4e has conducted a number of
e8periments$ which seem to indicate that morphic resonance and field effects ma% facilitate
faster and easier learning b% individuals and groups who attempt to learn a s4ill or behavior after
an individual or group in the same species initiall% does so. .esearchers have investigated this
phenomenon in terms of language s4ills$ solving crossword pu77les$ birds pulling caps off mil4
bottles$ conditioned aversion among chic4s$
#16
and other forms of learning.
#1"
These e8periments
have replicated earlier research b% others.
#<:
n one e8periment$ the average time re@uired b%
participants to initiall% solve visual pu77les was recorded. The same pu77les were then shown to
several million television viewers$ for them to solve. Subse@uentl%$ a group of individuals$ who
had not watched the program or seen the pu77les$ solved the pu77les much faster than the
original group.
#<!

Gas7lo has used similar ideas to e8plain creative s%nchronicit% across cultures or individuals in
different locations$ who could not have been aware of each other?s wor4. Ke has studied
instances where the% appear to enter into field0mediated communication$ regardless of the
distance separating them. For e8ample$ 'the great brea4throughs of classical Kebrew$ 9ree4$
Chinese and ndian culture occurred almost at the same time N&1: to ;"" CCOMamong people
who were not li4el% to have been in actual communication.(
#<#
Gas7lo has suggested that some
creative acts ma% be
due to the elaboration of an idea or pattern in two or more minds in Ndirect$ but unconsciousO
interaction$ a process in which the results transcend the individual abilitiesM. ,erhaps Nwhen
individualsO with high levels of motivation and great powers of concentration focus on similar
tas4s$ the similarit% of the states of brain and mind allows some level of access to each other?s
cerebral processes.
#<;

A number of other researchers have noted this phenomenon.
#<=
Karold 9ardner has suggested
that it might be salutar% 'to view the field as the Qprime mover?( in such cases.
#<1

f learning and creativit% can be facilitated and distributed b% field effects$ perhaps healing can
also be / among the members of teams$ organi7ations$ local communities$ and even our global
communit%. The research described in this paper$ especiall% the T* research$ suggests that this
is a possibilit%.
Cautions and Considerations
When 3esigning and nterpreting the .esearch
When reviewing the research and considering the possibilities regarding collective
consciousness$ it is important to address several important issues.
.eductionism and Absolutism. The most common problems that have seen arise during
discussions of collective consciousness are reductionism and its converse$ absolutism.
Reductionism occurs when$ for e8ample$ an% one discipline or professional specialt% reduces or
collapses all the diverse aspects of a whole phenomenon to its own partial$ discipline0specific
perspective. We have stories and sa%ings in ordinar% life that e8presses the partialness of
reductionism. -8amples include the blind men who thin4 that the part of the elephant the%?re
touching / its truc4$ leg$ or tail 00 is the whole elephant$ unconnected to the other parts.
Similarl%$ we have a sa%ing$ 'f %ou?re a hammer$ ever%thing is a nail.(
The converse of reductionism is absolutism. n this case$ a discipline inflates its perspective$
claiming that its perspective can absolutel% e8plain ever% aspect of a phenomena. n the
preceding e8amples$ the elephant?s tail is seen as the whole elephant. The hammer is seen as the
tool that contains the solution to ever% problem.
n terms of collective consciousness$ systems theorists seem to fall @uite often into both traps
)although other disciplines at times do the same+. The e8ternal processes and s%stems of an%
collective become the sole focus. 'f we ta4e a group through these processes$ or structure an
organi7ation this wa%$ or teach these techni5ues$ then collective consciousness will be ensured$(
the thin4ing t%picall% goes. What gets sacrificed are the inner aspects of individual or collective
life$ issues li4e ps%chological or moral development$ meditative practice$ culture$ and so on.
A second maDor area of reductionism during discussions of collective consciousness centers
around @uantum ph%sics$ especiall% the @uantum vacuum and the Sero ,oint Field. Wilber
correctl% notes that the issue of where to locate the @uantum vacuum in the overall
consciousness0mass0energ% model 'has probabl% caused more theoretical trouble than an% other
single itemM. The result has been calamitous.(
#<<
Cecause this is such a common and
widespread error$ ?d li4e to spend a little time on it.
Cecause the @uantum wave potential is 'a vast source of creative energ% that gives rise to denser
material particles$( man% scientists have e@uated it with Spirit$ 9od$ the Tao$ Crahman$ etc.$ or
limitless consciousness itself. Kowever$ since subatomic particles emerge from the @uantum
potential and therefore are the material beginning of the evolutionar! chain$ e@uating the
@uantum potential with Spirit means that 'the higher the level of evolution$ the farther awa%
from 9od %ou getM. The @uantum potential is not actuall% a radicall% formless or nondual
domainM$ but rather is simpl% one aspect of a manifest realm that itself has @ualities and
@uantities$ and hence is not radicall% Un@ualifiable.(
#<&
n other words$ un@ualifiable nondual
Spirit is reduced to a material aspect of dualistic realit%.
An e8ample of this reductionism underpins G%nn *cTaggart?s boo4$ The Field.
#<6
The title refers
to the Sero ,oint Field )S,F+$ a field associated with 7ero0point energ%$ the 'ever0present energ%
in the emptiest state of space at the lowest possible energ%$ at temperatures of absolute 7ero$ out
of which no more energ% could be removedM. All elementar% particles interact with each
otherM$ causing random fluctuations of energ%.( These interactions$ 'when added across the
universe$ give rise to enormous energ%.(
#<"
The S,F implies that all matter in the universe is
'interconnected b% wavesM$ t%ing one part of the universe to ever% other part.(
#&:
This
description is fine. Cut *cTaggart?s e8planation of ever% single phenomena in life b% means of
the S,F is where problems begin to arise. Cefore give a few e8amples$ let me spea4 about
involution or creative manifestation.
The wisdom traditions are virtuall% unanimous that an involutionar! movement )or creative
manifestation+
#&!
preceded life?s evolutionar! movement$ proceeding from pure Spirit through
soul$ mind$ life )prana+ and insentient matter )the @uar4s and atoms of @uantum ph%sics+.
According to this cross0cultural view$ the @uantum potential is therefore not Spirit$ but Spirit0as0
prana. 'When the Schroedinger wave function Nin @uantum ph%sicsO collapses Na movement from
multiple potential states to a particular particle formO$ prana gives rise to matter. What the
@uantum mechanical formalisms are catching is a brief glimpse of / in a merel% third0person$
abstract$ mathematical form / the staggering power of etheric0astral energ%.(
#&#
Some @uantum
ph%sicists turn an event at the bottom of the involutionar% c%cle into its beginning. ,ut another
wa%$ the% conflate the beginning points of the involutionar% and evolutionar% c%cles.
*cTaggart falls into this conundrum. First$ she calls the S,F 'a repositor% of all fieldsMa field
of fields.(
#&;
For the reasons mentioned above$ this turns evolution on its head. *oreover$ rather
than seeing @uantum fields as one of man% t%pes of fields$ all reflecting various levels of
consciousness and comple8it%$ she reduces all of them to one.
Second$ *cTaggart ma4es a number of huge$ interpretive claims$ which she does not ade@uatel%
support$ in m% opinion. She refers to the S,F asA
a life force flowing through the universe / what has variousl% been called collective
consciousness or$ as theologians have termed it$ the Kol% Spirit. NThe scientists stud%ing the
S,FO provided a plausible e8planation of all those areas over the centuries NthatO man4ind has
had faith in$ but no solid evidence ofM$ from the effectiveness of alternative medicine and even
pra%er to life after death. The% offered us$ in a sense$ a science of religion.
#&=

have serious problems with these claims. Although one might be able to argue that some simple
form of collective consciousness / or$ more accuratel%$ prehension 00 e8ists at the subatomic
level$ would argue that collective consciousness full% and meaningfull% emerges onl% at later
stages of evolution$ when transpersonal consciousness begins to develop. Second$ as e8plained
above$ subatomic particles or their interactions are unli4el% to be able to contain the subtle
energies that ma%$ in fact$ help e8plain some of the phenomena described in this paper. Third$
*cTaggart has ta4en a Christian concept / Kol% Spirit / an aspect of the divine$ and has applied
it to the nondual$ which constitutes another reduction$ from a theological perspective. Finall%$
she assumes that science can e8plain all aspects of religion$ ignoring the limits of science in
terms of stud%ing realities that can onl% be accessed via gnosis$ as e8plain elsewhere in this
paper.
3avid Cohm?s dualistic formulation of the implicate and explicate orders also reflects this
problem.
#&1
Ke portra%ed the implicate order as @uantum and spiritual$ and the e8plicate order as
2ewtonian and material. Cut$ as Wilber points out$
#&<
the wisdom traditions hold that$ in the
energ% aspects of the involutionar! movement of the 9reat Chain of Ceing$ each holon is
implicate to )the creative source of+ its subholon$ whereas each subholon is e8plicate to )the
manifestation or e8pression of+ its holon. Gife?s creative process begins at the causal level$
eventuall% wor4ing its wa% to the @uantum level$ in successive implicate0e8plicate movements.
Cut if %ou a&soluti1e ph%sics / an all too common situation / the 9reat Chain is itself collapsed
into one movement$ and the nondual is e@uated with one pole of a dualistic formulation.
Cohm eventuall% reali7ed this dilemma. n an attempt to solve it$ he proposed a 'super0implicate
order(. Cut the problem of @ualif%ing the un@ualifiable remained. Ke then added a 'be%ond the
super0implicate( realm$ creating a four0level$ rough appro8imation of the chain of being. Cut
because his model was based on ph%sics$ he reduced the middle section of the chain$ which
includes the domains of biolog% )the 'life( level+ and ps%cholog% )the 'mind( level+$ to the
domain of ph%sics )the 'matter( level+.
The Two Truths 3octrine. Another problem$ according to Wilber$
#&&
with e@uating @uantum )or
string or s%mmetr%+ realities with nondual Spirit is highlighted b% the 'Two Truths 3octrine.(
Conventional or relative truths can be 4nown b% science$ but absolute or nondual truth can onl%
be 4nown b% gnosis )satori$ etc.+$ a direct apprehension through transformation of consciousness.
.elative truth addresses finite events$ about which %ou can ma4e true or false$ assertoric
statements$ and the conditions under which %our assertions are true. Cut when %ou attempt to
categori7e )organi7e into discrete$ defined parts+ nondual Spirit$ %ou enter the realm of
contradiction and ad a&surdum and ad infinitum regressions. For the philosopher0sage$
2agarDuna$ for e8ample$ the Ultimate is empt% )shun%a+ of @ualities and categori7ations. To
communicate one?s e8perience of the nondual via language$ one must resort to poetic metaphor$
such as the 'One(. C% contrast$ in @uantum ph%sics$ the vacuum potential is a model$ and one
can therefore communicate via dualistic$ assertoric language.
The tric4 is not to reduce all of realit%$ including the nondual$ to the @uantum level$ but rather to
see the @uantum level of realit% as isomorphic to other levels. n other words$ each level of
realit% will be implicate or e8plicate to other levels. -ach level will have certain uni@ue fields
that e8press its energ%$ but do not necessaril% e8press the energ% of other levels or other
phenomena. f we approach collective consciousness from a comprehensive$ integral framewor4$
we will avoid the traps of reductionism$ absolutism and$ at times$ inappropriate language.
Karmful Field -ffects. Occasionall% someone as4s me whether field effects can be harmful. The
simple answer is %es. n fact$ we all alread% live in the midst of a number of harmful$ unhealth%
fields. We ma% be in a destructive relationship$ or wor4 in a to8ic organi7ation with a narcissistic
leader$ or be part of a religious organi7ation that has cult0li4e characteristics$ or live in a
communit% characteri7ed b% high levels of conflict or crime.
Cut what about individuals or groups who consciousl% and maliciousl% harm others? This is a
ver% important @uestion. Garr% 3osse% has documented e8amples of the abilit% of malicious
thoughts to harm and cause disease.
#&6
>ou can ta4e steps to inoculate %ourself$ so to spea4.
Keart*ath$ for e8ample$ has found that people$ who are able to maintain their own ph%siological
coherence$ are 'more internall% stable and$ thus$ less vulnerable to being negativel% affected.(
#&"

This is one reason that stress development and practice so muchA the more %ou can discover
who %ou trul% are$ the more %ou can develop %our own internal compass$ and the more %ou
choose to live in a state of honest%$ acceptance and love$ the less %ou will be affected b%
negative$ e8ternal influences.
Some people$ such as the T* practitioners$ believe that the powers of influence one achieves are
commensurate with one?s level of consciousness$ and are otherwise unavailable. n addition$ as
one?s moral development and identification with others evolves$ one chooses to live more
responsibl% and for the sa4e of the common good. n such cases$ causing harm to others becomes
less and less li4el%. This is another reason stress development and practice. A growing bod% of
research seems to indicate that our thoughts and feelings$ individuall% and collectivel%$ affect
others / perhaps to a degree we have not imagined or understood. believe$ therefore$ that we
have a personal responsibilit% to develop our capacities$ strengthen our concern and care for the
common good$ and create healing field effects in our organi7ations and communities. do
believe that the T* practitioners are correct when the% sa% that coherent$ unified$ field
consciousness is much more powerful than t%picall% incoherent$ malicious intentions.
#6:

The cautions and considerations that have Dust outlined$ lead me to spea4 a bit about the crucial
importance of practice$ development and character for the building and sustaining of collective
consciousness and wisdom on behalf of the common good.
Collaborative Creativit%. Sheldra4e?s h%pothesis$ as e8plained above$ is that members of a social
holon / once present or past members of that holon have learned a behavior / can draw upon
morphic resonance$ their collective memor%$ to learn the habits and s4ills established b% their
predecessors. f true$ then members of a collective$ through their own learning and development$
can assist the learning of other members of the collective and of other similar collectives.
Kowever$ as Sheldra4e admits$ a maDor limitation of his h%pothesis is that it cannot e8plain how
novel or creative behavior occurs. The first field / such as the field of a new idea / 'comes into
being through a creative Dump. The source of this evolutionar% creativit% is un4nown. *a%be it is
a matter of chance. *a%be it is an e8pression of some inherent creativit% in mind and nature.(
#6!

As we all 4now from our e8perience$ the cumulative habits of teams$ organi7ations$ societies and
cultures can stifle change and innovation ver% effectivel%. *oreover$ memor% involves recall of
something that has alread% occurred. Although it ma% provide a helpful stepping0stone in the
creative process$ it refers to the past$ rather than the new. So$ how can collaborative creativit%
ta4e place?
have addressed this @uestion in depth elsewhere$
#6#
so will onl% ma4e a few comments here.
believe that the answers lie in the arena of human development. From the wisdom traditions$
from the social sciences$ and from our personal and professional practice and e8perience of
change and transformation$ we 4now that attitudes and beliefs can ma4e a big difference. For
e8ample$ how open and curious we are$ how willing we are to ta4e ris4s$ etc.$ together with the
behavioral choices we ma4e$ can determine how creative we are and how fast we learn.
Obviousl%$ m%ster% is still involved here$ as an% spiritual teacher$ educator$ consultant or
therapist will tell %ou. 2onetheless$ man% spiritual practices$ for e8ample$ are specificall%
designed to help practitioners become more and more open$ fle8ible and adaptive$ and to
embrace and recogni7e change as the true nature of realit%.
#6;
Harious developmental traditions
describe an evolution of consciousness$ which increasingl% ta4es practitioners awa% from
constantl% repeating patterns$ routines and habits$
#6=
while ta4ing them toward increasing
openness$ change$ e8perimentation$ and intuitive insight. This wa% of living can cut throw off the
crushing weight of unconscious habit.
ntuition ma% in fact hold the 4e% to creativit%. .esearch has indicated that tele0prehension and
creativit% ma% each call upon similar capacities and s4ills. n one e8periment$ for e8ample$
Charles Konorton and *aril%n Schlit7 found that artisticall% gifted people were more successful
at -S, than ordinar% individuals.
#61
*% e8perience with teams is that collaborative creativit%
arises after the group has engaged in an intuitive process. t appears that the diversit% of a group
re@uires that the members find an overarching or underl%ing$ broad and inclusive perspective$
one that incorporates the different viewpoints. n the intuitive sensing of this large and
encompassing perspective$ a novel insight about a problem or issue seems to arise.
n groups and collectives$ individual members can inspire each other to be more creative and
transformative b% the wa% the% live / a mar4er of true leadership. The more members of an%
collective who ma4e choices for openness$ freedom and creativit%$ the more the culture of the
collective will ta4e on those characteristics. The% begin to act li4e what chaos theor% refers to as
'chaotic attractors($ as more and more members of the group choose to enter harmonic
resonance with them )Wilber?s third form of tele0prehension$ as described earlier+. once wor4ed
for an organi7ation where such a strong transformative field had been built$ that visitors would
literall% sense it and remar4 upon it when the% wal4ed in the door. Unfortunatel%$ this is more
often the e8ception than the rule.
also believe that Spirit responds to an invitation$ especiall% a collective invitation$ to learning
and creativit%. Kere the involutionar% and evolutionar% movements of life meet and interact.
This$ believe$ is what Wilber is tal4ing about under the second form of tele0prehension
presented above.
The mportance of ,ractice$ 3evelopment and Character
There is a a!
=eteen voice and presence
Where information flos)
In disciplined silence it opens)
With andering talk it closes)
0 5elaluddin .umi
Wilber?s integral model of development is ver% important$ in terms of h%pothesi7ing and
stud%ing the relationships between development$ human capacities$ subtle energies and field
effects. According to the Hedanta and HaDra%ana traditions$ onl% when individuals have
consciousl% developed a particular level of consciousness can the% permanentl% reali7e$ access
and master the correlated states of consciousness and behaviors$ 'converting Qtemporar% states?
to Qpermanent traits?(.
#6<
.esearch has supported this view b% finding$ for e8ample$ that the
dreams of infants and children do not contain or e8press capacities associated with the higher
levels of consciousness$ such as formal operational thought$ postconventional images and
moralit%$ etc. Such contents onl% appear during earl% adulthood. Furthermore$ although an infant
e8hibits energ% fields associated with the families of gross$ subtle and causal )described earlier in
this paper+$ because it enters wa4ing$ dreaming and sleeping statesB
#6&
it does not possess the
species and subspecies energ% fields because it has not developed the correlated stages of
consciousness.
#66

To illuminate the difference between temporar% states and permanent traits$ we can e8amine
what happens when a crisis )such as a flood or earth@ua4e+ occurs in a communit%. n such
situations$ communit% members often respond in remar4able wa%sA the% demonstrate full
commitment to the common good$ wor4 tirelessl% on its behalf$ collaborate in e8traordinar%
wa%s$ and e8hibit great levels of compassion$ care$ altruism and effort. The% often describe the
e8perience of communion$ communit% and collaboration as a rare and singular pea4 e8perience.
Although this e8perience ma% result in an ongoing transformation for some$ most communit%
members and the communit% itself t%picall% return to ordinar% behavior within a relativel% short
period of time after the crisis subsides$ as old patterns and habits subsume the temporar% state of
collective consciousness.
Cut those who transform$ whether through a conversion e8perience or ongoing practice$ and then
reside in the transpersonal levels of consciousness$ seem to be able to e8press collective
consciousness regularl% and relativel% consistentl%. At some point$ the% e8perience what call
'the communion of the heart.( The% begin to evidence ongoing care for the common good and to
e8hibit consistentl% collaborative intention and s4ills$ no matter what situation the% are in$ no
matter what group$ organi7ation of communit% the% are involved with at an% particular time.
We now stand at a critical Duncture$ where we can begin to interface the modes of in@uir% and the
findings of the wisdom and scientific traditions. C% stripping most metaph%sical constructs from
the wisdom0tradition consciousness model in his recent wor4$
#6"
Wilber has opened more of the
model?s stages to scientific investigation. Scientists stud%ing human development have alread%
described at least !# maDor levels of consciousness$ which can be studied in at least #=
developmental lines. Furthermore$ in the online draft of his latest boo4$ Wilber has begun to
integrate these scientific findings and the various wisdom0tradition versions of the human cha4ra
s%stem into his integral model of development$ thereb% correlating them with the states and
stages of consciousness and their associated energ% fields.
#":
Wilber?s s%nthesis provides a
comprehensive framewor4 to stud% scientificall% the relationship between human development$
character$ collective consciousness$ and related$ sustainable capacities and s4ills. To reali7e the
individual and social benefits of developing collective consciousness and wisdom$ which have
been suggested b% the research described in this paper and b% applied disciplines such as
organi7ational and communit% development$ we need to learn how to develop these sustainable
collaborative capacities and s4ills.
would argue$ based upon m% e8perience wor4ing with groups and teams over the past ;; %ears
and upon m% stud% of the research$
#"!
that we will onl% be able to develop and utili7e our
collective wisdom through consistent practice$ self0honest% and courage. .esearch regarding the
means for developing collective consciousness is therefore crucial. will now describe some
promising and necessar% areas for stud%ing collective consciousness.
Future Gines of .esearch
As we have seen in this paper$ the scientific investigation of collective consciousness is Dust
beginning. Areas of fruitful research might includeA
What is uni@ue about collective consciousness? Kow does it differ$ if at all$ from
what occurs in high performance teams$ for e8ample? Kow does it differ from
mob or crowd ps%cholog%? Kow does it differ from group identities that are built
upon separation from others )e.g.$ a s4inhead group$ certain ethnic groups+?
Kow might we best define collective consciousness$ in a manner that is
parsimonious$ %et essential$ and that allows us to operationali7e our definition and
conduct good research?
What theor% best e8plains collective consciousness? What model best represents
it? What testable h%potheses can we formulate about it?
What can research on love$ altruism$ empath%$ compassion$ forgiveness$ etc.$ tell
us about the relationship$ if an%$ between those phenomena and collective
consciousness?
#"#

Kow is collective consciousness manifested or e8pressed on one or more of the
#=0plus lines of development?
#";
What is the relationship or correlation between
individual and collective development?
What can other cultures$ past or present$ teach us about collective consciousness
and wisdom? Are there cross0cultural aspects that tell us about the essential and
universal aspects of these phenomena?
What do various disciplines have to teach us about collective consciousness )e.g.$
intergroup relations$ diversit% and multicultural studies$ team building$
organi7ational development and fields$ transpersonal ps%cholog%$ collaborative
creativit%$ group ps%cholog%$ etc.+
#"=

What do the wisdom traditions$ including shamanic practice and e8perience$ tell
us about collective consciousness?
#"1

What have we learned or can learn about group dreaming$ including setting an
intention before sleep and using tele0prehension? What can other cultures tell us
about communal dreaming?
#"<

Kow can the research the social benefits of group T* meditative practice be
studied within other meditative and contemplative traditions? f the social benefits
of such practice are replicated$ how can we teach reflective practice in order to
advance the common good and collective health?
#"&
3o groups of subtle0energ% healers$ wor4ing together$ produce ph%sical and
mental health benefits that are faster andJor greater than those produced b% single
healers?
n all cases$ an interdisciplinar% focus would help address the comple8 nature of collective
consciousness and would help ensure that our research is integralB a cross0cultural focus would
help us determine what is universalB and a longitudinal focus would help us see to what degree
collective consciousness changes in tandem with developmental stages.
Summar% and Conclusion
The real vo!age of discover! consists not in seeking ne lands$ &ut in seeing ith ne e!es)
/ *arcel ,roust
Kumanit% is embar4ing on an e8citing Dourne%$ e8ploring wa%s to consciousl% use our collective
wisdom and power to benefit the common good. n some wa%s$ these communal methods have
been 4nown in the wisdom traditions for a long time. Cut$ in other wa%s$ we are approaching
them fresh. First$ we are e8ploring them scientificall%$ moving from an arena of metaph%sics and
belief$ to an arena of e8perimentation$ practice and methodologies that can be used to train man%
people. Second$ we are harnessing the true nature of healing and creativit%$ which involves
relationship0centered and collaborative approaches$ and coming into individual$ organi7ational
and societal wholeness$ both of which are inherentl% spiritual and sacred b% nature. These
approaches promise to restore communit% in mainstream U.S. culture$ especiall% in our
organi7ations. Third$ we are beginning to consciousl% learn how to wor4 with field effects$ and
to assume individual responsibilit% for our crucial contributions to the health and creativit% of
our relationships$ our organi7ations$ our communities and our culture.
>o&ert +enn!$ M=*$ is a Fet1er Institute Fello$ founder of ?eaderful Teams -rgani1ational
Consulting$ and co0founder of =luff House >etreats) For @< !ears he as a human resources
e(ecutive at the Federal >eserve =ank$ /eloitte Touche Tohmatsu$ Citicorp$ and a
comprehensive$ non0profit educational and health center in Ae Bork Cit!) He has pu&lished a
num&er of articles on collective isdom$ and is riting a &ook$ Change Bour ?ife$ Change Bour
Work: The Transformative .oer of >eflective .ractice and Inspired *ction) Bou can reach him
via email )

Endnotes
!
Eenn%$ .obert *. )!""#+. .eflections on group consciousness and s%nerg%. CS FO.U*$ ##
)#+$ ;0!!.
#
An e8tensive bod% of research has been conducted regarding the impact of collective
consciousness$ via the practice of transcendental meditation b% groups$ upon indicators of social
cohesion and health )e.g.$ homicides$ suicides$ traffic fatalities$ unemplo%ment$ conflict$ and
@ualit% of life+. Ce%ond what describe in this paper$ all the research is summari7ed at
www.mum.eduJtmTresearchJsummar%TtmTres.html.
;
Wilber uses the term 'Eosmos( in its original senseA 'the patterned nature or process of all
domains of e8istenceM$ not merel% the ph%sical universeM. NtO contains the cosmos
)ph%siosphere+$ the bios )biosphere+$ nous )noosphere+$ and theos )theosphere$ or divine
domain+.( Wilber$ Een )!""1$ p. ;6+. Se($ ecolog! and spiritualit!. Coston$ *AA Shambhala.
=
Wilber$ Een. )n press+. +osmic +arma CDol) @E NOnlineO. Coston$ *AA Shambhala. Available
draftA httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.
1
Eenn%$ .. *. )!"6&+. Elliott Fa5ues2 Stratified S!stems Theor!: * revie and criti5ue.
Unpublished master?s thesis$ 2ew >or4 Universit%$ Stern 9raduate School of Cusiness$ 2ew
>or4$ 2>.
Eenn%$ .. *. )!""#+. -p cit)
Eenn%$ ..*. )Facilitator+. )!"";$ August+. Team effectiveness$ group consciousness$ and
individual ps!chological development) nvited wor4shop presentation at the Celebration of
Communit% Conference$ co0sponsored b% the nstitute of 2oetic Sciences )O2S+$ Ol%mpia$
WA. Available audiotape.
Eenn%$ ..*. )Facilitator+. )!"";$ August+. /ecision0making tools: Ho to &uild consensus in
teams. nvited wor4shop presentation at the Celebration of Communit% Conference$ co0
sponsored b% the nstitute of 2oetic Sciences )O2S+$ Ol%mpia$ WA. Available audiotape.
Eenn%$ .. *. )!""=+. Communit%0building b% *. Scott ,ec4$ *.3.A A criti@ue. ICIS F->GM$
#= )!+$ ;&016.
Eenn%$ .. *. )Facilitator+. )!""=$ August+. .s!chological development and team &uilding.
nvited wor4shop presentation at the Annual Conference of the Association for Transpersonal
,s%cholog% )AT,+$ Asilomar$ CA. Available audiotape.
Eenn%$ .. *. )Spea4er+. )!""1$ August+. Maturation$ ps!chospiritual development$ and .eck2s
communit!0&uilding model: * criti5ue. Sidne% *. 5ourard 3ivision ;# )Kumanistic ,s%cholog%+
Award paper$ presented at the annual convention of the American ,s%chological Association
)A,A+$ Chicago$ G.
Eenn%$ .. *. )Spea4er+. )!""1$ September+. Communit!0&uilding and human development.
nvited presentation at the 2ew >or4 Conference on Social .esearch$ 2ew >or4$ 2>.
Eenn%$ ..*. )!""<+. Creative collaboration and human developmentA A case stud%. Unpublished
paper$ Sa%broo4 9raduate School and .esearch Center$ San Francisco$ CA.
Eenn%$ ..*. )Facilitator+. )!""<$ 2ovember+. Team creativit! and individual development.
nvited wor4shop presentation at the Common =oundar!2s !<th Annual Conference$
Washington$ 3.C. Available audiotape.
Eenn%$ ..*. )!""&$ August+. Creative colla&oration and human development: * case stud!.
nvited paper presentation at the Annual Convention of the American ,s%chological Association
)A,A+$ Chicago$ G.
Eenn%$ .. *. )!""6+. Creative colla&oration: The untapped resource of s!nerg!. Unpublished
doctoral candidac% essa%$ Sa%broo4 9raduate School and .esearch nstitute$ San Francisco$ CA.
Eenn%$ ..*. )Spea4er+. )!""6$ October+. =uilding health! and sustaina&le communities. nvited
presentation at the 2ew >or4 Open Center?s Conference on Sustainable Societies$ 2ew >or4$
2>. Available audiotape.
Eenn%$ ..*. )Spea4er+. )!"""$ 5une+. Collective relationships: The challenging$ !et golden$
road to spiritual development. nvited paper presentation at the semi0annual collo@uium of
Sa%broo4 9raduate School and .esearch Center$ San Francisco$ CA.
Eenn%$ .. *. )!"""$ Fall+. Spread leadershipU >esU * Fournal of .ositive Futures$ ;".
Eenn%$ ..*. )#:::$ 5anuar%+. 3eveloping leaderful groups. The Co0Intelligence Institute.
AvailableA www.co0intelligence.org or via email .
Eenn%$ .. *. )#:::$ Summer+. Creating communit%. Communities Maga1ine$ #;0#1.
Eenn%$ .. *.$ in collaboration with 9lover$ 5. .. )#::!+. Calling out our potential: /eveloping
collective isdom and team s!nerg!: With reflections on our collective future. Ealama7oo$ *A
The Fet7er nstitute. httpAJJwww.collectivewisdominitiative.orgJpapersJgloverTcallingout.htm.
Eenn%$ ..*. )#::!$ 5une Ne8cerptsO$ and #:::$ *a% Nfull interviewO+. The chalice of communit%A
An interview of .obert Eenn%. -nline Aoetic Aetork. Available transcriptA
www.wisdomtal4.org or via email .
Eenn%$ .. *. )#::#$ Summer+. 3eveloping collaborative$ creative and ethical leadership through
the use of reflective practice. Aesletter of the .acific Aorthest -rgani1ational /evelopment
Aetork$ <.
Eenn%$ .. *. )Facilitator+. )#::;$ September+. The transformative poer of collective practice$
isdom and inspired action in organi1ations and communities )Conference .ecording Services$
nc.$ Cassette .ecording 2o. :1!$ httpAJJwww.conferencerecording.comJneweventsJawa#;.htm$
1!:01#&0;<::+. nvited wor4shop presentation at the Annual Conference of the nstitute of
2oetic Sciences )O2S+$ presented in collaboration with the Association for 9lobal 2ew
Thought )A92T+$ ,alm Springs$ CA.
Eenn%$ .. *. )#::;$ October+. Inspiring creativit! and sustaina&ilit! through reflective practice.
Wor4shop presented at the annual conference of the Organi7ational 3evelopment 2etwor4
)O32+$ ,ortland$ O.. ,roceedings available at
httpAJJwww.odnetwor4.orgJconf#::;JproceedingsJinde8.html or via email .
Eenn%$ .. *. )Facilitator+. )#::=$ *arch+. =uilding Individual and -rgani1ational Creativit!$
Colla&oration$ Dision and ?eadership Through >eflective .ractice. nvited wor4shop
presentation at the monthl% meeting of the ,acific 2orthwest Organi7ational 3evelopment
2etwor4 ),2O32+. Seattle$ WA.
Eenn%$ .. *. )*a%05ul%$ #::=$ pp. &"06:+. The science of collective consciousnessA A summar%.
What Is Enlightenment?$ #1.
Eenn%$ .. *. )n press+. Change !our ork$ change !our life: The transformative poer of
reflective practice and inspired action. San FranciscoA Cerrett0Eoehler.
Eenn%$ .. *. )n press+. Creative collaboration and human developmentA When the whole is
greater than the sum of the parts. n A. *ontuori V .. ,urser )-ds.+ )n press+$ Social creativit!
CDol) ,E. Cres4ill$ 25A Kampton ,ress.
Eenn%$ .. *. )n press+. Creating healing teams$ organi7ations and societies. n *. Schlit7 V T.
Amaro4 )-ds.+$ Consciousness and healing: Integral approaches to mind0&od! medicine) 2ew
>or4A Churchill GivingstonJ-lsevier Science Gimited.
<
For e8ample$ Cenor$ 3. 5. )September #::;$ pp. !0!#+. Collective consciousnessA The Dourne% S
the destination. The International Fournal of Healing and Caring$ )#+$ ;.
&
Eenn%$ .. *. )n press+. Creative collaboration and human development. -p cit)
6
Eenn%$ .. *. )!"""$ Fall+. -p cit)
"
Eenn%$ .. *. )n press+ Cuilding personal$ organi7ational and communit% health through
collective consciousness and action. -p cit)
!:
Eenn%$ .. *. )n press+. Change !our ork$ change !our life. -p cit) Eenn%$ .. *. )#::;$
September+. -p cit)
!!
Eenn%$ .. *. )#::;$ October+. -p cit)
!#
Eenn%$ .. *. )!""=+. -p cit)
!;
Wilber$ E. )!""<+. E!e to e!e: The 5uest for the ne paradigm. Coston$ *AA Shambhala.
!=
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
!1
Wilber$ E. )n press+. I&id)
!<
Wilber$ E. )n press+. I&id)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt3Jpart!.cfm.
!&
Eenn%$ .. *. )!""6+. -p cit)
!6
Walsh$ ..$ V Haughan$ F. )-ds.+ )!"";$ p. ;+. .aths &e!ond ego: The transpersonal vision.
2ew >or4$ 9.,. ,utnam?s Sons.
!"
Wilber$ E. )!""1$ p. #":+. -p cit)
#:
Wilber$ E. )!""1$ p. ;!;+. I&id)
#!
Wilber ver% rightl% notesA 'The manifest world continues to e8pand correlative with the
amount of love sentient beings can bring to itM. The greater the degree of the evolution of
consciousness$ the more transparent the boundaries themselves become to -mptiness( or Spirit.
See Wilber$ Een )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt3Jpart!.cfm. Gove ma% actuall%
constitute the energ% that accounts for man% of the phenomenal aspects of collective
consciousness.
##
Wilber$ E. )!""1$ p. #"#+. -p cit)
#;
Wilber$ E. )!""1$ p. <!:+. I&id)
#=
For e8ample$ see Cuc4e$ .. *. )!"&= N!"::O+. Cosmic consciousness: * stud! in the evolution
of the human mind) Ae Bork: Causea! =ooks)
#1
'The awa4ening of the ultimate Self or nondual 0 of all holons$ which brings with it the full
recognition of the Eosmic solidarit% or ultimate We of all holons$ a recognition of that infinite
depth or nondual Spirit that grounds all intersubDectivit% and solidarit%$ as disclosed and
illumined b% causal and nondual paradigms NpracticesO.( Wilber$ Een. )n press+ -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm. These terms will be
e8plained throughout this paper.
#<
Wilber$ Een. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.
#&
For e8ampleA 'Onl% an individual holon has a dominant monad or Q? with a singular agenc% or
intentionalit%$ and thusMhas consciousness per se )although a collective interior holon can have
a t%pe of diffused consciousness$ e.g.$ Qgroup ego?+. Wilber$ Een. )n press$ n. <+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.
#6
5ung$ C. 9. )!"<=+. Man and his s!m&ols) 9arden Cit%$ 2>A WindfallJ3oubleda%.
#"
Eenn%$ .. *.$ in collaboration with 9lover$ 5. .. )#::!+. -p cit)
www.collectivewisdominitiative.orgJpapersJgloverTcallingout.htm.
;:
9laser$ C. 9.$ V Strauss$ A. G. )!"<&+. The discover! of grounded theor!: Strategies for
5ualitative research. 2ew >or4A Aldine de 9ru%er.
9laser$ C. 9. )!""#+. =asics of grounded theor! anal!sis. *ill Halle%$ CAA Sociolog% ,ress.
;!
Cris4in$ A.$ -ric4son$ S.$ Gederman$ 5.$ Ott$ 5.$ ,otter$ 3.$ V Strutt$ C. )#::!+. Centered on the
edge: Mapping a field of collective intelligence and spiritual isdom. Ealama7oo$ *A The 5ohn
-. Fet7er nstitute. AvailableA
www.collectivewisdominitiative.orgJCenteredOnThe-dgeJtheboo4.htm
;#
See endnotes !06.
;;
This bod% of wor4 will be referenced in the remainder of this paper.
;=
See Calling Out Our ,otential. -p cit)
;1
Kermeneutics studies inner realities as people e8perience them )e.g.$ how people feel about
their e8perience+. Structuralism studies how inner realities manifest as behavior. These two
research methods$ when used together$ are well suited to stud%ing stages of human development.
Cross0cultural research would help us see what is more universal$ while longitudinal research
would allow us to determine which patterns of being0in0the0world constitute stages$ rather than
states. See Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt3Jpart!.cfm.
;<
Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;$ p. !<+. The sense of &eing stared at: *nd other aspects of the e(tended
mind. 2ew >or4A Crown.
;&
Charles Tart found in his research that$ when two subDects h%pnoti7ed each other$ the% claimed
to 4now each other?s thoughts and feelings. Tart$ C. ,s%chedelic e8periences associated with a
novel h%pnotic procedureA mutual h%pnosis. n C. Tart )-d.+ )!"<"+$ *ltered states of
consciousness )pp. #"!0;:6+. 2ew >or4A 5ohn Wile%. As discuss in this paper$ there are certain
non0drug processes which group members can consciousl% and willingl% underta4e to create
altered states of consciousness$ such as meditation$ which ma% enhance their abilit% to thin4 and
create together$ or to influence the advancement of the common good.
;6
Eenn%$ .obert )!""<+. -p cit)
;"
-.g.A -lgin$ 3. )!""&+. Collective consciousness and cultural healing: * report to the Fet1er
Institute) San Anselmo$ CAA *illennium ,roDect. AvailableA www.awa4eningearth.org.
Gas7lo$ -. )!""1$ pp. 66$ !:<+. The interconnected universe: Conceptual foundations of
transdisciplinar! unified theor!) .iver -dge$ 25A World Scientific.
.adin$ 3. )!""&+. The conscious universeA The scientific truth of ps!chic phenomena. 2ew >or4A
Karper Collins. Available www.boundar%institute.orgJ or www.psiresearch.org.
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1+. Seven e(periments that could change the orld. 2ew >or4A .iverhead
Coo4s. AvailableA www.sheldra4e.org.
Wolman$ C. C. )-d.+ )!"&&+. Hand&ook of paraps!cholog!. 2ew >or4A Han 2ostrand .einhold.
Utts$ 5. )!""!+. .eplication and meta0anal%sis in paraps%cholog%. Statistical Science$ <$ ;<;0=:;.
=:
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ pp. #;0#=+. I&id)
=!
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit) httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0
!.cfm. Wilber sa%s that the first wa%$ psi$ is not his main focusB accordingl%$ he will focus upon
the other twoB and$ because the third is the most acceptable wa% for mainstream science$ he will
refer to it most often. Ke also notes )ibid$ n. ="+A 'The onl% wa% there is a direct sharing of
subDectivit% is through tele0prehensionMCut a hermeneutic circle also consists of inter0
subDective e8changes$ such as signs and s%mbols Nshared$ e.g.$ through languageO.( n the main
te8t )-8cerpt C+ Wilber calls tele0prehension 'direct depth0to0depth resonance(.
=#
I&id)
=;
A whole$ which has a coherent and uni@ue identit% and agenc%$ and which is simultaneousl% a
part )subholon+ in another whole. The transcendent %et inclusive new whole Doins the parts into a
deeper commonalit%$ wherein the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. For e8ample$ a
molecule is a subholon of a cell$ and a cell is a subholon of an organism. Wilber$ E. )!""1$ p.
!6+. -p cit)
==
'Spirit$ in a metaphoric fashion$ is the nondual Self of all inter0selvesM$ which allows an%
understanding to occur at all / not because %ou and are part of a super0$ but because there is
onl% one Super0 that is identical in and as all individual ?s$ the single nonlocal absolute
subDectivit% that inhabits all subDects$ and thus brings them together.( Wilber$ E. )n press$ n. =6+.
-p cit) httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.
=1
See another paper of mine on this website$ which has definitions of resonance and the related$
important concepts of attunement and entrainment in coordinated and s%nergistic groups. Eenn%$
.. *.$ in collaboration with 9lover$ 5. .. )#::!$ pp. ;0=+. -p cit)
www.collectivewisdominitiative.orgJpapersJgloverTcallingout.htm.
=<
For Wilber$ 'depth( means consciousness. n holons with the least consciousness )e.g.$
subatomic particles li4e @uar4s+$ Wilber$ li4e Whitehead$ calls consciousness 'prehension(. f
understand Wilber$ he is sa%ing that one cannot e8perience harmonic empath% with another
sentient being who has evolved to a higher level of consciousness )or greater depth+$ because one
has not %et e8perienced that level of consciousness in oneself. ,erhaps %ou have e8perienced this
on a verbal level with a great spiritual teacherA %ou don?t reall% understand some of the things
that he or she is tal4ing about$ because %ou have not %et e8perienced or prehended those things.
See the description of 'solidarit%($ under the 'Fields( subheading of this paper.
=&
'Those who have engaged the causal0nondual paradigms NpracticesO have found that the
reali7ations brought forth b% those paradigms decisivel% contribute to otherwise insoluble issues$
such as the mind0bod% problem and intersubDectivit%M. Although the Qconclusions? of these
other paradigms cannot be seen b% the mental paradigms$ the% can be seen b% integral
individuals$ who can then directl% contemplate their relevance for these issues Nemphasis
addedO.( Wilber$ E. )n press$ n !1+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.
=6
-merson$ .. W. )!"<"+. n .. Coo4 )-d.+$ >alph Waldo Emerson: Selected prose and poetr!.
San Francisco$ CAA .inehart. )Original wor4 published !":"0!"!=+.
="
-merson$ .alph Waldo )!"<"$ p. !:&+. I&id)
1:
Luoted in Wilber$ E. )!""1$ p. <:<$ n. !+. -p cit) '2otice that one song of our souls is not the
same as being cells of the same bod%M. The former is the harmonious intersection of souls in a
ne8us0songB the latter is parts of an organism / partners versus parts.( Wilber$ E. )n press$ n.
=6+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt3Jpart!.cfm.
1!
Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;$ pp. =01+. -p cit)
1#
See Appendi8 A in Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;+. I&id)
1;
*orphic form$ discussed later$ is another. Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
1=
Wilber believes$ however$ that 'some aspects of the higher dimensions might be trul% meta0
ph%sical.( Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
11
Unless have misread the draft of his boo4$ Wilber?s terminolog% appears contradictor%. Ke is
using the term 'subtle energies( as an overall classification$ even though he labels one of the
levels of energ% as 'subtle energ%.(
1<
'Comple8ification of gross form is the vehicle of manifestation for both subtler energies and
greater consciousness.( Wilber$ Een )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
1&
The basis for putting forth this h%pothesis will be e8plained below$ including the section on
'2onlocal -ffects(.
16
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
1"
3osse%$ G. )!""&$ pp. !&10!&&+. =e careful hat !ou pra! for6!ou might 'ust get it. San
Francisco$ CAA Karper.
9reen$ -.-. )!""!$ 5une #!0#1+. Copper wall research ps%cholog% and ps%choph%sicsA Subtle
energ% and energ% medicineA -merging theor% and practice. .roceedings of the first annual
conference$ International Societ! for the Stud! of Su&tle Energies and Energ! Medicine
CISSSEEME. Coulder$ CO.
<:
-.g.A Ale8ander$ C.2.$ 3avies$ 5.G.$ V Orme05ohnson$ 3.W. )!"":+. The effects of the
*aharishi Technolog% of the Unified FieldA .epl% to a methodological criti@ue. Fournal of
Conflict >esolution$ ,7$ &1<0&<6.
Erippner$ S. )!""#+. The S%nerg% ,roDectA A worth% enterprise in need of clarification. CS
FO.U*$ ## )#+$ "0!:.
,eoch$ .. )!"66+. Chic4en imprinting and the t%choscopeA An anspi e8periment. Fournal of the
Societ! for .s!chical >esearch$ HH$ !0".
<!
Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;$ pp. !:0!!+. -p cit) httpAJJwww.sheldra4e.orgJpapersJ*orphicJ.
<#
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;:#0;:<+. /ogs that kno hen their oners are coming home: *nd
other une(plained poers of animals) 2ew >or4A Three .ivers ,ress.
<;
*urph%$ *.$ V White$ ..A. )!"&6+. The ps!chic side of sports. .eading$ *AA Addison0
Wesle%.
<=
2ova4$ *. )!"&<$ pp. !;10!;<+. The 'o! of sports. 2ew >or4A Casic Coo4s. 2i4olai Cernstein
has conducted some fascinating research. Ke filmed and anal%7ed the rh%thmic movements of
dancers$ b% attaching sensors to parts of their bodies. The sensors revealed that the dancers were
moving in waves. Cecause the movements could be represented b% Fourier transforms
)mathematical formulas that can represent comple8 patterns including those involved in optical
images$ and the relationships between @uantum waves via their interference patterns+$ Cernstein
was able to predict the subse@uent movements of dancers 'within a few millimeters.( )Cited in
,ribram$ E. K. N!""!$ p. !;&O. =rain and perception: Holonom! and structure in figural
processing. Killsdale$ 25A Gawrence -rlbaum.+
.eviewing this and other research$ ,ribram concluded that our brain communicates with our
bod% via waves and patterns$ and that our senses operate b% anal%7ing fre@uencies. )Cited in
*cTaggart$ G. N#::#$ p. 6&O. The field: The 5uest for the secret force of the universe) 2ew >or4A
Karper Collins.+ This ma% help e8plain how sports participants can anticipate each other?s
movements ahead of time$ since the waves ma% be able to be communicated nonlocall% between
team members who have achieved a certain level of resonance. These findings ma% also indicate
that sense0based communication ma% be occurring on non0apparent levels$ ma4ing e8trasensor%
communication somewhat ordinar%$ rather than e8traordinar%.
<1
Eenn%$ .. *. )n press+. Creative collaboration and human development. -p cit)
Eenn%$ .. *. )!""6+. -p cit)
<<
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;:#+. -p cit)
<&
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;:#+. I&id)
<6
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;:<+. I&id)
<"
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;:;0;:=+. I&id)
&:
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;:=+. I&id)
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"61+. * ne science of life: The h!pothesis of formative causation )new ed.+.
GondonA Clond.
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"66+. The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the ha&its of nature.
2ew >or4A Times Coo4s.
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""#+. 2ote on '.eflections on group consciousness and s%nerg%.( ICIS F->GM$
##$ )#+$ !!.
Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;+. -p cit)
&!
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"66$ p. ##!+. I&id)
&#
-.g.A *ahlberg$ A. )!"6&+. -vidence of collective memor%A A test of Sheldra4e?s theor%.
Fournal of *nal!tic .s!cholog!$ ,@$ #;0;=.
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""+. -p cit)
Abraham$ ..$ *cEenna$ T.$ V Sheldra4e$ .. )#::!+. Chaos$ creativit! and cosmic
consciousness. .ochester$ HTA ,ar4 Street ,ress. See also the other wor4s cited here.
&;
Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;$ p. #&"+. -p cit)
&=
As with the other aspects of his integrative classification s%stem$ Wilber notes that the number
of levels is 'rather arbitrar%( / Dust as %ou can measure temperature in either a !6:0degree
Fahrenheit scale or a !::0degree Celsius scale. Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
&1
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
&<
Karold Sa8on Curr was a >ale ph%siologist was one of the first scientists to e8perimentall%
detect energ% fields. Others include *oto%ama and Tiller.
&&
-.g.$ *ichael Gevin. Their perceptions essentiall% match the drawings made b% Curr$ based
upon his instrument measurements$ which depict 't%pical and important aspects of these
energies.( Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
Cenor$ 3. 5. )5anuar%$ #::=+. Fields and energies related to healingA A review of Soviet and
Western studies. The International Fournal of Healing and Caring$ -n0line$ C7E$ !$ !0!!.
AvailableA www.iDhc.org.
&6
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit) httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0
!.cfm.
&"
'A Qwe? is not a single prehension of a single $ but the shared prehension of member ?s lin4ed
b% similar signification andJor tele0prehensionsB this is wh% neither a we nor an its Nthe e8terior
or social forms of a collective holonO can perceive.( Wilber$ E. )n press$ n. ;=+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.
6:
Wilber calls this intentional action 'agenc%(. Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.
6!
Wilber believes that 'some sort of Qweb? or interobDective totalit%( e8ists$ but considers it a
'conception that enters the prehensive worldspace of onl%Mhumans at the Q%ellow? level in the
values line of development. NWilber$ E. )n press$ n. !&+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm.O Halues and behavior at
this level might includeA e8press self to reach goals and better self and some others$ be
successful$ gain materiall%$ competeJstriveJdrive and winJachieve$ delegated authorit% ma4es
decisions$ and self0actuali7ation ma% ta4e precedence over service. NForman$ 5. )#::;+.
ntroduction to integral theor% and methodolog%. Unpublished paper.O
According to Wilber$ a worldspace is a shared 'cognitive map of the e8ternal world$( which
determines the 'band of circumscribed stimuli that can be responded to$( that register$ or that
have impact or meaning. The band of stimuli that register becomes deeper and wider as group
members transform and develop. A worldspace is created$ enacted$ codetermined$ or 'disclosed
b% a particular degree of shared NcommonO depth$( b% members establishing 'an opening in
which similar0depthed holons can manifest to each other$ for each other.( NWilber$ E. )!""1$ pp.
1=:01=!+. -p cit)O f Wilber?s view is correct$ individuals ma% be able to consistentl% register
each other?s thought and e8perience their connection within the web of life when the% develop a
certain level on the values and cognitive lines.
6#
Solidarit% comes in two forms. Dertical solidarit% means that two or more holons share a
similar level of consciousness and therefore resonance of depth$ which can form part of the
hori7ontal or cultural solidarit% )shared hori7ons$ in terms of meanings$ norms$ traditions$ etc.+
that is re@uired for mutual understanding. When both forms of solidarit% e8ist$ individuals
e8perience 'ade@uate resonance($ or genuinel% overlapping intersubDectivit%. Wilber$ E. )n
press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0!.cfm. 'Spirit is the empt%
center of the agenc% or subDectivit% of all holons$ the nondual SubDect that is the ultimate$
nonlocal instantaneous ground of all intersubDectivit%. Eosmic solidarit% means that we are
ultimatel% of one culture with all sentient beings$ top to bottom Ndevelopmentall%O$ and hence we
can$ in our var%ing degrees$ resonate with other sentient beings authenticall%( )bid$ n. 11+.
6;
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit) httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerptCJintro0
!.cfm. 'n the present moment$ solidarit% is also established b% tele0prehension$ such as
immediate harmonic resonance( )bid$ n. 1:+.
6=
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
61
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
6<
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. !<=+. -p cit)
6&
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
66
am going to address onl% issues of nonlocalit% or space in this paper. Solid research also
e8ists regarding field effects that appear to influence past or future events$ and therefore
transcend time. This is a complicated issue and space does not permit me to consider it. f %ou
wish to read about the relevant research$ please see m% paper on the scientific evidence for
collective wisdom at www.collectivewisdominitiative.org.
6"
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ p. #;6+. -p cit)
":
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ pp. 6:06!+. I&id)
"!
Wilson$ -. O. )!"&!$ p. ##"+. The social insects. Cambridge$ *AA Karvard Universit% ,ress.
Cited in .. Sheldra4e )!""1$ pp. 6<066$ #;!+. -p cit)
*arais$ -. )!"&;$ pp. !!"0!#:+. The soul of the hite ant. Karmondsworth$ -nglandA ,enguin. t
is possible$ however$ that sound could travel around the steel plate. The e8periments did not
control for this.
"#
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ pp. 6:06!+. -p cit)
";
Wilson$ -. O. )!"&!+. -p cit) Cited in .. Sheldra4e )!""1$ p. #;!+. -p cit)
"=
Wilson$ -. O. )!"&!$ p. ##"+. I&id)
"1
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ p. 6;06=+. -p cit)
"<
Cec4er$ 9. )!"&&+. Communications between termites b% biofields. =iological c!&ernetics$ @3$
=!01!.
"&
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ p. 6<06&+. -p cit)
"6
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ p. 6&+. I&id)
""
*arais$ -. )!"&;$ pp. !!"0!#:+. -p cit)
!::
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ pp. 6&066+. -p cit)
!:!
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ pp. "0;!+. I&id)
!:#
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ p. ":+. I&id)
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""+. -p cit)
Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;$ p. 8+. -p cit)
Gong$ W. 5. )!"!"+. Ho animals talk. 2ew >or4A Karper.
!:;
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""1$ pp. ";0"=+. I&id)
!:=
Sheldra4e$ .. )#::;$ pp. i8 and #+. -p cit)
!:1
,opp believes that biophoton emissions e8plain morphogenesis$ the phenomena that Sheldra4e
and others have studied. )See *cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. =&+. -p cit) Cut this ma% be true onl% on a
certain levels of matter )e.g.$ the cellular level+$ as discussed elsewhere in this paper$ in terms of
absolutism in ph%sics.
!:<
Cenor$ 3. 5. )5anuar% #::=+. -p cit)
!:&
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. 1!+. -p cit)
!:6
Kameroff$ S. .. )!"6&+. Gltimate computing: =iomolecular consciousness and
nanotechnolog!. AmsterdamA 2orth Kolland. Cited in G. *cTaggart )#::#$ p. "#+. -p cit)
!:"
*icrotubules are tin% hollow c%linders made of 'microscopic he8agonal lattices of fine
filaments of protein$ called tubulins.( *cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. "#+. -p cit)
!!:
Earl ,ribram$ Eunio >asue and Scott Kagan.
!!!
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. ";+. -p cit)
!!#
Sohar$ 3. )!""!$ p. &:+. The 5uantum self) GondonA Flamingo.
!!;
-merson$ .alph Waldo )!"<"$ p. 1#+. -p cit)
!!=
.usse4$ G. 9.$ V Schwart7$ 9. -. )!""=+. nterpersonal heart0brain registration and the
perception of parental loveA A =#0%ear follow0up of the Karvard *aster% of Stress Stud%. Su&tle
Energies$ H );+$ !"10#:6.
.usse4$ G. 9.$ V Schwart7$ 9. -. )!""<+. -nerg% cardiolog%A A d%namical energ% s%stems
approach for integrating conventional and alternative medicine. *dvances$ !# )=+$ =0#=.
See also ,earsall$ ,. )!""6+. The heart2s code: Tapping the isdom and poer of our heart
energ!. 2ew >or4$ 2>A Croadwa% Coo4s. ,earsall reviews some of the relevant research and
presents his studies of the e8periences of heart transplant patients$ who seem to e8perience the
memories of individuals whose hearts have been transplanted. Although find that .usse4$
Schwart7 and ,earsall fall into a reductionistic and absolutist trap$ with regard to @uantum
ph%sics and biolog%$ their results are nonetheless interesting and relevant.
!!1
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;+. The energetic heart: =ioelectromagnetic interactions ithin and &eteen
people. Coulder Cree4$ CAA nstitute of Keart*ath. AvailableA www.heartmath.org.
!!<
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;$ p. !+. I&id)
!!&
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;$ p. 6+. I&id)
!!6
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;$ p. #+. I&id)
Schwart7$ 9.$ V .usse4$ G. )!"""+. The living0energ! universe: * fundamental discover! that
transforms science and medicine. Charlottesville$ HAA Kampton .oads.
Song$ G.$ Schwart7$ 9.$ V .usse4$ G. )!""6+. Keart0focused attention and heart0brain
s%nchroni7ationA -nergetic and ph%siological mechanisms. *lternative Therapies Health
Medicine$ 7$ ==0<#. Also see Schwart7?s websiteA www.livingenerg%universe.com.
!!"
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ Tiller$ W. A.$ .ein$ 9.$ V Wat4ins$ A. )!""1+. The effects of
emotions on short term heart rate variabilit% using power spectrum anal%sis. *merican Fournal
of Cardiolog!$ I3$ !:6"0!:";.
*cCrat%$ ..$ Carrios0Choplin$ C.$ .o7man$ 3.$ At4inson$ *.$ Wat4ins$ A. )!""6+. The impact of
a new emotional self0management program on stress$ emotions$ heart rate variabilit%$ 3K-A and
cortisol. Integrative .h!siological =ehavioral Science$ ,,$ !1!0!&:.
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ Tomasino$ 3.$ 9oelit7$ 5.$ *a%rovit7$ K. )!"""+. The impact of an
emotional self0management s4ills course on ps%chosocial functioning and autonomic recover% to
stress in middle school children. Integrative .h!siological =ehavioral Science$ ,7$ #=<0#<6.
Cited in .. *cCrat% )#::;$ p. ;+. -p cit)
!#:
*cCrat%$ ..$ V At4inson$ *. )n press+. ,s%choph%siological coherence. n 3. Childre$ ..
*cCrat%$ V C. C. Wilson. Emotional sovereignt!. AmsterdamA Karwood Academic ,ublishers.
!#!
*cCrat% )#::;$ p. =+. -p cit)
!##
*cCrat%$ .. )#::#+. nfluence of cardiac afferent input on heart0brain s%nchroni7ation and
cognitive performance. International Fournal of .s!choph!siolog!$ 7H$ &#0&;.
*cCrat% )#::;$ p. =+. -p cit)
*cCrat%$ ..$ V At4inson$ *. )n press+. -p cit)
!#;
Ganghorst$ ,.$ Schult7$ 9.$ V Gambert7$ *. )!"6=+. Oscillating neuronal networ4 of the
'common brainstem s%stem.( n E. *i%a4awa$ K. Eeopchen$ V C. ,olosa )-ds.+. Mechanisms
of &lood pressure aves )pp. #1&0#&1+. To4%oA 5apan Scientific Societies ,ress.
Siegel$ 9.$ -beling$ C. 5.$ Kofer$ K. W.$ 2olte$ 5.$ .oedel$ K.$ V Elubendorf$ 3. )!"6=+. Hascular
smooth muscle rh%thmicit%. n E. *i%a4awa$ K. Eeopchen$ V C. ,olosa )-ds.+. -p cit) Cited in
.. *cCrat% )#::;$ p. 1+. -p cit)
.ein$ 9.$ At4inson$ *.$ V *cCrat%$ .. )!""1+. The ph%siological and ps%chological effects of
compassion and anger. Fournal of *dvanced Medicine$ 6$ 6&0!:1.
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ .ein$ 9.$ V Wat4ins$ A. 3. )!""<+. *usic enhances the effect of
positive emotional states on salivar% gA. Stress Medicine$ !#$ !<&0!&1.
*cCrat%$ ..$ Carrios0Choplin$ C.$ .o7man$ 3.$ At4inson$ *.$ Wat4ins$ A. )!""6+. -p cit)
*cCrat%$ ..$ V At4inson$ *. )n press+. -p cit)
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ V Tomasino$ 3. )#::!+. Science of the heart. ,ublication 2o. :!0
::!. Coulder Cree4$ COA nstitute of Keart*ath. AvailableA www.heartmath.org.
*cCrat%$ ..$ Tomasino$ 3.$ V At4inson$ *. )n press+. .esearch$ clinical perspectives$ and case
histories. n 3. Childre$ .. *cCrat%$ V C. C. Wilson. Emotional sovereignt!. AmsterdamA
Karwood Academic ,ublishers.
*cCrat%$ ..$ Carrios0Choplin$ C.$ .o7man$ 3.$ At4inson$ *.$ Wat4ins$ A. )!""6+. I&id)
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ Tomasino$ 3.$ 9oelit7$ 5.$ *a%rovit7$ K. )!"""+. -p cit)
Carrios0Choplin$ C.$ *cCrat%$ ..$ V Cr%er$ C. )!""&+. An inner @ualit% approach to reducing
stress and improving ph%sical and emotional well being at wor4. Stress Medicine$ !;$ !";0#:!.
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ V Tomasino$ 3. )n press+. Impact of a orkplace stress reduction
program on &lood pressure and emotional health in h!pertensive emplo!ees. Coulder Cree4$
CAA nstitute of Keart*ath.
Gus4in$ F.$ .eit7$ *.$ 2ewell$ E.$ Luinn$ T. 9.$ V Kas4ell$ W. )#::#+. A controlled pilot stud%
of stress management training of elderl% patients with congestive heart failure. .reventive
Cardiolog!$ 1$ !<60!&#$ !&<.
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ V Gipsenthal$ G. )#:::+. Emotional self0regulation program
enhances ps!chological health and 5ualit! of life in patients ith dia&etes. ,ublication 2o. ::0
::<. Coulder Cree4$ CAA nstitute of Keart*ath.
Gehrer$ ,.$ Smetan4in$ A.$ V ,otpova$ T. )#:::+. .espirator% sinus arrh%thmia biofeedbac4
therap% for asthmaA A report of #: unmedicated pediatric cases. *pplied .s!choph!siolog!
=iofeed&ack$ #1$ !";0#::.
.o7man$ 3.$ Whita4er$ ..$ Cec4man$ T.$ V 5ones$ 3. )!""<+. A pilot intervention program which
reduces ps%chological s%mptomatolog% in individuals with immunodeficienc% virus.
Complementar! Therap! Medicine$ 7$ ##<0#;#.
!#=
Cooth0Eewle%$ S.$ V Friedman$ K. S. )!"6&+. ,s%chological predictors of heart diseaseA A
@uantitative review. .s!chological =ulletin$ !:!$ ;=#0;<#.
Cohen$ S. )p. !:!+ ,s%chosocial stress$ social networ4s$ and susceptibilit% to infection. n K. 9.
Eoenig K. 5. Cohen$ K. 5. )-ds.+ )#::#+. The link &eteen religion and health:
.s!choneuroimmunolog! and the faith factor. GondonA O8ford ,ress.
Cohen$ S.$ V Williamson$ 9. *. )!"66+. ,erceived stress in a probabilit% sample of the United
States. n S. Spacapan V S. Os4amp )-ds.+$ The social ps!cholog! of health. 2ewbur%$ CAA
Sage.
Schneiderman$ 2.$ Chesne%$ *. A.$ V Erant7$ 3. S. )!"6"+. Ciobehavioral aspects of
cardiovascular diseaseA ,rogress and prospects. Health .s!cholog!$ 6$ <="0<&<.
Spiegel$ 3.$ V Faw7%$ F. . )p. 6=+. ,s%chosocial interventions and prognosis in cancer. n K. 9.
Eoenig K. 5. Cohen$ K. 5. )-ds.+ )#::#+. I&id)
!#1
Wirth$ 3. ,. )!"":+. The effect of non0contact therapeutic touch on the healing rate of full
thic4ness dermal wounds. Subtle -nergies$ #$ !0#:.
9rad$ C. Some biological effects of the la%ing on of handsA .eview of e8periments with animals
and plants. Fournal of *merican .s!chical >esearch$ HJ$ "10!&!.
!#<
Eeller$ -. )!"6<+. -ffects of therapeutic touch on tension headache pain. Aursing >esearch$
,H$ !:!0!:1.
.edner$ ..$ Criner$ C.$ Snellman$ G. )!""!+. -ffects of a bioenerg% healing techni@ue on chronic
pain. Su&tle energies$ @$ =;0<6.
!#&
Erieger$ 3. )!"&=+. Kealing b% the la%ing on of hands as a facilitator of bioenergetic changeA
The response of in0vivo human hemoglobin. .s!choenergetic S!stems$ <$ !#!0!#".
!#6
.ein$ 9.$ V *cCrat%$ .. )!""=+. Structural changes in water and 32A associated with new
ph%siologicall% measurable states. Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$ 8$ =;60=;".
.ein$ 9.$ V *cCrat%$ .. )!"";$ 5une #10#"+. *odulation of 32A b% coherent heart fre@uencies.
.roceedings of the third annual conference of the International Societ! for the Stud! of Su&tle
Energ! and Energ! Medicine$ pp. 160<#. *ontere%$ CA.
!#"
Luinn$ 5. )!"6=+. Therapeutic touch as an energ% e8changeA Testing the theor%. *AS *dvanced
Aursing Science$ 3$ =#0=".
!;:
Waves are s%nchroni7ed or 'in phase( when the% trough and pea4 at the same time$ even if
their fre@uencies )the completion of a full wave c%cle$ such as trough to trough+ and amplitudes
)the height of the wave form$ from trough to pea4+ differ. *cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. #<+. -p cit)
!;!
Childre$ 3.$ V *artin$ K. )!"""+. The HeartMath solution) San Francisco$ CAA Karper.
Childre$ 3.$ V .o7man$ 3. )#::#+. -vercoming emotional chaos: Eliminate an(iet!$ lift
depression and create securit! to !our life. San 3iegoA 5odere 9roup.
!;#
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;$ pp. !!0!#+. -p cit)
!;;
.usse4$ G. 9.$ V Schwart7$ 9. -. )!""=+. -p cit)
.usse4$ G. 9.$ V Schwart7$ 9. -. )!""<+. -p cit)
!;=
*cCrat%$ ..$ At4inson$ *.$ Tomasino$ 3.$ V Tiller$ W. )!""6+. The electricit% of touchA
3etection and measurement of cardiac energ% e8change between people. n E. ,ribram )-d.+$
=rain and values: Is a &iological science of values possi&le? )pp. ;1"0;&"+. *ahwah$ 25A
Gawrence -rlbaum Associates.
!;1
.usse4$ G. 9.$ V Schwart7$ 9. -. )!""=+. -p cit)
!;<
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;$ p. "+. -p cit)
!;&
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;$ pp. !#0!;+. I&id)
!;6
Gevinson$ .. W.$ V .uef$ A. *. )!""&+. ,h%siological aspects of emotional 4nowledge and
rapport. n W. c4es )-d.+$ Empathetic accurac!. 2ew >or4A 9uilford ,ress.
!;"
.obinson$ 5.$ Kerman$ A.$ Eaplan$ C. )!"6#+. Autonomic responses correlate with counselor0
client empath%. Fournal of Counseling .s!cholog!$ #"$ !"10!"6.
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!"!
do not have a vested interest in presenting this research. do not practice T*$ nor do have
an% connection to T* groups or the universit% founded b% the *aharishi. .ather than privilege
one meditative techni@ue over another$ tend to loo4 for the commonalities among them.
Although believe that spiritual practice is important$ the teachers respect most emphasi7e
other factors$ too$ such as honest% and courage in facing whatever we fear. 2onetheless$ the T*
research is persuasive and seems to have important things to tell us about the effects of
meditative practice and focused group intention.
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Consciousness as a fieldA the Transcendental *editation and >*0Sidhi program and changes in
social indicators. The Fournal of Mind and =ehavior$ 8)!+$ <&0!:=.
9oodman$ .. S.$ Orme05ohnson$ 3. W.$ .ainforth$ *. S.$ V 9oodman$ 3. K. )!""&+.
Transforming political institutions through individual and collective consciousness: The
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,olitical Science Association$ Washington$ 3.C.
Gandrith $ 9. S.$ V 3illbec4$ *. C. )!"6;+. The groth of coherence in societ! through the
Maharishi Effect: >educed rates of suicide and auto accidents) Unpublished manuscript$
*aharishi nternational Universit%$ Fairfield$ A.
Orme05ohnson$ 3. W.$ V 9elderloos$ ,. )!"66+. The long0term effects of the *aharishi
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Science .erspectives Fournal$ @)=+$ !#&0!=<.
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Ganford$ A. 9.$ V Abou 2ader$ T. *. )!"6=+. The influence of the Maharishi Technolog! of the
Gnified Field on orld events and glo&al social indicators: The effects of the Taste of Gtopia
*ssem&l!) Unpublished manuscript$ *aharishi nternational Universit%$ Fairfield$ A.
#:6
-pple%$ E.$ Abrams$ A.$ V Shear$ 5. )!"6"+. The differential effects of rela8ation techni@ues on
trait an8iet%A A meta0anal%sis. Fournal of Clinical .s!cholog!$ 7H$ "1&0"&=.
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Ale8ander$ C. 2.$ .ainforth$ *. H.$ V 9elderloos$ ,. )!""!+. Transcendental *editation$ self0
actuali7ation and ps%chological healthA A conceptual overview and statistical meta0anal%sis.
Fournal of Social and =ehavioral .ersonalit!$ 3$ !6"0#=&.
Ferguson$ ,. C. )!"6!+. *n integrative meta0anal!sis of ps!chological studies investigating
treatment outcomes of meditation techni5ues) Unpublished doctoral dissertation$ Universit% of
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#!:
Ale8ander$ C. 2.$ .obinson$ ,.$ V .ainforth$ *. )!""=+. Treating and preventing alcohol$
nicotine and drug abuse through Transcendental meditationA A review and statistical meta0
anal%sis. *lcohol Treatment Kuarterl!$ <<$ !;06&.
#!!
5evning$ ..$ Wallace$ ..$ V Ceidebach$ *. )!""#+. The ph%siolog% of meditationA A review. A
wa4eful$ h%pometabolic$ integrated response. Aeuroscience and =io&ehavioral >evies$ <3$ =!10
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Orme05ohnson$ 3. W.$ V Walton$ E. 9. )!""6+. All approaches to preventing or reversing stress
are not the same. *merican Fournal of Health .romotion$ <@$ #"&0#"".
Walton$ E. 9.$ Cavanagh$ E. G.$ V ,ugh$ 2. 3. )n press+. -ffect of group practice of the
Transcendental *editation program on biochemical indicators of stress in non0meditatorsA
Causal anal%sis of a field theor% of consciousness. Fournal of Social =ehavior and .ersonalit!)
#!#
Walton$ E. 9.$ Cavanagh$ E. G.$ V ,ugh$ 2. 3. )n press$ p. ;=!+. I&id)
#!;
I&id) )p. ;=!+.
#!=
,ugh$ 2.$ Walton$ E. 9.$ V Eavanaugh$ E. G. )2ovember !;0!6$ !"66+. Can time series
anal%sis of serotonin turnover test the theor% that consciousness is a field? ,aper presented at the
!6th annual meeting of the Societ% for 2euroscience$ Toronto$ O2. Societ! of Aeuroscience
*&stracts$ <7$ ;&#.
#!1
I&id)
#!<
Cohen$ S.$ Underwood$ G. 9.$ V 9ottlieb$ C. K. )-ds.+ )#:::+. Social support measurement
and intervention. 2ew >or4$ 2>A O8ford Universit% ,ress.
Spiegel$ 3.$ V Faw7%$ F. . )#::#$ p. "!+. .s!chosocial interventions and prognosis in cancer. n
K. 9. Eoenig K. 5. Cohen$ K. 5. )-ds.+ )#::#+. -p cit)
#!&
Cer4man$ G. F.$ V S%me$ S. G. )!"&"+. Social networ4s$ host resistance and mortalit%A a nine0
%ear follow up stud% of Alameda Count% residents. *merican Fournal of Epidemiolog!$ <LJ )#+$
!6<0#:=.
Cohen$ S. )#::#$ pp. !:! V !:&+. ,s%chosocial stress$ social networ4s$ and susceptibilit% to
infection. n K. 9. Eoenig K. 5. Cohen$ K. 5. )-ds.+ )#::#+. -p cit)
Kouse$ 5. S.$ Gandis$ E. ..$ V Umberson$ 3. )!"66+. Social relationships and health. Science$
@7<$ 1=:01=1.
,ilisu4$ *.$ V Killier ,ar4s$ S. )!"6<+. The healing e&: Social netorks and human survival)
Kanover$ 2KA Universit% ,ress of 2ew -ngland.
Hogt$ T. *.$ *ullool%$ 5. ,.$ -rnst$ 3.$ ,ope$ C. ..$ V Kollis$ 5. F. )!""#+. Social networ4s as
predictors of ischemic heart disease$ cancer$ stro4e$ and h%pertension. Fournal of Clinical
Epidemiolog!$ 7H$ <1"0<<<.
#!6
9alland$ G. )!""&+. The four pillars of healing )pp. !:;0!:1+ 2ew >or4A .andom Kouse.
#!"
Eaplan$ 9. A.$ et al. )!"66+. Social connections and moralit% from all causes and from
cardiovascular diseaseA ,erspective evidence from -astern Finland. *merican Fournal of
Epidemiolog!$ <@8$ ;&:0;6:.
##:
Spiegel$ 3.$ V Faw7%$ F. . )#::#$ pp. 6= V "!+. ,s%chosocial interventions and prognosis in
cancer. n K. 9. Eoenig K. 5. Cohen$ K. 5. )-ds.+ )#::#+. -p cit)
##!
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. !"1+. -p cit)
See alsoA .eed$ 3.$ *c9ee$ 3.$ >ano$ E.$ V Feinleib$ *. )!"6;+. Social networ4s and coronar%
heart disease among 5apanese men in Kawaii. *merican Fournal of Epidemiolog!$ <<I$ ;6=0;"<.
,ascucci$ *. A.$ V Goving$ 9. G. )!""&+. ngredients of an old and health% lifeA Centenarian
perspective. Fournal of Holistic Aursing$ <H$ !""0#!;.
###
Cohen$ E. S. )September #::!+. American ndian healing in the land of fire and ice. The
International Fournal of Healing and Caring$ -n0line$ C<E$ !$ !0!;.
Erippner$ S.$ V Welch$ ,. )!""#+. Spiritual dimensions of healing: From native shamanism to
contemporar! health care) 2ew >or4$ 2>A rvington.
Sered$ S. S. )5anuar% #6$ #::#+. Kealing and religionA A 5ewish perspective. The Bale Fournal
for Humanities in Medicine$ !0#.
Wo7nia4$ 5. A.$ Wu$ S.$ V Wang$ K. )!""!+. Ban Nin Kigong and the contemporar! sciences)
Urbana0Champaign$ GA nternational >an Xin Ligong Association.
>oungbird$ *. )Fall !""=+. 2ative American practiceA 't?s not a legend or m%th$ it?s real. We
live it.( Aesletter of the *ssociation for Transpersonal .s!cholog!$ 10!!.
##;
Cohen$ S.$ Underwood$ G. 9.$ V 9ottlieb$ C. K. )-ds.+ )#:::+. -p cit)
##=
The -nglish title is Enow the Wa%s of the Gord. Cited in 9. Uhlein )!"6=$ p. =&+. Meditations
ith Hildegard of =ingen) 2ew >or4A Cear V Co.
##1
5ahn$ .. 9.$ V 3unne$ C. 5. )!""&+. Correlations of random binar% se@uences with prestated
operator intentionA A review of a !#0%ear program. Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$ <<$ ;=10
;<&.
##<
Croughton$ .. S. )!""!$ p. !&&+. -p cit)
##&
3unne$ C. 5.$ V 5ahn$ .. 9. )!""#+. -8periments in remote humanJmachine interaction.
Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$ 3 )=+$ ;!!0;!#.
##6
.adin$ 3.$ V 2elson$ .. )!"6"+. -vidence for consciousness0related anomalies in random
ph%sical s%stems. Foundations of ,h%sics$ !" )!#+$ !=""0!1!=. Other e8periments regarding the
effect of intention upon .-9s have been conducted$ such asA ,eoc?h$ .. )!""1+. ,s%cho4inetic
action of %oung chic4s on the path of an 'illuminated source(. Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$
J )#+$ ##;.
##"
.adin$ 3.$ V 2elson$ .. *eta0anal%sis of mind0matter interaction e8periments$ !"1"0#:::
NOnlineO. AvailableA www.boundar%institute.org.
#;:
.adin$ 3. )!""&+. -p cit)
#;!
3unne$ C. 5. )!""!$ 3ecember+. Co0operator e8periments with an .-9 device. ,-A.
Technical 2ote "!::1. n .ao$ E... )-d.+ )!"";+. Cultivating consciousness for enhancing
human potential$ ellness and healing )pp. !="0!<;+. Westport$ CTA ,raeger.
#;#
nterview with C. 3unne )!""6$ 5une !#+. Cited in *cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. !!"+. -p cit)
#;;
5ahn$ .. 9.$ V 3unne$ C. 5. )!"6&$ p. #1&+. Margins of realit!: The role of consciousness in
the ph!sical orld) GondonA Karcourt Crace 5ovanovich.
#;=
-.g.A 2elson$ .. 3.$ V *a%er$ -. G. )!""<+. A field.-9 application at the San Francisco Ca%
.evels. Cited in 3. .adin )!""&+. -p cit)
#;1
2elson$ .. 3.$ Cradish$ 9. 5.$ 3ob%ns$ >. K.$ 3unne$ C. 5.$ V 5ahn$ 5. 9. )!""<+. Field.-9
anomalies in group situations. Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$ <L )!+$ !!!0!=#. The variables
reported in m% te8t are a compilation of observations reported in G. *cTaggart )#::#$ p. #:1+.
-p cit) 2ew >or4A Karper Collins. The verbatim te8t from the 2elson et al. article isA 'unusuall%
cohesive cognitive interaction$ creative enthusiasm$ or other forms of emotional intensit%( and
'high degrees of attention$ intellectual cohesiveness$ shared emotion$ or other coherent @ualities
of groups.( This would be a good focus for researchA when significant order emerges in the
Field.-9 data$ what do participants report as the nature of their e8perience during those
moments? n addition$ participants might be given a variation on the devices used in
auditoriums$ to measure li4e0disli4e reactions to statements made b% spea4ers$ perhaps as4ing
participants to indicate times the% feel a significant level of cohesion or closeness in the group.
#;<
2elson$ .. 3.$ et al. )!""<+. I&id) Cited in G. *cTaggart )#::#$ p. #:;+. -p cit)
#;&
See alsoA Schwart7$ 9. -. E.$ .usse4$ G. 9. S.$ She$ S.$ Song$ G. S.$ V Xin$ >. )!""&+.
Anomalous organi7ation of random events during an international @igong meetingA -vidence for
group consciousness or accumulated @i fields. Su&tle Energies$ 8 )!+$ 110<1.
#;6
2elson$ .. )!""&$ 5ul%+. Field.-9 measurements in -g%ptA resonant consciousness at sacred
sites. .E*> Technical Aote JILL@) ,rinceton$ 25A ,rinceton Universit%$ School of -ngineering.
*cTaggart$ G. )#::!$ Februar% #+. nterview of .oger 2elson. Cited in G. *cTaggart )#::#$ p.
#:<+. -p cit)
2elson$ .. 3. et al. Field.-9A consciousness field effectsA replications and e8plorations.
Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$ !# );+$ =#10=1=.
#;"
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. #:6+. -p cit)
.adin$ 3. )!""&$ pp. !1&0&=+. -p cit)
.adin$ 3.$ .ebman$ 5. *.$ V Cross$ *. ,. )!""<+. Anomalous organi7ation of random events b%
group consciousnessA Two e8plorator% e8periments. Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$ <L$ !=;0
!<6.
#=:
.adin$ 3. )!""&$ p. !<6+. -p cit)
#=!
Cierman$ 3. 5. )!""<+. -8ploring correlations between local emotional and global emotional
events and the behavior of a random number generator. Fournal of Scientific E(ploration$ <L$
;<;0;&=.
Clasband$ .. )!""1$ 5une !10!&+. The ordering of random events &! emotional e(pression) ,aper
presented to the !=th Annual *eeting of the Societ% for Scientific -8ploration$ Kuntington
Ceach$ CA.
2elson$ .. 3.$ Cradish$ 9. 5.$ 3ob%ns$ >. K.$ 3unne$ C. 5.$ V 5ahn$ 5. 9. )!""<+. -p cit)
#=#
Cierman$ 3. 5. )!""<$ p. ;&;+. I&id)
#=;
For Teilhard?s e8position regarding the noosphere$ see ,. T. de Chardin )!"<=$ pp. !;# V !;&0
!;6+. The future of man) 2ew >or4A Karper V .ow.
#==
2elson$ .. 3. )#::#+. September !! #::!A E(plorator! and conte(tual anal!ses. AvailableA
9lobal Consciousness ,roDect$ httpAJJnoosphere.princeton.eduJterror.html. 3ata from the -99s
are combined into a Stouffer S0score for each second of time. The scores are s@uared and then
added together$ to generate a Chis@uare for the whole period studied$ which includes time
periods preceding and following the event. The departure of the Chis@uare from chance
e8pectation )randomness$ or a hori7ontal line on the data graph$ representing no clear trend+
reflects a correlated response across the -99s.
#=1
2elson$ .. 3. )#::#+. Terrorist disaster: Septem&er <<$ @LL<) AvailableA 9lobal
Consciousness ,roDect$ httpAJJnoosphere.princeton.edu.
#=<
2elson$ ..$ et al. )!""6+. 9lobal resonance of consciousnessA ,rincess 3iana and *other
Theresa. Electronic Fournal of .araps!cholog!. AvailableA httpAJJwww.ps%.uva.nlJeDap or
httpAJJwww.princeton.eduJWrdnelsonJdiana.html.
#=&
2elson$ .. 3. )#::#$ pp. !0!1+. -p cit)
#=6
.adin$ 3. )September #!$ #::!$ pp. !0"+. 4lo&al consciousness pro'ect anal!sis for Septem&er
<<$ @LL<. AvailableA 9lobal Consciousness ,roDect$
httpAJJnoosphere.princeton.eduJdean.wtc:"#!.html.
.adin$ 3. )*arch0*a%$ #::;$ pp. 60!; V ==0=1+. For whom the bell tollsA A @uestion of global
consciousness. I-AS Aoetic Sciences >evie)
#="
2elson$ .. 3. )#::#$ pp. !:0!#+. -p cit)
#1:
Shoup$ .. )2ovember <$ #::!$ pp. !06+. E44 anomalies: Comments on the 4C. E44 data
for Septem&er <<$ @LL<) AvailableA Coundar% nstituteA
www.boundar%institute.orgJarticlesJ-99Tsalad.pdf.
#1!
*a%$ -. C.$ V Spottiswoode$ S. 5. ,. )#::#$ pp. !0!6+. 4lo&al Consciousness .ro'ect: *n
independent anal!sis of the << Septem&er @LL< events. AvailableA Coundar% nstituteA
www.boundar%institute.orgJarticlesJma%0spotTsep!!.pdf.
#1#
2elson$ .. 3. )#::#$ pp. !=0!1+. -p cit)
#1;
2elson$ .. 3. )#::#$ p. !+. MGM peace meditation) AvailableA 9lobal Consciousness ,roDect$
httpAJJnoosphere.princeton.eduJmumspea4.html.
#1=
I&id) )p. #+.
#11
I&id) )p. #+.
2elson$ .. 3. )#::#$ p. 6+. September !! #::!. -p cit)
#1<
Orme05ohnson$ 3. )September !"";$ p. <+. -p cit) ,ersonal communication with the stud%?s
author$ G%nne *ason$ 2ovember &$ #::;. 5ournal article is in press.
#1&
.adin$ 3. .$ *achado$ F. ..$ V Sangari$ W. )#:::+. -p cit)
#16
.ose$ S. )!""#+. So0called formative causationA A h%pothesis disconfirmed. =iolog! Forum$
8H$ ==10=1;.
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""#a+. An e8perimental test of the h%pothesis of formative causation. =iolog!
Forum$ 8H$ =;!0==;.
Sheldra4e$ .. )!""#b+. .ose refuted. =iolog! Forum$ 8H$ =110=<:.
#1"
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"66$ pp. !6"0!"<+. -p cit)
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;!!+. -p cit)
#<:
Crew$ F. A. -. )!";<$ pp. <!0!:!+. A repetition of *c3ougall?s Gamarc4ian e8periment. The
Fournal of 4enetics$ ,,.
Agar$ W. -.$ et al. )!"=#$ pp. !160!<&+. Second report on a test of *c3ougall?s Gamarc4ian
e8periment on the training of rats. Fournal of E(perimental =iolog!$ <J)
Agar$ W. -.$ et al. )!"1=$ pp. ;:&0;#!+. Fourth )final+ report on a test of *c3ougall?s
Gamarc4ian e8periment on the training of rats. Fournal of E(perimental =iolog!$ ,<)
#<!
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"66+. -p cit)
#<#
Gas7lo$ -. )!""1$ pp. !;;0!;1+. -p cit)
#<;
bid )pp. !;:0!;#+.
#<=
-.g.A Csi4s7entmihal%i$ *. )!"66+. Societ%$ culture and personA A s%stems view of creativit%.
n .. Sternberg )-d.+$ The nature of creativit!: Contemporar! ps!chological perspectives )pp.
;#10;;"+. 2ew >or4A Cambridge Universit% ,ress.
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. !:;+. -p cit)
*urph%$ 9. )!"16+. Human potentialities) 2ew >or4A Casic Coo4s.
Tardif$ T. S.$ V Sternberg$ ..5. )!"66+. What do we 4now about creativit%? n .. Sternberg
)-d.+$ The nature of creativit!: Contemporar! ps!chological perspectives )pp. =#"0==:+. 2ew
>or4A Cambridge Universit% ,ress.
#<1
9ardner$ K. )!"66$ p. ;!1+. Creative lives and creative wor4sA A s%nthetic scientific approach.
n .. Sternberg )-d.+$ The nature of creativit!: Contemporar! ps!chological perspectives )pp.
#"60;#!+. 2ew >or4A Cambridge Universit% ,ress.
#<<
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#<&
Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#<6
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#+. -p cit)
#<"
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ pp. !"0#:+. -p cit) Cased upon a definition b% Carrow$ 5.3. )#:::$ p.
#!<+. The &ook of nothing) GondonA 5onathan Cape.
#&:
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. #=+. -p cit)
#&!
This movement is reflected in human creativit%$ which begins in the realms of inspiration$
imagination and mind and is ultimatel% manifested in form.
#&#
Wilber$ Een )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#&;
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. #;+. -p cit)
#&=
*cTaggart$ G. )#::#$ p. 8viii+. -p cit)
#&1
Through m% comments here$ do not intend to detract from the seminal and significant
contribution that Cohm made in terms of the use of dialogue. Kis description of how dialogue in
groups can help unearth une8amined$ unconscious cultural and familial conditioning and
assumptions$ and can lead to the creation of trul% shared meaning )culture+ in collectives$ is still
one of the best anal%ses of the power of dialogue to create collective consciousness. See$ for
e8ample$ 3. Cohm V *. -dwards )!""!$ pp. !&& 0 !""+$ Changing Consciousness) San
FranciscoA KarperSanFrancisco. Kowever$ since am dealing with research in this paper$ rather
than group processes$ have not discussed dialogue in the te8t. nstead$ please see Eenn%$ .. *.$
in collaboration with 9lover$ 5. .. )#::!+. -p cit) That paper discusses various processes$
including dialogue$ for developing collective consciousness.
www.collectivewisdominitiative.orgJpapersJgloverTcallingout.htm.
#&<
Wilber$ Een )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#&&
Wilber$ Een )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#&6
3osse%$ G. )!""&+. -p cit)
.egarding the suppression of plant growth b% a depressed man$ see 9rad$ C. )!"<1+. Some
biological effects of Qla%ing0on of hands?A A review of e8periments with animals and plants.
Fournal of the *merican Societ! for .s!chical >esearch$ HJ$ "10!#&.
#&"
*cCrat%$ .. )#::;$ p. !#+. -p cit)
#6:
have several responses to the problem of malicious intent in groupsA
!. An%one who teaches or assists with human development has an ethical responsibilit% to screen
participants and to refuse to teach groups who appear irresponsible$ selfish$ or malicious in their
intent.
#. f a group decides to tr% to learn how to influence negativel% the well being of others$ no one
in a free societ% can prevent them from doing so. t is therefore incumbent upon the well0
intentioned to use their positive influence as often as possible$ which ma% offset the effect of
those with separative or destruction intent.
;. n fact$ a number of groups historicall% and currentl% are li4el% unconsciousl% harming others
to some degree$ since so man% of us engage in limited or negative thin4ing about others$ through
Dealous%$ env%$ competition$ e8clusion$ hatred$ gossip$ slander$ disrespect$ etc. From that
perspective$ it is incumbent upon us to help group members become aware of the effects of their
thoughts and wishes and to change their behavior to be supportive of the well0being of others.
=. 9roups intending to increase the well being of others should re@uest the permission of those
who would benefit$ wherever possible. n an% event$ and especiall% in those situations where
permission cannot be obtained )such as on a societal level+$ the group?s intention should be
focused upon the highest or common good.
1. f %ou believe that an individual or group is wishing %ou harm$ %ou can use certain 'shielding
strategies( to protect %ourself. )For e8ample$ see Garr% 3osse%?s boo4$ mentioned in the
previous endnote. The effectiveness of these techni@ues has been scientificall% demonstrated.
SeeA
Craud$ W.9. N!"61O. Cloc4ingJshielding ps%chic functioning through ps%chological and ps%chic
techni@uesA A report of three preliminar% studies. n .. White V . Solfvin N-ds.O$ >esearch in
.araps!cholog!. *etuchen$ 2>A Scarecrow ,ress$ =#0==.
Craud$ W.9.$ N!"":0!""!O. mplications and application of laborator% psi findings. European
Fournal of .araps!cholog!$ 8$ 1&0<1.
Craud$ W.9.$ et al. N!"61O. Further studies of the bio0,E effectA Feedbac4$ bloc4ing$
generalit%Jspecificit%. Op cit$ =10=6.+
9roups should use these resources to not onl% protect their members$ but to augment their well0
being and growth.
All things considered$ the potential benefits from teaching groups and teams how to collaborate
on behalf of the common good are too great and are so criticall% needed$ in m % opinion$ that
failure to teach these s4ills / given the above considerations / would be unethical and result in a
significant overall loss for$ and therefore harm to$ societ%.
#6!
Sheldra4e$ .. )!"""$ p. ;:1+. -p cit)
#6#
Eenn%$ .. )!""<+. -p cit)
#6;
Eoenig$ K. 9.$ V Cohen$ K. 5. )#::#+. -p cit)
*urph%$ *.$ 3onovan$ S.$ V Ta%lor$ -. )!""&+. -p cit)
Kealth ,ublica con Kealth ,ublications )#::;+. -p cit)
-ngel$ E. )!""6+. -p cit)
Schlit7$ *.$ V Gewis$ 2. )Summer !""&$ pp. ;=0;6+. -p cit)
Walsh$ .. )#::!+. The practices of essential spiritualit%. I-AS >evie$ H8.
#6=
For e8ample$ see the discussion of 'praDna($ the Cuddhist notion of 'the open ear$ open e%e$
open mind that is found in ever% living being($ in Chodron$ ,ema )#::#+. The places that scare
!ou: * guide to fearlessness in difficult times) Coston$ *AA Shambhala.
#61
Schlit7$ *. 5.$ V Konorton$ C. )!""#+. 9an7feld psi performance within an artisticall% gifted
population. The Fournal of the *merican Societ! for .s!chical >esearch$ 83 )#+$ 6;0"6.
#6<
Wilber$ Een )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#6&
*oreover$ because gross$ subtle and causal famil%0energies emerged with the Cig Cang$ living
cells$ and triune brains$ respectivel%$ all three come with a bab%?s bod%. Wilber$ E. )n press+.
-p cit) httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#66
Wilber$ Een )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
#6"
Wilber$ E. )#:::+. Integral ps!cholog!: consciousness$ spirit$ ps!cholog!$ therap!) Coston$
*AA Shambhala.
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Wilber$ E. )n press+. -p cit)
httpAJJwilber.shambhala.comJhtmlJboo4sJ4osmosJe8cerpt9Jpart!.cfm.
Wilber$ E. )#:::+. -p cit)
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Eenn%$ .. *. )!""<+. -p cit)
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Scharmer$ C. O. )!"""$ October #"+. The heart is the ke! to all of this: Conversation ith
Foseph Faorski) AvailableA 3ialogue on Geadership website
httpAJJdialogonleadership.orgJinterview5awors4i.html.
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Wilber and the Hice ,resident of his ntegral nstitute$ Cob .ichards$ are currentl% developing
a set of research agendas regarding his integral model of human development.
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Crown$ 5.$ V saacs$ 3. )!""&+. The transpersonal domain in large0scale change) Unpublished
wor4ing paper. *ill Halle%$ CA.
9o7d7$ E.$ 5awors4i$ 5.$ V Senge$ ,. *. )!""&+. Setting the field: Creating the conditions for
profound institutional change) Unpublished manuscript$ Center for Organi7ational Gearning at
*T?s Sloan School of *anagement$ Cambridge$ *A.
Eenn%$ ..*. )!""<+. -p cit)
Flowers$ C. S.$ 5awors4i$ 5.$ Scharmer$ C. O.$ V Senge$ ,. )n ,ress+. .resence: Human purpose
and the field of the future)
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For e8ample$ see Erippner$ S.$ V Welch$ ,. )!""#+. -p cit)
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-.g.$ the Achuar and Kuaorani tribes of the Ama7on view dreaming as a process that is owned
b% the group and is a wa% to connect with the ancestors and the universe. When members of the
tribe gather to share their dreams each morning$ the individual is seen as the vehicle for life to
dialogue with the collective. What can we learn from their orientation and e8perience? Or from
similar processes in Western culture$ such as the Social 3reaming process that has been
conducted b% some members of the A.E. .ice and Tavistoc4 nstitutes? What can we learn from
the dream research that has been conducted b% Stanle% Erippner and *ontague Ullman$ e.g.$
where thoughts were sent and incorporated in dreams with 6=I accurac%$ and odds of #1:$::: to
one that this had happened b% chance.
Croughton$ .. S. )!""!$ p. "6+. -p cit)
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n addition to T* practitioners$ groups might include practitioners of the >an Xin 2ine Step
Ligong *ethod. See Wo7nia4$ 5. A.$ Wu$ S.$ V Wang$ K. )!""!+. -p cit)