Ec 1

The Enzyme List
Class 1 Oxidoreductases
Nomenclature Committee
of the
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
(NC-IUBMB)
Generated from the ExplorEnz database, September 2010
Contents
EC 1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors 4
EC 1.1.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
EC 1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
EC 1.1.3 With oxygen as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
EC 1.1.4 With a disulde as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
EC 1.1.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
EC 1.1.98 With other, known, acceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
EC 1.1.99 With other acceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
EC 1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors 87
EC 1.2.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
EC 1.2.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
EC 1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors 112
EC 1.3.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
EC 1.3.5 With a quinone or related compound as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
EC 1.4 Acting on the CH-NH
2
group of donors 140
EC 1.4.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
EC 1.4.5 With a quinone or other compound as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
1
EC 1.5 Acting on the CH-NH group of donors 151
EC 1.5.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
EC 1.5.8 With a avin as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
EC 1.6 Acting on NADH or NADPH 167
EC 1.6.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
EC 1.6.2 With a heme protein as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
EC 1.6.4 With a disulde as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
EC 1.6.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
EC 1.6.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
EC 1.6.8 With a avin as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
EC 1.7 Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors 175
EC 1.7.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
EC 1.8 Acting on a sulfur group of donors 182
EC 1.8.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
EC 1.8.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
EC 1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors 193
EC 1.9.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
EC 1.10 Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors 194
EC 1.10.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
EC 1.10.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
EC 1.10.99 With other acceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
EC 1.11 Acting on a peroxide as acceptor 198
EC 1.11.1 Peroxidases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
2
EC 1.12 Acting on hydrogen as donor 202
EC 1.12.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
EC 1.12.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
EC 1.12.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
EC 1.13 Acting on single donors with O
2
as oxidant and incorporation of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The
oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O
2
205
EC 1.13.1 Acting on single donors with O
2
as oxidant and incorporation of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases).
The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
EC 1.13.11 With incorporation of two atoms of oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
EC 1.13.12 With incorporation of one atom of oxygen (internal monooxygenases or internal mixed-function oxidases) 218
EC 1.13.99 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
EC 1.14 Acting on paired donors, with O
2
as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorpo-
rated need not be derived from O
2
222
EC 1.14.1 With NADH or NADPH as one donor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
EC 1.14.2 With ascorbate as one donor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
EC 1.14.3 With reduced pteridine as one donor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
EC 1.14.11 With 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into each donor . . . . . . . . 224
EC 1.14.12 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the other donor . . . 231
EC 1.14.13 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor . . . . 236
EC 1.14.14 With reduced avin or avoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other
donor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
EC 1.14.15 With reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor264
EC 1.14.16 With reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor . . . . 266
EC 1.14.17 With reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor . . . . 267
EC 1.14.18 With another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor . . . . 268
EC 1.14.19 With oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of O
2
to two molecules of water . . . . . . . . 269
EC 1.14.20 With 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
EC 1.14.21 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
EC 1.14.99 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
EC 1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor 280
EC 1.15.1 Acting on superoxide as acceptor (only sub-subclass identied to date) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
EC 1.16 Oxidizing metal ions 281
EC 1.16.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
EC 1.16.8 With a avin as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
EC 1.17 Acting on CH or CH
2
groups 283
EC 1.17.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
EC 1.17.4 With a disulde as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
EC 1.17.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
EC 1.17.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
3
EC 1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors 289
EC 1.18.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
EC 1.18.2 With dinitrogen as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
EC 1.18.3 With H
+
as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
EC 1.18.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
EC 1.18.96 With other, known, acceptors (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
EC 1.18.99 With H
+
as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
EC 1.19 Acting on reduced avodoxin as donor 291
EC 1.19.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors 292
EC 1.20.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
EC 1.20.4 With disulde as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
EC 1.21 Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond 293
EC 1.21.4 With a disulde as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
EC 1.22 Acting on halogen in donors 296
EC 1.22.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
EC 1.97 Other oxidoreductases 296
EC 1.97.1 Sole sub-subclass for oxidoreductases that do not belong in the other subclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
EC 1.98 Sole sub-subclass for oxidoreductases that do not belong in the other subclasses 299
EC 1.99 Sole sub-subclass for oxidoreductases that do not belong in the other subclasses 299
References 301
Index 432
EC 1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors
This subclass contains dehydrogenases that act on primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and hemi-acetals. Sub-subclasses are
based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.1.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.1.2), oxygen (EC 1.1.3), a disulde (EC 1.1.4), a
quinone or similar compound (EC 1.1.5), or some other acceptor (EC 1.1.99).
EC 1.1.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.1.1.1
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: an alcohol + NAD
+
= an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): aldehyde reductase; ADH; alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD); aliphatic alcohol dehydrogenase; ethanol
dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase; NAD-specic aromatic alcohol dehydroge-
nase; NADH-alcohol dehydrogenase; NADH-aldehyde dehydrogenase; primary alcohol dehydroge-
nase; yeast alcohol dehydrogenase
4
Systematic name: alcohol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A zinc protein. Acts on primary or secondary alcohols or hemi-acetals; the animal, but not the yeast,
enzyme acts also on cyclic secondary alcohols.
References: [246, 1046, 1602, 2189, 2276]
[EC 1.1.1.1 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.2
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: an alcohol + NADP
+
= an aldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): aldehyde reductase (NADPH
2
); NADP-alcohol dehydrogenase; NADP
+
-aldehyde reductase;
NADP
+
-dependent aldehyde reductase; NADPH-aldehyde reductase; NADPH-dependent aldehyde
reductase; nonspecic succinic semialdehyde reductase; ALR 1; low-K
m
aldehyde reductase; high-K
m
aldehyde reductase; alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Systematic name: alcohol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A zinc protein. Some members of this group oxidize only primary alcohols; others act also on sec-
ondary alcohols. May be identical with EC 1.1.1.19 (L-glucuronate reductase), EC 1.1.1.33 [meval-
date reductase (NADPH)] and EC 1.1.1.55 [lactaldehyde reductase (NADPH)]. A-specic with re-
spect to NADPH.
References: [230, 479, 1834, 2213]
[EC 1.1.1.2 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.3
Accepted name: homoserine dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-homoserine + NAD(P)
+
= L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): HSDH; HSD
Systematic name: L-homoserine:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The yeast enzyme acts most rapidly with NAD
+
; the Neurospora enzyme with NADP
+
. The enzyme
from Escherichia coli is a multi-functional protein, which also catalyses the reaction of EC 2.7.2.4
(aspartate kinase).
References: [199, 2120, 2389]
[EC 1.1.1.3 created 1961, modied 1976]
EC 1.1.1.4
Accepted name: (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD
+
= (R)-acetoin + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): butyleneglycol dehydrogenase; D-butanediol dehydrogenase; D-(-)-butanediol dehydrogenase;
butylene glycol dehydrogenase; diacetyl (acetoin) reductase; D-aminopropanol dehydrogenase; D-
aminopropanol dehydrogenase; 1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase; 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase;
D-1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase; (R)-diacetyl reductase; (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase;
D-1-amino-2-propanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; 1-amino-2-propanol oxidoreductase; aminopropanol
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also converts diacetyl into acetoin with NADH as reductant.
References: [2154, 2259]
[EC 1.1.1.4 created 1961 (EC 1.1.1.74 created 1972, incorporated 1976)]
[1.1.1.5 Transferred entry. acetoin dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.303, diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming] and EC
1.1.1.304, diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming]]
[EC 1.1.1.5 created 1961, modied 1976, deleted 2010]
5
EC 1.1.1.6
Accepted name: glycerol dehydrogenase
Reaction: glycerol + NAD
+
= glycerone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): glycerin dehydrogenase; NAD-linked glycerol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: glycerol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on propane-1,2-diol.
References: [88, 287, 1306]
[EC 1.1.1.6 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.7
Accepted name: propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: propane-1,2-diol 1-phosphate + NAD
+
= hydroxyacetone phosphate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): PDP dehydrogenase; 1,2-propanediol-1-phosphate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; propanediol phosphate
dehydrogenase
Systematic name: propane-1,2-diol-1-phosphate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2008]
[EC 1.1.1.7 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.8
Accepted name: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NAD
+
= glycerone phosphate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): -glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
); -glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
); glycerol
1-phosphate dehydrogenase; glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
); glycerophosphate dehydro-
genase (NAD
+
); hydroglycerophosphate dehydrogenase; L--glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase;
L--glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; L-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase; L-glycerophosphate
dehydrogenase (ambiguous); NAD
+
--glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; NAD
+
-dependent glyc-
erol phosphate dehydrogenase; NAD
+
-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NAD
+
-L-
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NAD
+
-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NADH-
dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
); L-glycerol-3-
phosphate dehydrogenase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on propane-1,2-diol phosphate and glycerone sulfate (but with a much lower afnity).
References: [129, 256, 1652, 2441, 33, 1159]
EC 1.1.1.9
Accepted name: D-xylulose reductase
Reaction: xylitol + NAD
+
= D-xylulose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase; xylitol dehydrogenase; erythritol dehydrogenase; 2,3-cis-
polyol(DPN) dehydrogenase (C3-5); pentitol-DPN dehydrogenase; xylitol-2-dehydrogenase;
Systematic name: xylitol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase (D-xylulose-forming)
Comments: Also acts as an L-erythrulose reductase.
References: [354, 878, 1007]
[EC 1.1.1.9 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.10
Accepted name: L-xylulose reductase
Reaction: xylitol + NADP
+
= L-xylulose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): xylitol dehydrogenase
6
Systematic name: xylitol:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase (L-xylulose-forming)
References: [517, 878, 908, 2315]
[EC 1.1.1.10 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.11
Accepted name: D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-arabinitol + NAD
+
= D-xylulose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-arabitol dehydrogenase; arabitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-arabinitol:NAD
+
4-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.11 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.12
Accepted name: L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-arabinitol + NAD
+
= L-xylulose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): pentitol-DPN dehydrogenase; L-arabitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-arabinitol:NAD
+
4-oxidoreductase (L-xylulose-forming)
[EC 1.1.1.12 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.13
Accepted name: L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-arabinitol + NAD
+
= L-ribulose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-arabinitol dehydrogenase (ribulose-forming); L-arabinitol (ribulose-forming) dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-arabinitol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase (L-ribulose-forming)
References: [355]
[EC 1.1.1.13 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.14
Accepted name: L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-iditol + NAD
+
= L-sorbose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): polyol dehydrogenase; sorbitol dehydrogenase; L-iditol:NAD
+
5-oxidoreductase; L-iditol (sorbitol)
dehydrogenase; glucitol dehydrogenase; L-iditol:NAD oxidoreductase; NAD
+
-dependent sorbitol
dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase; NAD-sorbitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-iditol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on D-glucitol (giving D-fructose) and other closely related sugar alcohols.
References: [112, 283, 1282, 1603, 1651]
[EC 1.1.1.14 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.15
Accepted name: D-iditol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-iditol + NAD
+
= D-sorbose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-sorbitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-iditol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also converts xylitol into L-xylulose and L-glucitol into L-fructose.
References: [2025]
7
[EC 1.1.1.15 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.16
Accepted name: galactitol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: galactitol + NAD
+
= D-tagatose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): dulcitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: galactitol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also converts other alditols containing an L-threo-conguration adjacent to a primary alcohol group
into the corresponding sugars.
References: [2025]
[EC 1.1.1.16 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.17
Accepted name: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NAD
+
= D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): hexose reductase; mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase; D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase;
fructose 6-phosphate reductase
Systematic name: D-mannitol-1-phosphate:NAD
+
5-oxidoreductase
References: [1404, 2503, 2504]
[EC 1.1.1.17 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.18
Accepted name: inositol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: myo-inositol + NAD
+
= 2,4,6/3,5-pentahydroxycyclohexanone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase; myo-inositol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; inositol dehydrogenase; myo-
inositol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: myo-inositol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [175, 1249, 2393]
[EC 1.1.1.18 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.19
Accepted name: glucuronate reductase
Reaction: L-gulonate + NADP
+
= D-glucuronate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): aldehyde reductase; L-hexonate:NADP dehydrogenase; TPN-L-gulonate dehydrogenase; aldehyde
reductase II; NADP-L-gulonate dehydrogenase; D-glucuronate dehydrogenase; D-glucuronate reduc-
tase; L-glucuronate reductase (incorrect)
Systematic name: L-gulonate:NADP
+
6-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also reduces D-galacturonate. May be identical with EC 1.1.1.2 [alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)].
References: [2074, 2406, 2580]
[EC 1.1.1.19 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.20
Accepted name: glucuronolactone reductase
Reaction: L-gulono-1,4-lactone + NADP
+
= D-glucurono-3,6-lactone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): GRase; gulonolactone dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-gulono-1,4-lactone:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
References: [2201]
8
[EC 1.1.1.20 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.21
Accepted name: aldehyde reductase
Reaction: alditol + NAD(P)
+
= aldose + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): aldose reductase; polyol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
); ALR2; alditol:NADP oxidoreductase;
alditol:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase; NADPH-aldopentose reductase; NADPH-aldose reductase
Systematic name: alditol:NAD(P)
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Has wide specicity.
References: [91, 215, 873, 1962]
EC 1.1.1.22
Accepted name: UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: UDP-glucose + 2 NAD
+
+ H
2
O = UDP-glucuronate + 2 NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): UDP-glucose dehydrogenase; uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase; UDPG dehydrogenase;
UDPG:NAD oxidoreductase; UDP--D-glucose:NAD oxidoreductase; UDP-glucose:NAD
+
oxi-
doreductase; uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase; UDP-D-glucose dehydrogenase; uridine
diphosphate D-glucose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: UDP-glucose:NAD
+
6-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on UDP-2-deoxyglucose.
References: [527, 1441, 2165, 2166]
[EC 1.1.1.22 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.23
Accepted name: histidinol dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-histidinol + 2 NAD
+
+ H
2
O = L-histidine + 2 NADH + 3 H
+
Other name(s): L-histidinol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-histidinol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes L-histidinal. The Neurospora enzyme also catalyses the reactions of EC 3.5.4.19
(phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase) and EC 3.6.1.31 (phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase).
References: [14, 15, 1334, 2591]
[EC 1.1.1.23 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.24
Accepted name: quinate dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-quinate + NAD
+
= 3-dehydroquinate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): quinic dehydrogenase; quinate:NAD oxidoreductase; quinate 5-dehydrogenase; quinate:NAD
+
5-
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-quinate:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is specic for quinate as substrate; phenylpyruvate, phenylalanine, cinnamate and shiki-
mate will not act as substrates. NAD
+
cannot be replaced by NADP
+
.
[EC 1.1.1.24 created 1961, modied 1976, modied 2004]
EC 1.1.1.25
Accepted name: shikimate dehydrogenase
Reaction: shikimate + NADP
+
= 3-dehydroshikimate + NADPH + H
+
9
Other name(s): dehydroshikimic reductase; shikimate oxidoreductase; shikimate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase; 5-
dehydroshikimate reductase; shikimate 5-dehydrogenase; 5-dehydroshikimic reductase; DHS reduc-
tase; shikimate:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase; AroE
Systematic name: shikimate:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: NAD
+
cannot replace NADP
+
[2566]. In higher organisms, this enzyme forms part of a multienzyme
complex with EC 4.2.1.10, 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase [342].
References: [119, 1486, 2566, 342, 63, 2569]
EC 1.1.1.26
Accepted name: glyoxylate reductase
Reaction: glycolate + NAD
+
= glyoxylate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NADH-glyoxylate reductase; glyoxylic acid reductase; NADH-dependent glyoxylate reductase
Systematic name: glycolate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces glyoxylate to glycolate or hydroxypyruvate to D-glycerate.
[EC 1.1.1.26 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.27
Accepted name: L-lactate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD
+
= pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): lactic acid dehydrogenase; L(+)-nLDH; L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase; L-lactic dehydrogenase; L-lactic
acid dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenase NAD-dependent; lactic dehydro-
genase; NAD-lactate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-lactate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes other (S)-2-hydroxymonocarboxylic acids. NADP
+
also acts, more slowly, with the
animal, but not the bacterial, enzyme.
References: [482, 583, 903, 1958]
[EC 1.1.1.27 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.28
Accepted name: D-lactate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-lactate + NAD
+
= pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): lactic acid dehydrogenase; lactic acid dehydrogenase; D-specic lactic dehydrogenase; D-(-)-lactate
dehydrogenase (NAD); D-lactic acid dehydrogenase; D-lactic dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-lactate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [482]
[EC 1.1.1.28 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.29
Accepted name: glycerate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-glycerate + NAD
+
= hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-glycerate dehydrogenase; hydroxypyruvate reductase
Systematic name: (R)-glycerate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.29 created 1961]
10
EC 1.1.1.30
Accepted name: 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate + NAD
+
= acetoacetate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD--hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; hydroxybutyrate oxidoreductase; -hydroxybutyrate de-
hydrogenase; D--hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; D-(-)-3-
hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; -hydroxybutyric acid dehydrogenase; 3-D-hydroxybutyrate dehy-
drogenase; -hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes other 3-hydroxymonocarboxylic acids.
References: [173, 477, 1278]
[EC 1.1.1.30 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.31
Accepted name: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD
+
= 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1870]
[EC 1.1.1.31 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.32
Accepted name: mevaldate reductase
Reaction: (R)-mevalonate + NAD
+
= mevaldate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): mevalonic dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-mevalonate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1971]
[EC 1.1.1.32 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.33
Accepted name: mevaldate reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: (R)-mevalonate + NADP
+
= mevaldate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): mevaldate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; mevaldate reductase
(NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: (R)-mevalonate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: May be identical with EC 1.1.1.2 [alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)].
[EC 1.1.1.33 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.34
Accepted name: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP
+
= (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-
phate); 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; -hydroxy--methylglutaryl coenzyme A re-
ductase; hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase (NADPH); S-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA re-
ductase; NADPH-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; HMGCoA reductase-mevalonate:NADP-
oxidoreductase (acetylating-CoA); 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (NADPH);
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: (R)-mevalonate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating)
Comments: The enzyme is inactivated by EC 2.7.11.31 [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase
and reactivated by EC 3.1.3.47 [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)]-phosphatase.
11
References: [274, 538, 1093]
[EC 1.1.1.34 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.35
Accepted name: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD
+
= 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase; -keto-reductase; 3-keto reductase; 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A de-
hydrogenase; -hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A synthetase; -hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase;
-hydroxybutyrylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxyacetyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; L-3-
hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; -hydroxyacyl CoA
dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase;
-ketoacyl-CoA reductase; -hydroxy acid dehydrogenase; 3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase;
3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; 1-specic DPN-linked -hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes S-3-hydroxyacyl-N-acylthioethanolamine and S-3-hydroxyacyl-hydrolipoate. Some en-
zymes act, more slowly, with NADP
+
. Broad specicity to acyl chain-length (cf. EC 1.1.1.211 [long-
chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase]).
References: [886, 1277, 2130, 2418]
[EC 1.1.1.35 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.36
Accepted name: acetoacetyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NADP
+
= 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase; hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase; NADP-linked ace-
toacetyl CoA reductase; NADPH:acetoacetyl-CoA reductase; D(-)--hydroxybutyryl CoA-NADP
oxidoreductase; short chain -ketoacetyl(acetoacetyl)-CoA reductase; -ketoacyl-CoA reductase; D-
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase; (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2417]
[EC 1.1.1.36 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.37
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-malate + NAD
+
= oxaloacetate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): malic dehydrogenase; L-malate dehydrogenase; NAD-L-malate dehydrogenase; malic acid dehydro-
genase; NAD-dependent malic dehydrogenase; NAD-malate dehydrogenase; NAD-malic dehydro-
genase; malate (NAD) dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase; NAD-specic malate
dehydrogenase; NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase; MDH; L-malate-NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (S)-malate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes some other 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acids.
References: [124, 777, 1450, 2505]
[EC 1.1.1.37 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.38
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
+
= pyruvate + CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): malic enzyme; pyruvic-malic carboxylase; NAD-specic malic enzyme; NAD-malic enzyme; NAD-
linked malic enzyme
+
oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
12
Comments: Also decarboxylates added oxaloacetate.
References: [1090]
[EC 1.1.1.38 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.39
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
+
= pyruvate + CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): malic enzyme; pyruvic-malic carboxylase; NAD-specic malic enzyme; NAD-malic enzyme
+
oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: Does not decarboxylate added oxaloacetate.
References: [1948]
[EC 1.1.1.39 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.40
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP
+
)
Reaction: (S)-malate + NADP
+
= pyruvate + CO
2
+ NADPH
Other name(s): malic enzyme; pyruvic-malic carboxylase; malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating, NADP); NADP-
linked decarboxylating malic enzyme; NADP-malic enzyme; NADP-specic malic enzyme; NADP-
specic malate dehydrogenase; malate dehydrogenase (NADP, decarboxylating); L-malate:NADP
oxidoreductase; malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP)
Systematic name: (S)-malate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
Comments: Also decarboxylates added oxaloacetate.
References: [821, 1655, 1907, 2134, 2135, 2419]
EC 1.1.1.41
Accepted name: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: isocitrate + NAD
+
= 2-oxoglutarate + CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): isocitric dehydrogenase; -ketoglutaric-isocitric carboxylase; isocitric acid dehydrogenase; NAD de-
pendent isocitrate dehydrogenase; NAD isocitrate dehydrogenase; NAD-linked isocitrate dehydroge-
nase; NAD-specic isocitrate dehydrogenase; NAD isocitric dehydrogenase; isocitrate dehydrogenase
(NAD); IDH (ambiguous); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide isocitrate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: isocitrate:NAD
+
Comments: Requires Mn
2+
or Mg
2+
for activity. Unlike EC 1.1.1.42, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), oxalo-
succinate cannot be used as a substrate. In eukaryotes, isocitrate dehydrogenase exists in two forms:
an NAD
+
-linked enzyme found only in mitochondria and displaying allosteric properties, and a non-
allosteric, NADP
+
-linked enzyme that is found in both mitochondria and cytoplasm [297]. The en-
zyme from some species can also use NADP
+
but much more slowly [974].
References: [841, 1190, 1762, 1763, 1810, 2391, 297, 1123, 974]
EC 1.1.1.42
Accepted name: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: (1) isocitrate + NADP
+
2
+ NADPH + H
+
(overall reaction)
(1a) isocitrate + NADP
+
= oxalosuccinate + NADPH + H
+
(1b) oxalosuccinate = 2-oxoglutarate + CO
2
13
Other name(s): oxalosuccinate decarboxylase; oxalsuccinic decarboxylase; isocitrate (NADP) dehydrogenase; isoc-
itrate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase; NADP-specic isocitrate de-
hydrogenase; NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase; NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase;
NADP isocitric dehydrogenase; isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent); NADP-dependent isoc-
itric dehydrogenase; triphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase-oxalosuccinate
carboxylase; NADP
+
-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase; IDH (ambiguous); dual-cofactor-specic isoci-
trate dehydrogenase; NADP
+
-ICDH; NADP
+
-IDH; IDP; IDP1; IDP2; IDP3
Systematic name: isocitrate:NADP
+
2+
or Mg
2+
for activity. Unlike EC 1.1.1.41, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), oxalo-
succinate can be used as a substrate. In eukaryotes, isocitrate dehydrogenase exists in two forms: an
NAD
+
-linked enzyme found only in mitochondria and displaying allosteric properties, and a non-
allosteric, NADP
+
-linked enzyme that is found in both mitochondria and cytoplasm [297]. The en-
zyme from some species can also use NAD
+
but much more slowly [297, 2123].
References: [23, 1530, 1762, 2064, 2391, 297, 2123, 1165, 324]
EC 1.1.1.43
Accepted name: phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NAD(P)
+
= 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase; phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; gluconate 6-phosphate dehy-
drogenase; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NAD); 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase
Systematic name: 6-phospho-D-gluconate:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [625]
[EC 1.1.1.43 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.44
Accepted name: phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP
+
= D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO
2
+ NADPH
Other name(s): phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase; 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase; 6-phosphogluconic car-
boxylase; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); 6-phospho-D-gluconate dehydroge-
nase
Systematic name: 6-phospho-D-gluconate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: Certain preparations reduce NAD
+
as well as NADP
+
.
References: [494, 1769, 1996, 1997]
[EC 1.1.1.44 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.45
Accepted name: L-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-gulonate + NAD
+
= 3-dehydro-L-gulonate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-3-aldonate dehydrogenase; L-3-aldonic dehydrogenase; L-gulonic acid dehydrogenase; L--
hydroxyacid dehydrogenase; L--hydroxy-acid-NAD-oxidoreductase; L-3-hydroxyacid dehydroge-
nase
Systematic name: L-gulonate:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes other L-3-hydroxyacids.
[EC 1.1.1.45 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.46
Accepted name: L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase
14
Reaction: L-arabinose + NAD
+
= L-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: L-arabinose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
References: [2459]
[EC 1.1.1.46 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.47
Accepted name: glucose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: -D-glucose + NAD(P)
+
= D-glucono-1,5-lactone + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): D-glucose dehydrogenase (NAD(P)); hexose phosphate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: -D-glucose:NAD(P)
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes D-xylose.
References: [125, 253, 1734, 2155, 2289]
[EC 1.1.1.47 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.48
Accepted name: galactose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-galactose + NAD
+
= D-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-galactose dehydrogenase; -galactose dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent D-galactose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-galactose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.48 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.49
Accepted name: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP
+
= D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Zwischenferment; D-glucose 6-phosphate dehydroge-
nase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP); NADP-dependent glucose 6-phosphate dehy-
drogenase; 6-phosphoglucose dehydrogenase; Entner-Doudoroff enzyme; glucose-6-phosphate 1-
dehydrogenase; G6PDH; GPD
Systematic name: D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts slowly on -D-glucose and other sugars. Certain preparations reduce NAD
+
as well as
NADP
+
.
References: [569, 716, 1050, 1637, 1468]
[EC 1.1.1.49 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.50
Accepted name: 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B-specic)
Reaction: androsterone + NAD(P)
+
= 5-androstane-3,17-dione + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase; sterognost 3
Systematic name: 3-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase (B-specic)
Comments: Also acts on other 3-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin. B-specic with
respect to NAD
+
or NADP
+
.
References: [1016, 1156, 1398, 1739]
EC 1.1.1.51
Accepted name: 3(or 17)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
15
Reaction: testosterone + NAD(P)
+
= androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 17-ketoreductase; 17-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 3-
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 17-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxy steroid dehydro-
genase
Systematic name: 3(or 17)-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on other 3- or 17-hydroxysteroids. cf. EC 1.1.1.209 3(or 17)-hydroxysteroid dehydroge-
nase.
References: [432, 1354, 1398, 1985, 2235]
[EC 1.1.1.51 created 1961]
EC 1.1.1.52
Accepted name: 3-hydroxycholanate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-5-cholanate + NAD
+
= 3-oxo-5-cholanate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxy-cholanate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-5-cholanate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on other 3-hydroxysteroids with an acidic side-chain.
References: [849]
EC 1.1.1.53
Reaction: androstan-3,17-diol + NAD
+
= 17-hydroxyandrostan-3-one + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): cortisone reductase; (R)-20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, 20-hydroxy steroid;
4
-3-ketosteroid hydrogenase; 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 3,20-hydroxysteroid:NAD
+
-
oxidoreductase; NADH-20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 20-HSD
Systematic name: 3(or 20)-hydroxysteroid:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The 3-hydroxy group or 20-hydroxy group of pregnane and androstane steroids can act as donor.
References: [552, 944, 945, 1354, 2158, 2209]
EC 1.1.1.54
Accepted name: allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: allyl alcohol + NADP
+
= acrolein + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: allyl-alcohol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on saturated primary alcohols.
References: [1702]
[EC 1.1.1.54 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.55
Accepted name: lactaldehyde reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: propane-1,2-diol + NADP
+
= L-lactaldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): lactaldehyde (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADP-1,2-
propanediol dehydrogenase; propanediol dehydrogenase; 1,2-propanediol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase;
lactaldehyde reductase (NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: propane-1,2-diol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: May be identical with EC 1.1.1.2 alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
).
References: [781]
[EC 1.1.1.55 created 1965]
16
EC 1.1.1.56
Accepted name: ribitol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: ribitol + NAD
+
= D-ribulose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): adonitol dehydrogenase; ribitol dehydrogenase A (wild type); ribitol dehydrogenase B (mutant en-
zyme with different properties); ribitol dehydrogenase D (mutant enzyme with different properties)
Systematic name: ribitol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [908, 1638, 2513]
[EC 1.1.1.56 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.57
Accepted name: fructuronate reductase
Reaction: D-mannonate + NAD
+
= D-fructuronate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): mannonate oxidoreductase; mannonic dehydrogenase; D-mannonate dehydrogenase; D-
mannonate:NAD oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-mannonate:NAD
+
5-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also reduces D-tagaturonate.
[EC 1.1.1.57 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.58
Accepted name: tagaturonate reductase
Reaction: D-altronate + NAD
+
= D-tagaturonate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): altronic oxidoreductase; altronate oxidoreductase; TagUAR; altronate dehydrogenase; D-tagaturonate
reductase
Systematic name: D-altronate:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
References: [879]
[EC 1.1.1.58 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.59
Accepted name: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD
+
= 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 3-hydroxypropanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [481]
[EC 1.1.1.59 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.60
Accepted name: 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase
Reaction: (R)-glycerate + NAD(P)
+
= 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): tartronate semialdehyde reductase
Systematic name: (R)-glycerate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [740]
[EC 1.1.1.60 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.61
Accepted name: 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxybutanoate + NAD
+
= succinate semialdehyde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
17
Systematic name: 4-hydroxybutanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1624]
[EC 1.1.1.61 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.62
Accepted name: estradiol 17-dehydrogenase
Reaction: estradiol-17 + NAD(P)
+
= estrone + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 17,20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 17-estradiol dehydro-
genase; estradiol dehydrogenase; estrogen 17-oxidoreductase; 17-HSD
Systematic name: estradiol-17:NAD(P)
+
17-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on (S)-20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and related compounds, oxidizing the (S)-20-group.
B-specic with respect to NAD(P)
+
(cf. EC 1.1.1.149 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase).
EC 1.1.1.63
Accepted name: testosterone 17-dehydrogenase
Reaction: testosterone + NAD
+
= androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 17-ketoreductase; 17-HSD
Systematic name: 17-hydroxysteroid:NAD
+
17-oxidoreductase
References: [568, 2208, 2396]
[EC 1.1.1.63 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.64
Accepted name: testosterone 17-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: testosterone + NADP
+
= androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 17-ketoreductase; NADP-dependent testosterone-17-oxidoreductase; testosterone 17-
dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: 17-hydroxysteroid:NADP
+
17-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes 3-hydroxyhexobarbital to 3-oxohexobarbital.
References: [568, 2208, 2396]
[EC 1.1.1.64 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.65
Accepted name: pyridoxine 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: pyridoxine + NADP
+
= pyridoxal + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): pyridoxin dehydrogenase; pyridoxol dehydrogenase; pyridoxine dehydrogenase
Systematic name: pyridoxine:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes pyridoxine phosphate.
References: [915]
EC 1.1.1.66
Accepted name: -hydroxydecanoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 10-hydroxydecanoate + NAD
+
= 10-oxodecanoate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 10-hydroxydecanoate:NAD
+
10-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on 9-hydroxynonanoate and 11-hydroxyundecanoate.
18
[EC 1.1.1.66 created 1965]
EC 1.1.1.67
Accepted name: mannitol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-mannitol + NAD
+
= D-fructose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-mannitol dehydrogenase; mannitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-mannitol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [1414]
[EC 1.1.1.67 created 1965]
[1.1.1.68 Transferred entry. 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Now EC 1.5.1.20, methylenetetrahydrofolate reduc-
tase [NAD(P)H]]
[EC 1.1.1.68 created 1965, deleted 1978 [transferred to EC 1.1.99.15, deleted 1980]]
EC 1.1.1.69
Accepted name: gluconate 5-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-gluconate + NAD(P)
+
= 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 5-keto-D-gluconate 5-reductase; 5-keto-D-gluconate 5-reductase; 5-ketogluconate 5-reductase; 5-
ketogluconate reductase; 5-keto-D-gluconate reductase
Systematic name: D-gluconate:NAD(P)
+
5-oxidoreductase
References: [43, 1297, 1670]
[1.1.1.70 Deleted entry. D-glucuronolactone dehydrogenase. Nowincluded with EC1.2.1.3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)]
[EC 1.1.1.70 created 1965, deleted 1978]
EC 1.1.1.71
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
Reaction: an alcohol + NAD(P)
+
= an aldehyde + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): retinal reductase; aldehyde reductase (NADPH/NADH); alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)]
Systematic name: alcohol:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces aliphatic aldehydes of carbon chain length from 2 to 14, with greatest activity on C4, C6 and
C8 aldehydes; also reduces retinal to retinol.
References: [601]
[EC 1.1.1.71 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.72
Accepted name: glycerol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: glycerol + NADP
+
= D-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): glycerol dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: glycerol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.72 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.73
Accepted name: octanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 1-octanol + NAD
+
= 1-octanal + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 1-octanol dehydrogenase
19
Systematic name: octanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts, less rapidly, on other long-chain alcohols.
References: [1872]
[EC 1.1.1.73 created 1972]
[1.1.1.74 Deleted entry. D-aminopropanol dehydrogenase (reaction due to EC 1.1.1.4 (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase)]
EC 1.1.1.75
Accepted name: (R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol + NAD
+
= aminoacetone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-aminopropanol dehydrogenase; 1-aminopropan-2-ol-NAD
+
dehydrogenase; L(+)-1-aminopropan-
2-ol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; 1-aminopropan-2-ol-dehydrogenase; DL-1-aminopropan-2-ol: NAD
+
dehydrogenase; L(+)-1-aminopropan-2-ol-NAD/NADP oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires K
+
.
References: [473, 2341, 2342]
[EC 1.1.1.75 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.76
Accepted name: (S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2S,3S)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD
+
= (S)-acetoin + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-butanediol dehydrogenase; L-BDH; L(+)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (L-acetoin forming); (S)-
acetoin reductase [(S,S)-butane-2,3-diol forming]
Systematic name: (S,S)-butane-2,3-diol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the reversible reduction of (S)-acetoin to (S,S)-butane-2,3-diol. It can also
catalyse the irreversible reduction of diacetyl to (S)-acetoin.
References: [2259, 307, 2234]
EC 1.1.1.77
Accepted name: lactaldehyde reductase
Reaction: (R)[or (S)]-propane-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= (R)[or (S)]-lactaldehyde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): propanediol:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) oxidoreductase; L-lactaldehyde:propanediol
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (R)[or (S)]-propane-1,2-diol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2298]
[EC 1.1.1.77 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.78
Accepted name: methylglyoxal reductase (NADH-dependent)
Reaction: (R)-lactaldehyde + NAD
+
= methylglyoxal + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): methylglyoxal reductase; D-lactaldehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-lactaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This mammalian enzyme differs from the yeast enzyme, EC 1.1.1.283, methylglyoxal reductase
(NADPH-dependent), in using NADH rather than NADPH as reductant. It oxidizes HO-CH
2
-CHOH-
CHO (glyceraldehyde) as well as CH
3
-CHOH-CHO (lactaldehyde).
References: [2297]
20
EC 1.1.1.79
Accepted name: glyoxylate reductase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: glycolate + NADP
+
= glyoxylate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH-glyoxylate reductase; glyoxylate reductase (NADP)
Systematic name: glycolate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also reduces hydroxypyruvate to glycerate; has some afnity for NAD
+
.
[EC 1.1.1.79 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.80
Accepted name: isopropanol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: propan-2-ol + NADP
+
= acetone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): isopropanol dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: propan-2-ol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on other short-chain secondary alcohols and, slowly, on primary alcohols.
[EC 1.1.1.80 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.81
Accepted name: hydroxypyruvate reductase
Reaction: D-glycerate + NAD(P)
+
= hydroxypyruvate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxypyruvate reductase; NADH:hydroxypyruvate reductase; D-glycerate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-glycerate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [1141, 1142, 1169]
[EC 1.1.1.81 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.82
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: (S)-malate + NADP
+
= oxaloacetate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-malic enzyme; NADP-malate dehydrogenase; malic dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate); malate NADP dehydrogenase; NADP malate dehydrogenase; NADP-linked
malate dehydrogenase; malate dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: (S)-malate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Activated by light.
References: [390, 1033, 1034]
[EC 1.1.1.82 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.83
Accepted name: D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Reaction: (R)-malate + NAD
+
= pyruvate + CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): D-malate dehydrogenase; D-malic enzyme; bifunctional L(+)-tartrate dehydrogenase-D(+)-malate (de-
carboxylating)
Systematic name: (R)-malate:NAD
+
References: [2131]
[EC 1.1.1.83 created 1972]
21
EC 1.1.1.84
Accepted name: dimethylmalate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-3,3-dimethylmalate + NAD
+
= 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): ,-dimethylmalate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-3,3-dimethylmalate:NAD
+
Comments: Requires K
+
or NH
4
+
and Mn
2+
or Co
2+
; also acts on (R)-malate.
References: [1373]
[EC 1.1.1.84 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.85
Accepted name: 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1a) (2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate + NAD
+
= (2S)-2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate + NADH + H
+
(1b) (2S)-2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + CO
2
(spontaneous)
Other name(s): -isopropylmalic enzyme; -isopropylmalate dehydrogenase; threo-D
s
-3-isopropylmalate dehydroge-
nase; 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The product decarboxylates spontaneously to yield 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate.
References: [285, 1721, 1607, 296]
EC 1.1.1.86
Accepted name: ketol-acid reductoisomerase
Reaction: (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate + NADP
+
= (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate +
NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): dihydroxyisovalerate dehydrogenase (isomerizing); acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase; ketol acid
reductoisomerase; -keto--hydroxylacyl reductoisomerase; 2-hydroxy-3-keto acid reductoisomerase;
acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase; acetolactate reductoisomerase; dihydroxyisovalerate (isomeriz-
ing) dehydrogenase; isomeroreductase; reductoisomerase
Systematic name: (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (isomerizing)
Comments: Also catalyses the reduction of 2-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate to 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate.
References: [75, 884, 1127, 1942]
[EC 1.1.1.86 created 1972, modied 1976, modied 1981 (EC 1.1.1.89 created 1972, incorporated 1976)]
EC 1.1.1.87
Accepted name: homoisocitrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1R,2S)-1-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate + NAD
+
= 2-oxoadipate + CO
2
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-hydroxy-3-carboxyadipate dehydrogenase; 3-carboxy-2-hydroxyadipate dehydrogenase; homoisoc-
itric dehydrogenase; (-)-1-hydroxy-1,2,4-butanetricarboxylate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (decarboxylat-
ing); 3-carboxy-2-hydroxyadipate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (decarboxylating); HICDH
Systematic name: (1R,2S)-1-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate:NAD
+
Comments: Forms part of the lysine biosynthesis pathway in fungi [2602].
References: [2149, 1892, 2602]
EC 1.1.1.88
Accepted name: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase
Reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NAD
+
= 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxy--methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; -hydroxy--methylglutaryl CoA-reductase; 3-
hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
22
Systematic name: (R)-mevalonate:NAD
+
References: [604]
[1.1.1.89 Deleted entry. dihydroxyisovalerate dehydrogenase (isomerizing). Now included with EC 1.1.1.86 ketol-acid re-
ductoisomerase]
EC 1.1.1.90
Accepted name: aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: an aromatic alcohol + NAD
+
= an aromatic aldehyde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase; benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase; coniferyl alcohol dehydro-
genase
Systematic name: aryl-alcohol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A group of enzymes with broad specicity towards primary alcohols with an aromatic or cyclohex-1-
ene ring, but with low or no activity towards short-chain aliphatic alcohols.
EC 1.1.1.91
Accepted name: aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: an aromatic alcohol + NADP
+
= an aromatic aldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): aryl alcohol dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); coniferyl alcohol dehy-
drogenase; NADPH-linked benzaldehyde reductase; aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: aryl-alcohol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on some aliphatic aldehydes, but cinnamaldehyde was the best substrate found.
References: [771]
[EC 1.1.1.91 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.92
Accepted name: oxaloglycolate reductase (decarboxylating)
Reaction: D-glycerate + NAD(P)
+
+ CO
2
= 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate + NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
Systematic name: D-glycerate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase (carboxylating)
Comments: Also reduces hydroxypyruvate to D-glycerate and glyoxylate to glycolate.
References: [1168]
[EC 1.1.1.92 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.93
Accepted name: tartrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: tartrate + NAD
+
= oxaloglycolate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): mesotartrate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: tartrate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: meso-tartrate and (R,R)-tartrate act as substrates. Requires MnSUP2+/SUP and a monovalent
cation.
References: [1170]
[EC 1.1.1.93 created 1972]
23
EC 1.1.1.94
Accepted name: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
Reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NAD(P)
+
= glycerone phosphate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): L-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD(P) oxidoreductase; glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)); glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP); glycerol-3-
phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)]
Systematic name: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Escherichia coli shows specicity for the B side of NADPH.
References: [1133, 547, 548, 549]
EC 1.1.1.95
Accepted name: phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1) 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NAD
+
= 3-phosphonooxypyruvate + NADH + H
+
(2) 2-hydroxyglutarate + NAD
+
= 2-oxoglutarate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-3-phosphoglycerate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; -phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; 3-
phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; 3-phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase; D-3-phosphoglycerate
dehydrogenase; glycerate 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; glycerate-1,3-phosphate dehydrogenase; phos-
phoglycerate oxidoreductase; phosphoglyceric acid dehydrogenase; SerA; 3-phosphoglycerate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase; SerA 3PG dehydrogenase; 3PHP reductase; KG reductase; D- and L-HGA
Systematic name: 3-phospho-D-glycerate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the rst committed step in the phosphoserine pathway of serine biosynthe-
sis in Escherichia coli [1759, 2623]. Reaction (1) occurs predominantly in the reverse direction
and is inhibited by serine and glycine. The enzyme is unusual in that it also acts as a D- and L-2-
hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (with the D-form being the better substrate) and as a 2-oxoglutarate
reductase [2623]. It has been postulated [2623] that the cellular 2-oxoglutarate concentration may
regulate serine biosynthesis and one-carbon metabolism directly by modulating the activity of this
enzyme.
References: [2177, 1759, 2623, 1984]
EC 1.1.1.96
Accepted name: diiodophenylpyruvate reductase
Reaction: 3-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate + NAD
+
= 3-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + NADH
+ H
+
Other name(s): aromatic -keto acid; KAR; 2-oxo acid reductase
Systematic name: 3-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Substrates contain an aromatic ring with a pyruvate side chain. The most active substrates are halo-
genated derivatives. Compounds with hydroxy or amino groups in the 3 or 5 position are inactive.
References: [2607]
[EC 1.1.1.96 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.97
Accepted name: 3-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol + NADP
+
= 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase; m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (NADP) dehydrogenase; m-
hydroxybenzylalcohol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [617]
[EC 1.1.1.97 created 1972]
24
EC 1.1.1.98
Accepted name: (R)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-2-hydroxystearate + NAD
+
= 2-oxostearate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-2-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxy fatty acid oxidase
Systematic name: (R)-2-hydroxystearate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1291]
[EC 1.1.1.98 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.99
Accepted name: (S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-2-hydroxystearate + NAD
+
= 2-oxostearate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): dehydrogenase, L-2-hydroxy fatty acid; L-2-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxy fatty acid
oxidase
Systematic name: (S)-2-hydroxystearate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1291]
[EC 1.1.1.99 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.100
Accepted name: 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP
+
= a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH
+ H
+
Other name(s): -ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein](ACP) reductase; -ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase; -
ketoacyl reductase; -ketoacyl thioester reductase; -ketoacyl-ACP reductase; -ketoacyl-acyl carrier
protein reductase; 3-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein reductase; NADPH-specic 3-oxoacyl-[acylcarrier
protein]reductase; 3-oxoacyl-[ACP]reductase; (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP
+
oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Exhibits a marked preference for acyl-carrier-protein derivatives over CoA derivatives as substrates.
References: [1784, 2042, 2313]
EC 1.1.1.101
Accepted name: acylglycerone-phosphate reductase
Reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol 3-phosphate + NADP
+
= palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): palmitoyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase; palmitoyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase;
palmitoyl-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase; acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase; palmi-
toyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase
Systematic name: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on alkylglycerone 3-phosphate and alkylglycerol 3-phosphate.
References: [1228]
EC 1.1.1.102
Accepted name: 3-dehydrosphinganine reductase
Reaction: sphinganine + NADP
+
= 3-dehydrosphinganine + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): D-3-dehydrosphinganine reductase; D-3-oxosphinganine reductase; DSR; 3-oxosphinganine reduc-
tase; 3-oxosphinganine:NADPH oxidoreductase; D-3-oxosphinganine:B-NADPH oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
25
[EC 1.1.1.102 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.103
Accepted name: L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-threonine + NAD
+
= L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-threonine dehydrogenase; threonine 3-dehydrogenase; threonine dehydrogenase; TDH
Systematic name: L-threonine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme acts in concert with EC 2.3.1.29, glycine C-acetyltransferase, in the degradation of thre-
onine to glycine. This threonine-degradation pathway is common to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
and the two enzymes involved form a complex [826]. In aqueous solution, the product L-2-amino-3-
oxobutanoate can spontaneously decarboxylate to form aminoacetone.
References: [753, 826, 1616, 575]
[EC 1.1.1.103 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.104
Accepted name: 4-oxoproline reductase
Reaction: 4-hydroxy-L-proline + NAD
+
= 4-oxoproline + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): hydroxy-L-proline oxidase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxy-L-proline:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2085]
[EC 1.1.1.104 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.105
Accepted name: retinol dehydrogenase
Reaction: retinol + NAD
+
= retinal + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): retinol (vitamin A
1
) dehydrogenase; MDR; microsomal retinol dehydrogenase; all-trans retinol dehy-
drogenase; retinal reductase; retinene reductase
Systematic name: retinol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1161]
[EC 1.1.1.105 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.106
Accepted name: pantoate 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-pantoate + NAD
+
= (R)-4-dehydropantoate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): pantoate dehydrogenase; pantothenase; D-pantoate:NAD
+
4-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (R)-pantoate:NAD
+
4-oxidoreductase
References: [733]
EC 1.1.1.107
Accepted name: pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: pyridoxal + NAD
+
= 4-pyridoxolactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): pyridoxal dehydrogenase
Systematic name: pyridoxal:NAD
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme acts on the hemiacetal form of the substrate.
References: [280]
[EC 1.1.1.107 created 1972]
26
EC 1.1.1.108
Accepted name: carnitine 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: carnitine + NAD
+
= 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: carnitine:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.108 created 1972]
[1.1.1.109 Transferred entry. 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.3.1.28, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-di-
hydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase]
EC 1.1.1.110
Accepted name: indolelactate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (indol-3-yl)lactate + NAD
+
= (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): indolelactate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (indol-3-yl)lactate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1019]
[EC 1.1.1.110 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.111
Accepted name: 3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate + NAD(P)
+
= 3-(imidazol-5-yl)pyruvate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): imidazol-5-yl lactate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.111 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.112
Accepted name: indanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: indan-1-ol + NAD(P)
+
= indanone + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: indan-1-ol:NAD(P)
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: 3(20)-Hydroxysteroids are also oxidized, more slowly.
[EC 1.1.1.112 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.113
Accepted name: L-xylose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-xylose + NADP
+
= L-xylono-1,4-lactone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): L-xylose dehydrogenase; NADPH-xylose reductase
Systematic name: L-xylose:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes D-arabinose and D-lyxose.
References: [2351]
[EC 1.1.1.113 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.114
Accepted name: apiose 1-reductase
Reaction: D-apiitol + NAD
+
= D-apiose + NADH + H
+
27
Other name(s): D-apiose reductase; D-apiitol reductase
Systematic name: D-apiitol:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.114 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.115
Accepted name: ribose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: D-ribose + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = D-ribonate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): D-ribose dehydrogenase (NADP
+
); NADP-pentose-dehydrogenase; ribose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: D-ribose:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on D-xylose and other pentoses.
[EC 1.1.1.115 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.116
Accepted name: D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-arabinose + NAD
+
= D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD-pentose-dehydrogenase; arabinose(fucose)dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-arabinose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.116 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.117
Accepted name: D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
Reaction: D-arabinose + NAD(P)
+
= D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)]
Systematic name: D-arabinose:NAD(P)
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on L-galactose, 6-deoxy- and 3,6-dideoxy-L-galactose.
References: [377, 375, 376]
[EC 1.1.1.117 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.118
Accepted name: glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: D-glucose + NAD
+
= D-glucono-1,5-lactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-glucose:NAD oxidoreductase; D-aldohexose dehydrogenase; glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD)
Systematic name: D-glucose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
References: [940]
EC 1.1.1.119
Accepted name: glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: D-glucose + NADP
+
= D-glucono-1,5-lactone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked aldohexose dehydrogenase; NADP-linked aldo-
hexose dehydrogenase; NADP-dependent glucose dehydrogenase; glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: D-glucose:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes D-mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannose.
28
[EC 1.1.1.119 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.120
Accepted name: galactose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: D-galactose + NADP
+
= D-galactonolactone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): D-galactose dehydrogenase (NADP
+
); galactose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: D-galactose:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on L-arabinose, 6-deoxy- and 2-deoxy-D-galactose.
References: [377, 375, 376, 1966]
[EC 1.1.1.120 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.121
Accepted name: aldose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-aldose + NAD
+
= D-aldonolactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): aldose dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, D-aldohexose
Systematic name: D-aldose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on D-glucose, 2-deoxy- and 6-deoxy-D-glucose, D-galactose, 6-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-deoxy-L-
arabinose and D-xylose.
References: [377, 375, 376]
[EC 1.1.1.121 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.122
Accepted name: D-threo-aldose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: a D-threo-aldose + NAD
+
= a D-threo-aldono-1,5-lactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-fucose dehydrogenase; (2S,3R)-aldose dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, L-fucose; L-fucose (D-
arabinose) dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-threo-aldose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on L-fucose, D-arabinose and L-xylose; the animal enzyme was also shown to act on L-
arabinose, and the enzyme from Pseudomonas caryophylli on L-glucose.
[EC 1.1.1.122 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.123
Accepted name: sorbose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: L-sorbose + NADP
+
= 5-dehydro-D-fructose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 5-ketofructose reductase; 5-keto-D-fructose reductase; sorbose (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate) dehydrogenase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked reductase;
sorbose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Systematic name: L-sorbose:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase
References: [570]
EC 1.1.1.124
Accepted name: fructose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: D-fructose + NADP
+
= 5-dehydro-D-fructose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 5-ketofructose reductase (NADP); 5-keto-D-fructose reductase (NADP
+
); fructose 5-(nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase; D-(-)fructose:(NADP
+
) 5-oxidoreductase; fructose
5-dehydrogenase (NADP)
29
Systematic name: D-fructose:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase
EC 1.1.1.125
Accepted name: 2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NAD
+
= 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-deoxygluconate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-deoxy-D-gluconate:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
References: [558]
[EC 1.1.1.125 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.126
Accepted name: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADP
+
= (4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxohexanoate + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate dehydrogenase; 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NADP
+
6-oxidoreductase
References: [1781]
[EC 1.1.1.126 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.127
Accepted name: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + NAD
+
= (4S)-4,6-dihydroxy-2,5-dioxohexanoate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 5-dehydrogenase; 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate dehydrogenase; 2-keto-3-
deoxygluconate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)) dehydrogenase; 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-
gluconate (3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonic acid) dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NAD
+
5-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Pseudomonas acts equally well on NAD
+
or NADP
+
, while that from Erwinia
chrysanthemi and Escherichia coli is more specic for NAD
+
.
EC 1.1.1.128
Accepted name: L-idonate 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-idonate + NADP
+
= 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 5-ketogluconate 2-reductase; 5-keto-D-gluconate 2-reductase; L-idonate dehydrogenase; 5-
ketogluconate 2-reductase; reductase, 5-ketogluconate 5- (L-idonate-forming); 5KGR; 5-ketoglucono-
idono-reductase
Systematic name: L-idonate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [2222]
EC 1.1.1.129
Accepted name: L-threonate 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-threonate + NAD
+
= 3-dehydro-L-threonate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): threonate dehydrogenase; L-threonic acid dehydrogenase
30
Systematic name: L-threonate:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
References: [89]
[EC 1.1.1.129 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.130
Accepted name: 3-dehydro-L-gulonate 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-dehydro-L-gulonate + NAD(P)
+
= (4R,5S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2,3-dioxohexanoate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 3-keto-L-gulonate dehydrogenase; 3-ketogulonate dehydrogenase; 3-keto-L-gulonate dehydrogenase;
3-ketogulonate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-dehydro-L-gulonate:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [2404]
[EC 1.1.1.130 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.131
Accepted name: mannuronate reductase
Reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(P)
+
= D-mannuronate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): mannonate dehydrogenase; mannonate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phos-
phate))dehydrogenase; mannonate dehydrogenase; mannuronate reductase; mannonate dehydroge-
nase (NAD(P)
+
); D-mannonate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate oxidoreductase (D-
mannuronate-forming))
Systematic name: D-mannonate:NAD(P)
+
6-oxidoreductase
References: [592]
[EC 1.1.1.131 created 1972 (EC 1.2.1.34 created 1972, incorporated 1983; EC 1.1.1.180 created 1983, incorporated 1984)]
EC 1.1.1.132
Accepted name: GDP-mannose 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: GDP-D-mannose + 2 NAD
+
+ H
2
O = GDP-D-mannuronate + 2 NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): guanosine diphosphomannose dehydrogenase; GDP-mannose dehydrogenase; guanosine diphospho-
mannose dehydrogenase; guanosine diphospho-D-mannose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: GDP-D-mannose:NAD
+
6-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on the corresponding deoxynucleoside diphosphate derivative as a substrate.
References: [1780]
[EC 1.1.1.132 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.133
Accepted name: dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase
Reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP
+
= dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): dTDP-4-keto-L-rhamnose reductase; reductase, thymidine diphospho-4-ketorhamnose; dTDP-4-
ketorhamnose reductase; TDP-4-keto-rhamnose reductase; thymidine diphospho-4-ketorhamnose
reductase
Systematic name: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: In the reverse direction, reduction on the 4-position of the hexose moiety takes place only while the
substrate is bound to another enzyme that catalyses epimerization at C-3 and C-5; the complex has
been referred to as dTDP-L-rhamnose synthase.
References: [1456]
[EC 1.1.1.133 created 1972]
31
EC 1.1.1.134
Accepted name: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose + NADP
+
= dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): thymidine diphospho-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase; TDP-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase;
thymidine diphospho-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase; dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase (4-
reductase)
Systematic name: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Oxidation on the 4-position of the hexose moiety takes place only while the substrate is bound to an-
other enzyme that catalyses epimerization at C-3 and C-5.
References: [686]
[EC 1.1.1.134 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.135
Accepted name: GDP-6-deoxy-D-talose 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-talose + NAD(P)
+
= GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): guanosine diphospho-6-deoxy-D-talose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: GDP-6-deoxy-D-talose:NAD(P)
+
4-oxidoreductase
References: [1401]
EC 1.1.1.136
Accepted name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + 2 NAD
+
+ H
2
O = UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucuronate +
2 NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine dehydrogenase; UDP-acetylglucosamine dehydrogenase; UDP-
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:NAD oxidoreductase; UDP-GlcNAc dehydrogenase
Systematic name: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:NAD
+
6-oxidoreductase
References: [587]
[EC 1.1.1.136 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.137
Accepted name: ribitol-5-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-ribitol 5-phosphate + NAD(P)
+
= D-ribulose 5-phosphate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): dehydrogenase, ribitol 5-phosphate
Systematic name: D-ribitol-5-phosphate:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [715]
[EC 1.1.1.137 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.138
Accepted name: mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: D-mannitol + NADP
+
= D-fructose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: D-mannitol:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.138 created 1972]
[1.1.1.139 Deleted entry. polyol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
). Now included with EC 1.1.1.21 aldehyde reductase]
32
EC 1.1.1.140
Accepted name: sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD
+
= D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): ketosephosphate reductase; ketosephosphate reductase; D-sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; D-
sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; sorbitol-6-P-dehydrogenase; D-glucitol-6-phosphate dehydroge-
nase
Systematic name: D-sorbitol-6-phosphate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.140 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.141
Accepted name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: (5Z,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-5,13-dienoate + NAD
+
= (5Z,13E)-11-hydroxy-9,15-
dioxoprost-5,13-dienoate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD
+
-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (type I); PGDH; 11,15-dihydroxy-9-
oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD
+
15-oxidoreductase; 15-OH-PGDH; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydroge-
nase; 15-hydroxyprostanoic dehydrogenase; NAD
+
-specic 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase;
prostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD
+
); (5Z,13E)-(15S)-
11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD
+
15-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (5Z,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-5,13-dienoate:NAD
+
15-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on prostaglandin E
2
, F
2
and B
1
, but not on prostaglandin D
2
. cf. EC 1.1.1.196 15-
hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP
+
) and EC 1.1.1.197 15-hydroxyprostaglandin de-
hydrogenase (NADP
+
).
References: [58, 245, 1269, 1271]
[EC 1.1.1.141 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.142
Accepted name: D-pinitol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 1D-3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol + NADP
+
= 2D-5-O-methyl-2,3,5/4,6-pentahydroxycyclohexanone +
NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 5D-5-O-methyl-chiro-inositol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 1D-3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1901]
[EC 1.1.1.142 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.143
Accepted name: sequoyitol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 5-O-methyl-myo-inositol + NAD
+
= 2D-5-O-methyl-2,3,5/4,6-pentahydroxycyclohexanone + NADH
+ H
+
Other name(s): D-pinitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 5-O-methyl-myo-inositol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1901]
[EC 1.1.1.143 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.144
Accepted name: perillyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: perillyl alcohol + NAD
+
= perillyl aldehyde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): perillyl alcohol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: perillyl-alcohol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
33
Comments: Oxidizes a number of primary alcohols with the alcohol group allylic to an endocyclic double bond
and a 6-membered ring, either aromatic or hydroaromatic.
References: [120]
[EC 1.1.1.144 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.145
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-
5
-steroid dehydrogenase
Reaction: a 3-hydroxy-
5
-steroid + NAD
+
= a 3-oxo-
5
-steroid + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): progesterone reductase;
5
-3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehy-
drogenase; 3-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase; 3-hydroxy-
5
-C
27
-steroid dehydroge-
nase/isomerase; 3-hydroxy-
5
-C
27
-steroid oxidoreductase; 3-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid oxidoreduc-
tase; steroid-
5
-3-ol dehydrogenase; 3-HSDH; 5-ene-3--hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 3-
hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-
5
-steroid:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on 3-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one to form androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and on 3-hydroxypregn-
5-en-20-one to form progesterone.
References: [345, 1188, 1615]
[EC 1.1.1.145 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.146
Accepted name: 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Reaction: an 11-hydroxysteroid + NADP
+
= an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): corticosteroid 11-dehydrogenase; -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 11-hydroxy steroid dehydroge-
nase; corticosteroid 11-reductase; dehydrogenase, 11-hydroxy steroid
+
11-oxidoreductase
References: [22, 289, 1232, 1752]
[EC 1.1.1.146 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.147
Reaction: a 16-hydroxysteroid + NAD(P)
+
= a 16-oxosteroid + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 16-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase
+
16-oxidoreductase
References: [1453]
[EC 1.1.1.147 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.148
Accepted name: estradiol 17-dehydrogenase
Reaction: estradiol-17 + NAD(P)
+
= estrone + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 17-estradiol dehydrogenase; 17-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 17-hydroxy steroid oxidoreduc-
tase; 17-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase; estradiol 17-oxidoreductase
+
17-oxidoreductase
References: [1846]
[EC 1.1.1.148 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.149
34
Reaction: 17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one + NAD(P)
+
= 17-hydroxyprogesterone + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 20-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 20-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 20-HSD; 20-HSDH
+
20-oxidoreductase
Comments: A-specic with respect to NAD(P)
+
(cf. EC 1.1.1.62 estradiol 17-dehydrogenase).
[EC 1.1.1.149 created 1972, deleted 1983, reinstated 1986]
EC 1.1.1.150
Accepted name: 21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: pregnan-21-ol + NAD
+
= pregnan-21-al + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD)
+
21-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a number of 21-hydroxycorticosteroids.
References: [1505]
[EC 1.1.1.150 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.151
Accepted name: 21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: pregnan-21-ol + NADP
+
= pregnan-21-al + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 21-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 21-hydroxy steroid (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-
phate) dehydrogenase; 21-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-
phate); NADP-21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP)
+
21-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a number of 21-hydroxycorticosteroids.
References: [1505]
[EC 1.1.1.151 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.152
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-5-androstane-17-one 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-5-androstane-17-one + NAD
+
= 5-androstane-3,17-dione + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): etiocholanolone 3-dehydrogenase; etiocholanolone 3-dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxy-5-steroid de-
hydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-5-steroid:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
References: [1878]
[EC 1.1.1.152 created 1972]
EC 1.1.1.153
Accepted name: sepiapterin reductase
Reaction: (1) 7,8-dihydrobiopterin + NADP
+
= sepiapterin + NADPH + H
+
(2) tetrahydrobiopterin + 2 NADP
+
= 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + 2 NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): SR
Systematic name: 7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the nal step in the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin from GTP,
with the other enzymes involved being EC 3.5.4.16 (GTP cyclohydrolase I) and EC 4.2.3.12 (6-
pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase) [2194].
References: [1082, 1427, 2469, 1122, 2194, 363]
[EC 1.1.1.153 created 1972]
35
EC 1.1.1.154
Accepted name: ureidoglycolate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-ureidoglycolate + NAD(P)
+
= oxalureate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: (S)-ureidoglycolate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2372]
[EC 1.1.1.154 created 1976]
[1.1.1.155 Deleted entry. homoisocitrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme is identical to EC 1.1.1.87, homoisocitrate dehydro-
genase]
EC 1.1.1.156
Accepted name: glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: glycerol + NADP
+
= glycerone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): dihydroxyacetone reductase; dihydroxyacetone (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate) reductase; dihydroxyacetone reductase (NADPH); DHA oxidoreductase; glycerol 2-
dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: glycerol:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase (glycerone-forming)
References: [164]
[EC 1.1.1.156 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.157
Accepted name: 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP
+
= 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; BHBD;
dehydrogenase, L-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); L-
(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; -hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1370]
[EC 1.1.1.157 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.158
Accepted name: UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase
Reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP
+
= UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH
+ H
+
Other name(s): MurB reductase; UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase; UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-
enoylpyruvate reductase; UDP-GlcNAc-enoylpyruvate reductase; uridine diphosphoacetylpyruvoyl-
glucosamine reductase; uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine-enolpyruvate reductase; uridine-5
-
diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-3-O-lactylglucose:NADP-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: UDP-N-acetylmuramate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Sodium dithionite, sodium borohydride and, to a lesser extent, NADH, can
replace NADPH.
References: [2232, 2233, 2376]
EC 1.1.1.159
Reaction: 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholanate + NAD
+
= 3,12-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5-cholanate + NADH +
H
+
36
Other name(s): 7-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 7-HSDH
+
7-oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the oxidation of the 7-hydroxy group of bile acids and alcohols both in their free and con-
jugated forms. The Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium enzymes can also utilize NADP
+
.
References: [833, 1359, 1361, 1362]
EC 1.1.1.160
Accepted name: dihydrobunolol dehydrogenase
Reaction: ()-5-[(tert-butylamino)-2
-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol + NADP
+
= ()-5-[(tert-
butylamino)-2
-hydroxypropoxy]-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): bunolol reductase
Systematic name: ()-5-[(tert-butylamino)-2
-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, with NAD
+
.
References: [1281]
[EC 1.1.1.160 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.161
Accepted name: cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase
Reaction: (25R)-5-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetraol + NAD
+
= (25R)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-
al + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): cholestanetetrol 26-dehydrogenase; 5-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetrol dehydrogenase; TEHC-NAD
oxidoreductase; 5-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetraol:NAD
+
26-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (25R)-5-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetraol:NAD
+
26-oxidoreductase
References: [1426]
[EC 1.1.1.161 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.162
Accepted name: erythrulose reductase
Reaction: D-threitol + NADP
+
= D-erythrulose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): D-erythrulose reductase; erythritol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-threitol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NAD
+
is also utilized, but more slowly.
[EC 1.1.1.162 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.163
Accepted name: cyclopentanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cyclopentanol + NAD
+
= cyclopentanone + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: cyclopentanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: 4-Methylcyclohexanol and cyclohexanol can also act as substrates.
[EC 1.1.1.163 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.164
Accepted name: hexadecanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: hexadecanol + NAD
+
= hexadecanal + NADH + H
+
37
Systematic name: hexadecanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The liver enzyme acts on long-chain alcohols from C
8
to C
16
. The Euglena enzyme also oxidizes the
corresponding aldehydes to fatty acids.
[EC 1.1.1.164 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.165
Accepted name: 2-alkyn-1-ol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-butyne-1,4-diol + NAD
+
= 4-hydroxy-2-butynal + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 2-butyne-1,4-diol:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a variety of 2-alkyn-1-ols, and also on 1,4-butanediol. NADP
+
also acts as acceptor, but more
slowly.
References: [1492]
[EC 1.1.1.165 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.166
Accepted name: hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate + NAD
+
= (1S,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-
oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase; (-)t-3,t-4-dihydroxycyclohexane-c-1-carboxylate-
NAD oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (1S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylates that have an equatorial carboxy group at C-1, an axial hy-
droxy group at C-3 and an equatorial hydroxy or carbonyl group at C-4, including (-)-quinate and
(-)-shikimate.
References: [2480]
[EC 1.1.1.166 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.167
Accepted name: hydroxymalonate dehydrogenase
Reaction: hydroxymalonate + NAD
+
= oxomalonate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: hydroxymalonate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1049]
[EC 1.1.1.167 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.168
Accepted name: 2-dehydropantolactone reductase (A-specic)
Reaction: (R)-pantolactone + NADP
+
= 2-dehydropantolactone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-oxopantoyl lactone reductase; ketopantoyl lactone reductase; 2-ketopantoyl lactone reductase; 2-
dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (A-specic)
Systematic name: (R)-pantolactone:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (A-specic)
Comments: The yeast enzyme differs from that from Escherichia coli [EC 1.1.1.214 2-dehydropantolactone re-
ductase (B-specic)], which is specic for the B-face of NADP
+
, and in receptor requirements from
EC 1.1.99.26 3-hydroxycyclohexanone dehydrogenase.
38
EC 1.1.1.169
Accepted name: 2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase
Reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP
+
= 2-dehydropantoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-oxopantoate reductase; 2-ketopantoate reductase; 2-ketopantoic acid reductase; ketopantoate reduc-
tase; ketopantoic acid reductase
Systematic name: (R)-pantoate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [1124]
[EC 1.1.1.169 created 1976]
EC 1.1.1.170
Accepted name: sterol-4-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-cholest-7-ene-4-carboxylate + NAD(P)
+
= 4-methyl-5-cholest-7-en-
3-one + CO
2
+ NAD(P)H
Other name(s): 3-hydroxy-4-methylcholestenecarboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); 3-hydroxy-4-
methylcholestenoate dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxy-4-methylcholestenoate dehydrogenase; sterol 4-
carboxylic decarboxylase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-cholest-7-ene-4-carboxylate:NAD(P)
+
3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylat-
ing)
Comments: Also acts on 3-hydroxy-5-cholest-7-ene-4-carboxylate.
[1.1.1.171 Transferred entry. methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH). Now EC 1.5.1.20, methylenetetrahydrofolate
reductase [NAD(P)H]]
EC 1.1.1.172
Accepted name: 2-oxoadipate reductase
Reaction: 2-hydroxyadipate + NAD
+
= 2-oxoadipate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-ketoadipate reductase; -ketoadipate reductase; 2-ketoadipate reductase
Systematic name: 2-hydroxyadipate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [2176]
[EC 1.1.1.172 created 1978]
EC 1.1.1.173
Accepted name: L-rhamnose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-rhamnofuranose + NAD
+
= L-rhamno-1,4-lactone + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: L-rhamnofuranose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.173 created 1978]
EC 1.1.1.174
Accepted name: cyclohexane-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes, more slowly, the cis isomer and 2-hydroxycyclohexanone.
References: [453]
39
[EC 1.1.1.174 created 1978]
EC 1.1.1.175
Accepted name: D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-xylose + NAD
+
= D-xylonolactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD-D-xylose dehydrogenase; D-xylose dehydrogenase; (NAD)-linked D-xylose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-xylose:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
References: [2550]
[EC 1.1.1.175 created 1978]
EC 1.1.1.176
Reaction: 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholanate + NADP
+
= 3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5-cholanate + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): 12-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 12-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent 12-
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; NADP-12-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
+
12-oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the oxidation of the 12-hydroxy group of bile acids, both in their free and conjugated
form. Also acts on bile alcohols.
[EC 1.1.1.176 created 1978]
EC 1.1.1.177
Accepted name: glycerol-3-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NADP
+
= D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): glycerol phosphate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase; L-glycerol 3-
phosphate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase; glycerin-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NADPH-dependent
glycerin-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NADP-specic glycerol 3-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase
Systematic name: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
EC 1.1.1.178
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + NAD
+
= 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A
dehydrogenase; 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-butyryl CoA dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on (2S,3S)-2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA.
References: [392]
[EC 1.1.1.178 created 1981]
EC 1.1.1.179
Accepted name: D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: D-xylose + NADP
+
= D-xylono-1,5-lactone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): D-xylose (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase; D-xylose-NADP dehydroge-
nase; D-xylose:NADP
+
oxidoreductase; D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: D-xylose:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
40
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on L-arabinose and D-ribose.
[EC 1.1.1.179 created 1982]
[1.1.1.180 Deleted entry. mannonate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)
+
). Now included with EC 1.1.1.131 mannuronate reductase]
EC 1.1.1.181
Accepted name: cholest-5-ene-3,7-diol 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: cholest-5-ene-3,7-diol + NAD
+
= 7-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 3-hydroxy-
5
-C
27
-steroid oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cholest-5-ene-3,7-diol:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Highly specic for 3-hydroxy-C
27
-steroids with
5
-double bond.
References: [2485]
[EC 1.1.1.181 created 1983]
[1.1.1.182 Deleted entry. fenchol dehydrogenase. Nowincluded with EC1.1.1.198 (+)-borneol dehydrogenase, EC1.1.1.227
(-)-borneol dehydrogenase and EC 1.1.1.228 (+)-sabinol dehydrogenase]
EC 1.1.1.183
Accepted name: geraniol dehydrogenase
Reaction: geraniol + NADP
+
= geranial + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: geraniol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on nerol, farnesol and citronellol.
References: [1773]
[EC 1.1.1.183 created 1983]
EC 1.1.1.184
Accepted name: carbonyl reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: R-CHOH-R
+ NADP
+
= R-CO-R
+ NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): aldehyde reductase 1; prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase; xenobiotic ketone reductase; NADPH
2
-
dependent carbonyl reductase; ALR3; carbonyl reductase; nonspecic NADPH-dependent carbonyl
reductase; aldehyde reductase 1; carbonyl reductase (NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: secondary-alcohol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a wide range of carbonyl compounds, including quinones, aromatic aldehydes, ketoaldehydes,
daunorubicin and prostaglandins E and F, reducing them to the corresponding alcohol. B-specic with
respect to NADPH [cf. EC 1.1.1.2 alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)].
References: [24, 1308, 2467]
[EC 1.1.1.184 created 1983]
EC 1.1.1.185
Accepted name: L-glycol dehydrogenase
Reaction: an L-glycol + NAD(P)
+
= a 2-hydroxycarbonyl compound + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): glycol (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)) dehydrogenase; L-(+)-glycol:NAD(P) oxi-
doreductase; L-glycol:NAD(P) dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-glycol:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
41
Comments: The 2-hydroxycarbonyl compound formed can be further oxidized to a vicinal dicarbonyl com-
pound. In the reverse direction, vicinal diketones, glyceraldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, 2-oxo-
hydroxyketones and 2-ketoacid esters can be reduced.
References: [176]
[EC 1.1.1.185 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.186
Accepted name: dTDP-galactose 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: dTDP-D-galactose + 2 NADP
+
+ H
2
O = dTDP-D-galacturonate + 2 NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): thymidine-diphosphate-galactose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: dTDP-D-galactose:NADP
+
6-oxidoreductase
References: [1075]
EC 1.1.1.187
Accepted name: GDP-4-dehydro-D-rhamnose reductase
Reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)
+
+
Other name(s): GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose reductase; GDP-4-keto-D-rhamnose reductase; guanosine
diphosphate-4-keto-D-rhamnose reductase
Systematic name: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose:NAD(P)
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: In the reverse reaction, a mixture of GDP-D-rhamnose and its C-4 epimer is formed.
[EC 1.1.1.187 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.188
Accepted name: prostaglandin-F synthase
Reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP
+
= (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9,15-
dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): prostaglandin-D
2
11-reductase; reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin; PGD
2
11-ketoreductase;
PGF
2
synthetase; prostaglandin 11-ketoreductase; prostaglandin D
2
-ketoreductase; prostaglandin F
synthase; prostaglandin F synthetase; synthetase, prostaglandin F
2
; prostaglandin-D
2
11-reductase;
PGF synthetase; NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D
2
11-keto reductase; prostaglandin 11-keto re-
ductase
Systematic name: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP
+
11-oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces prostaglandin D
2
and prostaglandin H
2
to prostaglandin F
2
; prostaglandin D
2
is not an in-
termediate in the reduction of prostaglandin H
2
. Also catalyses the reduction of a number of carbonyl
compounds, such as 9,10-phenanthroquinone and 4-nitroacetophenone.
References: [1837, 2450, 2452, 2508, 2509]
EC 1.1.1.189
Accepted name: prostaglandin-E
2
9-reductase
Reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP
+
= (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11,15-
dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): PGE
2
-9-OR; reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin; 9-keto-prostaglandin E
2
reductase; 9-
ketoprostaglandin reductase; PGE-9-ketoreductase; PGE
2
9-oxoreductase; PGE
2
-9-ketoreductase;
prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase; prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase; prostaglandin E
2
-9-oxoreductase
Systematic name: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP
+
9-oxidoreductase
42
Comments: Reduces prostaglandin E
2
to prostaglandin F
2
. A number of other 9-oxo- and 15-oxo-prostaglandin
derivatives can also be reduced to the corresponding hydroxy compounds. May be identical with EC
1.1.1.197 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP
+
).
References: [1270, 1969, 2221, 2453]
EC 1.1.1.190
Accepted name: indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADH)
Reaction: (indol-3-yl)ethanol + NAD
+
= (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): indoleacetaldehyde reductase; indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADH); indole-3-ethanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (indol-3-yl)ethanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [261]
[EC 1.1.1.190 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.191
Accepted name: indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: (indol-3-yl)ethanol + NADP
+
= (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): indoleacetaldehyde (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; indole-3-
acetaldehyde reductase (NADPH); indole-3-ethanol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (indol-3-yl)ethanol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [261]
[EC 1.1.1.191 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.192
Accepted name: long-chain-alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: a long-chain alcohol + 2 NAD
+
+ H
2
O = a long-chain carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): long-chain alcohol dehydrogenase; fatty alcohol oxidoreductase
Systematic name: long-chain-alcohol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Hexadecanol is a good substrate.
References: [1272]
[EC 1.1.1.192 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.193
Accepted name: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase
Reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP
+
= 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil +
NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): aminodioxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine reductase
Systematic name: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil:NADP
+
1
-oxidoreductase
References: [286]
[EC 1.1.1.193 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.194
Accepted name: coniferyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: coniferyl alcohol + NADP
+
= coniferyl aldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): CAD
Systematic name: coniferyl-alcohol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
43
Comments: Specic for coniferyl alcohol; does not act on cinnamyl alcohol, 4-coumaryl alcohol or sinapyl alco-
hol.
[EC 1.1.1.194 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.195
Accepted name: cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cinnamyl alcohol + NADP
+
= cinnamaldehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; CAD
Systematic name: cinnamyl-alcohol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, 4-coumaryl alcohol and cinnamyl alcohol (cf. EC
1.1.1.194 coniferyl-alcohol dehydrogenase).
References: [1935, 2525, 2526]
[EC 1.1.1.195 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.196
Accepted name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP
+
= (5Z,13E)-9-hydroxy-
11,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): prostaglandin-D 15-dehydrogenase (NADP); dehydrogenase, prostaglandin D
2
; NADP-PGD
2
de-
hydrogenase; dehydrogenase, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-
phate); 15-hydroxy PGD
2
dehydrogenase; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP); NADP-
dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; prostaglandin D
2
dehydrogenase; NADP-linked
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; NADP-specic 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase;
NADP-linked prostaglandin D
2
dehydrogenase; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP
+
15-oxidoreductase
Comments: Specic for prostaglandins D [cf. EC 1.1.1.141 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD
+
) and
EC 1.1.1.197 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)].
References: [2451]
EC 1.1.1.197
Accepted name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: (13E)-(15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NADP
+
= (13E)-11-hydroxy-9,15-
dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin
dehydrogenase; NADP-specic 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; type II 15-
hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: (13E)-(15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP
+
15-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on prostaglandins E2, F
2
and B
1
, but not on prostaglandin D
2
[cf. EC 1.1.1.141 15-
hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD
+
) and EC 1.1.1.196 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehy-
drogenase (NADP
+
)]. May be identical with EC 1.1.1.189 prostaglandin-E
2
9-reductase.
[EC 1.1.1.197 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.198
Accepted name: (+)-borneol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (+)-borneol + NAD
+
= (+)-camphor + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): bicyclic monoterpenol dehydrogenase
44
Systematic name: (+)-borneol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NADP
+
can also act, but more slowly.
[EC 1.1.1.198 created 1984, modied 1990 (EC 1.1.1.182 created 1983, part incorporated 1990)]
EC 1.1.1.199
Accepted name: (S)-usnate reductase
Reaction: (6R)-2-acetyl-6-(3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6- methyl-2,4-cyclohexadien-
1-one + NAD
+
= (S)-usnate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-usnic acid dehydrogenase
Systematic name: reduced-(S)-usnate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (ether-bond-forming)
References: [579]
[EC 1.1.1.199 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.200
Accepted name: aldose-6-phosphate reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP
+
= D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): aldose 6-phosphate reductase; NADP-dependent aldose 6-phosphate reductase; A6PR; aldose-6-P
reductase; aldose-6-phosphate reductase; alditol 6-phosphate:NADP 1-oxidoreductase; aldose-6-
phosphate reductase (NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: D-aldose-6-phosphate:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: In the reverse reaction, acts also on D-galactose 6-phosphate and, more slowly, on D-mannose 6-
phosphate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
References: [1604]
[EC 1.1.1.200 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.201
Accepted name: 7-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: a 7-hydroxysteroid + NADP
+
= a 7-oxosteroid + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-dependent 7-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 7-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP)
+
7-oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the oxidation of the 7-hydroxy group of bile acids such as ursodeoxycholate.
References: [892, 1359, 1360]
[EC 1.1.1.201 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.202
Accepted name: 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase
Reaction: propane-1,3-diol + NAD
+
= 3-hydroxypropanal + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde reductase; 1,3-PD:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; 1,3-propanediol:NAD
+
oxi-
doreductase; 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: propane-1,3-diol:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.202 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.203
Accepted name: uronate dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-galacturonate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = D-galactarate + NADH + H
+
45
Other name(s): uronate: NAD-oxidoreductase; uronic acid dehydrogenase
Systematic name: uronate:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on D-glucuronate.
References: [1120]
[EC 1.1.1.203 created 1972 as EC 1.2.1.35, transferred 1984 to EC 1.1.1.203]
[1.1.1.204 Transferred entry. xanthine dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.17.1.4, xanthine dehydrogenase. The enzyme was incor-
rectly classied as acting on a CH-OH group]
[EC 1.1.1.204 created 1972 as EC 1.2.1.37, transferred 1984 to EC 1.1.1.204, modied 1989, deleted 2004]
EC 1.1.1.205
Accepted name: IMP dehydrogenase
Reaction: inosine 5
-phosphate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = xanthosine 5
-phosphate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): inosine-5
-phosphate dehydrogenase; inosinic acid dehydrogenase; inosinate dehydrogenase; inosine

5
-monophosphate dehydrogenase; inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; IMP oxidoreductase; ino-

sine monophosphate oxidoreductase
Systematic name: IMP:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme acts on the hydroxy group of the hydrated derivative of the substrate.
EC 1.1.1.206
Accepted name: tropinone reductase I
Reaction: tropine + NADP
+
= tropinone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): tropine dehydrogenase; tropinone reductase (ambiguous); TR-I
Systematic name: tropine:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes other tropan-3-ols, but not the corresponding -derivatives [1160]. This enzyme along
with EC 1.1.1.236, tropinone reductase II, represents a branch point in tropane alkaloid metabolism
[522]. Tropine (the product of EC 1.1.1.206) is incorporated into hyoscyamine and scopolamine
whereas pseudotropine (the product of EC 1.1.1.236) is the rst specic metabolite on the pathway
to the calystegines [522]. Both enzymes are always found together in any given tropane-alkaloid-
producing species, have a common substrate, tropinone, and are strictly stereospecic [1566].
References: [1160, 406, 1566, 522]
EC 1.1.1.207
Accepted name: (-)-menthol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (-)-menthol + NADP
+
= (-)-menthone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): monoterpenoid dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (-)-menthol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Not identical with EC 1.1.1.208 (+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase. Acts also on a number of other cy-
clohexanols and cyclohexenols.
References: [1138]
[EC 1.1.1.207 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.208
Accepted name: (+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (+)-neomenthol + NADP
+
= (-)-menthone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): monoterpenoid dehydrogenase
46
Systematic name: (+)-neomenthol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Not identical with EC 1.1.1.207 (-)-menthol dehydrogenase. Acts also on a number of other cyclohex-
anols and cyclohexenols.
References: [1138]
[EC 1.1.1.208 created 1984]
EC 1.1.1.209
+
+
Other name(s): 3(17)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3(or 17)-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on the 3-hydroxy group of androgens of the 5-androstane series; and also, more slowly, on
the 17-hydroxy group of both androgenic and estrogenic substrates (cf. EC 1.1.1.51 3(or 17)-
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase).
[EC 1.1.1.209 created 1986]
EC 1.1.1.210
Reaction: 5-androstan-3,17-diol + NADP
+
= 17-hydroxy-5-androstan-3-one + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): progesterone reductase; dehydrogenase, 3,20-hydroxy steroid; 3,20-hydroxysteroid oxidoreduc-
tase
Systematic name: 3(or 20)-hydroxysteroid:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on 20-hydroxysteroids.
References: [2022]
[EC 1.1.1.210 created 1986]
EC 1.1.1.211
Accepted name: long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD
+
= 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): -hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; 3-
hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; LCHAD
Systematic name: long-chain-(S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts most rapidly on derivatives with chain-length 8 or 10 (cf. EC 1.1.1.35 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehy-
drogenase).
References: [562]
[EC 1.1.1.211 created 1986]
EC 1.1.1.212
Accepted name: 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD
+
= a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH +
H
+
Other name(s): 3-oxoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) reductase; 3-oxoacyl-
[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH); (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD
+
oxidore-
ductase
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Forms part of the fatty acid synthase system in plants. Can be separated from EC 1.1.1.100, 3-
oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase.
References: [321]
47
[EC 1.1.1.212 created 1986]
EC 1.1.1.213
Accepted name: 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (A-specic)
+
+
+
Comments: Also acts on other 3-hydroxysteroids. A-specic with respect to NAD
+
or NADP
+
(cf. EC
1.1.1.50), 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B-specic)].
[EC 1.1.1.213 created 1986]
EC 1.1.1.214
Accepted name: 2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specic)
Reaction: (R)-pantolactone + NADP
+
= 2-dehydropantolactone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-oxopantoyl lactone reductase; 2-ketopantoyl lactone reductase; ketopantoyl lactone reductase; 2-
dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (B-specic)
Systematic name: (R)-pantolactone:NADP
+
Comments: The Escherichia coli enzyme differs from that from yeast [EC 1.1.1.168 2-dehydropantolactone re-
ductase (A-specic)], which is specic for the A-face of NADP
+
, and in receptor requirements from
EC 1.1.99.26 3-hydroxycyclohexanone dehydrogenase.
References: [2488]
EC 1.1.1.215
Accepted name: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-gluconate + NADP
+
= 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-keto-D-gluconate reductase; 2-ketogluconate reductase
Systematic name: D-gluconate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on L-idonate, D-galactonate and D-xylonate.
[EC 1.1.1.215 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.216
Accepted name: farnesol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesol + NADP
+
= 2-trans,6-trans-farnesal + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-farnesol dehydrogenase; farnesol (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydroge-
nase
Systematic name: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesol:NADP
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on 2-cis,6-trans-farnesol, geraniol, citronerol and nerol.
References: [975]
[EC 1.1.1.216 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.217
Accepted name: benzyl-2-methyl-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: benzyl (2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxybutanoate + NADP
+
= benzyl 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate +
NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): benzyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: benzyl-(2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxybutanoate:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
48
Comments: Also acts on benzyl (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxybutanoate; otherwise highly specic.
References: [660]
[EC 1.1.1.217 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.218
Accepted name: morphine 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: morphine + NAD(P)
+
= morphinone + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): naloxone reductase; reductase, naloxone
Systematic name: morphine:NAD(P)
+
6-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on some other alkaloids, including codeine, normorphine and ethylmorphine, but only very
slowly on 7,8-saturated derivatives such as dihydromorphine and dihydrocodeine. In the reverse direc-
tion, also reduces naloxone to the 6-hydroxy analogue. Activated by 2-mercaptoethanol.
EC 1.1.1.219
Accepted name: dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase
Reaction: cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP
+
= (+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): dihydroavanol 4-reductase; dihydromyricetin reductase; NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase; dihy-
droquercetin reductase
Systematic name: cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, in the reverse direction, on (+)-dihydroquercetin and (+)-dihydromyricetin; each dihy-
droavonol is reduced to the corresponding cis-avan-3,4-diol. NAD
+
can act instead of NADP
+
,
but more slowly. Involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanidins in plants.
[EC 1.1.1.219 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.220
Accepted name: 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin 2
-reductase
Reaction: 6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + NADP
+
= 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin reductase; 6PPH4(2
-oxo) reductase; 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (2
-
oxo)reductase; 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin 2
-reductase; pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin reductase

Systematic name: 6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin:NADP
+
2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Not identical with EC 1.1.1.153 sepiapterin reductase.
References: [1474]
[EC 1.1.1.220 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.221
Accepted name: vomifoliol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (6S,9R)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo--ionol + NAD
+
= (6R)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo--ionone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): vomifoliol 4
-dehydrogenase; vomifoliol:NAD
+
4
-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: vomifoliol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Oxidizes vomifoliol to dehydrovomifoliol; involved in the metabolism of abscisic acid in Corynebac-
terium sp.
References: [830]
[EC 1.1.1.221 created 1989]
49
EC 1.1.1.222
Accepted name: (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate + NAD(P)
+
= 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): (R)-aromatic lactate dehydrogenase; D-hydrogenase, D-aryllactate
Systematic name: (R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on (R)-3-phenyllactate, (R)-3-(indol-3-yl)lactate and (R)-lactate.
References: [212]
[EC 1.1.1.222 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.223
Accepted name: isopiperitenol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (-)-trans-isopiperitenol + NAD
+
= (-)-isopiperitenone + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: (-)-trans-isopiperitenol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on (-)-trans-isopiperitenol, (+)-trans-piperitenol and (+)-trans-pulegol. Involved in the biosyn-
thesis of menthol and related monoterpenes in peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves.
References: [1139]
[EC 1.1.1.223 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.224
Accepted name: mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase
Reaction: D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP
+
= D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH-dependent mannose 6-phosphate reductase; mannose-6-phosphate reductase; 6-
phosphomannose reductase; NADP-dependent mannose-6-P:mannitol-1-P oxidoreductase; NADPH-
dependent M6P reductase; NADPH-mannose-6-P reductase
Systematic name: D-mannitol-1-phosphate:NADP
+
6-oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the biosynthesis of mannitol in celery (Apium graveolens) leaves.
References: [1902]
[EC 1.1.1.224 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.225
Accepted name: chlordecone reductase
Reaction: chlordecone alcohol + NADP
+
= chlordecone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): CDR
Systematic name: chlordecone-alcohol:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Chlordecone is an organochlorine pesticide.
References: [1502]
[EC 1.1.1.225 created 1989]
EC 1.1.1.226
Accepted name: 4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate + NAD
+
= 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate:NAD
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Corynebacterium cyclohexanicum is highly specic for the trans-4-hydroxy deriva-
tive.
References: [1650]
[EC 1.1.1.226 created 1990]
50
EC 1.1.1.227
Accepted name: (-)-borneol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (-)-borneol + NAD
+
= (-)-camphor + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: (-)-borneol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NADP
+
can also act, but more slowly.
References: [470]
[EC 1.1.1.227 created 1990 (EC 1.1.1.182 created 1983, part incorporated 1990)]
EC 1.1.1.228
Accepted name: (+)-sabinol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (+)-cis-sabinol + NAD
+
= (+)-sabinone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): (+)-cis-sabinol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (+)-cis-sabinol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NADP
+
can also act, but more slowly. Involved in the biosynthesis of (+)-3-thujone and (-)-3-
isothujone.
References: [470]
[EC 1.1.1.228 created 1990 (EC 1.1.1.182 created 1983, part incorporated 1990)]
EC 1.1.1.229
Accepted name: diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxosuccinate reductase
Reaction: diethyl (2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxysuccinate + NADP
+
= diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxosuccinate +
NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: diethyl-(2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxysuccinate:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on diethyl (2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxysuccinate; and on the corresponding dimethyl esters.
References: [661]
[EC 1.1.1.229 created 1990]
EC 1.1.1.230
Accepted name: 3-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate + NADP
+
= 3-oxoglycyrrhetinate + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 3-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Highly specic to 3-hydroxy derivatives of glycyrrhetinate and its analogues. Not identical to EC
1.1.1.50 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B-specic).
References: [26]
[EC 1.1.1.230 created 1990]
EC 1.1.1.231
Accepted name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9-epoxy-11,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP
+
= (5Z,13E)-6,9-
epoxy-11-hydroxy-15-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): prostacyclin dehydrogenase; PG I
2
dehydrogenase; prostacyclin dehydrogenase; NADP-linked
15-hydroxyprostaglandin (prostacyclin) dehydrogenase; NADP
+
-dependent PGI
2
-specic 15-
hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-6,9-epoxy-11,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP
+
15-oxidoreductase
Comments: Specic for prostaglandin I
2
.
References: [1186]
[EC 1.1.1.231 created 1990]
51
EC 1.1.1.232
Accepted name: 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (15S)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate + NAD(P)
+
= 15-oxo-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-
icosatetraenoate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (15S)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NAD(P)
+
15-oxidoreductase
References: [2090]
[EC 1.1.1.232 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.233
Accepted name: N-acylmannosamine 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: N-acyl-D-mannosamine + NAD
+
= N-acyl-D-mannosaminolactone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): N-acylmannosamine dehydrogenase; N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase; N-acyl-D-
mannosamine dehydrogenase; N-acylmannosamine dehydrogenase
Systematic name: N-acyl-D-mannosamine:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on acetyl-D-mannosamine and glycolyl-D-mannosamine. Highly specic.
References: [925]
[EC 1.1.1.233 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.234
Accepted name: avanone 4-reductase
Reaction: (2S)-avan-4-ol + NADP
+
= (2S)-avanone + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: (2S)-avan-4-ol:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins from avanones such as naringenin or eriodic-
tyol.
References: [2133]
[EC 1.1.1.234 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.235
Accepted name: 8-oxocoformycin reductase
Reaction: coformycin + NADP
+
= 8-oxocoformycin + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 8-ketodeoxycoformycin reductase
Systematic name: coformycin:NADP
+
8-oxidoreductase
Comments: B-specic with respect to NADPH. Also reduces 8-oxodeoxy-coformycin to the nucleoside antibiotic
deoxycoformycin.
References: [816]
[EC 1.1.1.235 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.236
Accepted name: tropinone reductase II
Reaction: pseudotropine + NADP
+
= tropinone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): tropinone (-tropine-forming) reductase; pseudotropine forming tropinone reductase; tropinone re-
ductase (ambiguous); TR-II
Systematic name: pseudotropine:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme along with EC 1.1.1.206, tropine dehydrogenase, represents a branch point in tropane
alkaloid metabolism [1566]. Tropine (the product of EC 1.1.1.206) is incorporated into hyoscyamine
and scopolamine whereas pseudotropine (the product of EC 1.1.1.236) is the rst specic metabo-
lite on the pathway to the calystegines [1566]. Both enzymes are always found together in any given
tropane-alkaloid-producing species, have a common substrate, tropinone, and are strictly stereospe-
cic [406].
52
References: [523, 406, 1566, 522]
EC 1.1.1.237
Accepted name: hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase
Reaction: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate + NAD
+
= 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): HPRP
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenyllactate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactate. Involved with EC 2.3.1.140 rosmarinate synthase in the
biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid.
References: [1744]
[EC 1.1.1.237 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.238
Reaction: 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholanate + NADP
+
= 3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5-cholanate + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): 12-hydroxy steroid (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase
+
12-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a number of bile acids, both in their free and conjugated forms.
References: [546]
[EC 1.1.1.238 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.239
Accepted name: 3(17)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: testosterone + NAD
+
= androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 3,17-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; 3(17)-HSD; 3(17)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
(NAD)
Systematic name: 3(or 17)-hydroxysteroid:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on other 17-hydroxysteroids, on the 3-hydroxy group of pregnanes and bile acids, and on
benzene dihydrodiol. Different from EC 1.1.1.50 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B-specic) or
EC 1.1.1.213 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (A-specic).
References: [1662]
[EC 1.1.1.239 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.240
Accepted name: N-acetylhexosamine 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + NAD
+
= N-acetyl-D-glucosaminate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): N-acetylhexosamine dehydrogenase; N-acetyl-D-hexosamine dehydrogenase
Systematic name: N-acetyl-D-hexosamine:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on N-acetylgalactosamine and, more slowly, on N-acetylmannosamine.
References: [926]
[EC 1.1.1.240 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.241
Accepted name: 6-endo-hydroxycineole dehydrogenase
Reaction: 6-endo-hydroxycineole + NAD
+
= 6-oxocineole + NADH + H
+
53
Systematic name: 6-endo-hydroxycineole:NAD
+
6-oxidoreductase
References: [2490]
[EC 1.1.1.241 created 1992]
[1.1.1.242 Transferred entry. zeatin reductase. Now EC 1.3.1.69, zeatin reductase]
EC 1.1.1.243
Accepted name: carveol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (-)-trans-carveol + NADP
+
= (-)-carvone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): (-)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (-)-trans-carveol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [696]
[EC 1.1.1.243 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.244
Accepted name: methanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: methanol + NAD
+
= formaldehyde + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: methanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [76]
[EC 1.1.1.244 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.245
Accepted name: cyclohexanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cyclohexanol + NAD
+
= cyclohexanone + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: cyclohexanol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes some other alicyclic alcohols and diols.
References: [445, 514, 2325]
[EC 1.1.1.245 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.246
Accepted name: pterocarpin synthase
Reaction: medicarpin + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = vestitone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): pterocarpan synthase
Systematic name: medicarpin:NADP
+
2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the nal step in the biosynthesis of the pterocarpin phytoalexins medicarpin and maackiain.
References: [209]
[EC 1.1.1.246 created 1992]
EC 1.1.1.247
Accepted name: codeinone reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: codeine + NADP
+
= codeinone + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: codeine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the reversible reduction of codeinone to codeine, which is a direct precursor of morphine in
the opium poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.
54
EC 1.1.1.248
Accepted name: salutaridine reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: salutaridinol + NADP
+
= salutaridine + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: salutaridinol:NADP
+
7-oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the reversible reduction of salutaridine to salutaridinol, which is a direct precursor of mor-
phinan alkaloids in the poppy plant.
References: [695]
[1.1.1.249 Deleted entry. Provisional entry deleted. Revised and reinstated as EC 2.5.1.46 deoxyhypusine synthase]
[EC 1.1.1.249 provisional version created 1999, deleted 1999 (reinstated 2001 as EC 2.5.1.46)]
EC 1.1.1.250
Accepted name: D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-arabinitol + NAD
+
= D-ribulose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase (ribulose-forming)
Systematic name: D-arabinitol:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase (D-ribulose-forming)
[EC 1.1.1.250 created 1999]
EC 1.1.1.251
Accepted name: galactitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase
Reaction: galactitol-1-phosphate + NAD
+
= L-tagatose 6-phosphate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: galactitol-1-phosphate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains zinc.
References: [1634]
[EC 1.1.1.251 created 1999]
EC 1.1.1.252
Accepted name: tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase
Reaction: scytalone + NADP
+
= 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: scytalone:NADP
+
5
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene to scytalone and also reduces 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene
to vermelone. Involved with EC 4.2.1.94 scytalone dehydratase in the biosynthesis of melanin in
pathogenic fungi.
References: [2471, 2392, 2288]
[1.1.1.253 Transferred entry. pteridine reductase. Now EC 1.5.1.33, pteridine reductase]
EC 1.1.1.254
Accepted name: (S)-carnitine 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-carnitine + NAD
+
= 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: (S)-carnitine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
55
Comments: Specic for the (S)-enantiomer of carnitine, i.e., the enantiomer of the substrate of EC 1.1.1.108 carni-
tine 3-dehydrogenase
References: [2016]
[EC 1.1.1.254 created 1999]
EC 1.1.1.255
Accepted name: mannitol dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-mannitol + NAD
+
= D-mannose + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): MTD; NAD-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: mannitol:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Apium graveolens (celery) oxidizes alditols with a minimum requirement of 2R chi-
rality at the carbon adjacent to the primary carbon undergoing the oxidation. The enzyme is specic
for NAD
+
and does not use NADP
+
.
References: [2146, 2147, 2497, 2145]
[EC 1.1.1.255 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.256
Accepted name: uoren-9-ol dehydrogenase
Reaction: uoren-9-ol + NAD(P)
+
= uoren-9-one + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: uoren-9-ol:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the pathway for uorene metabolism in Arthrobacter sp.
[EC 1.1.1.256 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.257
Accepted name: 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonate + NAD
+
= 4-formylbenzenesulfonate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the toluene-4-sulfonate degradation pathway in Comamonas testosteroni.
References: [1055]
[EC 1.1.1.257 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.258
Accepted name: 6-hydroxyhexanoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 6-hydroxyhexanoate + NAD
+
= 6-oxohexanoate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 6-hydroxyhexanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the cyclohexanol degradation pathway in Acinetobacter NCIB 9871.
[EC 1.1.1.258 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.259
Accepted name: 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA + NAD
+
= 3-oxopimeloyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the anaerobic pathway of benzoate degradation in bacteria.
References: [828]
56
[EC 1.1.1.259 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.260
Accepted name: sulcatone reductase
Reaction: sulcatol + NAD
+
= sulcatone + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: sulcatol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Studies on the effects of growth-stage and nutrient supply on the stereochemistry of sulcatone reduc-
tion in Clostridia pasteurianum, C. tyrobutyricum and Lactobacillus brevis suggest that there may be
at least two sulcatone reductases with different stereospecicities.
References: [161, 2291, 2292]
EC 1.1.1.261
Accepted name: sn-glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: sn-glycerol-1-phosphate + NAD(P)
+
= glycerone phosphate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]; sn-glycerol-1-phosphate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase;
G-1-P dehydrogenase; Gro1PDH; AraM
Systematic name: sn-glycerol-1-phosphate:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is found primarily as a Zn
2+
-dependent form in Archaea but a Ni
2+
-dependent form
has been found in Gram-positive bacteria [779]. The Zn
2+
-dependent metalloenzyme is responsible
for the formation of Archaea-specic sn-glycerol-1-phosphate, the rst step in the biosynthesis of
polar lipids in Archaea. It is the enantiomer of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, the form of glycerophos-
phate found in bacteria and eukaryotes. The other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polar
lipids in Archaea are EC 2.5.1.41 (phosphoglycerol geranylgeranyltransferase) and EC 2.5.1.42
(geranylgeranylglycerol-phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase), which together alkylate the hydroxy
groups of glycerol 1-phosphate to give unsaturated archaetidic acid, which is acted upon by EC
2.7.7.67 (CDP-archaeol synthase) to form CDP-unsaturated archaeol. The nal step in the pathway
involves the addition of L-serine, with concomitant removal of CMP, leading to the production of un-
saturated archaetidylserine [1519]. Activity of the enzyme is stimulated by K
+
[1627].
References: [1626, 1627, 1164, 1519, 807, 779]
EC 1.1.1.262
Accepted name: 4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-phosphonooxy-L-threonine + NAD
+
= (2S)-2-amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate + NADH +
H
+
Other name(s): NAD
+
-dependent threonine 4-phosphate dehydrogenase; L-threonine 4-phosphate dehydrogenase;
4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine dehydrogenase; PdxA; 4-(phosphonooxy)-L-threonine:NAD
+
oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: 4-phosphonooxy-L-threonine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The product of the reaction undergoes decarboxylation to give 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate. In
Escherichia coli, the coenzyme pyridoxal 5
-phosphate is synthesized de novo by a pathway that in-

volves EC 1.2.1.72 (erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase), EC 1.1.1.290 (4-phosphoerythronate
dehydrogenase), EC 2.6.1.52 (phosphoserine transaminase), EC 1.1.1.262 (4-hydroxythreonine-4-
phosphate dehydrogenase), EC 2.6.99.2 (pyridoxine 5
-phosphate synthase) and EC 1.4.3.5 (with

pyridoxine 5
-phosphate as substrate).
References: [303, 1229, 2075]
EC 1.1.1.263
57
Accepted name: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase
Reaction: 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol + NADP
+
= 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also reduces pyridine-3-aldehyde and 2,3-butanedione. Acetaldehyde, 2-dehydroglucose (glucosone)
and glucuronate are poor substrates, but there is no detectable action on glucose, mannose and fruc-
tose.
References: [1923]
[EC 1.1.1.263 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.264
Accepted name: L-idonate 5-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-idonate + NAD(P)
+
= 5-dehydrogluconate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: L-idonate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Escherichia coli cannot oxidize D-gluconate to form 5-dehydrogluconate, a reaction
that is catalysed by EC 1.1.1.69, gluconate 5-dehydrogenase.
References: [145]
[EC 1.1.1.264 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.265
Accepted name: 3-methylbutanal reductase
Reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD(P)
+
= 3-methylbutanal + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: 3-methylbutanol:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme puried from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyses the reduction of a number of straight-
chain and branched aldehydes, as well as some aromatic aldehydes.
[EC 1.1.1.265 created 2000]
EC 1.1.1.266
Accepted name: dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase
Reaction: dTDP-D-fucose + NADP
+
= dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase
Systematic name: dTDP-D-fucose:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from the Gram-negative bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans forms acti-
vated fucose for incorporation into capsular polysaccharide.
References: [2584]
[EC 1.1.1.266 created 2001]
EC 1.1.1.267
Accepted name: 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase
Reaction: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate + NADP
+
= 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): DXP-reductoisomerase; 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate isomeroreductase; 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
4-phosphate (MEP) synthase
Systematic name: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (isomerizing)
Comments: The enzyme requires Mn
2+
, Co
2+
or Mg
2+
for activity, with the rst being most effective. The en-
zyme from several eubacteria, including Escherichia coli, forms part of an alternative nonmevalonate
pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis (for diagram, click here). The mechanism has been shown to be a
retroaldol/aldol reaction [1540].
58
[EC 1.1.1.267 created 2001]
EC 1.1.1.268
Accepted name: 2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM + NAD
+
= 2-oxopropyl-CoM + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-(2-(R)-hydroxypropylthio)ethanesulfonate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-[2-(R)-hydroxypropylthio]ethanesulfonate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is highly specic for (R)-2-hydroxyalkyl thioethers of CoM, in contrast to EC 1.1.1.269,
2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase, which is highly specic for the (S)-enantiomer. This
enzyme forms component III of a four-component enzyme system comprising EC 4.4.1.23 (2-
hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase; component I), EC 1.8.1.5 [2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating);
component II], EC 1.1.1.268 [2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase; component III] and EC
1.1.1.269 [2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase; component IV] that is involved in epoxyalkane
carboxylation in Xanthobacter sp. strain Py2.
References: [37]
[EC 1.1.1.268 created 2001]
EC 1.1.1.269
Accepted name: 2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM + NAD
+
= 2-oxopropyl-CoM + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-(2-(S)-hydroxypropylthio)ethanesulfonate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-[2-(S)-hydroxypropylthio]ethanesulfonate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is highly specic for (S)-2-hydroxyalkyl thioethers of CoM, in contrast to EC 1.1.1.268,
2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase, which is highly specic for the (R)-enantiomer. This
enzyme forms component IV of a four-component enzyme system comprising EC 4.4.1.23 (2-
hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase; component I), EC 1.8.1.5 [2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating);
component II], EC 1.1.1.268 [2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase; component III] and EC
1.1.1.269 [2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase; component IV] that is involved in epoxyalkane
carboxylation in Xanthobacter sp. strain Py2.
References: [37]
[EC 1.1.1.269 created 2001]
EC 1.1.1.270
Accepted name: 3-keto-steroid reductase
Reaction: 4-methyl-5-cholest-7-en-3-ol + NADP
+
= 4-methyl-5-cholest-7-en-3-one + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 3-KSR
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-steroid:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on 5-cholest-7-en-3-one.
[EC 1.1.1.270 created 2002]
EC 1.1.1.271
Accepted name: GDP-L-fucose synthase
Reaction: GDP-L-fucose + NADP
+
= GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase-4-reductase
Systematic name: GDP-L-fucose:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase (3,5-epimerizing)
Comments: Both human and Escherichia coli enzymes can use NADH in place of NADPH to a slight extent.
References: [328, 1440, 1458, 2094]
59
EC 1.1.1.272
Accepted name: (R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2R)-3-sulfolactate + NAD(P)
+
= 3-sulfopyruvate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): (R)-sulfolactate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase; L-sulfolactate dehydrogenase; ComC; (R)-sulfolactate de-
hydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-2-hydroxyacid:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This dehydrogenase also acts on (S)-malate and (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate i.e. with the same congura-
tion as (R)-sulfolactate.
References: [747, 746, 743]
[EC 1.1.1.272 created 2002]
EC 1.1.1.273
Accepted name: vellosimine dehydrogenase
Reaction: 10-deoxysarpagine + NADP
+
= vellosimine + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 10-deoxysarpagine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on related alkaloids with an endo-aldehyde group as vellosimine (same stereochemistry at
C-16) but only slight activity with exo-aldehydes. Detected in many cell suspension cultures of plants
from the family Apocynaceae.
References: [1749]
[EC 1.1.1.273 created 2002]
EC 1.1.1.274
Accepted name: 2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase
Reaction: 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADP
+
= 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase; YqhE reductase
Systematic name: 2-dehydro-D-gluconate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: This is a key enzyme in the microbial production of ascorbate. Can also reduce ethyl 2-
methylacetoacetate stereoselectively to ethyl (2R)-methyl-(3S)-hydroxybutanoate and can also
accept some other -keto esters. The identication of a bacterial -keto ester reductase as a 2,5-
didehydrogluconate reductase links two previously separate areas of biocatalysis, i.e., asymmetric
carbonyl reduction and microbial vitamin C production.
References: [2597, 2596, 789]
[EC 1.1.1.274 created 2002]
EC 1.1.1.275
Accepted name: (+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (+)-trans-carveol + NAD
+
= (+)-(S)-carvone + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): carveol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (+)-trans-carveol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NADP
+
cannot replace NAD
+
. Forms part of the monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway in Carum
carvi (caraway) seeds.
References: [234]
[EC 1.1.1.275 created 2003]
EC 1.1.1.276
Accepted name: serine 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-serine + NADP
+
= 2-ammoniomalonate semialdehyde + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: L-serine:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product 2-ammoniomalonate semialdehyde is spontaneously converted into 2-aminoacetaldehyde
and CO
2
. NAD
+
cannot replace NADP
+
.
60
[EC 1.1.1.276 created 2003]
EC 1.1.1.277
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-5-steroid dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-5-pregnane-20-one + NADP
+
= 5-pregnan-3,20-dione + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 3-hydroxysteroid 5-oxidoreductase; 3-hydroxysteroid 5-progesterone oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-5-steroid:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
References: [2168, 2006, 1310]
[EC 1.1.1.277 created 2003]
EC 1.1.1.278
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-5-steroid dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-5-pregnane-20-one + NADP
+
= 5-pregnan-3,20-dione + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-5-steroid:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.1.278 created 2003]
EC 1.1.1.279
Accepted name: (R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase
Reaction: ethyl (R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate + NADP
+
= ethyl 3-oxohexanoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 3-oxo ester (R)-reductase
Systematic name: ethyl-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on ethyl (R)-3-oxobutanoate and some other (R)-3-hydroxy acid esters. The (R)- symbol is
allotted on the assumption that no substituents change the order of priority from O-3 > C-2 > C-4.
A subunit of yeast fatty acid synthase EC 2.3.1.86 fatty-acyl-CoA synthase). cf. EC 1.1.1.280 (S)-3-
hydroxyacid ester dehydrogenase.
References: [864]
EC 1.1.1.280
Accepted name: (S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase
Reaction: ethyl (S)-3-hydroxyhexanoate + NADP
+
= ethyl 3-oxohexanoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 3-oxo ester (S)-reductase
Systematic name: ethyl-(S)-3-hydroxyhexanoate:NADP
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on 4-oxo- and 5-oxo-fatty acids and their esters. cf. EC 1.1.1.279 (R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester
dehydrogenase.
References: [864]
EC 1.1.1.281
Accepted name: GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose reductase
Reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)
+
+
Other name(s): GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose reductase [ambiguous]; GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase;
Rmd
Systematic name: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose:NAD(P)
+
4-oxidoreductase (D-rhamnose-forming)
61
Comments: This enzyme differs from EC 1.1.1.187, GDP-4-dehydro-D-rhamnose reductase, in that the only
product formed is GDP-D-rhamnose (GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose). D-Rhamnose is a constituent of
lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative plant and human pathogenic bacteria.
[EC 1.1.1.281 created 2004]
EC 1.1.1.282
Accepted name: quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1) L-quinate + NAD(P)
+
= 3-dehydroquinate + NAD(P)H + H
+
(2) shikimate + NAD(P)
+
= 3-dehydroshikimate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): YdiB
Systematic name: L-quinate:NAD(P)
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: This is the second shikimate dehydrogenase enzyme found in Escherichia coli and differs from EC
1.1.1.25, shikimate dehydrogenase, in that it can use both quinate and shikimate as substrate and ei-
ther NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor.
[EC 1.1.1.282 created 2004]
EC 1.1.1.283
Accepted name: methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent)
Reaction: lactaldehyde + NADP
+
= methylglyoxal + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
); Gre2
Systematic name: lactaldehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyses the conversion of methylglyoxal into
lactaldehyde; the reverse reaction has not been demonstrated. It differs in coenzyme requirement from
EC 1.1.1.78, methylglyoxal reductase (NADH-dependent), which is found in mammals. It also acts
on phenylglyoxal and glyoxal.
[EC 1.1.1.283 created 2005]
EC 1.1.1.284
Accepted name: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase
Reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NAD(P)
+
= S-formylglutathione + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase (incorrect); formaldehyde dehydrogenase (incorrect);
formic dehydrogenase (incorrect); class III alcohol dehydrogenase; ADH3; -ADH; FDH (incor-
rect); formaldehyde dehydrogenase (glutathione) (incorrect); GS-FDH (incorrect); glutathione-
dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (incorrect); NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase;
GD-FALDH; NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The substrate, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione, forms spontaneously from glutathione and formalde-
hyde; its rate of formation is increased in some bacteria by the presence of EC 4.4.1.22, S-
(hydroxymethyl)glutathione synthase. This enzyme forms part of the pathway that detoxies
formaldehyde, since the product is hydrolysed by EC 3.1.2.12, S-formylglutathione hydrolase. The
human enzyme belongs to the family of zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases. Also specically
reduces S-nitrosylglutathione.
References: [1005, 1887, 1324, 1932, 2380, 1819, 131]
[EC 1.1.1.284 created 2005 (EC 1.2.1.1 created 1961, modied 1982, modied 2002, part-transferred 2005 to EC 1.1.1.284)]
EC 1.1.1.285
62
Accepted name: 3
-deamino-3
-oxonicotianamine reductase
Reaction: 2
-deoxymugineic acid + NAD(P)

+
= 3
-deamino-3
-oxonicotianamine + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: 2
-deoxymugineic acid:NAD(P)
+
3
-oxidoreductase
References: [2059]
[EC 1.1.1.285 created 2005]
EC 1.1.1.286
Accepted name: isocitratehomoisocitrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1) isocitrate + NAD
+
2
+ NADH
(2) (1R,2S)-1-hydroxybutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate + NAD
+
= 2-oxoadipate + CO
2
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): homoisocitrateisocitrate dehydrogenase; PH1722
Systematic name: isocitrate(homoisocitrate):NAD
+
Comments: Requres Mn
2+
and K
+
or NH
4
+
for activity. Unlike EC 1.1.1.41, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
and EC 1.1.1.87, homoisocitrate dehydrogenase, this enzyme, from Pyrococcus horikoshii, can use
both isocitrate and homoisocitrate as substrates. The enzyme may play a role in both the lysine and
glutamate biosynthesis pathways.
References: [1491]
[EC 1.1.1.286 created 2005]
EC 1.1.1.287
Accepted name: D-arabinitol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: (1) D-arabinitol + NADP
+
= D-xylulose + NADPH + H
+
(2) D-arabinitol + NADP
+
= D-ribulose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP
+
-dependent D-arabitol dehydrogenase; ARD1p; D-arabitol dehydrogenase 1
Systematic name: D-arabinitol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from the rust fungus Uromyces fabae can use D-arabinitol and D-mannitol as substrates
in the forward direction and D-xylulose, D-ribulose and, to a lesser extent, D-fructose as substrates
in the reverse direction. This enzyme carries out the reactions of both EC 1.1.1.11, D-arabinitol 4-
dehydrogenase and EC 1.1.1.250, D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase, but unlike them, uses NADP
+
rather
than NAD
+
as cofactor. D-Arabinitol is capable of quenching reactive oxygen species involved in
defense reactions of the host plant.
References: [1315]
[EC 1.1.1.287 created 2005]
EC 1.1.1.288
Accepted name: xanthoxin dehydrogenase
Reaction: xanthoxin + NAD
+
= abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): xanthoxin oxidase; ABA2
Systematic name: xanthoxin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires a molybdenum cofactor for activity. NADP
+
cannot replace NAD
+
and short-chain alco-
hols such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and cyclohexanol cannot replace xanthoxin as substrate
[732]. Involved in the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway in plants, along with EC 1.2.3.14 (abscisic-
aldehyde oxidase), EC 1.13.11.51 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.13.93 [(+)-
abscisic acid 8
-hydroxylase]. Abscisic acid is a sesquiterpenoid plant hormone that is involved in the

control of a wide range of essential physiological processes, including seed development, germination
and responses to stress [732].
References: [2067, 1992, 732]
[EC 1.1.1.288 created 2005]
63
EC 1.1.1.289
Accepted name: sorbose reductase
Reaction: D-glucitol + NADP
+
= L-sorbose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): Sou1p
Systematic name: D-glucitol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction occurs predominantly in the reverse direction. This enzyme can also convert D-fructose
into D-mannitol, but more slowly. Belongs in the short-chain dehydrogenase family.
References: [754, 755, 2179, 2057]
[EC 1.1.1.289 created 2006]
EC 1.1.1.290
Accepted name: 4-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-phospho-D-erythronate + NAD
+
= (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate + NADH +
H
+
Other name(s): PdxB; PdxB 4PE dehydrogenase; 4-O-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 4-phospho-D-erythronate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the second step in the biosynthesis of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5
-phosphate
in Escherichia coli. The reaction occurs predominantly in the reverse direction [2623]. Other en-
zymes involved in this pathway are EC 1.2.1.72 (erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase), EC 2.6.1.52
(phosphoserine transaminase), EC 1.1.1.262 (4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase), EC
2.6.99.2 (pyridoxine 5
-phosphate synthase) and EC 1.4.3.5 (pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase).

References: [1233, 1736, 2623, 744, 1979]
[EC 1.1.1.290 created 2006]
EC 1.1.1.291
Accepted name: 2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-2-hydroxymethylglutarate + NAD
+
= 2-formylglutarate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): HgD
Systematic name: (S)-2-hydroxymethylglutarate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NADP
+
cannot replace NAD
+
. Forms part of the nicotinate-fermentation catabolism pathway in
Eubacterium barkeri. Other enzymes involved in this pathway are EC 1.17.1.5 (nicotinate dehy-
drogenase), EC 1.3.7.1 (6-hydroxynicotinate reductase), EC 3.5.2.18 (enamidase), EC 5.4.99.4 (2-
methyleneglutarate mutase), EC 5.3.3.6 (methylitaconate -isomerase), EC 4.2.1.85 (dimethylmaleate
hydratase) and EC 4.1.3.32 (2,3-dimethylmalate lyase).
References: [36]
[EC 1.1.1.291 created 2006]
EC 1.1.1.292
Accepted name: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming)
Reaction: 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol + NADP
+
= 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (ambiguous); AFR
Systematic name: 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is present in some but not all Rhizobium species and belongs in the GFO/IDH/MocA
protein family [440]. This enzyme differs from hepatic 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase, which
yields 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol as the product (see EC 1.1.1.263). In Sinorhizobium morelense, the
product of the reaction, 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol, can be further metabolized to D-mannose [1210].
The enzyme also reduces 1,5-anhydro-D-erythro-hexo-2,3-diulose and 2-ketoaldoses (called osones),
such as D-glucosone (D-arabino-hexos-2-ulose) and 6-deoxy-D-glucosone. It does not reduce com-
mon aldoses and ketoses, or non-sugar aldehydes and ketones [1210].
64
[EC 1.1.1.292 created 2007]
[1.1.1.293 Deleted entry. tropinone reductase I. This enzyme was already in the Enzyme List as EC 1.1.1.206, tropine
dehydrogenase so EC 1.1.1.293 has been withdrawn at the public-review stage]
[EC 1.1.1.293 created 2007, withdrawn while undergoing public review]
EC 1.1.1.294
Accepted name: chlorophyll(ide) b reductase
Reaction: 7
1
-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NAD(P)
+
= chlorophyllide b + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): chlorophyll b reductase; Chl b reductase
Systematic name: 7
1
-hydroxychlorophyllide-a:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme carries out the rst step in the conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a. It is involved
in chlorophyll degradation, which occurs during leaf senescence [1965, 929] and it also forms part
of the chlorophyll cycle, which interconverts chlorophyll a and b in response to changing light con-
ditions [992, 1896]. While both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are found in higher plants, only
breakdown products derived from chlorophyll a are found in the end products, i.e. non-uorescent
chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs). The transition from chlorophyll b, which contains a formyl group
on C7, to chlorophyll a, which contains a methyl group on C7, proceeds through the intermediate 7
1
-
hydroxychlorophyll [1963]. Another enzyme, which requires ferredoxin but has not been character-
ized fully, is required to complete the conversion [1965].
References: [1963, 1964, 1965, 929, 992, 1896]
[EC 1.1.1.294 created 2007]
EC 1.1.1.295
Accepted name: momilactone-A synthase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-9-pimara-7,15-diene-19,6-olide + NAD(P)
+
= momilactone A + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): momilactone A synthase; OsMAS
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-9-pimara-7,15-diene-19,6-olide:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The rice phytoalexin momilactone A is a diterpenoid secondary metabolite that is involved in the
defense mechanism of the plant. Momilactone A is produced in response to attack by a pathogen
through the perception of elicitor signal molecules such as chitin oligosaccharide, or after exposure
to UV irradiation. The enzyme, which catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of momilactone A,
can use both NAD
+
and NADP
+
but activity is higher with NAD
+
[90].
[EC 1.1.1.295 created 2008]
EC 1.1.1.296
Accepted name: dihydrocarveol dehydrogenase
Reaction: menth-8-en-2-ol + NAD
+
= menth-8-en-2-one + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): carveol dehydrogenase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: menth-8-en-2-ol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme from the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 forms part of
the carveol and dihydrocarveol degradation pathway. The enzyme accepts all eight stereoisomers
of menth-8-en-2-ol as substrate, although some isomers are converted faster than others. The pre-
ferred substrates are (+)-neoisodihydrocarveol, (+)-isodihydrocarveol, (+)-dihydrocarveol and (-)-
isodihydrocarveol.
References: [2373]
[EC 1.1.1.296 created 2008]
EC 1.1.1.297
65
Accepted name: limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: menth-8-ene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= 1-hydroxymenth-8-en-2-one + NADH + H
+
(general reaction)
(1) (1S,2S,4R)-menth-8-ene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= (1S,4R)-1-hydroxymenth-8-en-2-one + NADH + H
+
(2) (1R,2R,4S)-menth-8-ene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= (1R,4S)-1-hydroxymenth-8-en-2-one + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD
+
-dependent limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: menth-8-ene-1,2-diol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: While the enzyme from the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolic DCL14 can use both
(1S,2S,4R)- and (1R,2R,4S)-menth-8-ene-1,2-diol as substrate, activity is higher with (1S,2S,4R)-
menth-8-ene-1,2-diol as substrate.
References: [2374]
[EC 1.1.1.297 created 2008]
EC 1.1.1.298
Accepted name: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: 3-hydroxypropionate + NADP
+
= malonate semialdehyde + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 3-hydroxypropionate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the reduction of malonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionate, a key step in the 3-
hydroxypropionate and the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycles, autotrophic CO
2
xation
pathways found in some green non-sulfur phototrophic bacteria and archaea, respectively [2151, 170].
The enzyme from Chloroexus aurantiacus is bifunctional, and also catalyses the upstream reaction
in the pathway, EC 1.2.1.75 [947]. Different from EC 1.1.1.59 [3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase
(NAD
+
)] by cofactor preference.
References: [2151, 170, 947]
[EC 1.1.1.298 created 2009]
EC 1.1.1.299
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
Reaction: (S)-malate + NAD(P)
+
= oxaloacetate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): MdH II, NAD(P)
+
-dependent malate dehyrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-malate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme, which was characterized from the methanogenic archaeon Methanobacterium ther-
moautotrophicum, catalyses only the reduction of oxaloacetate, and can use NAD
+
and NADP
+
with
similar specic activity [2286]. Different from EC 1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)), EC
1.1.1.82 (malate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)) and EC 1.1.5.4 (malate dehydrogenase (quinone)).
References: [2286]
[EC 1.1.1.299 created 2009]
EC 1.1.1.300
Accepted name: NADP-retinol dehydrogenase
Reaction: retinol + NADP
+
= retinal + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): all-trans retinal reductase; all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase; NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydroge-
nase/reductase; RDH11; RDH12; RDH13; RDH14; retinol dehydrogenase 12; retinol dehydrogenase
14; retinol dehydrogenase [NADP
+
]; RalR1; PSDR1
Systematic name: retinol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Greater catalytic efciency in the reductive direction. This observation, and the enzymes localiza-
tion at the entrance to the mitochondrial matrix, suggest that it may function to protect mitochondria
against oxidative stress associated with the highly reactive retinal produced from dietary -carotene
by EC 1.14.99.36 (-carotene 15,15
-monooxygenase) [162]. K
m
-values for NADP
+
and NADPH are
at least 800-fold lower than those for NAD
+
and NADH [163, 1102]. This enzyme differs from EC
1.1.1.105, retinol dehydrogenase, which prefers NAD
+
and NADH.
References: [163, 162, 794, 1102]
66
[EC 1.1.1.300 created 2009]
EC 1.1.1.301
Accepted name: D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-arabitol 1-phosphate + NAD
+
= D-xylulose 5-phosphate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): APDH; D-arabitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase; D-arabitol 5-phosphate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-arabitol-phosphate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme participates in arabitol catabolism. The enzyme also converts D-arabitol 5-phosphate to
D-ribulose 5-phosphate at a lower rate [1776].
References: [1776]
[EC 1.1.1.301 created 2010]
EC 1.1.1.302
Accepted name: 2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5
-phosphate reductase
Reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-(1-D-ribitylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5
-phosphate + NAD(P)
+
= 2,5-diamino-6-(1-
D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5
-phosphate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5
-phosphate reductase; MjaRED; MJ0671 (gene

name)
Systematic name: 2,5-diamino-6-(1-D-ribitylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5
-phosphate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction proceeds in the opposite direction. A step in riboavin biosynthesis, NADPH
and NADH function equally well as reductant. Differs from EC 1.1.1.193 (5-amino-6-(5-
phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase) since it does not catalyse the reduction of 5-amino-6-
ribosylaminopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione 5
-phosphate [748].
[EC 1.1.1.302 created 2010]
EC 1.1.1.303
Accepted name: diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming]
Reaction: (R)-acetoin + NAD
+
= diacetyl + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): (R)-acetoin dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-acetoin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in the reverse direction. This activity is usually associated with butanediol
dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.1.1.4 or EC 1.1.1.76). While the butanediol dehydrogenase activity is
reversible, diacetyl reductase activity is irreversible. This enzyme has been reported in the yeast Sac-
charomyces cerevisiae [865, 731]. Different from EC 1.1.1.304, diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin form-
ing].
[EC 1.1.1.303 created 2010]
EC 1.1.1.304
Accepted name: diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming]
Reaction: (S)-acetoin + NAD
+
= diacetyl + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): (S)-acetoin dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-acetoin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in the reverse direction. This activity is usually associated with butane-
diol dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.1.1.4 or EC 1.1.1.76). While the butanediol dehydrogenase ac-
tivity is reversible, diacetyl reductase activity is irreversible. This enzyme has been reported in
the bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae
[707, 307, 2353]. Different from EC 1.1.1.303, diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming].
References: [707, 307, 2353]
67
[EC 1.1.1.304 created 2010]
EC 1.1.1.305
Accepted name: UDP-glucuronic acid dehydrogenase (UDP-4-keto-hexauronic acid decarboxylating)
Reaction: UDP-glucuronate + NAD
+
= UDP--L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose + CO
2
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): UDP-GlcUA decarboxylase; ArnADH
Systematic name: UDP-glucuronate:NAD
+
Comments: The activity is part of a bifunctional enzyme also performing the reaction of EC 2.1.2.13 (UDP-4-
amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose formyltransferase).
References: [249, 684, 2493, 685, 2557]
[EC 1.1.1.305 created 2010]
EC 1.1.1.306
Accepted name: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol dehydrogenase
Reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol + NAD
+
= S-formylmycothiol + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD/factor-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase; mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydroge-
nase
Systematic name: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: S-hydroxymethylmycothiol is believed to form spontaneously from formaldehyde and mycothiol.
This enzyme oxidizes the product of this spontaneous reaction to S-formylmycothiol, in a reaction
that is analogous to EC 1.1.1.284, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase.
References: [1481, 1640, 2397, 1824]
EC 1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor
[1.1.2.1 Transferred entry. glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.99.5, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]
EC 1.1.2.2
Accepted name: mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: D-mannitol + ferricytochrome c = D-fructose + ferrocytochrome c
Other name(s): polyol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-mannitol:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on polyols with a D-lyxo conguration, such as D-mannitol and D-sorbitol.
[EC 1.1.2.2 created 1961]
EC 1.1.2.3
Accepted name: L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: (S)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H
+
Other name(s): lactic acid dehydrogenase; cytochrome b
2
(avin-free derivative of avocytochrome b
2
); avocy-
tochrome b
2
; L-lactate cytochrome c reductase; L(+)-lactate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase; dehy-
drogenase, lactate (cytochrome); L-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase; lactate dehydrogenase (cy-
tochrome); lactic cytochrome c reductase
Systematic name: (S)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Identical with cytochrome b
2
; a avohemoprotein (FMN).
References: [68, 67, 105, 1648]
68
[EC 1.1.2.3 created 1961]
EC 1.1.2.4
Accepted name: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: (R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
Other name(s): lactic acid dehydrogenase; D-lactate (cytochrome) dehydrogenase; cytochrome-dependent D-(-)-
lactate dehydrogenase; D-lactate-cytochrome c reductase; D-(-)-lactic cytochrome c reductase
Systematic name: (R)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD).
References: [756, 757, 1647, 1648]
[EC 1.1.2.4 created 1961]
EC 1.1.2.5
Accepted name: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553)
Reaction: (R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c-553 = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c-553
Systematic name: (R)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c-553 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: From Desulfovibrio vulgaris.
References: [1658]
[EC 1.1.2.5 created 1989]
EC 1.1.2.6
Accepted name: polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: polyvinyl alcohol + ferricytochrome c = oxidized polyvinyl alcohol + ferrocytochrome c + H
+
Other name(s): PVA dehydrogenase; PVADH
Systematic name: polyvinyl alcohol:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
Comments: A quinoprotein. The enzyme is involved in bacterial polyvinyl alcohol degradation. Some Gram-
negative bacteria degrade polyvinyl alcohol by importing it into the periplasmic space, where it is
oxidized by polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is coupled to the respiratory chain via
cytochrome c. The enzyme contains a pyrroloquinoline quinone cofactor.
References: [2043, 2045, 1392, 894, 941, 1095]
EC 1.1.2.7
Accepted name: methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c)
Reaction: a primary alcohol + 2 cytochrome c
l
= an aldehyde + 2 reduced cytochrome c
l
Other name(s): methanol dehydrogenase; MDH
Systematic name: methanol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Comments: A periplasmic quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase that only occurs in methylotrophic bacteria. It
uses the novel specic cytochrome c
l
as acceptor. Acts on a wide range of primary alcohols, includ-
ing ethanol, duodecanol, chloroethanol, cinnamyl alcohol, and also formaldehyde. Activity is stimu-
lated by ammonia or methylamine. It is usually assayed with phenazine methosulphate. Like all other
quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases it has an 8-bladed propeller structure, a calcium ion bound to
the PQQ in the active site and an unusual disulphide ring structure in close proximity to the PQQ. It
differs from EC 1.1.2.8, alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c), in having a high afnity for methanol
and in having a second essential small subunit (no known function).
References: [61, 62, 534, 1924, 411, 200, 2527, 21, 60, 2494]
[EC 1.1.2.7 created 1972 as 1.1.99.8, modied 1982, part transferred 2010 to EC 1.1.2.7]
EC 1.1.2.8
69
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c)
Reaction: a primary alcohol + 2 cytochrome c = an aldehyde + 2 reduced cytochrome c
Other name(s): type I quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase; quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: alcohol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Comments: A periplasmic PQQ-containing quinoprotein. Occurs in Pseudomonas and Rhodopseudomonas. The
enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses a specic inducible cytochrome c
550
as electron accep-
tor. Acts on a wide range of primary and secondary alcohols, but not methanol. It has a homodimeric
structure [contrasting with the heterotetrameric structure of EC 1.1.2.7, methanol dehydrogenase (cy-
tochrome c)]. It is routinely assayed with phenazine methosulphate as electron acceptor. Activity is
stimulated by ammonia or amines. Like all other quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases it has an 8-
bladed propeller structure, a calcium ion bound to the PQQ in the active site and an unusual disul-
phide ring structure in close proximity to the PQQ.
References: [1903, 2318, 1977, 1110, 1100, 1457]
[EC 1.1.2.8 created 1972 as 1.1.99.8, modied 1982, part transferred 2010 to EC 1.1.2.8]
EC 1.1.3 With oxygen as acceptor
[1.1.3.1 Deleted entry. glycolate oxidase. Now included with EC 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase]
[1.1.3.2 Transferred entry. lactate oxidase. Now EC 1.13.12.4, lactate 2-monooxygenase]
EC 1.1.3.3
Accepted name: malate oxidase
Reaction: (S)-malate + O
2
= oxaloacetate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): FAD-dependent malate oxidase; malic oxidase; malic dehydrogenase II
Systematic name: (S)-malate:oxygen oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.3.3 created 1961]
EC 1.1.3.4
Accepted name: glucose oxidase
Reaction: -D-glucose + O
2
= D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): glucose oxyhydrase; corylophyline; penatin; glucose aerodehydrogenase; microcid; -D-glucose oxi-
dase; D-glucose oxidase; D-glucose-1-oxidase; -D-glucose:quinone oxidoreductase; glucose oxyhy-
drase; deoxin-1; GOD
Systematic name: -D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
References: [166, 407, 1107, 1108]
[EC 1.1.3.4 created 1961]
EC 1.1.3.5
Accepted name: hexose oxidase
Reaction: D-glucose + O
2
= D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: D-hexose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: A copper glycoprotein. Also oxidizes D-galactose, D-mannose, maltose, lactose and cellobiose.
References: [149, 150, 2185]
70
EC 1.1.3.6
Accepted name: cholesterol oxidase
Reaction: cholesterol + O
2
= cholest-4-en-3-one + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): cholesterol- O
2
oxidoreductase; 3-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase; 3-hydroxysteroid:oxygen oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: cholesterol:oxygen oxidoreductase
EC 1.1.3.7
Accepted name: aryl-alcohol oxidase
Reaction: an aromatic primary alcohol + O
2
= an aromatic aldehyde + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): aryl alcohol oxidase; veratryl alcohol oxidase; arom. alcohol oxidase
Systematic name: aryl-alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Oxidizes many primary alcohols containing an aromatic ring; best substrates are (2-
naphthyl)methanol and 3-methoxybenzyl alcohol.
References: [593]
[EC 1.1.3.7 created 1965]
EC 1.1.3.8
Accepted name: L-gulonolactone oxidase
Reaction: (1) L-gulono-1,4-lactone + O
2
= L-xylo-hex-2-ulono-1,4-lactone + H
2
O
2
(2) L-xylo-hex-2-ulono-1,4-lactone = L-ascorbate (spontaneous)
Other name(s): L-gulono--lactone: O
2
oxidoreductase; L-gulono--lactone oxidase; L-gulono--
lactone:oxidoreductase; GLO
Systematic name: L-gulono-1,4-lactone:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: A microsomal avoprotein (FAD). The product spontaneously isomerizes to L-ascorbate. While most
higher animals can synthesize asborbic acid, primates and guinea pigs cannot [1628].
References: [983, 1134, 1628, 340]
EC 1.1.3.9
Accepted name: galactose oxidase
Reaction: D-galactose + O
2
= D-galacto-hexodialdose + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): D-galactose oxidase; -galactose oxidase
Systematic name: D-galactose:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase
Comments: A copper protein.
References: [95]
[EC 1.1.3.9 created 1965]
EC 1.1.3.10
Accepted name: pyranose oxidase
Reaction: D-glucose + O
2
= 2-dehydro-D-glucose + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): glucose 2-oxidase; pyranose-2-oxidase
Systematic name: pyranose:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Also oxidizes D-xylose, L-sorbose and D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which have the
same ring conformation and conguration at C-2, C-3 and C-4.
71
References: [1014, 1366, 1606, 1900]
[EC 1.1.3.10 created 1972]
EC 1.1.3.11
Accepted name: L-sorbose oxidase
Reaction: L-sorbose + O
2
= 5-dehydro-D-fructose + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: L-sorbose:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on D-glucose, D-galactose and D-xylose, but not on D-fructose. 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can
act as acceptor.
References: [2538]
[EC 1.1.3.11 created 1972]
EC 1.1.3.12
Accepted name: pyridoxine 4-oxidase
Reaction: pyridoxine + O
2
= pyridoxal + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): pyridoxin 4-oxidase; pyridoxol 4-oxidase
Systematic name: pyridoxine:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Can also use 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an acceptor.
References: [2190]
EC 1.1.3.13
Accepted name: alcohol oxidase
Reaction: a primary alcohol + O
2
= an aldehyde + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): ethanol oxidase
Systematic name: alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD); acts on lower primary alcohols and unsaturated alcohols but branched-chain
and secondary alcohols are not attacked.
References: [1013, 1625, 2196]
[EC 1.1.3.13 created 1972]
EC 1.1.3.14
Accepted name: catechol oxidase (dimerizing)
Reaction: 4 catechol + 3 O
2
= 2 dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-2,3-dione + 6 H
2
O
Systematic name: catechol:oxygen oxidoreductase (dimerizing)
References: [1563]
[EC 1.1.3.14 created 1972]
EC 1.1.3.15
Accepted name: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase
Reaction: an (S)-2-hydroxy acid + O
2
= a 2-oxo acid + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): glycolate oxidase; hydroxy-acid oxidase A; hydroxy-acid oxidase B; glycolate oxidase; oxidase, L-2-
hydroxy acid; hydroxyacid oxidase A; L--hydroxy acid oxidase; L-2-hydroxy acid oxidase
Systematic name: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FMN). Exists as two major isoenzymes; the A form preferentially oxidizes short-
chain aliphatic hydroxy acids, and was previously listed as EC 1.1.3.1, glycolate oxidase; the B form
preferentially oxidizes long-chain and aromatic hydroxy acids. The rat isoenzyme B also acts as EC
1.4.3.2, L-amino-acid oxidase.
72
References: [204, 638, 1213, 1575, 1576, 1753, 1990, 1041]
EC 1.1.3.16
Accepted name: ecdysone oxidase
Reaction: ecdysone + O
2
= 3-dehydroecdysone + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): -ecdysone oxidase
Systematic name: ecdysone:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can act as an acceptor.
References: [1185]
[EC 1.1.3.16 created 1976]
EC 1.1.3.17
Accepted name: choline oxidase
Reaction: choline + 2 O
2
+ H
2
O = betaine + 2 H
2
O
2
(overall reaction)
(1a) choline + O
2
= betaine aldehyde + H
2
O
2
(1b) betaine aldehyde + O
2
+ H
2
O = betaine + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: choline:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized
using different enzymes to catalyse the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine
aldehyde into betaine. In plants, the rst reaction is catalysed by EC 1.14.15.7, choline monooxyge-
nase, whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalysed by either membrane-bound choline de-
hydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) or soluble choline oxidase (EC 1.1.3.17) [2413]. The enzyme involved in
the second step, EC 1.2.1.8, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, appears to be the same in those plants,
animals and bacteria that use two separate enzymes.
References: [967, 1894, 1815, 667, 588, 2413, 589, 664]
EC 1.1.3.18
Accepted name: secondary-alcohol oxidase
Reaction: a secondary alcohol + O
2
= a ketone + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): polyvinyl alcohol oxidase; secondary alcohol oxidase
Systematic name: secondary-alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on secondary alcohols with ve or more carbons, and polyvinyl alcohols with molecular mass
over 300 Da. The Pseudomonas enzyme contains one atom of non-heme iron per molecule.
References: [1520, 1922, 2204, 2205]
[EC 1.1.3.18 created 1981]
EC 1.1.3.19
Accepted name: 4-hydroxymandelate oxidase
Reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + O
2
= 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): L-4-hydroxymandelate oxidase (decarboxylating)
Systematic name: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD); requires Mn
2+
.
References: [186]
[EC 1.1.3.19 created 1984]
73
EC 1.1.3.20
Accepted name: long-chain-alcohol oxidase
Reaction: a long-chain alcohol + O
2
= a long-chain aldehyde + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase; fatty alcohol oxidase; fatty alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase; long-
chain fatty acid oxidase
Systematic name: long-chain-alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Oxidizes long-chain fatty alcohols; best substrate is dodecyl alcohol.
References: [1510, 1511, 350, 2626, 351]
EC 1.1.3.21
Accepted name: glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
Reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + O
2
= glycerone phosphate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): glycerol phosphate oxidase; glycerol-1-phosphate oxidase; glycerol phosphate oxidase; L--
glycerophosphate oxidase; -glycerophosphate oxidase; L--glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
Systematic name: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.3.21 created 1984]
[1.1.3.22 Transferred entry. xanthine oxidase. Now EC 1.17.3.2, xanthine oxidase. The enzyme was incorrectly classied as
acting on a CH-OH group]
EC 1.1.3.23
Accepted name: thiamine oxidase
Reaction: thiamine + 2 O
2
+ H
2
O = thiamine acetic acid + 2 H
2
O
2
Other name(s): thiamin dehydrogenase; thiamine dehydrogenase; thiamin:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: thiamine:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The product differs from thiamine in replacement of -CH
2
.CH
2
.OH by -
CH
2
.COOH; the two-step oxidation proceeds without the release of the intermediate aldehyde from
the enzyme.
References: [550, 728, 1597]
[EC 1.1.3.23 created 1984]
[1.1.3.24 Transferred entry. L-galactonolactone oxidase. Now EC 1.3.3.12, L-galactonolactone oxidase. The enzyme had
been incorrectly classied as acting upon a CH-OH donor rather than a CH-CH donor]
[1.1.3.25 Transferred entry. cellobiose oxidase. Now included with EC 1.1.99.18, cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor)]
[1.1.3.26 Transferred entry. columbamine oxidase. Now EC 1.21.3.2, columbamine oxidase]
EC 1.1.3.27
Accepted name: hydroxyphytanate oxidase
Reaction: L-2-hydroxyphytanate + O
2
= 2-oxophytanate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): L-2-hydroxyphytanate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-2-hydroxyphytanate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
References: [2369]
74
[EC 1.1.3.27 created 1990]
EC 1.1.3.28
Accepted name: nucleoside oxidase
Reaction: inosine + O
2
= 9-riburonosylhypoxanthine + H
2
O
(1a) 2 inosine + O
2
= 2 5
-dehydroinosine + 2 H
2
O
(1b) 2 5
-dehydroinosine + O
2
= 2 9-riburonosylhypoxanthine
Systematic name: nucleoside:oxygen 5
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Other purine and pyrimidine nucleosides (as well as 2
-deoxynucleosides) are substrates, but ribose

and nucleotides are not substrates. The overall reaction takes place in two separate steps, with the 5
-
dehydro nucleoside being released from the enzyme to serve as substrate for the second reaction. This
enzyme differs from EC 1.1.3.39, nucleoside oxidase (H
2
O
2
-forming), as it produces water rather
than hydrogen peroxide.
EC 1.1.3.29
Accepted name: N-acylhexosamine oxidase
Reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + O
2
= N-acetyl-D-glucosaminate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): N-acyl-D-hexosamine oxidase; N-acyl--D-hexosamine:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: N-acyl-D-hexosamine:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on N-glycolylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and, more slowly, on N-
acetylmannosamine.
References: [924]
[EC 1.1.3.29 created 1992]
EC 1.1.3.30
Accepted name: polyvinyl-alcohol oxidase
Reaction: polyvinyl alcohol + O
2
= oxidized polyvinyl alcohol + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): dehydrogenase, polyvinyl alcohol; PVA oxidase
Systematic name: polyvinyl-alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase
[EC 1.1.3.30 created 1992]
[1.1.3.31 Deleted entry. methanol oxidase. Cannot be distinguished from EC 1.1.3.13, alcohol oxidase]
[1.1.3.32 Transferred entry. (S)-stylopine synthase. Now EC 1.14.21.1, (S)-stylopine synthase]
[1.1.3.33 Transferred entry. S-cheilanthifoline synthase. Now EC 1.14.21.2, (S)-cheilanthifoline synthase]
[1.1.3.34 Transferred entry. berbamunine synthase. Now EC 1.14.21.3, berbamunine synthase]
[1.1.3.35 Transferred entry. salutaridine synthase. Now EC 1.14.21.4, salutaridine synthase]
[1.1.3.36 Transferred entry. (S)-canadine synthase. Now EC 1.14.21.5, (S)-canadine synthase]
75
EC 1.1.3.37
Accepted name: D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase
Reaction: D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + O
2
= dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): D-arabinono--lactone oxidase; ALO
Systematic name: D-arabinono-1,4-lactone:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). L-Galactono-1,4-lactone, L-gulono-1,4-lactone and L-xylono-1,4-lactone can
also act as substrates but D-glucono-1,5-lactone, L-arabinono-1,4-lactone, D-galactono-1,4-lactone
and D-gulono-1,4-lactone cannot [948]. With L-galactono-1,4-lactone as substrate, the product is L-
ascorbate [1264]. The product dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone had previously been referred to erro-
neously as D-erythroascorbate (CAS no.: 5776-48-7; formula: C
6
H
8
O
6
), although it was referred to as
a ve-carbon compound [948] .
References: [948, 949, 1264]
[EC 1.1.3.37 created 1999]
EC 1.1.3.38
Accepted name: vanillyl-alcohol oxidase
Reaction: vanillyl alcohol + O
2
= vanillin + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): 4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzyl alcohol oxidase
Systematic name: vanillyl alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Vanillyl-alcohol oxidase from Penicillium simplicissimum contains covalently bound FAD. It converts
a wide range of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols and 4-hydroxybenzylamines into the corresponding aldehy-
des. The allyl group of 4-allylphenols is also converted into the -CH=CH-CH
2
OH group.
[EC 1.1.3.38 created 1999]
EC 1.1.3.39
Accepted name: nucleoside oxidase (H
2
O
2
-forming)
Reaction: adenosine + 2 O
2
= 9-riburonosyladenine + 2 H
2
O
2
(overall reaction)
(1a) adenosine + O
2
= 5
-dehydroadenosine + H
2
O
2
(1b) 5
-dehydroadenosine + O
2
= 9-riburonosyladenine + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: nucleoside:oxygen 5
-oxidoreductase (H
2
O
2
-forming)
Comments: A heme-containing avoprotein (FAD). Other purine and pyrimidine nucleosides (as well as 2
-
deoxynucleosides and arabinosides) are substrates, but ribose and nucleotides are not substrates. The
overall reaction takes place in two separate steps, with the 5
-dehydro nucleoside being released from

the enzyme to serve as substrate for the second reaction. This enzyme differs from EC 1.1.3.28, nu-
cleoside oxidase, as it produces hydrogen peroxide rather than water.
References: [1163]
[EC 1.1.3.39 created 2001]
EC 1.1.3.40
Accepted name: D-mannitol oxidase
Reaction: mannitol + O
2
= mannose + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): mannitol oxidase; D-arabitol oxidase
Systematic name: mannitol:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: Also catalyses the oxidation of D-arabinitol and, to a lesser extent, D-glucitol (sorbitol), whereas L-
arabinitol is not a good substrate. The enzyme from the snails Helix aspersa and Arion ater is found
in a specialised tubular organelle that has been termed the mannosome.
[EC 1.1.3.40 created 2001]
76
EC 1.1.3.41
Accepted name: alditol oxidase
Reaction: an alditol + O
2
= an aldose + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): xylitol oxidase; xylitol:oxygen oxidoreductase; AldO
Systematic name: alditol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Streptomyces sp. IKD472 and from Streptomyces coelicolor is a monomeric ox-
idase containing one molecule of FAD per molecule of protein [2555, 875]. While xylitol (ve car-
bons) and sorbitol (6 carbons) are the preferred substrates, other alditols, including L-threitol (four
carbons), D-arabitol (ve carbons), D-galactitol (six carbons) and D-mannitol (six carbons) can also
act as substrates, but more slowly [2555, 875]. Belongs in the vanillyl-alcohol-oxidase family of en-
zymes [875].
References: [2555, 875, 616]
EC 1.1.4 With a disulde as acceptor
EC 1.1.4.1
Accepted name: vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive)
Reaction: 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol = 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-
phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
Systematic name: 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone:oxidized-dithiothreitol oxidoreductase
Comments: In the reverse reaction, vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is reduced to vitamin K and possibly to vitamin K
hydroquinone by 1,4-dithiothreitol, which is oxidized to a disulde; some other dithiols and 4-
butanethiol can also act. Inhibited strongly by warfarin [cf. EC 1.1.4.2 vitamin-K-epoxide reductase
(warfarin-insensitive)].
References: [1266, 1533, 2481]
[EC 1.1.4.1 created 1989]
EC 1.1.4.2
Accepted name: vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive)
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol = 2,3-epoxy-2,3-
dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone:oxidized-dithiothreitol oxidoreductase
Comments: In the reverse reaction, vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is reduced to 3-hydroxy- (and 2-hydroxy-) vitamin
K by 1,4-dithiothreitol, which is oxidized to a disulde. Not inhibited by warfarin [cf. EC 1.1.4.1
vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive)].
References: [1533]
[EC 1.1.4.2 created 1989]
EC 1.1.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor
[1.1.5.1 Deleted entry. cellobiose dehydrogenase (quinone). Nowknown to be proteolytic product of EC1.1.99.18, cellobiose
dehydrogenase (acceptor)]
EC 1.1.5.2
Accepted name: quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol
77
Other name(s): membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenase; mGDH; glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-dependent); glucose
dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone); quinoprotein D-glucose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-glucose:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Integral membrane protein containing PQQ as prosthetic group. It also contains bound ubiquinone
and Mg
2+
or Ca
2+
. Electron acceptor is membrane ubiquinone but usually assayed with phenazine
methosulfate. Like in all other quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases the catalytic domain has an 8-
bladed propeller structure. It occurs in a wide range of bacteria. Catalyses a direct oxidation of the
pyranose form of D-glucose to the lactone and thence to D-gluconate in the periplasm. Oxidizes other
monosaccharides including the pyranose forms of pentoses.
References: [2536, 487, 535, 46, 413, 415, 564, 1009, 563, 1551]
[EC 1.1.5.2 created 1982 as 1.1.99.17, transferred 2003 to EC 1.1.5.2]
EC 1.1.5.3
Accepted name: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol
Other name(s): -glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; -glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (acceptor); anaerobic
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; DL-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase (misleading); FAD-dependent
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; FAD-dependent sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; FAD-
GPDH; FAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; FAD-linked L-glycerol-3-phosphate de-
hydrogenase; avin-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; avoprotein-linked L-glycerol
3-phosphate dehydrogenase; glycerol 3-phosphate cytochrome c reductase (misleading); glyc-
erol phosphate dehydrogenase; glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (acceptor); glycerol phosphate
dehydrogenase (FAD); glycerol-3-phosphate CoQ reductase; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydroge-
nase (avin-linked); glycerol-3-phosphate:CoQ reductase; glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; L-3-
glycerophosphate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase; L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ambigu-
ous); L-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; mGPD; mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydroge-
nase; NAD
+
-independent glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase; pyridine nucleotide-independent L-
glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; sn-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase (misleading); sn-glycerol-
3-phosphate dehydrogenase; sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase; sn-glycerol-3-
phosphate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: This avin-dependent dehydrogenase is an essential membrane enzyme, functioning at the central
junction of glycolysis, respiration and phospholipid biosynthesis. In bacteria, the enzyme is localized
to the cytoplasmic membrane [2427], while in eukaryotes it is tightly bound to the outer surface of
the inner mitochondrial membrane [1982]. In eukaryotes, this enzyme, together with the cytosolic
enzyme EC 1.1.1.8, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), forms the glycerol-3-phosphate
shuttle by which NADH produced in the cytosol, primarily from glycolysis, can be reoxidized to
NAD
+
by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain [1363]. This shuttle plays a critical role in trans-
ferring reducing equivalents from cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix [59, 1253]. Insect
ight muscle uses only CoQ
10
as the physiological quinone whereas hamster and rat mitochondria use
mainly CoQ
9
[1822]. The enzyme is activated by calcium [1363].
References: [1861, 1982, 1363, 1822, 2029, 2427, 59, 1253]
[EC 1.1.5.3 created 1961 as EC 1.1.2.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.1.99.5, transferred 2009 to EC 1.1.5.3]
EC 1.1.5.4
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + reduced quinone
Other name(s): FAD-dependent malate-vitamin K reductase; malate-vitamin K reductase; (S)-malate:(acceptor) oxi-
doreductase; L-malate-quinone oxidoreductase; malate:quinone oxidoreductase; malate quinone ox-
idoreductase; MQO; malate:quinone reductase; malate dehydrogenase (acceptor); FAD-dependent
malate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-malate:quinone oxidoreductase
78
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Vitamin K and several other quinones can act as acceptors. Different from EC
1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)), EC 1.1.1.82 (malate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)) and EC
1.1.1.299 (malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]).
References: [968, 969, 1832, 1501, 1078]
EC 1.1.5.5
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: ethanol + ubiquinone = acetaldehyde + ubiquinol
Other name(s): type III ADH; membrane associated quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: alcohol:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Only described in acetic acid bacteria where it is involved in acetic acid production. Associated with
membrane. Electron acceptor is membrane ubiquinone. A model structure suggests that, like all other
quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases, the catalytic subunit has an 8-bladed propeller structure, a cal-
cium ion bound to the PQQ in the active site and an unusual disulde ring structure in close proximity
to the PQQ; the catalytic subunit also has a heme c in the C-terminal domain. The enzyme has two
additional subunits, one of which contains three molecules of heme c. It does not require amines for
activation. It has a restricted substrate specicity, oxidising a few primary alcohols (C
2
to C
6
), but not
methanol, secondary alcohols and some aldehydes. It is assayed with phenazine methosulfate or with
ferricyanide.
References: [727, 2056, 358, 629, 1431, 1437, 1434, 1435, 414]
[EC 1.1.5.5 created 2009]
EC 1.1.5.6
Accepted name: formate dehydrogenase-N
Reaction: formate + a quinone = CO
2
+ a quinol
Other name(s): Fdh-N; FdnGHI; nitrate-inducible formate dehydrogenase; formate dehydrogenase N; FDH-N; nitrate
inducible Fdn; nitrate inducible formate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: formate:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme contains molybdopterin-guanine dinucleotides, ve [4Fe-4S] clusters and two heme b
groups. Formate dehydrogenase-N oxidizes formate in the periplasm, transferring electrons via the
menaquinone pool in the cytoplasmic membrane to a dissimilatory nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.5.1),
which transfers electrons to nitrate in the cytoplasm. The system generates proton motive force un-
der anaerobic conditions [1044].
References: [572, 1045, 1044]
[EC 1.1.5.6 created 2010]
EC 1.1.5.7
Accepted name: cyclic alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: a cyclic alcohol + a quinone = a cyclic ketone + a quinol
Other name(s): cyclic alcohol dehydrogenase; MCAD
Systematic name: cyclic alcohol:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme oxidizes a wide variety of cyclic alcohols. Some minor enzyme activity is found with
aliphatic secondary alcohols and sugar alcohols, but not primary alcohols. The enzyme is unable to
catalyse the reverse reaction of cyclic ketones or aldehydes to cyclic alcohols. This enzyme differs
from EC 1.1.5.5, alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone), which shows activity with ethanol [1506].
References: [1506]
[EC 1.1.5.7 created 2010]
79
EC 1.1.98 With other, known, acceptors
EC 1.1.98.1
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase (azurin)
Reaction: a primary alcohol + azurin = an aldehyde + reduced azurin
Other name(s): type II quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase; quinohaemoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase; QHEDH;
ADHIIB
Systematic name: alcohol:azurin oxidoreductase
Comments: A soluble, periplasmic PQQ-containing quinohemoprotein. Also contains a single heme c. Occurs in
Comamonas and Pseudomonas. Does not require an amine activator. Oxidizes a wide range of pri-
mary and secondary alcohols, and also aldehydes and large substrates such as sterols; methanol is not
a substrate. Usually assayed with phenazine methosulphate or ferricyanide. Like all other quinopro-
tein alcohol dehydrogenases it has an 8-bladed propeller structure, a calcium ion bound to the PQQ in
the active site and an unusual disulphide ring structure in close proximity to the PQQ.
References: [764, 462, 2318, 1438, 349, 1706]
[EC 1.1.98.1 created 2010]
EC 1.1.99 With other acceptors
EC 1.1.99.1
Accepted name: choline dehydrogenase
Reaction: choline + acceptor = betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): choline oxidase; choline-cytochrome c reductase; choline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase;
choline:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: choline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: A quinoprotein. In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using
different enzymes to catalyse the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine alde-
hyde into betaine. In plants, the rst reaction is catalysed by EC 1.14.15.7, choline monooxygenase,
whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalysed by either membrane-bound choline dehydro-
genase (EC 1.1.99.1) or soluble choline oxidase (EC 1.1.3.17) [2413]. The enzyme involved in the
second step, EC 1.2.1.8, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, appears to be the same in plants, animals
and bacteria.
References: [49, 545, 666, 2413]
EC 1.1.99.2
Accepted name: 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): -ketoglutarate reductase; -hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase; L--hydroxyglutarate de-
hydrogenase; hydroxyglutaric dehydrogenase; -hydroxyglutarate oxidoreductase; L--
hydroxyglutarate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase; -hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
specic); (S)-
2-hydroxyglutarate:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
References: [2458]
[EC 1.1.99.2 created 1961]
EC 1.1.99.3
Accepted name: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: D-gluconate + acceptor = 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + reduced acceptor
80
Other name(s): gluconate oxidase; gluconate dehydrogenase; gluconic dehydrogenase; D-gluconate dehydrogenase;
gluconic acid dehydrogenase; 2-ketogluconate reductase; D-gluconate dehydrogenase, 2-keto-D-
gluconate-yielding; D-gluconate:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-gluconate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
EC 1.1.99.4
Accepted name: dehydrogluconate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + acceptor = 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): ketogluconate dehydrogenase; -ketogluconate dehydrogenase; 2-keto-D-gluconate dehydrogenase;
2-oxogluconate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-dehydro-D-gluconate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein.
[1.1.99.5 Transferred entry. glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. As the acceptor is now known, the enzyme has been
transferred to EC 1.1.5.3, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.]
[EC 1.1.99.5 created 1961 as EC 1.1.2.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.1.99.5, deleted 2009]
EC 1.1.99.6
Accepted name: D-2-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-lactate + acceptor = pyruvate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): D-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase; (R)-2-hydroxy-acid:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (R)-2-hydroxy-acid:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: A zinc avoprotein (FAD). Acts on a variety of (R)-2-hydroxy acids.
References: [757, 1647, 2337]
[EC 1.1.99.6 created 1965]
EC 1.1.99.7
Accepted name: lactatemalate transhydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-lactate + oxaloacetate = pyruvate + malate
Other name(s): malate-lactate transhydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-lactate:oxaloacetate oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses hydrogen transfer from C
3
or C
4
(S)-2-hydroxy acids to 2-oxo acids. It contains tightly
bound nicotinamide nucleotide in its active centre. This prosthetic group cannot be removed without
denaturation of the protein.
[EC 1.1.99.7 created 1972]
[1.1.99.8 Transferred entry. alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor). Now EC 1.1.2.7, methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c)
and EC 1.1.2.8, alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c).]
EC 1.1.99.9
Accepted name: pyridoxine 5-dehydrogenase
81
Reaction: pyridoxine + acceptor = isopyridoxal + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): pyridoxal-5-dehydrogenase; pyridoxol 5-dehydrogenase; pyridoxin 5-dehydrogenase; pyridoxine de-
hydrogenase; pyridoxine 5
-dehydrogenase; pyridoxine:(acceptor) 5-oxidoreductase

Systematic name: pyridoxine:acceptor 5-oxidoreductase
References: [2190]
EC 1.1.99.10
Accepted name: glucose dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: D-glucose + acceptor = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): glucose dehydrogenase (Aspergillus); glucose dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); D-glucose:(acceptor)
1-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-glucose:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: A glycoprotein containing one mole of FAD per mole of enzyme. 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can act as
acceptor
References: [116]
EC 1.1.99.11
Accepted name: fructose 5-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-fructose + acceptor = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): fructose 5-dehydrogenase (acceptor); D-fructose dehydrogenase; D-fructose:(acceptor) 5-
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-fructose:acceptor 5-oxidoreductase
Comments: 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can act as acceptor.
[EC 1.1.99.11 created 1972]
EC 1.1.99.12
Accepted name: sorbose dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-sorbose + acceptor = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): L-sorbose:(acceptor) 5-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-sorbose:acceptor 5-oxidoreductase
Comments: 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can act as acceptor.
References: [1937]
[EC 1.1.99.12 created 1972]
EC 1.1.99.13
Accepted name: glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: sucrose + acceptor = 3-dehydro--D-glucosyl--D-fructofuranoside + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase; D-aldohexopyranoside dehydrogenase; D-aldohexoside:cytochrome
c oxidoreductase; D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase; hexopyranoside-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; D-
aldohexoside:(acceptor) 3-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-aldohexoside:acceptor 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The enzyme acts on D-glucose, D-galactose, D-glucosides and D-galactosides,
but D-glucosides react more rapidly than D-galactosides.
References: [851]
82
[EC 1.1.99.13 created 1972]
EC 1.1.99.14
Accepted name: glycolate dehydrogenase
Reaction: glycolate + acceptor = glyoxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): glycolate oxidoreductase; glycolic acid dehydrogenase; glycolate:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: glycolate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on (R)-lactate. 2,6-Dichloroindophenol and phenazine methosulfate can act as acceptors.
References: [1335]
[EC 1.1.99.14 created 1978]
[1.1.99.15 Transferred entry. 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH
2
). Now EC 1.5.1.20, methylenetetrahydro-
folate reductase [NAD(P)H]]
[1.1.99.16 Transferred entry. malate dehydrogenase (acceptor). As the acceptor is now known, the enzyme has been trans-
ferred to EC 1.1.5.4, malate dehydrogenase (quinone).]
[1.1.99.17 Transferred entry. glucose dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone). Now EC 1.1.5.2, quinoprotein glucose
dehydrogenase]
EC 1.1.99.18
Accepted name: cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: cellobiose + acceptor = cellobiono-1,5-lactone + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): cellobiose dehydrogenase; cellobiose oxidoreductase; Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiose
oxidoreductase; CBOR; cellobiose oxidase; cellobiose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase; CDH; cel-
lobiose:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cellobiose:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can act as acceptor. Also acts, more slowly, on cello-oligosaccharides, lac-
tose and D-glucosyl-1,4--D-mannose. Includes EC 1.1.5.1, cellobiose dehydrogenase (quinone),
which is now known to be a proteolytic product of this enzyme. The enzyme from the white rot fun-
gus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is unusual in having two redoxin domains, one containing a avin
and the other a protoheme group. It transfers reducing equivalents from cellobiose to two types of
redox acceptor: two-electron oxidants, including redox dyes, benzoquinones and molecular oxygen
and one-electron oxidants, including semiquinone species, iron(II) complexes and the model acceptor
cytochrome c [1418].
References: [405, 474, 475, 790, 122, 802, 102, 103, 1418]
[EC 1.1.99.18 created 1983, modied 2002 (EC 1.1.5.1 created 1983, incorporated 2002; EC 1.1.3.25 created 1986, incorporated 2005)]
[1.1.99.19 Transferred entry. uracil dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.17.99.4, uracil/thymine dehydrogenase]
EC 1.1.99.20
Accepted name: alkan-1-ol dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: primary alcohol + acceptor = aldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): polyethylene glycol dehydrogenase; alkan-1-ol:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: alkan-1-ol:acceptor oxidoreductase
83
Comments: A quinoprotein. Acts on C
3
-C
16
linear-chain saturated primary alcohols, C
4
-C
7
aldehydes and on
non-ionic surfactants containing polyethylene glycol residues, such as Tween 40 and 60, but not
on methanol and only very slowly on ethanol. 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can act as acceptor. cf. EC
1.1.99.8 alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor).
[EC 1.1.99.20 created 1989]
EC 1.1.99.21
Accepted name: D-sorbitol dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: D-sorbitol + acceptor = L-sorbose + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): D-sorbitol:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-sorbitol:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
References: [2055]
[EC 1.1.99.21 created 1989]
EC 1.1.99.22
Accepted name: glycerol dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: glycerol + acceptor = glycerone + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): glycerol:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: glycerol:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: A quinoprotein. Also acts, more slowly, on a number of other polyols including D-sorbitol, D-arabitol,
meso-erythritol, adonitol and propylene glycol.
References: [50]
[EC 1.1.99.22 created 1989]
[1.1.99.23 Transferred entry. polyvinyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor). Now EC 1.1.2.6, polyvinyl alcohol dehydroge-
nase (cytochrome)]
[EC 1.1.99.23 created 1989, transferred 2010 to EC 1.1.2.6]
EC 1.1.99.24
Accepted name: hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = acetoacetate + (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate
Other name(s): transhydrogenase, hydroxy acid-oxo acid
Systematic name: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate:2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductase
Comments: 4-Hydroxybutanoate and (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate can also act as donors; 4-oxobutanoate can also act
as acceptor.
References: [1087]
[EC 1.1.99.24 created 1992]
EC 1.1.99.25
Accepted name: quinate dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone)
Reaction: quinate + pyrroloquinoline-quinone = 3-dehydroquinate + reduced pyrroloquinoline-quinone
Other name(s): NAD(P)
+
-independent quinate dehydrogenase; quinate:pyrroloquinoline-quinone 5-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: quinate:pyrroloquinoline-quinone 3-oxidoreductase
84
EC 1.1.99.26
Accepted name: 3-hydroxycyclohexanone dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxycyclohexanone + acceptor = cyclohexane-1,3-dione + reduced acceptor
Systematic name: 3-hydroxycyclohexanone:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: 2,6-Dichloroindophenol and methylene blue can act as acceptors.
References: [445]
[EC 1.1.99.26 created 1992]
EC 1.1.99.27
Accepted name: (R)-pantolactone dehydrogenase (avin)
Reaction: (R)-pantolactone + acceptor = 2-dehydropantolactone + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): 2-dehydropantolactone reductase (avin); 2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (avin); (R)-
pantoyllactone dehydrogenase (avin)
Systematic name: (R)-pantolactone:acceptor oxidoreductase (avin-containing)
Comments: High specicity for (R)-pantolactone. Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) can act as acceptor. The enzyme
has been studied in the bacterium Nocardia asteroides and shown to be membrane-bound and induced
by 1,2-propanediol. The FMN cofactor is non-covalently bound.
References: [1077]
[EC 1.1.99.27 created 1999]
EC 1.1.99.28
Accepted name: glucose-fructose oxidoreductase
Reaction: D-glucose + D-fructose = D-gluconolactone + D-glucitol
Systematic name: D-glucose:D-fructose oxidoreductase
Comments: D-mannose, D-xylose, D-galactose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and L-arabinose will function as aldose sub-
strates, but with low afnities. The ketose substrate must be in the open-chain form. The apparent
afnity for fructose is low, because little of the fructose substrate is in the open-chain form. Xylulose
and glycerone (dihydroxyacetone) will replace fructose, but they are poor substrates. The enzyme
from Zymomonas mobilis contains tightly bound NADP
+
.
References: [2603, 822, 1068]
[EC 1.1.99.28 created 1999]
EC 1.1.99.29
Accepted name: pyranose dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: (1) pyranose + acceptor = 2-dehydropyranose (or 3-dehydropyranose or 2,3-didehydropyranose) +
reduced acceptor
(2) a pyranoside + acceptor = a 3-dehydropyranoside (or 3,4-didehydropyranoside) + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): pyranose dehydrogenase; pyranose-quinone oxidoreductase; quinone-dependent pyranose dehydroge-
nase; PDH
Systematic name: pyranose:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires FAD. A number of aldoses and ketoses in pyranose form, as well as glycosides, gluco-
oligosaccharides, sucrose and lactose can act as a donor. 1,4-Benzoquinone or ferricenium ion (fer-
rocene oxidized by removal of one electron) can serve as acceptor. Unlike EC 1.1.3.10, pyranose
oxidase, this fungal enzyme does not interact with O
2
and exhibits extremely broad substrate tol-
erance with variable regioselectivity (C-3, C-2 or C-3 + C-2 or C-3 + C-4) for (di)oxidation of dif-
ferent sugars. D-Glucose is exclusively or preferentially oxidized at C-3 (depending on the enzyme
source), but can also be oxidized at C-2 + C-3. The enzyme also acts on 14-- and 14--gluco-
oligosaccharides, non-reducing gluco-oligosaccharides and L-arabinose, which are not substrates of
EC 1.1.3.10. Sugars are oxidized in their pyranose but not in their furanose form.
References: [2400, 2402, 2403, 2399, 2401]
85
[EC 1.1.99.29 created 2004]
EC 1.1.99.30
Accepted name: 2-oxo-acid reductase
Reaction: a (2R)-hydroxy-carboxylate + acceptor = a 2-oxo-carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): (2R)-hydroxycarboxylate-viologen-oxidoreductase; HVOR; 2-oxoacid reductase
Systematic name: (2R)-hydroxy-carboxylate:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains [4Fe-4S] and a mononucleotide molybdenum (pyranopterin) cofactor. Has broad substrate
specicity, with 2-oxo-monocarboxylates and 2-oxo-dicarboxylates acting as substrates. Branching in
a substrate at the C-3 position results in loss of activity. The enzyme from Proteus sp. is inactivated
by oxygen.
[EC 1.1.99.30 created 2004]
EC 1.1.99.31
Accepted name: (S)-mandelate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + acceptor = 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): MDH
Systematic name: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is a member of the FMN-dependent -hydroxy-acid oxidase/dehydrogenase family
[1279]. While all enzymes of this family oxidize the (S)-enantiomer of an -hydroxy acid to an -
oxo acid, the ultimate oxidant (oxygen, intramolecular heme or some other acceptor) depends on
the particular enzyme. This enzyme transfers the electron pair from FMNH
2
to a component of the
electron transport chain, most probably ubiquinone [1279, 489]. It is part of a metabolic pathway in
Pseudomonads that allows these organisms to utilize mandelic acid, derivatized from the common soil
metabolite amygdalin, as the sole source of carbon and energy [489]. The enzyme has a large active-
site pocket and preferentially binds substrates with longer sidechains, e.g. 2-hydroxyoctanoate rather
than 2-hydroxybutyrate [1279]. It also prefers substrates that, like (S)-mandelate, have unsatura-
tion, e.g. (indol-3-yl)glycolate compared with (indol-3-yl)lactate [1279]. Esters of mandelate, such as
methyl (S)-mandelate, are also substrates [488].
References: [1279, 489, 488]
[EC 1.1.99.31 created 2006]
EC 1.1.99.32
Accepted name: L-sorbose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-sorbose + acceptor = 1-dehydro-L-sorbose + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): SDH
Systematic name: L-sorbose:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product, L-sorbosone, is an intermediate in bacterial 2-keto-L-gulonic-acid formation. The activ-
ity of this membrane-bound enzyme is stimulated by Fe(III) or Co
2+
but is inhibited by Cu
2+
. The
enzyme is highly specic for L-sorbose as other sugars, such as glucose, mannitol and sorbitol, are not
substrates. Phenazine methosulfate and DCIP can act as articial acceptors.
References: [2180]
[EC 1.1.99.32 created 2008]
EC 1.1.99.33
Accepted name: formate dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: formate + acceptor = CO
2
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): FDHH; FDH-H; FDH-O; formate dehydrogenase H; formate dehydrogenase O
Systematic name: formate:acceptor oxidoreductase
86
Comments: Formate dehydrogenase H is a cytoplasmic enzyme that oxidizes formate without oxygen transfer,
transferring electrons to a hydrogenase. The two enzymes form the formate-hydrogen lyase complex
[100]. The enzyme contains an [4Fe-4S] cluster, a selenocysteine residue and a molybdopterin cofac-
tor [100].
References: [100, 709, 1117]
[EC 1.1.99.33 created 2010]
EC 1.1.99.34
Accepted name: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (coenzyme-F
420
)
Reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + oxidized coenzyme F
420
= D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + reduced
coenzyme F
420
Other name(s): coenzyme F
420
-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; F
420
-dependent glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase; FGD1; Rv0407; F
420
-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 1
Systematic name: D-glucose-6-phosphate:F
420
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is very specic for D-glucose 6-phosphate. No activity with NAD
+
, NADP
+
, avin ade-
nine dinucleotide and avin mononucleotide [1791].
References: [1791, 135, 1792]
[EC 1.1.99.34 created 2010]
EC 1.1.99.35
Accepted name: soluble quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-glucose + acceptor = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): soluble glucose dehydrogenase; sGDH; glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-dependent)
Systematic name: D-glucose:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Soluble periplasmic enzyme containing PQQ as prosthetic group, bound to a calcium ion. Electron
acceptor is not known. It is assayed with Wursters Blue or phenazine methosulphate. It has negligi-
ble sequence or structure similarity to other quinoproteins. It catalyses an exceptionally high rate of
oxidation of a wide range of aldose sugars, including D-glucose, galactose, arabinose and xylose, and
also the disaccharides lactose, cellobiose and maltose. It has been described only in Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus.
References: [691, 509, 373, 1432, 1705, 1436]
[EC 1.1.99.35 created 2010]
EC 1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
This subclass contains enzymes that oxidize aldehydes to the corresponding acids; when this acid is concomitantly phosphory-
lated or acetylates CoA, this is indicated in parentheses. Oxo groups may be oxidized either with addition of water and cleavage
of a carbon-carbon bond or, in the case of ring compounds, by addition of the elements of water and dehydrogenation. Sub-
subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.2.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.2.2), oxygen (EC 1.2.3), a disulde (EC
1.2.4), an iron-sulfur protein (EC 1.2.7), or some other acceptor (EC 1.2.99).
EC 1.2.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
[1.2.1.1 Deleted entry. glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme was classied on the basis of an
incorrect reaction. It has been replaced by two enzymes, EC 1.1.1.284, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase and EC
4.4.1.22, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione synthase]
[EC 1.2.1.1 created 1961, modied 1982, modied 2002, deleted 2005]
87
EC 1.2.1.2
Accepted name: formate dehydrogenase
Reaction: formate + NAD
+
= CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): formate-NAD oxidoreductase; FDH I; FDH II; N-FDH; formic hydrogen-lyase; formate hydro-
genlyase; hydrogenlyase; NAD-linked formate dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent formate dehydro-
genase; formate dehydrogenase (NAD); NAD-formate dehydrogenase; formate benzyl-viologen oxi-
doreductase; formic acid dehydrogenase
Systematic name: formate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from most aerobic organisms is devoid of redox-active centres but that from the pro-
teobacterium Methylosinus trichosporium contains iron-sulfur centres, avin and a molybdenum cen-
tre [1039]. Together with EC 1.12.1.2 hydrogen dehydrogenase, forms a system previously known as
formate hydrogenlyase.
References: [456, 1795, 1039]
[EC 1.2.1.2 created 1961]
EC 1.2.1.3
Accepted name: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: an aldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = an acid + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase; m-methylbenzaldehyde dehydrogenase; NAD-aldehyde
dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent 4-hydroxynonenal dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent aldehyde dehy-
drogenase; NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase; propionaldehyde dehydrogenase; aldehyde dehy-
drogenase (NAD)
Systematic name: aldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Wide specicity, including oxidation of D-glucuronolactone to D-glucarate.
EC 1.2.1.4
Accepted name: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: an aldehyde + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = an acid + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; NADP-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase; aldehyde dehydro-
genase (NADP)
Systematic name: aldehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [12, 1005, 1577, 2000]
[EC 1.2.1.4 created 1961]
EC 1.2.1.5
Accepted name: aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
Reaction: an aldehyde + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)]; ALDH
Systematic name: aldehyde:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [196, 1005, 1125, 2127, 2243]
[EC 1.2.1.5 created 1961]
[1.2.1.6 Deleted entry. benzaldehyde dehydrogenase]
EC 1.2.1.7
Accepted name: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
88
Reaction: benzaldehyde + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = benzoate + NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): NADP-linked benzaldehyde dehydrogenase; benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: benzaldehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.2.1.7 created 1961]
EC 1.2.1.8
Accepted name: betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = betaine + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): betaine aldehyde oxidase; BADH; betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase; BetB
Systematic name: betaine-aldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1)
choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. This enzyme is involved in the
second step and appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In contrast, different en-
zymes are involved in the rst reaction. In plants, this reaction is catalysed by EC 1.14.15.7, choline
monooxygenase, whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalysed by either membrane-bound
choline dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) or soluble choline oxidase (EC 1.1.3.17) [2413]. In some bac-
teria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156, glycine/sarcosine N-
methyltransferase and EC 2.1.1.157, sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase.
References: [1891, 1326, 1642, 1030, 2413]
EC 1.2.1.9
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): triosephosphate dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde phosphate (nicotinamide ade-
nine dinucleotide phosphate); glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP); glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP); NADP-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase; NADP-
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NADP reductase; nonphos-
phorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(NADP)
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1889]
[EC 1.2.1.9 created 1961]
EC 1.2.1.10
Accepted name: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating)
Reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD
+
= acetyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating); ADA; acylating acetaldehyde dehyrogenase; DmpF
Systematic name: acetaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on glycolaldehyde, propanal and butanal. In Pseudomonas species, this en-
zyme forms part of a bifunctional enzyme with EC 4.1.3.39, 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase. It is
the nal enzyme in the meta-cleavage pathway for the degradation of phenols, cresols and catechol,
converting the acetaldehyde produced by EC 4.1.3.39 into acetyl-CoA [1777]. NADP
+
can replace
NAD
+
but the rate of reaction is much slower [1777].
References: [288, 2081, 1777]
EC 1.2.1.11
89
Accepted name: aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP
+
= L-4-aspartyl phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; L-aspartate--
semialdehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (phosphorylating); aspartic -semialdehyde dehydrogenase;
ASA dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
[EC 1.2.1.11 created 1961]
EC 1.2.1.12
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD
+
= 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NADH +
H
+
Other name(s): triosephosphate dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde phosphate; phosphoglycer-
aldehyde dehydrogenase; 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase; NAD
+
-dependent glyc-
eraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase; glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
);
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
); NADH-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydro-
genase; glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD
+
Comments: Also acts very slowly on D-glyceraldehyde and some other aldehydes; thiols can replace phosphate.
References: [305, 398, 796, 2386, 2438]
[EC 1.2.1.12 created 1961]
EC 1.2.1.13
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
) (phosphorylating)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NADP
+
= 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NADPH
+ H
+
Other name(s): triosephosphate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
); dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde phosphate (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (phosphorylating); glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (nicoti-
namide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (phosphorylating); NADP
+
-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate de-
hydrogenase; NADP
+
-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase; NADP
+
-dependent glyceraldehyde
phosphate dehydrogenase; NADP
+
-triose phosphate dehydrogenase; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate de-
hydrogenase (NADP
+
) (phosphorylating); GAPDH
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NADP
+
References: [252, 701, 1889]
[EC 1.2.1.13 created 1961]
[1.2.1.14 Transferred entry. IMP dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.205, IMP dehydrogenase]
EC 1.2.1.15
Accepted name: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-oxopropanoate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = malonate + NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
Systematic name: 3-oxopropanoate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1567]
[EC 1.2.1.15 created 1965]
EC 1.2.1.16
Accepted name: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
90
Reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = succinate + NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
Other name(s): succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)); succinate-
semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)]
Systematic name: succinate-semialdehyde:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1005, 1008, 1624]
[EC 1.2.1.16 created 1965]
EC 1.2.1.17
Accepted name: glyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating)
Reaction: glyoxylate + CoA + NADP
+
= oxalyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: glyoxylate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (CoA-oxalylating)
References: [1796]
[EC 1.2.1.17 created 1965]
EC 1.2.1.18
Accepted name: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating)
Reaction: 3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NAD(P)
+
= acetyl-CoA + CO
2
+ NAD(P)H
Other name(s): malonic semialdehyde oxidative decarboxylase
Systematic name: 3-oxopropanoate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, CoA-acetylating)
References: [848, 1005, 2534]
[EC 1.2.1.18 created 1965]
EC 1.2.1.19
Accepted name: aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-aminobutanal + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): -guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ambiguous); ABAL dehydrogenase; 4-
aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; 4-aminobutanal dehydrogenase; -aminobutyraldehyde dehy-
droganase; 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase; ABALDH; YdcW
Systematic name: 4-aminobutanal:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from some species exhibits broad substrate specicity and has a marked preference for
straight-chain aldehydes (up to 7 carbon atoms) as substrates [775]. The plant enzyme also acts on
4-guanidinobutanal (cf. EC 1.2.1.54 -guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase). As 1-pyrroline and 4-
aminobutanal are in equilibrium and can be interconverted spontaneously, 1-pyrroline may act as the
starting substrate. The enzyme forms part of the arginine-catabolism pathway [1927] and belongs in
the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily [775].
References: [294, 1005, 1006, 1429, 2579, 1787, 1786, 1927, 775]
[EC 1.2.1.19 created 1965, modied 1989 (EC 1.5.1.35 created 2006, incorporated 2007)]
EC 1.2.1.20
Accepted name: glutarate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: glutarate semialdehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = glutarate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: glutarate-semialdehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [959]
[EC 1.2.1.20 created 1965]
EC 1.2.1.21
91
Accepted name: glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: glycolaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = glycolate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): glycol aldehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: glycolaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [455]
[EC 1.2.1.21 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.22
Accepted name: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-lactaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = (S)-lactate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): L-lactaldehyde:NAD oxidoreductase; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-linked dehydroge-
nase
Systematic name: (S)-lactaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.2.1.22 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.23
Accepted name: 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: a 2-oxoaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = a 2-oxo acid + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): -ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase; methylglyoxal dehydrogenase; NAD-linked -ketoaldehyde de-
hydrogenase; 2-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent -ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase; 2-
oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD)
Systematic name: 2-oxoaldehyde:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Not identical with EC 1.2.1.49 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
).
References: [1504, 1825, 1826]
EC 1.2.1.24
Accepted name: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = succinate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; succinyl semialde-
hyde dehydrogenase; succinate semialdehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: succinate-semialdehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [32]
[EC 1.2.1.24 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.25
Accepted name: 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating)
Reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + NAD
+
= 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase; -ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase (CoA-methyl-propanoylating)
Comments: Also acts on (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate.
References: [1581]
[EC 1.2.1.25 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.26
Accepted name: 2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase
92
Reaction: 2,5-dioxopentanoate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; -ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2,5-dioxopentanoate:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase
References: [18]
[EC 1.2.1.26 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.27
Accepted name: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)
Reaction: 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + CoA + H
2
O + NAD
+
= propanoyl-CoA + HCO
3
+ NADH
Other name(s): MSDH; MMSA dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD
+
3-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
Comments: Also converts 3-oxopropanoate into acetyl-CoA [2138]. The reaction occurs in two steps with the
decarboxylation process preceding CoA-binding [2138]. Bicarbonate rather than CO
2
is released as a
nal product [2138].
References: [2091, 531, 2138]
[EC 1.2.1.27 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.28
Accepted name: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: benzaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = benzoate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): benzaldehyde (NAD) dehydrogenase; benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD)
Systematic name: benzaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [780]
[EC 1.2.1.28 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.29
Accepted name: aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = an aromatic acid + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: aryl-aldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Oxidizes a number of aromatic aldehydes, but not aliphatic aldehydes.
References: [1807]
[EC 1.2.1.29 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.30
Accepted name: aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + NADP
+
+ AMP + diphosphate + H
2
O = an aromatic acid + NADPH + H
+
+
ATP
Other name(s): aromatic acid reductase; aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: aryl-aldehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (ATP-forming)
[EC 1.2.1.30 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.31
Accepted name: L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = L-2-aminoadipate + NAD(P)H + H
+
93
Other name(s): aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; -
aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; -aminoadipate reductase; 2-aminoadipic semialde-
hyde dehydrogenase; L--aminoadipate -semialdehyde oxidoreductase; L--aminoadipate -
semialdehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; L--aminoadipate -semialdehyde:nicotinamide adenine din-
ucleotide oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-2-aminoadipate-6-semialdehyde:NAD(P)
+
6-oxidoreductase
References: [295]
[EC 1.2.1.31 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.32
Accepted name: aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 2-aminomuconate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde dehydroge-
nase; 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; -aminomuconic -semialdehyde dehydro-
genase; -hydroxymuconic -semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehy-
drogenase
Systematic name: 2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde:NAD
+
6-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde.
References: [960]
[EC 1.2.1.32 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.33
Accepted name: (R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-4-dehydropantoate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = (R)-3,3-dimethylmalate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): D-aldopantoate dehydrogenase; D-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-3-formylpropionate:diphosphopyridine
nucleotide (DPN
+
) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (R)-4-dehydropantoate:NAD
+
4-oxidoreductase
References: [1373]
[EC 1.2.1.33 created 1972]
[1.2.1.34 Transferred entry. D-mannonate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)
+
). Now EC 1.1.1.131, mannuronate reductase]
[EC 1.2.1.34 created 1972, deleted 1983 [transferred to EC 1.1.1.180, deleted 1984]]
[1.2.1.35 Transferred entry. uronate dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.203, uronate dehydrogenase]
EC 1.2.1.36
Accepted name: retinal dehydrogenase
Reaction: retinal + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = retinoate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase
Systematic name: retinal:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A metalloavoprotein (FAD). Acts on both the 11-trans- and 13-cis-forms of retinal.
References: [1497]
[EC 1.2.1.36 created 1972]
[1.2.1.37 Transferred entry. xanthine dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.17.1.4, xanthine dehydrogenase]
94
EC 1.2.1.38
Accepted name: N-acetyl--glutamyl-phosphate reductase
Reaction: N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP
+
+ phosphate = N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate +
NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): reductase, acetyl--glutamyl phosphate; N-acetylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; N-
acetylglutamic -semialdehyde dehydrogenase; N-acetyl-L-glutamate -semialdehyde:NADP
+
oxi-
doreductase (phosphorylating)
Systematic name: N-acetyl-L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
[EC 1.2.1.38 created 1972]
EC 1.2.1.39
Accepted name: phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: phenylacetaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = phenylacetate + NADH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: phenylacetaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [646]
[EC 1.2.1.39 created 1976]
EC 1.2.1.40
Accepted name: 3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-al 26-oxidoreductase
Reaction: (25R)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-al + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = (25R)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-
cholestan-26-oate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): cholestanetriol-26-al 26-dehydrogenase; 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-al dehydrogenase;
trihydroxydeoxycoprostanal dehydrogenase; THAL-NAD oxidoreductase; 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-
cholestan-26-al:NAD
+
26-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (25R)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-al:NAD
+
26-oxidoreductase
References: [1426]
[EC 1.2.1.40 created 1976]
EC 1.2.1.41
Accepted name: glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP
+
= L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): -glutamylphosphate reductase; -glutamyl phosphate reductase; -glutamylphosphate reductase;
glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; glutamate--semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
References: [110]
[EC 1.2.1.41 created 1976]
EC 1.2.1.42
Accepted name: hexadecanal dehydrogenase (acylating)
Reaction: hexadecanal + CoA + NAD
+
= hexadecanoyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): fatty acyl-CoA reductase
Systematic name: hexadecanal:NAD
+
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on octadecanoyl-CoA.
References: [1038]
[EC 1.2.1.42 created 1978]
95
EC 1.2.1.43
Accepted name: formate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: formate + NADP
+
= CO
2
+ NADPH
Other name(s): NADP-dependent formate dehydrogenase; formate dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: formate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A tungsten-selenium-iron protein.
[EC 1.2.1.43 created 1978]
EC 1.2.1.44
Accepted name: cinnamoyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP
+
= cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): feruloyl-CoA reductase; cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductase; ferulyl-CoA reductase; feruloyl coenzyme
A reductase; p-hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase; cinnamoyl-CoA:NADPH reductase
Systematic name: cinnamaldehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (CoA-cinnamoylating)
Comments: Acts also on a number of substituted cinnamoyl esters of coenzyme A.
References: [769, 1935, 2465]
[EC 1.2.1.44 created 1978]
EC 1.2.1.45
Accepted name: 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate 6-semialdehyde + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-
cis,cis-muconate + NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate 6-
semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate-6-semialdehyde:NADP
+
oxi-
doreductase; -hydroxy--carboxymuconic -semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate-6-semialdehyde:NADP
+
6-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme does not act on unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes or glucose; NAD
+
can re-
place NADP
+
, but with lower afnity.
References: [1416]
[EC 1.2.1.45 created 1978]
EC 1.2.1.46
Accepted name: formaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: formaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = formate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: formaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [902]
[EC 1.2.1.46 created 1982]
EC 1.2.1.47
Accepted name: 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-trimethylammoniobutanal + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 4-trimethylammoniobutanal:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
References: [1828]
[EC 1.2.1.47 created 1983]
96
EC 1.2.1.48
Accepted name: long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = a long-chain carboxylate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): long-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase; long-chain fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase; fatty
aldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: long-chain-aldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The best substrate is dodecylaldehyde.
References: [151, 1510, 1511]
[EC 1.2.1.48 created 1984]
EC 1.2.1.49
Accepted name: 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: a 2-oxoaldehyde + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = a 2-oxo acid + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): -ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase; methylglyoxal dehydrogenase; NADP-linked -ketoaldehyde de-
hydrogenase; 2-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase; NADP-dependent -ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase; 2-
oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: 2-oxoaldehyde:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Not identical with EC 1.2.1.23 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
).
[EC 1.2.1.49 created 1986]
EC 1.2.1.50
Accepted name: long-chain-fatty-acyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + CoA + NADP
+
= a long-chain acyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): acyl-CoA reductase; acyl coenzyme A reductase
Systematic name: long-chain-aldehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (acyl-CoA-forming)
Comments: Together with EC 6.2.1.19 long-chain-fatty-acidluciferin-component ligase, forms a fatty acid re-
ductase system that produces the substrate of EC 1.14.14.3 alkanal monooxygenase (FMN-linked),
thus being part of the bacterial luciferase system.
[EC 1.2.1.50 created 1986]
EC 1.2.1.51
Accepted name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NADP
+
= acetyl-CoA + CO
2
+ NADPH
Other name(s): pyruvate dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: pyruvate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: The Euglena enzyme can also use FAD or methyl viologen as acceptor, more slowly. The enzyme is
inhibited by oxygen.
[EC 1.2.1.51 created 1989]
EC 1.2.1.52
Accepted name: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NADP
+
= succinyl-CoA + CO
2
+ NADPH
Other name(s): oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: 2-oxoglutarate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase (CoA-succinylating)
Comments: The Euglena enzyme can also use NAD
+
as acceptor, but more slowly.
References: [979]
97
[EC 1.2.1.52 created 1989]
EC 1.2.1.53
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): 4-HPAL dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: With EC 4.2.1.87 octopamine dehydratase, brings about the metabolism of octopamine in Pseu-
domonas.
References: [428]
[EC 1.2.1.53 created 1989]
EC 1.2.1.54
Accepted name: -guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-guanidinobutanal + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 4-guanidinobutanoate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): -guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; 4-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; GBAL dehy-
drogenase
Systematic name: 4-guanidinobutanal:NAD
+
1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the degradation of arginine in Pseudomonas putida (cf. EC 1.2.1.19 aminobutyraldehyde
dehydrogenase).
References: [2579]
[EC 1.2.1.54 created 1989]
[1.2.1.55 Transferred entry. (R)-3-hydroxyacid ester dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.279, (R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydro-
genase]
[1.2.1.56 Transferred entry. (S)-3-hydroxyacid ester dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.280, (S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydro-
genase]
EC 1.2.1.57
Accepted name: butanal dehydrogenase
Reaction: butanal + CoA + NAD(P)
+
= butanoyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: butanal:NAD(P)
+
Comments: Also acts on acetaldehyde, but more slowly.
References: [1713]
[EC 1.2.1.57 created 1992]
EC 1.2.1.58
Accepted name: phenylglyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating)
Reaction: phenylglyoxylate + NAD
+
+ CoA = benzoyl-S-CoA + CO
2
+ NADH
Systematic name: phenylglyoxylate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires thiamine diphosphate as cofactor. The enzyme from the denitrifying bacterium Azoarcus
evansii is specic for phenylglyoxylate. 2-Oxoisovalerate is oxidized at 15% of the rate for phenyl-
glyoxylate. Also reduces viologen dyes. Contains iron-sulfur centres and FAD.
References: [895]
[EC 1.2.1.58 created 1999]
98
EC 1.2.1.59
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)
+
) (phosphorylating)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(P)
+
= 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate +
NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): triosephosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)); glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P))
(phosphorylating)
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate:NAD(P)
+
Comments: NAD
+
and NADP
+
can be used as cofactors with similar efciency, unlike EC 1.2.1.12
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) and EC 1.2.1.13 glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
) (phosphorylating), which are NAD
+
- and NADP
+
-dependent,
respectively.
[EC 1.2.1.59 created 1999]
EC 1.2.1.60
Accepted name: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H
2
O + NAD
+
= 5-carboxymethyl-2-
hydroxymuconate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): carboxymethylhydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the tyrosine degradation pathway in Arthrobacter sp.
References: [201, 40, 394, 683]
[EC 1.2.1.60 created 2000]
EC 1.2.1.61
Accepted name: 4-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = maleylacetate + NADH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: 4-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the 4-nitrophenol degradation pathway.
References: [2098]
[EC 1.2.1.61 created 2000]
EC 1.2.1.62
Accepted name: 4-formylbenzenesulfonate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-formylbenzenesulfonate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 4-sulfobenzoate + NADH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: 4-formylbenzenesulfonate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the toluene-4-sulfonate degradation pathway.
[EC 1.2.1.62 created 2000]
EC 1.2.1.63
Accepted name: 6-oxohexanoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 6-oxohexanoate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = adipate + NADPH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: 6-oxohexanoate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Last step in the cyclohexanol degradation pathway in Acinetobacter sp.
[EC 1.2.1.63 created 2000]
99
EC 1.2.1.64
Accepted name: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): p-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the toluene degradation pathway in Pseudomonas mendocina.
[EC 1.2.1.64 created 2000]
EC 1.2.1.65
Accepted name: salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: salicylaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = salicylate + NADH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: salicylaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the naphthalene degradation pathway in some bacteria.
References: [543]
[EC 1.2.1.65 created 2000]
[1.2.1.66 Transferred entry. mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. NowEC1.1.1.306, S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol
dehydrogenase]
EC 1.2.1.67
Accepted name: vanillin dehydrogenase
Reaction: vanillin + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = vanillate + NADH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: vanillin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1767]
[EC 1.2.1.67 created 2000]
EC 1.2.1.68
Accepted name: coniferyl-aldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: coniferyl aldehyde + H
2
O + NAD(P)
+
= ferulate + NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
Systematic name: coniferyl aldehyde:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes other aromatic aldehydes, but not aliphatic aldehydes.
References: [6]
[EC 1.2.1.68 created 2000]
EC 1.2.1.69
Accepted name: uoroacetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: uoroacetaldehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = uoroacetate + NADH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: uoroacetaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Streptomyces cattleya has a high afnity for uoroacetate and glycolaldehyde but
not for acetaldehyde.
[EC 1.2.1.69 created 2003]
EC 1.2.1.70
Accepted name: glutamyl-tRNA reductase
100
Reaction: L-glutamate 1-semialdehyde + NADP
+
+ tRNA
Glu
= L-glutamyl-tRNA
Glu
+ NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: L-glutamate-semialdehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (L-glutamyl-tRNA
Glu
-forming)
Comments: This enzyme forms part of the pathway for the biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinate from glutamate,
known as the C5 pathway. The route shown in the diagram is used in most eubacteria, and in all ar-
chaebacteria, algae and plants. However, in the -proteobacteria, EC 2.3.1.37, 5-aminolevulinate syn-
thase, is used in an alternative route to produce the product 5-aminolevulinate from succinyl-CoA and
glycine. This route is found in the mitochondria of fungi and animals, organelles that are considered
to be derived from an endosymbiotic -proteobacterium. Although higher plants do not possess EC
2.3.1.37, the protistan Euglena gracilis possesses both the C5 pathway and EC 2.3.1.37.
References: [2407, 1768, 1959]
[EC 1.2.1.70 created 2004]
EC 1.2.1.71
Accepted name: succinylglutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = N-succinyl-L-glutamate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): succinylglutamic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; N-succinylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase;
SGSD; AruD; AstD
Systematic name: N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This is the fourth enzyme in the arginine succinyltransferase (AST) pathway for the catabolism
of arginine [2455]. This pathway converts the carbon skeleton of arginine into glutamate, with
the concomitant production of ammonia and conversion of succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA.
The ve enzymes involved in this pathway are EC 2.3.1.109 (arginine N-succinyltransferase), EC
3.5.3.23 (N-succinylarginine dihydrolase), EC 2.6.1.11 (acetylornithine transaminase), EC 1.2.1.71
(succinylglutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) and EC 3.5.1.96 (succinylglutamate desuccinylase)
[2321, 423].
References: [2455, 2456, 2321, 993, 1974, 423, 424]
[EC 1.2.1.71 created 2006]
EC 1.2.1.72
Accepted name: erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-erythrose 4-phosphate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = 4-phosphoerythronate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): erythrose 4-phosphate dehydrogenase; E4PDH; GapB; Epd dehydrogenase; E4P dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-erythrose 4-phosphate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme was originally thought to be a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC
1.2.1.12), but this has since been disproved, as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is not a substrate
[2622, 228]. Forms part of the pyridoxal-5
-phosphate coenzyme biosynthesis pathway in Escherichia

coli, along with EC 1.1.1.290 (4-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase), EC 2.6.1.52 (phosphoserine
transaminase), EC 1.1.1.262 (4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase), EC 2.6.99.2 (pyridox-
ine 5
-phosphate synthase) and EC 1.4.3.5 (pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase).

References: [2622, 228, 2564]
[EC 1.2.1.72 created 2006]
EC 1.2.1.73
Accepted name: sulfoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-sulfoacetaldehyde + H
2
O + NAD
+
= sulfoacetate + NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): SafD
Systematic name: 2-sulfoacetaldehyde:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This reaction is part of a bacterial pathway that can utilize the amino group of taurine as a sole source
of nitrogen for growth. At physiological concentrations, NAD
+
cannot be replaced by NADP
+
. The
enzyme is specic for sulfoacetaldehyde, as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, betaine aldehyde, propanal,
glyceraldehyde, phosphonoacetaldehyde, glyoxylate, glycolaldehyde and 2-oxobutyrate are not sub-
strates.
101
References: [1203]
[EC 1.2.1.73 created 2008]
EC 1.2.1.74
Accepted name: abietadienal dehydrogenase
Reaction: abietadienal + H
2
O + NAD
+
= abietate + NADH + 2 H
+
Systematic name: abietadienal:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Abietic acid is the principle component of conifer resin. This enzyme catalyses the last step of the
pathway of abietic acid biosynthesis in Abies grandis (grand r). The activity has been demonstrated
in cell-free stem extracts of A. grandis, was present in the cytoplasm, and required NAD
+
as cofactor
[655]. The enzyme is expressed constitutively at a high level, and is not inducible by wounding of the
plant tissue [656].
[EC 1.2.1.74 created 2009]
EC 1.2.1.75
Accepted name: malonyl CoA reductase (malonate semialdehyde-forming)
Reaction: malonate semialdehyde + coenzyme A + NADP
+
= malonyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-dependent malonyl CoA reductase; malonyl CoA reductase (NADP)
Systematic name: malonate semialdehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (malonate semialdehyde-forming)
Comments: Requires Mg
2+
. Catalyses the reduction of malonyl-CoA to malonate semialdehyde, a key step in
the 3-hydroxypropionate and the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycles, autotrophic CO
2
xation pathways found in some green non-sulfur phototrophic bacteria and some thermoacidophilic
archaea, respectively [2151, 170]. The enzyme from Sulfolobus tokodaii has been puried, and found
to contain one RNA molecule per two subunits [31]. The enzyme from Chloroexus aurantiacus is
bifunctional, and also catalyses the next reaction in the pathway, EC 1.1.1.298 [3-hydroxypropionate
dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)] [947].
References: [2151, 170, 31, 947]
[EC 1.2.1.75 created 2009]
EC 1.2.1.76
Accepted name: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)
Reaction: succinate semialdehyde + coenzyme A + NADP
+
= succinyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): succinyl-coA reductase; coenzyme-A-dependent succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: succinate semialdehyde:NADP
+
Comments: Catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction of succinyl-CoA to succinate semialdehyde. The enzyme
has been described in Clostridium kluyveri, where it participates in succinate fermentation [2089], and
in Metallosphaera sedula, where it participates in the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle,
an autotrophic CO
2
xation pathway found in some thermoacidophilic archaea [31, 170].
References: [2089, 31, 170]
[EC 1.2.1.76 created 2009]
EC 1.2.1.77
Accepted name: 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: 3,4-didehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = 3,4-didehydroadipyl-CoA + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): BoxD; 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3,4-didehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses a step in the aerobic benzoyl-coenzyme A catabolic pathway in Azoarcus evan-
sii and Burkholderia xenovorans.
102
[EC 1.2.1.77 created 2010]
EC 1.2.1.78
Accepted name: 2-formylbenzoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-formylbenzoate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = o-phthalic acid + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase; 2CBAL dehydrogenase; PhdK
Systematic name: 2-formylbenzoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in phenanthrene degradation.
[EC 1.2.1.78 created 2010]
EC 1.2.2.1
Accepted name: formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: formate + 2 ferricytochrome b
1
= CO
2
+ 2 ferrocytochrome b
1
+ 2 H
+
Other name(s): formate dehydrogenase; formate:cytochrome b
1
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: formate:ferricytochrome-b
1
oxidoreductase
References: [670]
[EC 1.2.2.1 created 1961]
EC 1.2.2.2
Accepted name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: pyruvate + ferricytochrome b
1
+ H
2
O = acetate + CO
2
+ ferrocytochrome b
1
Other name(s): pyruvate dehydrogenase; pyruvic dehydrogenase; pyruvic (cytochrome b
1
) dehydrogenase;
pyruvate:ubiquinone-8-oxidoreductase; pyruvate oxidase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: pyruvate:ferricytochrome-b
1
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein requiring thiamine diphosphate.
[EC 1.2.2.2 created 1961]
EC 1.2.2.3
Accepted name: formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome-c-553)
Reaction: formate + ferricytochrome c-553 = CO
2
+ ferrocytochrome c-553
Systematic name: formate:ferricytochrome-c-553 oxidoreductase
Comments: Yeast cytochrome c, ferricyanide and phenazine methosulfate can act as acceptor.
[EC 1.2.2.3 created 1981]
EC 1.2.2.4
Accepted name: carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (cytochrome b-561)
Reaction: CO + H
2
O + 2 ferricytochrome b-561 = CO
2
+ 2 H
+
+ 2 ferrocytochrome b-561
Other name(s): carbon monoxide oxidase; carbon monoxide oxygenase (cytochrome b-561); carbon monox-
ide:methylene blue oxidoreductase; CO dehydrogenase; carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase
Systematic name: carbon monoxide,water:cytochrome b-561 oxidoreductase
103
Comments: Contains molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide, FAD and [2Fe-2S]-clusters. Oxygen, methylene blue
and iodonitrotetrazolium chloride can act as nonphysiological electron acceptors.
References: [1462, 1001, 1463, 507, 817]
[EC 1.2.2.4 created 1999 (EC 1.2.3.10 created 1990, incorporated 2003), modied 2003]
EC 1.2.3.1
Accepted name: aldehyde oxidase
Reaction: an aldehyde + H
2
O + O
2
= a carboxylic acid + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): quinoline oxidase
Systematic name: aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains molybdenum, [2Fe-2S] centres and FAD. Also oxidizes quinoline and pyridine derivatives.
May be identical with EC 1.2.3.11, retinal oxidase.
References: [737, 1151, 1379, 942, 2345]
[1.2.3.2 Transferred entry. xanthine oxidase. Now EC 1.17.3.2, xanthine oxidase]
EC 1.2.3.3
Accepted name: pyruvate oxidase
Reaction: pyruvate + phosphate + O
2
= acetyl phosphate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): pyruvic oxidase; phosphate-dependent pyruvate oxidase
Systematic name: pyruvate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) requiring thiamine diphosphate. Two reducing equivalents are transferred from
the resonant carbanion/enamine forms of 2-hydroxyethyl-thiamine-diphosphate to the adjacent avin
cofactor, yielding 2-acetyl-thiamine diphosphate (AcThDP) and reduced avin. FADH
2
is reoxidized
by O
2
to yield H
2
O
2
and FAD and AcThDP is cleaved phosphorolytically to acetyl phosphate and
thiamine diphosphate [2302].
[EC 1.2.3.3 created 1961]
EC 1.2.3.4
Accepted name: oxalate oxidase
Reaction: oxalate + O
2
+ 2 H
+
= 2 CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): aero-oxalo dehydrogenase; oxalic acid oxidase
Systematic name: oxalate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains Mn
2+
as a cofactor. The enzyme is not a avoprotein as had been thought [1847].
References: [449, 1194, 1847]
[EC 1.2.3.4 created 1961]
EC 1.2.3.5
Accepted name: glyoxylate oxidase
Reaction: glyoxylate + H
2
O + O
2
= oxalate + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
References: [1073]
104
[EC 1.2.3.5 created 1972]
EC 1.2.3.6
Accepted name: pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating)
Reaction: pyruvate + CoA + O
2
= acetyl-CoA + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
Systematic name: pyruvate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). May be identical with EC 1.2.7.1 pyruvate synthase.
[EC 1.2.3.6 created 1976]
EC 1.2.3.7
Accepted name: indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase
Reaction: (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + H
2
O + O
2
= (indol-3-yl)acetate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): indoleacetaldehyde oxidase; IAAld oxidase; AO1; indole-3-acetaldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein. This enzyme is an isoform of aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1). It has a preference for
aldehydes having an indole-ring structure as substrate [2007, 2009]. It may play a role in plant hor-
mone biosynthesis as its activity is higher in the auxin-overproducing mutant, super-root1, than in
wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana [2009]. While (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde is the preferred substrate, it
also oxidizes indole-3-carbaldehyde and acetaldehyde, but more slowly. The enzyme from maize con-
tains FAD, iron and molybdenum [1192].
References: [238, 1490, 1808, 1192, 1191, 2007, 2009]
EC 1.2.3.8
Accepted name: pyridoxal oxidase
Reaction: pyridoxal + H
2
O + O
2
= 4-pyridoxate + (?)
Systematic name: pyridoxal:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdenum protein.
[EC 1.2.3.8 created 1984]
EC 1.2.3.9
Accepted name: aryl-aldehyde oxidase
Reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + O
2
+ H
2
O = an aromatic carboxylic acid + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: aryl-aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on benzaldehyde, vanillin and a number of other aromatic aldehydes, but not on aliphatic aldehy-
des or sugars.
References: [419]
[1.2.3.10 Deleted entry. carbon-monoxide oxidase. Activity due to EC 1.2.2.4 carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (cytochrome
b-561)]
EC 1.2.3.11
Accepted name: retinal oxidase
Reaction: retinal + O
2
+ H
2
O = retinoate + H
2
O
2
105
Other name(s): retinene oxidase
Systematic name: retinal:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: May be the same as EC 1.2.3.1, aldehyde oxidase.
[1.2.3.12 Transferred entry. vanillate demethylase. Now EC 1.14.13.82, vanillate monooxygenase]
EC 1.2.3.13
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase
Reaction: 2 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O
2
= 2 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + 2 CO
2
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: Involved in tyrosine degradation pathway in Arthrobacter sp.
References: [201]
[EC 1.2.3.13 created 2000]
EC 1.2.3.14
Accepted name: abscisic-aldehyde oxidase
Reaction: abscisic aldehyde + H
2
O + O
2
= abscisate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): abscisic aldehyde oxidase; AAO3; AOd; AO
Systematic name: abscisic-aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on both (+)- and (-)-abscisic aldehyde. Involved in the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway in
plants, along with EC 1.1.1.288, (xanthoxin dehydrogenase), EC 1.13.11.51 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid
dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.13.93 [(+)-abscisic acid 8
-hydroxylase]. While abscisic aldehyde is the

best substrate, the enzyme also acts with indole-3-aldehyde, 1-naphthaldehyde and benzaldehyde as
substrates, but more slowly [2010].
References: [1916, 2011, 2010]
[EC 1.2.3.14 created 2005]
EC 1.2.4.1
Accepted name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)
Reaction: pyruvate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue
acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO
2
Other name(s): MtPDC (mitochondrial pyruvate dehydogenase complex); pyruvate decarboxylase; pyruvate dehydro-
genase; pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; pyruvate:lipoamide
2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acetylating); pyruvic acid dehydrogenase; pyruvic
dehydrogenase
Systematic name: pyruvate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylat-
ing, acceptor-acetylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate. It is a component (in multiple copies) of the multienzyme
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in which it is bound to a core of molecules of EC 2.3.1.12,
dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase, which also binds multiple copies of EC 1.8.1.4, dihy-
drolipoyl dehydrogenase. It does not act on free lipoamide or lipoyllysine, but only on the lipoyllysine
residue in EC 2.3.1.12.
References: [1654, 1998, 1741]
106
EC 1.2.4.2
Accepted name: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring)
Reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase] lipoyllysine =
[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase] S-succinyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO
2
Other name(s): 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; 2-oxoglutarate: lipoate oxidoreduc-
tase; 2-oxoglutarate:lipoamide 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-succinylating); -
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase; -ketoglutaric dehydrogenase; -
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; AKGDH; OGDC; ketoglutaric dehydrogenase; oxoglutarate decarboxy-
lase; oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)
Systematic name: 2-oxoglutarate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decar-
boxylating, acceptor-succinylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate. It is a component of the multienzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydro-
genase complex in which multiple copies of it are bound to a core of molecules of EC 2.3.1.61,
dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase, which also binds multiple copies of EC 1.8.1.4, dihy-
drolipoyl dehydrogenase. It does not act on free lipoamide or lipoyllysine, but only on the lipoyllysine
residue in EC 2.3.1.61.
References: [1419, 1654, 1928, 1741]
[EC 1.2.4.2 created 1961, modied 1980, modied 1986, modied 2003]
[1.2.4.3 Deleted entry. 2-oxoisocaproate dehydrogenase. Now included with EC 1.2.4.4, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydro-
genase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring)]
EC 1.2.4.4
Accepted name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring)
Reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase]
lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase] S-(2-
methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoyllysine + CO
2
Other name(s): 2-oxoisocaproate dehydrogenase; 2-oxoisovalerate (lipoate) dehydrogenase; 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate
dehydrogenase (lipoamide); 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:lipoamide oxidoreductase (decarboxylating
and acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating); -keto--methylvalerate dehydrogenase; -ketoisocaproate
dehydrogenase; -ketoisocaproic dehydrogenase; -ketoisocaproic--keto--methylvaleric dehy-
drogenase; -ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase; -oxoisocaproate dehydrogenase; BCKDH; BCOAD;
branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain (-2-oxoacid) dehydrogenase (BCD);
branched-chain 2-keto acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase; branched-
chain -keto acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain -oxo acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain keto
acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, 2-oxoisovalerate
(lipoate); dehydrogenase, branched chain -keto acid
Systematic name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase]-lipoyllysine
2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate. It acts not only on 3-methyl-2-oxobutanaoate, but also on 4-methyl-
2-oxopentanoate and (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, so that it acts on the 2-oxo acids that derive from
the action of transaminases on valine, leucine and isoleucine. It is a component of the multienzyme 3-
methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase complex in which multiple copies of it are bound to a core of
molecules of EC 2.3.1.168, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase, which also
binds multiple copies of EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. It does not act on free lipoamide or
lipoyllysine, but only on the lipoyllysine residue in EC 2.3.1.168.
References: [237, 390, 447, 1748, 1741]
[EC 1.2.4.4 created 1972 (EC 1.2.4.3 created 1972, incorporated 1978), modied 2003]
107
EC 1.2.5.1
Accepted name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: pyruvate + ubiquinone + H
2
O = acetate + CO
2
+ ubiquinol
Other name(s): pyruvate dehydrogenase; pyruvic dehydrogenase; pyruvic (cytochrome b
1
) dehydrogenase;
pyruvate:ubiquinone-8-oxidoreductase; pyruvate oxidase (ambiguous); pyruvate dehydrogenase (cy-
tochrome) (incorrect)
Systematic name: pyruvate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Flavoprotein (FAD) [1829]. This bacterial enzyme is located on the inner surface of the cytoplas-
mic membrane and coupled to the respiratory chain via ubiquinone [426, 1176]. Does not accept
menaquinone. Activity is greatly enhanced by lipids [4,5,6]. Requires thiamine diphosphate [1653].
The enzyme can also form acetoin [181].
References: [1829, 426, 1176, 292, 2428, 2599, 1653, 181]
[EC 1.2.5.1 created 2010]
EC 1.2.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
EC 1.2.7.1
Accepted name: pyruvate synthase
Reaction: pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO
2
+ 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H
+
Other name(s): pyruvate oxidoreductase; pyruvate synthetase; pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; pyruvic-
ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: pyruvate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate and [4Fe-4S] clusters. This enzyme is one of four2-oxoacid oxidore-
ductases that are differentiated by their abilities to oxidatively decarboxylatedifferent 2-oxoacids and
form their CoA derivatives [see also EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase, EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-
oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) and EC 1.2.7.8, indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase]
References: [581, 690, 2361, 2362, 338]
EC 1.2.7.2
Accepted name: 2-oxobutyrate synthase
Reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = propanoyl-CoA + CO
2
+ 2 reduced ferredoxin + H
+
Other name(s): -ketobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-ketobutyrate synthase; -ketobutyrate synthase;
2-oxobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-
propionylating)
Systematic name: 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
References: [271]
[EC 1.2.7.2 created 1972]
EC 1.2.7.3
Accepted name: 2-oxoglutarate synthase
Reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = succinyl-CoA + CO
2
+
Other name(s): 2-ketoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; KGOR;
2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-
succinylating)
Systematic name: 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
108
Comments: This enzyme is one of four 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases that are differentiated by their abilities to ox-
idatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids and form their CoA derivatives (see also EC 1.2.7.1,
pyruvate synthase, EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) and EC 1.2.7.8,
indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase) [515]. Contains thiamine diphosphate and 2 [4Fe-4S] clus-
ters. Highly specic for 2-oxoglutarate.
References: [273, 690, 515, 1384, 1991]
EC 1.2.7.4
Accepted name: carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: CO + H
2
O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = CO
2
+
Systematic name: carbon-monoxide,water:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains nickel, zinc and non-heme iron. Methyl viologen can act as acceptor. The enzyme from
Moorella thermoacetica exists as a complex with EC 2.3.1.169, CO-methylating acetyl CoA synthase,
which catalyses the overall reaction:methylcorrinoid protein + CoA + CO
2
+ reduced ferredoxin =
acetyl-CoA + corrinoid protein + H
2
O + oxidized ferredoxin.
References: [1463, 1803, 520]
[EC 1.2.7.4 created 2003]
EC 1.2.7.5
Accepted name: aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase
2
O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = an acid + 2 H
+
+ 2 reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): AOR
Systematic name: aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: This is an oxygen-sensitive enzyme that contains tungsten-molybdopterin and iron-sulfur clus-
ters. Catalyses the oxidation of aldehydes (including crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde
and glyceraldehyde) to their corresponding acids. However, it does not oxidize glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate [see EC 1.2.7.6, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)]. Can use ferre-
doxin or methyl viologen but not NAD(P)
+
as electron acceptor.
References: [1534, 1035, 327, 1893]
[EC 1.2.7.5 created 2003]
EC 1.2.7.6
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H
2
O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H
+
+ 2
reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): GAPOR; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Fd oxidoreductase; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin
reductase
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains tungsten-molybdopterin and iron-sulfur clusters. This enzyme is thought to function in
place of glyceralde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and possibly phosphoglycerate kinase in the novel
Embden-Meyerhof-type glycolytic pathway found in Pyrococcus furiosus [1535]. It is specic for
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
[EC 1.2.7.6 created 2003]
EC 1.2.7.7
Accepted name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-CoA + CO
2
+ 2
reduced ferredoxin + H
+
109
Other name(s): 2-ketoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase; 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate synthase (ferredoxin); VOR;
branched-chain ketoacid ferredoxin reductase; branched-chain oxo acid ferredoxin reductase; keto-
valine-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; ketoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase; 2-oxoisovalerate ferredoxin
reductase
Systematic name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating; CoA-2-methylpropanoylating)
Comments: This enzyme is one of four 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases that are differentiated by their abilities to ox-
idatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids and form their CoA derivatives (see also EC 1.2.7.1,
pyruvate synthase; EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase and EC 1.2.7.8, indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxi-
doreductase). It is CoA-dependent and contains thiamine diphosphate and iron-sulfur clusters. Prefer-
entially utilizes 2-oxo-acid derivatives of branched chain amino acids, e.g. 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate,
4-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoate, 2-oxobutyrate and 3-methylthiopropanamine.
References: [863, 2269, 1991]
[EC 1.2.7.7 created 2003]
EC 1.2.7.8
Accepted name: indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Reaction: (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = S-2-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-CoA + CO
2
+ 2 reduced
ferredoxin + H
+
Other name(s): 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate synthase (ferredoxin); IOR
Systematic name: 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, CoA-indole-acetylating)
Comments: This enzyme, which is found in archaea, is one of four 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases that are differen-
tiated by their abilities to oxidatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids and form their CoA deriva-
tives (see also EC 1.2.7.1, pyruvate synthase, EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase and EC 1.2.7.7,
2-oxoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase) [1991]. Contains thiamine diphosphate and [4Fe-4S] clusters.
Preferentially utilizes the transaminated forms of aromatic amino acids and can use phenylpyruvate
and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate as substrates.
References: [1385, 2063, 2269, 1991]
[EC 1.2.7.8 created 2003]
[1.2.7.9 Deleted entry. 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This enzyme is identical to EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate
synthase]
[1.2.99.1 Transferred entry. uracil dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.17.99.4, uracil/thymine dehydrogenase]
EC 1.2.99.2
Accepted name: carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: CO + H
2
O + A = CO
2
+ AH
2
Other name(s): anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase; carbon monoxide oxygenase; carbon-monoxide dehydro-
genase; carbon-monoxide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: carbon-monoxide:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains a [Ni
3
Fe-4S] cluster and [4Fe-4S] clusters. It uses many electron acceptors, including ferre-
doxin, methyl viologen and benzyl viologen and avins, but not pyridine nucleotides. Forms part of a
membrane-bound multienzyme complex with EC 1.12.99.6, hydrogenase (acceptor), which catalyses
the overall reaction: CO + H
2
O = CO
2
+ H
2
.
References: [221, 495, 524, 508]
110
EC 1.2.99.3
Accepted name: aldehyde dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone)
Reaction: an aldehyde + acceptor + H
2
O = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): aldehyde dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Systematic name: aldehyde:(pyrroloquinoline-quinone) oxidoreductase
Comments: A quinoprotein. Wide specicity; acts on straight-chain aldehydes up to C
10
, aromatic aldehydes, gly-
oxylate and glyceraldehyde.
References: [44, 48, 1728]
EC 1.2.99.4
Accepted name: formaldehyde dismutase
Reaction: 2 formaldehyde = formate + methanol
Other name(s): aldehyde dismutase; cannizzanase
Systematic name: formaldehyde:formaldehyde oxidoreductase
Comments: Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde can act as donors; formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal can act
as acceptors.
References: [1079]
[EC 1.2.99.4 created 1986]
EC 1.2.99.5
Accepted name: formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase
Reaction: formylmethanofuran + H
2
O + acceptor = CO
2
+ methanofuran + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): formylmethanofuran:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: formylmethanofuran:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdoprotein containing a pterin cofactor. Methyl viologen can act as acceptor. Also oxidizes
N-furfurylformamide.
References: [1072]
[EC 1.2.99.5 created 1992]
EC 1.2.99.6
Accepted name: carboxylate reductase
Reaction: an aldehyde + acceptor + H
2
O = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): aldehyde:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: aldehyde:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A tungsten protein. Methyl viologen can act as acceptor. In the reverse direction, non-activated acids
are reduced by reduced viologens to aldehydes, but not to the corresponding alcohols.
References: [2477]
[EC 1.2.99.6 created 1992]
EC 1.2.99.7
Accepted name: aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent)
2
O + acceptor = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): aldehyde oxidase; aldehyde oxidoreductase; Mop; AORDd
Systematic name: aldehyde:acceptor oxidoreductase (FAD-independent)
Comments: Belongs to the xanthine oxidase family of enzymes. The enzyme from Desulfovibrio sp. contains a
molybdenum-molybdopterin-cytosine dinucleotide (MCD) complex and two types of [2Fe-2S] cluster
per monomer, but does not contain FAD.
References: [2345, 530, 55, 1885]
111
[EC 1.2.99.7 created 2004]
EC 1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors
This subclass contains enzymes that introduce a double-bond into the substrate by direct dehydrogenation at a carbon-carbon
single bond. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.3.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.3.2), oxygen (EC
1.3.3), a quinone or related compound (EC 1.3.5), an iron-sulfur protein (EC 1.3.7), or some other acceptor (EC 1.3.99).
EC 1.3.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.3.1.1
Accepted name: dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD
+
= uracil + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): dehydrogenase, dihydrouracil; dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase; dihydrothymine dehydrogenase;
pyrimidine reductase; thymine reductase; uracil reductase; dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD)
Systematic name: 5,6-dihydrouracil:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [301]
[EC 1.3.1.1 created 1961]
EC 1.3.1.2
Accepted name: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP
+
= uracil + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): dihydrothymine dehydrogenase; dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP); 4,5-dihydrothymine: oxi-
doreductase; DPD; DHPDH; dehydrogenase, dihydrouracil (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-
phate); dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP); DHU dehydrogenase; hydropyrimidine dehydrogenase;
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: 5,6-dihydrouracil:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on dihydrothymine.
EC 1.3.1.3
Accepted name:
4
-3-oxosteroid 5-reductase
Reaction: (1) 5-cholestan-3-one + NADP
+
= cholest-4-en-3-one + NADPH + H
+
(2) 17,21-dihydroxy-5-pregnane-3,11,20-trione + NADP
+
= cortisone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 3-oxo-
4
-steroid 5-reductase; 5-reductase; androstenedione 5-reductase; cholestenone 5-
reductase; cortisone 5-reductase; cortisone -reductase; cortisone
4
-5-reductase; steroid
5-reductase; testosterone 5-reductase;
4
-3-ketosteroid 5-reductase;
4
-5-reductase;
4
-
hydrogenase; 4,5-dihydrocortisone:NADP
+
4
-oxidoreductase; 3-oxo-5-steroid:NADP
+
4
-
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 5-cholestan-3-one:NADP
+
4,5-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from human efciently catalyses the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-
hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-reduced metabolites; it can also act on aldosterone, corti-
costerone and cortisol, but to a lesser extent [333]. The bile acid intermediates 7,12-dihydroxy-4-
cholesten-3-one and 7-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates [1183].
References: [612, 262, 1295, 2309, 2178, 659, 1673, 333, 1183]
[EC 1.3.1.3 created 1961 (EC 1.3.1.23 created 1972, incoporated 2005), modied 2005]
112
EC 1.3.1.4
Accepted name: cortisone -reductase
Reaction: 4,5-dihydrocortisone + NADP
+
= cortisone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): cortisone
4
-5-reductase; microsomal steroid reductase (5);
4
-3-ketosteroid reductase (5);
4
-3-
oxosteroid-5-reductase; NADPH:
4
-3-oxosteroid-5-oxidoreductase;
4
-5-reductase
Systematic name: 4,5-dihydrocortisone:NADP
+
4
-oxidoreductase
References: [1445]
[EC 1.3.1.4 created 1965]
EC 1.3.1.5
Accepted name: cucurbitacin
23
-reductase
Reaction: 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin + NAD(P)
+
= cucurbitacin + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): NAD(P)H: cucurbitacin B
23
-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin:NAD(P)
+
23
-oxidoreductase
2+
. Fe
2+
or Zn
2+
can replace Mn
2+
to some extent.
[EC 1.3.1.5 created 1965]
EC 1.3.1.6
Accepted name: fumarate reductase (NADH)
Reaction: succinate + NAD
+
= fumarate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NADH-fumarate reductase; NADH-dependent fumarate reductase; fumarate reductase (NADH
2
)
Systematic name: succinate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [917]
[EC 1.3.1.6 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.7
Accepted name: meso-tartrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: meso-tartrate + NAD
+
= dihydroxyfumarate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: meso-tartrate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1167]
[EC 1.3.1.7 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.8
Accepted name: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP
+
= 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-enoyl-CoA reductase; dehydrogenase, acyl coenzyme A (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-
phate); enoyl coenzyme A reductase; crotonyl coenzyme A reductase; crotonyl-CoA reductase; acyl-
CoA dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Systematic name: acyl-CoA:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: The liver enzyme acts on enoyl-CoA derivatives of carbon chain length 4 to 16, with optimum activity
on 2-hexenoyl-CoA. In Escherichia coli, cis-specic and trans-specic enzymes exist [EC 1.3.1.37
cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.3.1.38 trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)].
EC 1.3.1.9
113
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD
+
= a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH +
H
+
Other name(s): enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] reductase; enoyl-ACP reductase; NADH-enoyl acyl carrier protein re-
ductase; NADH-specic enoyl-ACP reductase; enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH); acyl-
[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the reduction of enoyl-acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] derivatives of carbon chain length from 4
to 16.
[EC 1.3.1.9 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.10
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specic)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP
+
= a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): acyl-ACP dehydrogenase; reductase, enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine din-
ucleotide phosphate); NADPH 2-enoyl Co A reductase; enoyl acyl-carrier-protein reductase; enoyl-
ACP reductase; enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specic); acyl-[acyl-carrier-
protein]:NADP
+
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP
+
Comments: Catalyses the reduction of enoyl-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] derivatives of carbon chain length from 4
to 16. The yeast and Escherichia coli enzymes are B-specic with respect to NADP
+
(cf. EC 1.3.1.39
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, A-specic)).
References: [1917, 2019, 2457]
EC 1.3.1.11
Accepted name: 2-coumarate reductase
Reaction: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + NAD
+
= 2-coumarate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): melilotate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1294]
[EC 1.3.1.11 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.12
Accepted name: prephenate dehydrogenase
Reaction: prephenate + NAD
+
= 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): hydroxyphenylpyruvate synthase; chorismate mutaseprephenate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: prephenate:NAD
+
Comments: This enzyme in the enteric bacteria also possesses chorismate mutase activity (EC 5.4.99.5 chorismate
mutase) and converts chorismate into prephenate.
References: [1155]
[EC 1.3.1.12 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.13
Accepted name: prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: prephenate + NADP
+
= 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + CO
2
+ NADPH
Other name(s): prephenate dehydrogenase; prephenate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydroge-
nase; prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP)
114
Systematic name: prephenate:NADP
+
References: [677]
[EC 1.3.1.13 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.14
Accepted name: orotate reductase (NADH)
Reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + NAD
+
= orotate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): orotate reductase (NADH
2
)
Systematic name: (S)-dihydroorotate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD, FMN).
References: [636, 637, 1304]
[EC 1.3.1.14 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.15
Accepted name: orotate reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + NADP
+
= orotate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): orotate reductase; dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; dihydro-orotic dehydrogenase; L-5,6-dihydro-
orotate:NAD oxidoreductase; orotate reductase (NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: (S)-dihydroorotate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.3.1.15 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.16
Accepted name: -nitroacrylate reductase
Reaction: 3-nitropropanoate + NADP
+
= 3-nitroacrylate + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 3-nitropropanoate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2027]
[EC 1.3.1.16 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.17
Accepted name: 3-methyleneoxindole reductase
Reaction: 3-methyl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one + NADP
+
= 3-methylene-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): 3-methyloxindole:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-methyl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1529]
[EC 1.3.1.17 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.18
Accepted name: kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + NAD
+
= 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate dehydrogenase; 7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid 7,8-diol dehydro-
genase
Systematic name: 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2250]
115
[EC 1.3.1.18 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.19
Accepted name: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= catechol + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): cis-benzene glycol dehydrogenase; cis-1,2-dihydrocyclohexa-3,5-diene (nicotinamide adenine dinu-
cleotide) oxidoreductase;
Systematic name: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.3.1.19 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.20
Accepted name: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol + NADP
+
= catechol + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [101]
[EC 1.3.1.20 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.21
Accepted name: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase
Reaction: cholesterol + NADP
+
= cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: cholesterol:NADP
+
7
-oxidoreductase
References: [480]
[EC 1.3.1.21 created 1972]
EC 1.3.1.22
Accepted name: cholestenone 5-reductase
Reaction: 5-cholestan-3-one + NADP
+
= cholest-4-en-3-one + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): testosterone
4
-5-reductase; steroid 5-reductase; 3-oxosteroid
4
-dehydrogenase; 5-reductase;
steroid 5-hydrogenase; 3-oxosteroid 5-reductase; testosterone
4
-hydrogenase; 4-ene-3-
oxosteroid 5-reductase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:
4
-3-ketosteroid
5-oxidoreductase; 4-ene-5-reductase;
4
-3-ketosteroid 5-oxidoreductase; cholest-4-en-3-one 5-
reductase; testosterone 5-reductase
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5-steroid:NADP
+
4
-oxidoreductase
References: [2028]
[EC 1.3.1.22 created 1972]
[1.3.1.23 Deleted entry. cholestenone -reductase. The enzyme is identical to EC 1.3.1.3, 4-3-oxosteroid 5-reductase]
EC 1.3.1.24
Accepted name: biliverdin reductase
Reaction: bilirubin + NAD(P)
+
= biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: bilirubin:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2072]
[EC 1.3.1.24 created 1972]
116
EC 1.3.1.25
Accepted name: 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate + NAD
+
= catechol + CO
2
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase; 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-
carboxylic acid dehydrogenase; dihydrodihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase; DHBDH; cis-1,2-
dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase; 2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate de-
hydrogenase; cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; dihydrodi-
hydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase; (1R,6R)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD
+
Systematic name: (1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD
+
EC 1.3.1.26
Accepted name: dihydrodipicolinate reductase
Reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate + NAD(P)
+
= 2,3-dihydrodipicolinate + NAD(P)H +
H
+
Other name(s): dihydrodipicolinic acid reductase; 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.3.1.26 created 1976]
EC 1.3.1.27
Accepted name: 2-hexadecenal reductase
Reaction: hexadecanal + NADP
+
= 2-trans-hexadecenal + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-alkenal reductase; hexadecanal: NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: hexadecanal:NADP
+
2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Specic for long chain 2-trans- and 2-cis-alkenals, with chain length optimum around 14 to 16 carbon
atoms.
References: [2140]
[EC 1.3.1.27 created 1976]
EC 1.3.1.28
Accepted name: 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2S,3S)-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + NAD
+
= 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2,3-DHB dehydrogenase; 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (2S,3S)-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2590]
EC 1.3.1.29
Accepted name: cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= naphthalene-1,2-diol + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): (+)-cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase; naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase; cis-
dihydrodiol naphthalene dehydrogenase
Systematic name: cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol:NAD
+
1,2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, at half the rate, on cis-anthracene dihydrodiol and cis-phenanthrene dihydrodiol.
References: [1730]
117
[EC 1.3.1.29 created 1976]
EC 1.3.1.30
Accepted name: progesterone 5-reductase
Reaction: 5-pregnan-3,20-dione + NADP
+
= progesterone + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): steroid 5--reductase;
4
-steroid 5-reductase (progesterone)
Systematic name: 5-pregnan-3,20-dione:NADP
+
5-oxidoreductase
Comments: Testosterone and 20-hydroxy-4-pregn-3-one can act in place of progesterone.
[EC 1.3.1.30 created 1978]
EC 1.3.1.31
Accepted name: 2-enoate reductase
Reaction: butanoate + NAD
+
= 2-butenoate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): enoate reductase
Systematic name: butanoate:NAD
+
2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur-avoprotein (FAD). Acts (in the reverse direction) on a wide range of alkyl and aryl
-unsaturated carboxylate ions; 2-butenoate was the best substrate tested.
References: [2301]
[EC 1.3.1.31 created 1982]
EC 1.3.1.32
Accepted name: maleylacetate reductase
Reaction: 3-oxoadipate + NAD(P)
+
= 2-maleylacetate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): maleolylacetate reductase
Systematic name: 3-oxoadipate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
[EC 1.3.1.32 created 1983]
EC 1.3.1.33
Accepted name: protochlorophyllide reductase
Reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADP
+
= protochlorophyllide + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH
2
-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase; NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase;
NADPH-protochlorophyllide reductase; protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase; protochlorophyllide
photooxidoreductase
Systematic name: chlorophyllide-a:NADP
+
7,8-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses a light-dependent trans-reduction of the D-ring of protochlorophyllide; the
product has the (7S,8S)-conguration.
[EC 1.3.1.33 created 1984]
EC 1.3.1.34
Accepted name: 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP
+
= trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 4-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH
2
); 4-enoyl coenzyme A (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate) reductase; 4-enoyl-CoA reductase; 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Best substrates for reduction contain a 2,4-diene structure with a chain-length of 8 or 10
118
EC 1.3.1.35
Accepted name: phosphatidylcholine desaturase
Reaction: 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + NAD
+
= 1-acyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-
phosphocholine + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): oleate desaturase; linoleate synthase; oleoyl-CoA desaturase; oleoylphosphatidylcholine desaturase
Systematic name: 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:NAD
+
12
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also desaturates phosphatidylcholine containing the oleoyl group on O-2 of the glycerol residue.
References: [1790, 2076, 2169]
[EC 1.3.1.35 created 1984]
EC 1.3.1.36
Accepted name: geissoschizine dehydrogenase
Reaction: geissoschizine + NADP
+
= 4,21-didehydrogeissoschizine + NADPH
Systematic name: geissoschizine:NADP
+
4,21-oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the interconversion of heteroyohimbine alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus.
References: [1750]
[EC 1.3.1.36 created 1986]
EC 1.3.1.37
Accepted name: cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
+
= cis-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH-dependent cis-enoyl-CoA reductase; reductase, cis-2-enoyl coenzyme A; cis-2-enoyl-
coenzyme A reductase; cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
+
cis-2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Not identical with EC 1.3.1.38 trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) [cf. EC 1.3.1.8 acyl-CoA de-
hydrogenase (NADP
+
)].
References: [1493]
[EC 1.3.1.37 created 1986]
EC 1.3.1.38
Accepted name: trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
+
= trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH-dependent trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase; reductase, trans-enoyl coenzyme A; trans-2-enoyl-
CoA reductase (NADPH
2
)
+
trans-2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Not identical with EC 1.3.1.37 cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) [cf. EC 1.3.1.8 acyl-CoA dehy-
drogenase (NADP
+
)].
References: [1493]
[EC 1.3.1.38 created 1986]
EC 1.3.1.39
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, A-specic)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP
+
= a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH +
H
+
119
Other name(s): acyl-ACP dehydrogenase; enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate) reductase; NADPH 2-enoyl Co A reductase; enoyl-ACp reductase; enoyl-[acyl-carrier-
protein] reductase (NADPH
2
, A-specic); acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (A-
specic)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP
+
Comments: The liver enzyme is A-specic with respect to NADP
+
[cf. EC 1.3.1.10 enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]
reductase (NADPH, B-specic)].
References: [532]
[EC 1.3.1.39 created 1986]
EC 1.3.1.40
Accepted name: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase
Reaction: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate + NADP
+
= 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
reductase
Systematic name: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate:NADP
+
2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Broad specicity; reduces a number of compounds produced by Pseudomonas from aromatic hydro-
carbons by ring ssion.
References: [1685]
[EC 1.3.1.40 created 1989]
EC 1.3.1.41
Accepted name: xanthommatin reductase
Reaction: 5,12-dihydroxanthommatin + NAD
+
= xanthommatin + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 5,12-dihydroxanthommatin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: From Drosophila melanogaster.
References: [1933]
[EC 1.3.1.41 created 1989]
EC 1.3.1.42
Accepted name: 12-oxophytodienoate reductase
Reaction: 8-[(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-(Z)-pent-2-enylcyclopentyl]octanoate + NADP
+
= (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-
dienoate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase
Systematic name: 8-[(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-(Z)-pent-2-enylcyclopentyl]octanoate:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the conversion of linolenate into jasmonate in Zea mays.
References: [2390]
[EC 1.3.1.42 created 1989]
EC 1.3.1.43
Accepted name: arogenate dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-arogenate + NAD
+
= L-tyrosine + NADH + CO
2
Other name(s): arogenic dehydrogenase (ambiguous); cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase; pretyrosine dehydrogenase
(ambiguous); L-arogenate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-arogenate:NAD
+
Comments: See also EC 1.3.1.12 (prephenate dehydrogenase), EC 1.3.1.78 [arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)]
and EC 1.3.1.79 (arogenate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]).
References: [2129, 291, 1443, 1314, 2606]
120
EC 1.3.1.44
Accepted name: trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: acyl-CoA + NAD
+
= trans-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NAD)
Systematic name: acyl-CoA:NAD
+
trans-2-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Euglena gracilis acts on crotonoyl-CoA and, more slowly, on trans-hex-2-enoyl-
CoA and trans-oct-2-enoyl-CoA.
References: [978]
[EC 1.3.1.44 created 1989]
EC 1.3.1.45
Accepted name: 2
-hydroxyisoavone reductase
Reaction: vestitone + NADP
+
= 2
-hydroxyformononetin + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH:2
-hydroxyisoavone oxidoreductase; isoavone reductase; 2
,7-dihydroxy-4
,5
-
methylenedioxyisoavone reductase
Systematic name: vestitone:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: In the reverse reaction, a 2
-hydroxyisoavone is reduced to an isoavanone; 2
-
hydroxypseudobaptigenin also acts. Involved in the biosynthesis of the pterocarpin phytoalexins
medicarpin and maackiain.
References: [2293]
[EC 1.3.1.45 created 1990]
EC 1.3.1.46
Accepted name: biochanin-A reductase
Reaction: dihydrobiochanin A + NADP
+
= biochanin A + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: dihydrobiochanin-A:NADP
+
2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Some other isoavones are reduced to the corresponding isoavanones.
References: [2293]
[EC 1.3.1.46 created 1990]
EC 1.3.1.47
Accepted name: -santonin 1,2-reductase
Reaction: 1,2-dihydrosantonin + NAD(P)
+
= -santonin + NAD(P)H + H
+
Systematic name: 1,2-dihydrosantonin:NAD(P)
+
1,2-oxidoreductase
References: [1559]
[EC 1.3.1.47 created 1990]
EC 1.3.1.48
Accepted name: 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase
Reaction: 11-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate + NAD(P)
+
= (13E)-11-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate +
NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 15-oxo-
13
-prostaglandin reductase;
13
-15-ketoprostaglandin reductase; 15-ketoprostaglandin
13
-reductase; prostaglandin
13
-reductase; prostaglandin 13-reductase; 15-ketoprostaglandin
13
-
reductase; (5Z)-(15S)-11-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate:NAD(P)
+
13
-oxidoreductase; (5Z)-11-
hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-5-enoate:NAD(P)
+
13
-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 11-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate:NAD(P)
+
13
-oxidoreductase
121
Comments: Reduces 15-oxoprostaglandins to 13,14-dihydro derivatives. The enzyme from placenta is specic for
NAD
+
.
[EC 1.3.1.48 created 1990]
EC 1.3.1.49
Accepted name: cis-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (+)-cis-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol + NAD
+
= phenanthrene-3,4-diol + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: (+)-cis-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol:NAD
+
3,4-oxidoreductase
References: [1555]
[EC 1.3.1.49 created 1992]
[1.3.1.50 Deleted entry. tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase. Now EC 1.1.1.252 tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase]
EC 1.3.1.51
Accepted name: 2
-hydroxydaidzein reductase
Reaction: 2
-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrodaidzein + NADP
+
= 2
-hydroxydaidzein + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH:2
-hydroxydaidzein oxidoreductase; HDR; 2
-hydroxydihydrodaidzein:NADP
+
2
-
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 2
-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrodaidzein:NADP
+
2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: In the reverse reaction, the 2
-hydroxyisoavone (2
-hydroxydaidzein) is reduced to an isoavanone.

Also acts on 2
-hydroxyformononetin and to a small extent on 2
-hydroxygenistein. Involved in the

biosynthesis of the phytoalexin glyceollin. The isoavones biochanin A, daidzein and genestein as
well as the avonoids apigenin, kaempferol and quercetin do not act as substrates.
References: [605]
EC 1.3.1.52
Accepted name: 2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + NAD
+
= 2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 2-methyl-branched-chain-acyl-CoA:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) from Ascaris suum. The reaction proceeds only in the presence of another avo-
protein (electron-transferring avoprotein).
[EC 1.3.1.52 created 1992]
EC 1.3.1.53
Accepted name: (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate + NAD
+
= 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate +
CO
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): (1R,2S)-dihydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase; terephthalate 1,2-cis-
dihydrodiol dehydrogenase; cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate:NAD
+
ox-
idoreductase (decarboxylating)
Systematic name: (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires Fe
II
. Involved in the terephthalate degradation pathway in bacteria [2437].
122
EC 1.3.1.54
Accepted name: precorrin-6A reductase
Reaction: precorrin-6B + NADP
+
= precorrin-6A + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): precorrin-6X reductase; precorrin-6Y:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: precorrin-6B:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
[1.3.1.55 Deleted entry. cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase. Enzyme is identical to EC
1.3.1.25, 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase]
EC 1.3.1.56
Accepted name: cis-2,3-dihydrobiphenyl-2,3-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
= biphenyl-2,3-diol + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dehydrogenase
Systematic name: cis-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the second step in the biphenyl degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [2211, 652, 900]
[EC 1.3.1.56 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.57
Accepted name: phloroglucinol reductase
Reaction: dihydrophloroglucinol + NADP
+
= phloroglucinol + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: dihydrophloroglucinol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the gallate anaerobic degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [791]
[EC 1.3.1.57 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.58
Accepted name: 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-5,6-dihydroxy-4-isopropylcyclohexa-1,3-dienecarboxylate + NAD
+
= 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate +
NADH + H
+
Systematic name: cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the p-cymene degradation pathway in Pseudomonas putida.
References: [544]
[EC 1.3.1.58 created 2000]
[1.3.1.59 Deleted entry. 1,2-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,2-dihydrobenzoate dehydrogenase. No evidence in the paper cited that
the enzyme exists]
EC 1.3.1.60
Accepted name: dibenzothiophene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene + NAD
+
= 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene + NADH
+ H
+
123
Systematic name: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the dibenzothiophene degradation pathway in bacteria.
[EC 1.3.1.60 created 2000]
[1.3.1.61 Deleted entry. terephthalate 1,2-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. Enzyme is identical to EC 1.3.1.53, (3S,4R)-3,4-
dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase]
EC 1.3.1.62
Accepted name: pimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: pimeloyl-CoA + NAD
+
= 6-carboxyhex-2-enoyl-CoA + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: pimeloyl-CoA:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the benzoate degradation (anaerobic) pathway in bacteria.
References: [673]
[EC 1.3.1.62 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.63
Accepted name: 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + NADP
+
+ HCl = 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (halogenating)
Comments: Acts in the reverse direction to form part of the 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [1884]
[EC 1.3.1.63 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.64
Accepted name: phthalate 4,5-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate + NAD
+
= 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate +
NADH + H
+
Systematic name: cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the phthalate degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [136]
[EC 1.3.1.64 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.65
Accepted name: 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroquinoline dehydrogenase
Reaction: 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroquinoline + NAD
+
= 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-
oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroquinoline:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts in the reverse direction to form part of the 3-methylquinoline degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [1953]
[EC 1.3.1.65 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.66
Accepted name: cis-dihydroethylcatechol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-1,2-dihydro-3-ethylcatechol + NAD
+
= 3-ethylcatechol + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: cis-1,2-dihydro-3-ethylcatechol:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
124
Comments: Involved in the ethylbenzene degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [702]
[EC 1.3.1.66 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.67
Accepted name: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate + NAD(P)
+
= 4-methylcatechol +
NAD(P)H + CO
2
Systematic name: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase (decarboxy-
lating)
Comments: Involved in the p-xylene degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [2479]
[EC 1.3.1.67 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.68
Accepted name: 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate + NAD
+
= 3-methylcatechol + NADH +
CO
2
Systematic name: 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate:NAD
+
Comments: Involved in the o-xylene degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [882]
[EC 1.3.1.68 created 2000]
EC 1.3.1.69
Accepted name: zeatin reductase
Reaction: dihydrozeatin + NADP
+
= zeatin + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: dihydrozeatin:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Previously classied erroneously as EC 1.1.1.242.
References: [1412]
EC 1.3.1.70
Accepted name:
14
-sterol reductase
Reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol + NADP
+
= 4,4-dimethyl-5-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3-ol
+ NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 4,4-dimethyl-5-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol:NADP
+
14
-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme acts on a range of steroids with a 14(15)-double bond.
[EC 1.3.1.70 created 2001]
EC 1.3.1.71
Accepted name:
24(24
1
)
-sterol reductase
Reaction: ergosterol + NADP
+
= ergosta-5,7,22,24(24
1
)-tetraen-3-ol + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): sterol
24(28)
-methylene reductase; sterol
24(28)
-reductase
Systematic name: ergosterol:NADP
+
24(24
1
)
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a range of steroids with a 24(24
1
)-double bond.
125
EC 1.3.1.72
Accepted name:
24
-sterol reductase
Reaction: 5-cholest-7-en-3-ol + NADP
+
= 5-cholesta-7,24-dien-3-ol + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): lanosterol
24
-reductase
Systematic name: sterol:NADP
+
24
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a range of steroids with a 24(25)-double bond, including lanosterol, desmosterol and zymos-
terol.
References: [108]
[EC 1.3.1.72 created 2001]
EC 1.3.1.73
Accepted name: 1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase
Reaction: 17-O-acetylnorajmaline + NADP
+
= 1,2-dihydrovomilenine + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 17-O-acetylnorajmaline:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Forms part of the ajmaline biosynthesis pathway.
References: [679]
[EC 1.3.1.73 created 2002]
EC 1.3.1.74
Accepted name: 2-alkenal reductase
Reaction: n-alkanal + NAD(P)
+
= alk-2-enal + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): NAD(P)H-dependent alkenal/one oxidoreductase; NADPH:2-alkenal ,-hydrogenase
Systematic name: n-alkanal:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Highly specic for 4-hydroxynon-2-enal and non-2-enal. 2-Alkenals of shorter chain have lower
afnities. Exhibits high activities also for 2-alkenones such as but-3-en-2-one and pent-3-en-2-one.
Inactive with cyclohex-2-en-1-one and 12-oxophytodienoic acid. Involved in the detoxication of ,-
unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.
[EC 1.3.1.74 created 2003]
EC 1.3.1.75
Accepted name: divinyl chlorophyllide a 8-vinyl-reductase
Reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADP
+
= divinyl chlorophyllide a + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): [4-vinyl]chlorophyllide a reductase; 4VCR
Systematic name: chlorophyllide-a:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also reduces divinyl protochlorophyllide to protochlorophyllide in some species, providing an alter-
native pathway.
References: [2322, 1718, 1719, 1179]
[EC 1.3.1.75 created 2003]
EC 1.3.1.76
Accepted name: precorrin-2 dehydrogenase
Reaction: precorrin-2 + NAD
+
= sirohydrochlorin + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): Met8p; SirC; CysG
Systematic name: precorrin-2:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
126
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the second of three steps leading to the formation of siroheme from uropor-
phyrinogen III. The rst step involves the donation of two S-adenosyl-L-methionine-derived methyl
groups to carbons 2 and 7 of uroporphyrinogen III to form precorrin-2 (EC 2.1.1.107, uroporphyrin-
III C-methyltransferase) and the third step involves the chelation of ferrous iron to sirohydrochlorin
to form siroheme (EC 4.99.1.4, sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the
last two steps are carried out by a single bifunctional enzyme, Met8p. In some bacteria, steps 1-3 are
catalysed by a single multifunctional protein called CysG, whereas in Bacillus megaterium, three sep-
arate enzymes carry out each of the steps, with SirC being responsible for the above reaction.
[EC 1.3.1.76 created 2004]
EC 1.3.1.77
Accepted name: anthocyanidin reductase
Reaction: a avan-3-ol + 2 NAD(P)
+
= an anthocyanidin + 2 NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): AtANR; MtANR
Systematic name: avan-3-ol:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Forms 2,3-cis-avan-3-ols. The isomeric 2,3-trans-avan-3-ols are formed from avan-3,4-diols
by EC 1.17.1.3 leucoanthocyanidin reductase. While the enzyme from the legume Medicago trun-
catula (MtANR) uses both NADPH and NADH as reductant, that from the crucifer Arabidopsis
thaliana (AtANR) uses only NADPH. Also, while the substrate preference of MtANR is cyani-
dinpelargonidindelphinidin, the reverse preference is found with AtANR.
[EC 1.3.1.77 created 2004]
EC 1.3.1.78
Accepted name: arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: L-arogenate + NADP
+
= L-tyrosine + NADPH + CO
2
Other name(s): arogenic dehydrogenase (ambiguous); pretyrosine dehydrogenase (ambiguous); TyrAAT1; TyrAAT2;
TyrAa
Systematic name: L-arogenate:NADP
+
Comments: Unlike EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) and EC 1.3.1.79 [arogenate dehydrogenase
(NAD(P)+)], this enzyme has a strict requirement for NADP
+
. The enzyme from Synechocystis
sp. PCC 6803 and the isoform TyrAAT1 cannot use prephenate as a substrate, while the isoform
TyrAAT2 can use it only very poorly [1862, 225].
References: [291, 669, 1862, 225]
[EC 1.3.1.78 created 2005]
EC 1.3.1.79
Accepted name: arogenate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
Reaction: L-arogenate + NAD(P)
+
= L-tyrosine + NAD(P)H + CO
2
Other name(s): arogenic dehydrogenase (ambiguous); cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase; pretyrosine dehydrogenase
(ambiguous)
Systematic name: L-arogenate:NAD(P)
+
Comments: See also EC 1.3.1.12 (prephenate dehydrogenase), EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase), and EC
1.3.1.78 [arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)].
[EC 1.3.1.79 created 2005]
EC 1.3.1.80
127
Accepted name: red chlorophyll catabolite reductase
Reaction: primary uorescent chlorophyll catabolite + NADP
+
= red chlorophyll catabolite + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): RCCR; RCC reductase; red Chl catabolite reductase
Systematic name: primary uorescent chlorophyll catabolite:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Chlorophyll degradation is a characteristic symptom of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. The re-
action catalysed by this enzyme requires reduced ferredoxin, which is generated either by NADPH
through the pentose-phosphate pathway or by the action of photosystem I [1875, 2523]. This reaction
takes place without release of the substrate from EC 1.14.12.20, pheophorbide a oxygenase [1788].
Depending on the plant species used as the source of enzyme, one of two possible C-1 epimers of
primary uorescent chlorophyll catabolite (pFCC), pFCC-1 or pFCC-2, is normally formed, with all
genera or species within a family producing the same isomer [1788, 929]. After modication and ex-
port, pFCCs are eventually imported into the vacuole, where the acidic environment causes their non-
enzymic conversion into colourless breakdown products called non-uorescent chlorophyll catabolites
(NCCs) [2523].
References: [1875, 2523, 1788, 929, 1876]
[EC 1.3.1.80 created 2007]
EC 1.3.1.81
Accepted name: (+)-pulegone reductase
Reaction: (1) (-)-menthone + NADP
+
= (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H
+
(2) (+)-isomenthone + NADP
+
= (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: (-)-menthone:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NADH cannot replace NADPH as reductant. The
8,9
-double bond of (+)-cis-isopulegone and
the
1,2
-double bond of ()-piperitone are not substrates. The enzyme from peppermint (Mentha x
piperita) converts (+)-pulegone into both (-)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone at a ratio of 70:30 for
native enzyme but it does not catalyse the reverse reaction. This enzyme is a member of the medium-
chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.
References: [1860]
[EC 1.3.1.81 created 2008]
EC 1.3.1.82
Accepted name: (-)-isopiperitenone reductase
Reaction: (+)-cis-isopulegone + NADP
+
= (-)-isopiperitenone + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: (+)-cis-isopulegone:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction occurs in the opposite direction to that shown above. The enzyme participates in the
menthol-biosynthesis pathway of Mentha plants. (+)-Pulegone, (+)-cis-isopulegone and (-)-menthone
are not substrates. The enzyme has a preference for NADPH as the reductant, with NADH being a
poor substitute [1860]. The enzyme is highly regioselective for the reduction of the endocyclic 1,2-
double bond, and is stereoselective, producing only the 1R-congured product. It is a member of the
short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.
[EC 1.3.1.82 created 2008]
EC 1.3.1.83
Accepted name: geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase
Reaction: phytyl diphosphate + 3 NADP
+
= geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 NADPH + 3 H
+
Other name(s): geranylgeranyl reductase; CHL P
Systematic name: geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme also acts on geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a. The reaction occurs in three steps. Which
order the three double bonds are reduced is not known.
References: [2092, 2242, 1111]
128
[EC 1.3.1.83 created 2009]
EC 1.3.1.84
Accepted name: acrylyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: propanoyl-CoA + NADP
+
= acrylyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: propanoyl-CoA:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses a step in the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, an autotrophic CO
2
xation
pathway found in some thermoacidophilic archaea [170]. The reaction is catalysed in the opposite di-
rection to that shown. The enzyme from Sulfolobus tokodaii does not act on either NADH or crotonyl-
CoA [2270]. Different from EC 1.3.1.8, which acts only on enoyl-CoA derivatives of carbon chain
length 4 to 16. Contains Zn
2+
.
[EC 1.3.1.84 created 2009]
[1.3.2.1 Transferred entry. butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.3.99.2, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase]
[1.3.2.2 Transferred entry. acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.3.99.3, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase]
EC 1.3.2.3
Accepted name: L-galactonolactone dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1) L-galactono-1,4-lactone + 2 ferricytochrome c = L-ascorbate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H
+
(2) L-ascorbate + 2 ferricytochrome c = L-dehydroascorbate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H
+
(sponta-
neous)
Other name(s): galactonolactone dehydrogenase; L-galactono--lactone dehydrogenase; L-galactono--
lactone:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase; GLDHase; GLDase
Systematic name: L-galactono-1,4-lactone:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the nal step in the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid in higher plants and in
nearly all higher animals with the exception of primates and some birds [1697]. The enzyme is very
specic for its substrate L-galactono-1,4-lactone as D-galactono--lactone, D-gulono--lactone, L-
gulono--lactone, D-erythronic--lactone, D-xylonic--lactone, L-mannono--lactone, D-galactonate,
D-glucuronate and D-gluconate are not substrates [1697]. FAD, NAD
+
, NADP
+
and O
2
(cf. EC
1.3.3.12, L-galactonolactone oxidase) cannot act as electron acceptor [1697].
References: [1396, 1397, 982, 1649, 1697]
EC 1.3.3.1
Accepted name: dihydroorotate oxidase
Reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + O
2
= orotate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): DHOdehase; dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (ambiguous); dihydoorotic acid dehydrogenase; (DHO)
dehydrogenase; 4,5-L-dihydroorotate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (S)-dihydroorotate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD, FMN). Ferricyanide can act as acceptor.
129
[EC 1.3.3.1 created 1961]
[1.3.3.2 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.21.6, lathosterol oxidase. NAD(P)H had not been included previously, so enzyme
had to be reclassied]
EC 1.3.3.3
Accepted name: coproporphyrinogen oxidase
Reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + O
2
+ 2 H
+
= protoporphyrinogen-IX + 2 CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): coproporphyrinogen III oxidase; coproporphyrinogenase
Systematic name: coproporphyrinogen:oxygen oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
References: [138, 1452, 1172]
EC 1.3.3.4
Accepted name: protoporphyrinogen oxidase
Reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + 3 O
2
= protoporphyrin IX + 3 H
2
O
2
Other name(s): protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase; protoporphyrinogenase; PPO; Protox; HemG; HemY
Systematic name: protoporphyrinogen-IX:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: This is the last common enzyme in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and heme [344]. Two isoen-
zymes exist in plants: one in plastids and the other in mitochondria. This is the target enzyme of
phthalimide-type and diphenylether-type herbicides [344]. The enzyme from oxygen-dependent
species contains FAD [438]. Also slowly oxidizes mesoporphyrinogen IX.
References: [1774, 1775, 436, 2429, 401, 597, 437, 344, 438]
EC 1.3.3.5
Accepted name: bilirubin oxidase
Reaction: 2 bilirubin + O
2
= 2 biliverdin + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): bilirubin oxidase M-1
Systematic name: bilirubin:oxygen oxidoreductase
[EC 1.3.3.5 created 1984]
EC 1.3.3.6
Accepted name: acyl-CoA oxidase
Reaction: acyl-CoA + O
2
= trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): fatty acyl-CoA oxidase; acyl coenzyme A oxidase; fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase
Systematic name: acyl-CoA:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Acts on CoA derivatives of fatty acids with chain lengths from 8 to 18.
[EC 1.3.3.6 created 1986]
EC 1.3.3.7
Accepted name: dihydrouracil oxidase
Reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + O
2
= uracil + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: 5,6-dihydrouracil:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes dihydrothymine to thymine. A avoprotein (FMN).
References: [1707]
130
[EC 1.3.3.7 created 1989]
EC 1.3.3.8
Accepted name: tetrahydroberberine oxidase
Reaction: (S)-tetrahydroberberine + 2 O
2
= berberine + 2 H
2
O
2
Other name(s): (S)-THB oxidase
Systematic name: (S)-tetrahydroberberine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Berberis sp. is a avoprotein; that from Coptis japonica is not. (R)-
Tetrahydroberberines are not oxidized.
EC 1.3.3.9
Accepted name: secologanin synthase
Reaction: loganin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= secologanin + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Systematic name: loganin:oxygen oxidoreductase (ring-cleaving)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Secologanin is the precursor of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids
and ipecac alkaloids.
References: [2542, 981, 2543]
[EC 1.3.3.9 created 2002]
EC 1.3.3.10
Accepted name: tryptophan ,-oxidase
Reaction: L-tryptophan + O
2
= ,-didehydrotryptophan + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): L-tryptophan 2
,3
-oxidase; L-tryptophan ,-dehydrogenase

Systematic name: L-tryptophan:oxygen ,-oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires heme. The enzyme from Chromobacterium violaceum is specic for tryptophan derivatives
possessing its carboxyl group free or as an amide or ester, and an unsubstituted indole ring. Also
catalyses the , dehydrogenation of L-tryptophan side chains in peptides. The product of the reac-
tion can hydrolyse spontaneously to form (indol-3-yl)pyruvate.
EC 1.3.3.11
Accepted name: pyrroloquinoline-quinone synthase
Reaction: 6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-7,8-dioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-2,4-dicarboxylate + 3 O
2
=
4,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f ]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylate + 2 H
2
O
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): PqqC; 6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-7,8-dioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroquinoline-2,4-
dicarboxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing) [incorrect]
Systematic name: 6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-7,8-dioxo-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-2,4-dicarboxylate:oxygen oxi-
doreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: So far only a single turnover of the enzyme has been observed, and the pyrroloquinoline quinone re-
mains bound to it. It is not yet known what releases the product in the bacterium.
References: [1376, 1375, 2317, 2319, 1994]
[EC 1.3.3.11 created 2005]
EC 1.3.3.12
Accepted name: L-galactonolactone oxidase
131
Reaction: L-galactono-1,4-lactone + O
2
= L-ascorbate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): L-galactono-1,4-lactone oxidase
Systematic name: L-galactono-1,4-lactone:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Acts on the 1,4-lactones of L-galactonic, D-altronic, L-fuconic, D-arabinic and D-
threonic acids; not identical with EC 1.1.3.8 L-gulonolactone oxidase. (cf. EC 1.3.2.3 galactonolac-
tone dehydrogenase).
References: [208]
EC 1.3.5 With a quinone or related compound as acceptor
EC 1.3.5.1
Accepted name: succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)
Reaction: succinate + ubiquinone = fumarate + ubiquinol
Other name(s): succinic dehydrogenase; complex II; menaquinol: fumarate oxidoreductase; fumarate reductase com-
plex (i.e. FRD, involved in anaerobic respiration, repressed in aerobic respiration); succinate dehydro-
genase complex (i. e. SDH, involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration)
Systematic name: succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) containing iron-sulfur centres. The complex, present in mitochondria, can be
degraded to form EC 1.3.99.1 succinate dehydrogenase, which no longer reacts with ubiquinone.
References: [840]
[EC 1.3.5.1 created 1983]
EC 1.3.5.2
Accepted name: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol
Other name(s): dihydroorotate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; (S)-dihydroorotate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase; (S)-
dihydroorotate:acceptor oxidoreductase; DHODH; DHOD; DHOdehase
Systematic name: (S)-dihydroorotate:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: This Class 2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase enzyme contains avin [585]. The reaction, which takes
place in the mitochondrial membrane, is the only redox reaction in the de-novo biosynthesis of pyrim-
idine nucleotides [889, 585]. The best quinone electron acceptors for the enzyme from bovine liver
are coenzymes Q
6
and Q
7
, although simple quinones, such as benzoquinone, can also act as acceptor
but at lower rates [889]. Methyl-, ethyl-, tert-butyl and benzyl-(S)-dihydroorotates are also substrates,
but 1- and 3-methyl and 1,3-dimethyl methyl-(S)-dihydroorotates are not [889].
References: [615, 889, 107, 585]
EC 1.3.5.3
Accepted name: protoporphyrinogen IX dehydrogenase (menaquinone)
Reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + 3 menaquinone = protoporphyrin IX + 3 menaquinol
Other name(s): HemG
Systematic name: protoporphyrinogen IX:menaquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme enables Escherichia coli to synthesize heme in both aerobic and anaerobic environ-
ments.
References: [240]
[EC 1.3.5.3 created 2010]
132
EC 1.3.7.1
Accepted name: 6-hydroxynicotinate reductase
Reaction: 6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinate + oxidized ferredoxin = 6-hydroxynicotinate + reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): 6-oxotetrahydronicotinate dehydrogenase; 6-hydroxynicotinic reductase; HNA reductase; 1,4,5,6-
tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
References: [905]
[EC 1.3.7.1 created 1972]
EC 1.3.7.2
Accepted name: 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Reaction: 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin + oxidized ferredoxin = biliverdin IX + reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): PebA
Systematic name: 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the two-electron reduction of biliverdin IX at the C15 methine bridge. It has been pro-
posed that this enzyme and EC 1.3.7.3, phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, function as a
dual enzyme complex in the conversion of biliverdin IX into phycoerythrobilin.
References: [628]
[EC 1.3.7.2 created 2002]
EC 1.3.7.3
Accepted name: phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Reaction: (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin + oxidized ferredoxin = 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin + reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): PebB
Systematic name: (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the two-electron reduction of the C2 and C3
1
diene system of 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin.
Specic for 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin. It has been proposed that this enzyme and EC 1.3.7.2, 15,16-
dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, function as a dual enzyme complex in the conversion of
biliverdin IX to phycoerythrobilin.
References: [628]
[EC 1.3.7.3 created 2002]
EC 1.3.7.4
Accepted name: phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Reaction: (3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin = biliverdin IX + reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): HY2; PB synthase; phytochromobilin synthase
Systematic name: (3Z)-phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the two-electron reduction of biliverdin IX. Can use 2Fe-2S ferredoxins from a number of
sources as acceptor but not the 4Fe-4S ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum. The isomerization
of (3Z)-phytochromobilin to (3E)-phytochromobilin is thought to occur prior to covalent attachment
to apophytochrome in the plant cell cytoplasm. Flavodoxins can be used instead of ferredoxin.
References: [628, 1444, 2268]
[EC 1.3.7.4 created 2002]
EC 1.3.7.5
Accepted name: phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
133
Reaction: (3Z)-phycocyanobilin + oxidized ferredoxin = biliverdin IX + reduced ferredoxin
Systematic name: (3Z)-phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the four-electron reduction of biliverdin IX (2-electron reduction at both the A and D
rings). Reaction proceeds via an isolatable 2-electron intermediate, 18
1
,18
2
-dihydrobiliverdin. Flavo-
doxins can be used instead of ferredoxin.The direct conversion of biliverdin IX (BV) to (3Z)-
phycocyanolbilin (PCB) in the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp PCC 6803, Anabaena sp PCC7120
and Nostoc punctiforme is in contrast to the proposed pathways of PCB biosynthesis in the red alga
Cyanidium caldarium, which involves (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin (PEB) as an intermediate [148] and in
the green alga Mesotaenium caldariorum, in which PCB is an isolable intermediate.
References: [628, 148, 2520]
[EC 1.3.7.5 created 2002]
EC 1.3.7.6
Accepted name: phycoerythrobilin synthase
Reaction: (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = biliverdin IX + 2 reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): PebS
Systematic name: (3Z)-phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (from biliverdin IX)
Comments: This enzyme, from a cyanophage infecting oceanic cyanobacteria of the Prochlorococcus
genus, uses a four-electron reduction to carry out the reactions catalysed by EC 1.3.7.2 (15,16-
dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase) and EC 1.3.7.3 (phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidore-
ductase). 15,16-Dihydrobiliverdin is formed as a bound intermediate. Free 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin
can also act as a substrate to form phycoerythrobilin.
References: [441]
[EC 1.3.7.6 created 2008]
EC 1.3.99.1
Accepted name: succinate dehydrogenase
Reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): succinic dehydrogenase; fumarate reductase; fumaric hydrogenase; succinodehydrogenase; succinic
acid dehydrogenase; succinate oxidoreductase; succinyl dehydrogenase; succinate:(acceptor) oxidore-
ductase
Systematic name: succinate:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) containing iron-sulfur centres. A component of EC 1.3.5.1 succinate dehydro-
genase (ubiquinone).
References: [840, 2068, 2069, 2446]
[EC 1.3.99.1 created 1961]
EC 1.3.99.2
Accepted name: butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: butanoyl-CoA + acceptor = 2-butenoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): butyryl dehydrogenase; unsaturated acyl-CoA reductase; ethylene reductase; enoyl-coenzyme A re-
ductase; unsaturated acyl coenzyme A reductase; butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; short-chain
acyl CoA dehydrogenase; short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; 3-hydroxyacyl CoA reduc-
tase; butanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: butanoyl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein; forms, with another avoprotein (electron-transferring avoproteins) and EC 1.5.5.1
electron-transferring-avoprotein dehydrogenase, a system reducing ubiquinone and other acceptors.
References: [160, 752, 842, 1377]
134
EC 1.3.99.3
Accepted name: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): acyl dehydrogenase; fatty acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; fatty-
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; acyl CoA dehydrogenase; general acyl CoA dehydrogenase; medium-chain
acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; long-chain acyl coenzyme
A dehydrogenase; long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; acyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: acyl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein; forms, with another avoprotein (electron-transferring avoprotein) and EC 1.5.5.1
electron-transferring-avoprotein dehydrogenase, a system reducing ubiquinone and other acceptors.
References: [160, 418, 842]
EC 1.3.99.4
Accepted name: 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: a 3-oxosteroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-
1
-steroid + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): 3-oxosteroid
1
-dehydrogenase;
1
-dehydrogenase; 3-ketosteroid-1-en-dehydrogenase; 3-
ketosteroid-
1
-dehydrogenase; 1-ene-dehydrogenase; 3-oxosteroid:(2,6-dichlorphenolindophenol)
1
-oxidoreductase; 4-en-3-oxosteroid:(acceptor)-1-en-oxido-reductase;
1
-steroid reductase; 3-
oxosteroid:(acceptor)
1
-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-oxosteroid:acceptor
1
-oxidoreductase
References: [1296]
[EC 1.3.99.4 created 1965]
EC 1.3.99.5
Accepted name: 3-oxo-5-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: a 3-oxo-5-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-
4
Other name(s): steroid 5-reductase; 3-oxosteroid
4
-dehydrogenase; 3-oxo-5-steroid
4
-dehydrogenase; steroid
4
-5-reductase;
4
-3-keto steroid 5-reductase;
4
-3-oxo steroid reductase;
4
-3-ketosteroid5-
oxidoreductase;
4
-3-oxosteroid-5-reductase; 3-keto-
4
-steroid-5-reductase; 5-reductase; testos-
terone 5-reductase; 4-ene-3-ketosteroid-5-oxidoreductase;
4
-5-dehydrogenase; 3-oxo-5-
steroid:(acceptor)
4
-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5-steroid:acceptor
4
-oxidoreductase
References: [1296]
[EC 1.3.99.5 created 1965]
EC 1.3.99.6
Accepted name: 3-oxo-5-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Reaction: a 3-oxo-5-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-
4
Other name(s): 3-oxo-5-steroid:(acceptor)
4
-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5-steroid:acceptor
4
-oxidoreductase
References: [454]
[EC 1.3.99.6 created 1972]
EC 1.3.99.7
Accepted name: glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
135
Reaction: glutaryl-CoA + acceptor = crotonoyl-CoA + CO
2
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): glutaryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; glutaryl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Systematic name: glutaryl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
References: [185]
[EC 1.3.99.7 created 1972]
EC 1.3.99.8
Accepted name: 2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-furoyl-CoA + H
2
O + acceptor = S-(5-hydroxy-2-furoyl)-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): furoyl-CoA hydroxylase; 2-furoyl coenzyme A hydroxylase; 2-furoyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase;
2-furoyl-CoA:(acceptor) 5-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Systematic name: 2-furoyl-CoA:acceptor 5-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: A copper protein. The oxygen atom of the -OH produced is derived from water, not O
2
; the actual
oxidative step is probably dehydrogenation of a hydrated form -CHOH-CH
2
to -C(OH)=CH-, which
tautomerizes non-enzymically to -CO-CH
2
, giving (5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2-furoyl)-CoA. Methylene
blue, nitro blue, tetrazolium and a membrane fraction from Pseudomonas putida can act as acceptors.
References: [1132]
[EC 1.3.99.8 created 1976]
[1.3.99.9 Transferred entry. -cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.21.99.1, -cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase]
EC 1.3.99.10
Accepted name: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + acceptor = 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): isovaleryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; isovaleroyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; 3-methylbutanoyl-
CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein; forms with electron-transferring avoprotein and EC 1.5.5.1 electron-transferring-
avoprotein dehydrogenase, a system reducing ubiquinone. n-Pentanoate can act as donor. Not iden-
tical with EC 1.3.99.2 (butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase), EC 1.3.99.3 (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) or EC
1.3.99.12 (2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase).
References: [106, 966, 2239]
[1.3.99.11 Transferred entry. dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. As the acceptor is now known, the enzyme has been transferred
to EC 1.3.5.2, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase]
EC 1.3.99.12
Accepted name: 2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + acceptor = 2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; 2-
methylbutanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Also oxidizes 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA. Not identical with EC 1.3.99.2 (butyryl-CoA dehydroge-
nase), EC 1.3.99.3 (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase), EC 1.3.99.10 (isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase) or EC
1.3.99.13 (long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase).
References: [964]
136
[EC 1.3.99.12 created 1986]
EC 1.3.99.13
Accepted name: long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): palmitoyl-CoA dehydrogenase; palmitoyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; long-chain acyl-coenzyme A
dehydrogenase; long-chain-acyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: long-chain-acyl-CoA:acceptor 2,3-oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD); forms with another avoprotein (electron-transferring avoprotein) and EC
1.5.5.1 a system reducing ubiquinone and other acceptors. Not identical with EC 1.3.99.2 (butyryl-
CoA dehydrogenase), EC 1.3.99.3 (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase), EC 1.3.99.10 (isovaleryl-CoA dehy-
drogenase) or EC 1.3.99.12 (2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase).
References: [801, 842, 965]
[EC 1.3.99.13 created 1989]
EC 1.3.99.14
Accepted name: cyclohexanone dehydrogenase
Reaction: cyclohexanone + acceptor = cyclohex-2-enone + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): cyclohexanone:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cyclohexanone:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: 2,6-Dichloroindophenol can act as acceptor. The corresponding ketones of cyclopentane and cyclo-
heptane cannot act as donors.
References: [445]
[EC 1.3.99.14 created 1992]
EC 1.3.99.15
Accepted name: benzoyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: benzoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + 2 ATP + 2 H
2
O = cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA + accep-
tor + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate
Other name(s): benzoyl-CoA reductase (dearomatizing)
Systematic name: cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase (aromatizing, ATP-forming)
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein. Requires Mg
2+
or Mn
2+
. Reduced methyl viologen can act as electron donor.
Inactive towards aromatic acids that are not CoA esters but will also catalyse the reaction: ammonia
+ acceptor + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + H
2
O = hydroxylamine + reduced acceptor + 2 ATP. In the pres-
ence of reduced acceptor, but in the absence of oxidizable substrate, the enzyme catalyses the hydrol-
ysis of ATP to ADP plus phosphate.
References: [219]
[EC 1.3.99.15 created 1999]
EC 1.3.99.16
Accepted name: isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase
Reaction: isoquinoline + acceptor + H
2
O = isoquinolin-1(2H)-one + reduced acceptor
Systematic name: isoquinoline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: The enzyme from Pseudomonas diminuta is specic towards N-containing N-heterocyclic substrates,
including isoquinoline, isoquinolin-5-ol, phthalazine and quinazoline. Electron acceptors include 1,2-
benzoquinone, cytochrome c, ferricyanide, iodonitrotetrazolium chloride, nitroblue tetrazolium, Mel-
dola blue and phenazine methosulfate.
[EC 1.3.99.16 created 1999]
137
EC 1.3.99.17
Accepted name: quinoline 2-oxidoreductase
Reaction: quinoline + acceptor + H
2
O = quinolin-2(1H)-one + reduced acceptor
Systematic name: quinoline:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Quinolin-2-ol, quinolin-7-ol, quinolin-8-ol, 3-, 4- and 8-methylquinolines and 8-chloroquinoline are
substrates. Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride can act as an electron acceptor.
References: [139, 2330, 1742, 1954]
[EC 1.3.99.17 created 1999]
EC 1.3.99.18
Accepted name: quinaldate 4-oxidoreductase
Reaction: quinaldate + acceptor + H
2
O = kynurenate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): quinaldic acid 4-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: quinoline-2-carboxylate:acceptor 4-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: The enzyme from Pseudomonas sp. AK2 also acts on quinoline-8-carboxylate, whereas that from
Serratia marcescens 2CC-1 will oxidize nicotinate; quinaldate is a substrate for both of these en-
zymes. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonate, 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, nitroblue tetra-
zolium, thionine and menadione will serve as an electron acceptor for the former enzyme and fer-
ricyanide for the latter; Meldola blue, iodonitrotetrazolium chloride, phenazine methosulfate, 2,6-
dichlorophenolindophenol and cytochrome c will act as electron acceptors for both.
[EC 1.3.99.18 created 1999]
EC 1.3.99.19
Accepted name: quinoline-4-carboxylate 2-oxidoreductase
Reaction: quinoline-4-carboxylate + acceptor + H
2
O = 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylate + reduced
acceptor
Other name(s): quinaldic acid 4-oxidoreductase; quinoline-4-carboxylate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Systematic name: quinoline-4-carboxylate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: A molybdenumironsulfur avoprotein with molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide as the molyb-
denum cofactor. Quinoline, 4-methylquinoline and 4-chloroquinoline can also serve as substrates for
the enzyme from Agrobacterium sp. 1B. Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride, thionine, menadione and 2,6-
dichlorophenolindophenol can act as electron acceptors.
References: [140]
EC 1.3.99.20
Accepted name: 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: benzoyl-CoA + acceptor + H
2
O = 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase (dehydroxylating); 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreduc-
tase
Systematic name: benzoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdenum-avin-iron-sulfur protein that is involved in the anaerobic pathway of phenol
metabolism in bacteria. A ferredoxin with two [4Fe-4S] clusters functions as the natural electron
donor [251]
References: [719, 861, 251, 241, 862]
[EC 1.3.99.20 created 2000]
EC 1.3.99.21
138
Accepted name: (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-2-benzylsuccinyl-CoA + 2 electron-transferring avoprotein = (E)-2-benzylidenesuccinyl-CoA +
2 reduced electron-transferring avoprotein
Other name(s): BbsG; (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires FAD as cofactor. The enzyme is highly specic for (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA and is inhib-
ited by (S)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA. Forms the third step in the anaerobic toluene metabolic pathway in
Thauera aromatica. Uses the ferricenium ion as the preferred articial electron acceptor. Unlike other
acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, this enzyme exhibits high substrate- and enantiomer specicity.
References: [1289]
[EC 1.3.99.21 created 2003]
EC 1.3.99.22
Accepted name: coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase
Reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protoporphyrinogen IX + 2 CO
2
+ 2 L-
methionine + 2 5
-deoxyadenosine
Other name(s): oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase; HemN; radical SAM enzyme; copropor-
phyrinogen III oxidase
Systematic name: coproporphyrinogen-III:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: This enzyme differs from EC 1.3.3.3, coproporphyrinogen oxidase, by using S-adenosyl-L-methionine
(AdoMet) instead of oxygen as oxidant. It occurs mainly in bacteria, whereas eukaryotes use the
oxygen-dependent oxidase. The reaction starts by using an electron from the reduced form of the en-
zymes [4Fe-4S] cluster to split AdoMet into methionine and the radical 5
-deoxyadenosin-5
-yl. This
radical initiates attack on the 2-carboxyethyl groups, leading to their conversion into vinyl groups.
This conversion, CH-CH
2
-COO
CH=CH
2
+ CO
2
+ e
replaces the electron initially used.

[EC 1.3.99.22 created 2004]
EC 1.3.99.23
Accepted name: all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase
Reaction: all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor = all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): retinol saturase; RetSat; (13,14)-all-trans-retinol saturase; all-trans-retinol:all-trans-13,14-
dihydroretinol saturase
Systematic name: all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol:acceptor 13,14-oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is only known to occur in the opposite direction to that given above, with the enzyme
being specic for all-trans-retinol as substrate. Neither all-trans-retinoic acid nor 9-cis, 11-cis or 13-
cis-retinol isomers are substrates. May play a role in the metabolism of vitamin A.
References: [1500]
[EC 1.3.99.23 created 2005]
EC 1.3.99.24
Accepted name: 2-amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2S)-2-amino-4-deoxychorismate + FMN = 3-(1-carboxyvinyloxy)anthranilate + FMNH
2
Other name(s): ADIC dehydrogenase; 2-amino-2-deoxyisochorismate dehydrogenase; SgcG
Systematic name: (2S)-2-amino-4-deoxychorismate:FMN oxidoreductase
Comments: The sequential action of EC 2.6.1.86, 2-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase and this enzyme leads
to the formation of the benzoxazolinate moiety of the enediyne antitumour antibiotic C-1027 [1238,
2594].
[EC 1.3.99.24 created 2008]
139
EC 1.3.99.25
Accepted name: carvone reductase
Reaction: (1) (+)-dihydrocarvone + acceptor = (-)-carvone + reduced acceptor
(2) (-)-isodihydrocarvone + acceptor = (+)-carvone + reduced acceptor
Systematic name: (+)-dihydrocarvone:acceptor 1,6-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme participates in the carveol and dihydrocarveol degradation pathway of the Gram-positive
bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14. The enzyme has not been puried, and requires an un-
known cofactor, which is different from NAD
+
, NADP
+
or a avin.
References: [2373]
[EC 1.3.99.25 created 2008]
EC 1.4 Acting on the CH-NH
2
group of donors
This subclass contains the amino-acid dehydrogenases and the amine oxidases. In most cases, the imine formed is hydrolysed to
give an oxo-group and NH
3
. This is indicated as (deaminating). Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.4.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.4.2), oxygen (EC 1.4.3), a disulde (EC 1.4.4), an iron-sulfur protein (EC 1.4.7), or some other
acceptor (EC 1.4.99).
EC 1.4.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.4.1.1
Accepted name: alanine dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-alanine + H
2
O + NAD
+
= pyruvate + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): AlaDH; L-alanine dehydrogenase; NAD-linked alanine dehydrogenase; -alanine dehydrogenase;
NAD-dependent alanine dehydrogenase; alanine oxidoreductase; NADH-dependent alanine dehydro-
genase
Systematic name: L-alanine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (deaminating)
References: [1656, 1754, 2581]
[EC 1.4.1.1 created 1961]
EC 1.4.1.2
Accepted name: glutamate dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-glutamate + H
2
O + NAD
+
= 2-oxoglutarate + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): glutamic dehydrogenase; glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD); glutamate oxidoreductase; glutamic
acid dehydrogenase; L-glutamate dehydrogenase; NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase; NAD-
dependent glutamic dehydrogenase; NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase; NAD-linked glutamate dehydro-
genase; NAD-linked glutamic dehydrogenase; NAD-specic glutamic dehydrogenase; NAD-specic
glutamate dehydrogenase; NAD:glutamate oxidoreductase; NADH-linked glutamate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-glutamate:NAD
+
References: [632, 1632, 1708, 2080]
[EC 1.4.1.2 created 1961]
EC 1.4.1.3
Accepted name: glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
]
2
O + NAD(P)
+
3
+ NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): glutamic dehydrogenase; glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)]
Systematic name: L-glutamate:NAD(P)
+
References: [1682, 2080, 2152]
140
[EC 1.4.1.3 created 1961]
EC 1.4.1.4
Accepted name: glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
2
O + NADP
+
3
+ NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): glutamic dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, glutamate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate));
glutamic acid dehydrogenase; L-glutamate dehydrogenase; L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase; NAD(P)-
glutamate dehydrogenase; NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase; glutamate dehydrogenase
(NADP)
Systematic name: L-glutamate:NADP
+
References: [408, 763, 2038, 2080]
[EC 1.4.1.4 created 1961]
EC 1.4.1.5
Accepted name: L-amino-acid dehydrogenase
Reaction: an L-amino acid + H
2
O + NAD
+
= a 2-oxo acid + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Systematic name: L-amino-acid:NAD
+
Comments: Acts on aliphatic amino acids.
References: [1633]
[EC 1.4.1.5 created 1961]
[1.4.1.6 Deleted entry. D-proline reductase. Now included with EC 1.21.4.1, D-proline reductase (dithiol)]
EC 1.4.1.7
Accepted name: serine 2-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-serine + H
2
O + NAD
+
= 3-hydroxypyruvate + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-serine:NAD oxidoreductase (deaminating); serine dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-serine:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
References: [1204]
EC 1.4.1.8
Accepted name: valine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: L-valine + H
2
O + NADP
+
= 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + NH
3
+ NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): valine dehydrogenase (nicotinanide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); valine dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: L-valine:NADP
+
References: [1059, 1060, 1061, 2384]
[EC 1.4.1.8 created 1972]
EC 1.4.1.9
Accepted name: leucine dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-leucine + H
2
O + NAD
+
= 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-leucine dehydrogenase; L-leucine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase, deaminating; LeuDH
Systematic name: L-leucine:NAD
+
Comments: Also acts on isoleucine, valine, norvaline and norleucine.
141
[EC 1.4.1.9 created 1972]
EC 1.4.1.10
Accepted name: glycine dehydrogenase
Reaction: glycine + H
2
O + NAD
+
= glyoxylate + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Systematic name: glycine:NAD
+
References: [725]
[EC 1.4.1.10 created 1972]
EC 1.4.1.11
Accepted name: L-erythro-3,5-diaminohexanoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-erythro-3,5-diaminohexanoate + H
2
O + NAD
+
= (S)-5-amino-3-oxohexanoate + NH
3
+ NADH +
H
+
Other name(s): L-3,5-diaminohexanoate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-erythro-3,5-diaminohexanoate:NAD
+
References: [118]
[EC 1.4.1.11 created 1976]
EC 1.4.1.12
Accepted name: 2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2,4-diaminopentanoate + H
2
O + NAD(P)
+
= 2-amino-4-oxopentanoate + NH
3
+ NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 2,4-diaminopentanoic acid C4 dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2,4-diaminopentanoate:NAD(P)
+
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on 2,5-diaminohexanoate forming 2-amino-5-oxohexanoate, which then cy-
clizes non-enzymically to 1-pyrroline-2-methyl-5-carboxylate.
References: [2093, 2111, 2331]
[EC 1.4.1.12 created 1976]
EC 1.4.1.13
Accepted name: glutamate synthase (NADPH)
Reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NADP
+
= L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): glutamate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) synthase; L-glutamate synthase;
L-glutamate synthetase; glutamate synthetase (NADP); NADPH-dependent glutamate synthase;
glutamine-ketoglutaric aminotransferase; NADPH-glutamate synthase; NADPH-linked glutamate
synthase; glutamine amide-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (oxidoreductase, NADP); L-glutamine:2-
oxoglutarate aminotransferase, NADPH oxidizing; glutamate synthase (NADPH)
Systematic name: L-glutamate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (transaminating)
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein. In the reverse reaction, ammonia can act instead of glutamine, but more
slowly.
[EC 1.4.1.13 created 1972 as EC 2.6.1.53, transferred 1976 to EC 1.4.1.13, modied 2001]
EC 1.4.1.14
Accepted name: glutamate synthase (NADH)
Reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD
+
= L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): glutamate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) synthase; NADH: GOGAT; L-glutamate syn-
thase (NADH); L-glutamate synthetase; NADH-glutamate synthase; NADH-dependent glutamate syn-
thase; glutamate synthase (NADH
2
)
142
Systematic name: L-glutamate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (transaminating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FMN).
References: [217]
[EC 1.4.1.14 created 1978]
EC 1.4.1.15
Accepted name: lysine dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-lysine + NAD
+
= 1,2-didehydropiperidine-2-carboxylate + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Systematic name: L-lysine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (deaminating, cyclizing)
References: [281]
[EC 1.4.1.15 created 1978]
EC 1.4.1.16
Accepted name: diaminopimelate dehydrogenase
Reaction: meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate + H
2
O + NADP
+
= L-2-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate + NH
3
+
NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): meso-,-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase; meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate:NADP
+
[EC 1.4.1.16 created 1981]
EC 1.4.1.17
Accepted name: N-methylalanine dehydrogenase
Reaction: N-methyl-L-alanine + H
2
O + NADP
+
= pyruvate + methylamine + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: N-methyl-L-alanine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (demethylating, deaminating)
References: [1307]
[EC 1.4.1.17 created 1984]
EC 1.4.1.18
Accepted name: lysine 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1a) L-lysine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NADH + H
+
+ NH
3
(1b) (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H
2
O (spontaneous)
Other name(s): L-lysine -dehydrogenase; L-lysine 6-dehydrogenase; LysDH
Systematic name: L-lysine:NAD
+
6-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: The enzyme is highly specic for L-lysine as substrate, although (S)-(-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine can
act as a substrate, but more slowly. While the enzyme from Agrobacterium tumefaciens can use only
NAD
+
, that from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus can also use NADP
+
,
but more slowly [1477, 877].
References: [1477, 1480, 1476, 877]
EC 1.4.1.19
Accepted name: tryptophan dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-tryptophan + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + NH
3
+ NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): NAD(P)
+
-L-tryptophan dehydrogenase; L-tryptophan dehydrogenase; L-Trp-dehydrogenase; TDH
Systematic name: L-tryptophan:NAD(P)
+
Comments: Activated by Ca
2+
.
References: [2363]
143
[EC 1.4.1.19 created 1989]
EC 1.4.1.20
Accepted name: phenylalanine dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-phenylalanine + H
2
O + NAD
+
= phenylpyruvate + NH
3
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase; PHD
Systematic name: L-phenylalanine:NAD
+
Comments: The enzymes from Bacillus badius and Sporosarcina ureae are highly specic for L-phenylalanine;
that from Bacillus sphaericus also acts on L-tyrosine.
[EC 1.4.1.20 created 1989]
EC 1.4.1.21
Accepted name: aspartate dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-aspartate + H
2
O + NAD(P)
+
= oxaloacetate + NH
3
+ NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): NAD-dependent aspartate dehydrogenase; NADH
2
-dependent aspartate dehydrogenase; NADP
+
-
dependent aspartate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-aspartate:NAD(P)
+
Comments: The enzyme is strictly specic for L-aspartate as substrate. Catalyses the rst step in NAD biosynthe-
sis from aspartate. The enzyme has a higher afnity for NAD
+
than NADP
+
[2565].
References: [2565, 1671, 1205]
[EC 1.4.1.21 created 2005]
[1.4.1.22 Deleted entry. ornithine cyclodeaminase. It was pointed out during the public-review process that there is no
overall consumption of NAD
+
during the reaction. As a result, transfer of the enzyme from EC 4.3.1.12 was not necessary and
EC 1.4.1.22 was withdrawn before being made ofcial]
EC 1.4.2.1
Accepted name: glycine dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: glycine + H
2
O + 2 ferricytochrome c = glyoxylate + NH
3
+ 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H
+
Other name(s): glycinecytochrome c reductase
Systematic name: glycine:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase (deaminating)
References: [1931]
[EC 1.4.2.1 created 1976]
EC 1.4.3.1
Accepted name: D-aspartate oxidase
Reaction: D-aspartate + H
2
O + O
2
= oxaloacetate + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): aspartic oxidase; D-aspartic oxidase
Systematic name: D-aspartate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
References: [502, 2136, 2137]
144
[EC 1.4.3.1 created 1961]
EC 1.4.3.2
Accepted name: L-amino-acid oxidase
Reaction: an L-amino acid + H
2
O + O
2
= a 2-oxo acid + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): ophio-amino-acid oxidase
Systematic name: L-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
[EC 1.4.3.2 created 1961]
EC 1.4.3.3
Accepted name: D-amino-acid oxidase
Reaction: a D-amino acid + H
2
O + O
2
= a 2-oxo acid + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): ophio-amino-acid oxidase; L-amino acid:O
2
oxidoreductase; new yellow enzyme
Systematic name: D-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Wide specicity for D-amino acids. Also acts on glycine.
References: [503, 505, 504, 1422, 1455]
[EC 1.4.3.3 created 1961]
EC 1.4.3.4
Accepted name: monoamine oxidase
Reaction: RCH
2
NHR
+ H
2
O + O
2
= RCHO + R
NH
2
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): adrenalin oxidase; adrenaline oxidase; amine oxidase (ambiguous); amine oxidase (avin-containing);
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (avin-containing); epinephrine oxidase; MAO; MAO
A; MAO B; MAO-A; MAO-B; monoamine oxidase A; monoamine oxidase B; monoamine:O
2
oxi-
doreductase (deaminating); polyamine oxidase (ambiguous); serotonin deaminase; spermidine oxi-
dase (ambiguous); spermine oxidase (ambiguous); tyraminase; tyramine oxidase
Systematic name: amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A mitochondrial outer-membrane avoprotein (FAD) that catalyses the oxidative deamination of
neurotransmitters and biogenic amines [551]. Acts on primary amines, and also on some secondary
and tertiary amines. It differs from EC 1.4.3.21, primary-amine oxidase as it can oxidize secondary
and tertiary amines but not methylamine. This enzyme is inhibited by acetylenic compounds such as
chlorgyline, 1-deprenyl and pargyline but, unlike EC 1.4.3.21 and EC 1.4.3.22 (diamine oxidase), it is
not inhibited by semicarbazide.
References: [207, 516, 551, 2037, 2300, 384, 2589, 2588]
[EC 1.4.3.4 created 1961, modied 1983 (EC 1.4.3.9 created 1972, incorporated 1984), modied 2008]
EC 1.4.3.5
Accepted name: pyridoxal 5
-phosphate synthase
Reaction: (1) pyridoxamine 5
-phosphate + H
2
O + O
2
= pyridoxal 5
-phosphate + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
(2) pyridoxine 5
-phosphate + O
2
= pyridoxal 5
-phosphate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): pyridoxamine 5
-phosphate oxidase; pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase; pyridoxine (pyridoxam-

ine)phosphate oxidase; pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) 5
-phosphate oxidase; pyridoxaminephosphate

oxidase (EC 1.4.3.5: deaminating); PMP oxidase; pyridoxol-5
-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase
(deaminating) (incorrect); pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase; PdxH
Systematic name: pyridoxamine-5
-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

145
Comments: A avoprotein (FMN). In Escherichia coli, the coenzyme pyridoxal 5
-phosphate is synthesized de
novo by a pathway that involves EC 1.2.1.72 (erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase), EC 1.1.1.290
(4-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase), EC 2.6.1.52 (phosphoserine transaminase), EC 1.1.1.262 (4-
hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase), EC 2.6.99.2 (pyridoxine 5
-phosphate synthase) and

EC 1.4.3.5 (with pyridoxine 5
-phosphate as substrate). N
4
-Substituted pyridoxamine derivatives are
also oxidized in reaction (1) to form pyridoxal 5
-phosphate and the corresponding primary amine.

References: [362, 2412, 1641, 1229, 1550, 1914, 2614]
[1.4.3.6 Deleted entry. amine oxidase (copper-containing). This was classied on the basis of cofactor content rather than
reaction catalysed and is now known to contain two distinct enzyme activities. It has been replaced by two enzymes, EC 1.4.3.21
(primary-amine oxidase) and EC 1.4.3.22 (diamine oxidase)]
EC 1.4.3.7
Accepted name: D-glutamate oxidase
Reaction: D-glutamate + H
2
O + O
2
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): D-glutamic oxidase; D-glutamic acid oxidase
Systematic name: D-glutamate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
[EC 1.4.3.7 created 1972]
EC 1.4.3.8
Accepted name: ethanolamine oxidase
Reaction: ethanolamine + H
2
O + O
2
= glycolaldehyde + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Systematic name: ethanolamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A cobamide-protein.
References: [1586]
[EC 1.4.3.8 created 1972]
[1.4.3.9 Deleted entry. tyramine oxidase. Now included with EC 1.4.3.4 amine oxidase (avin-containing)]
EC 1.4.3.10
Accepted name: putrescine oxidase
Reaction: putrescine + O
2
+ H
2
O = 4-aminobutanal + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Systematic name: putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). 4-Aminobutanal condenses non-enzymically to 1-pyrroline.
[EC 1.4.3.10 created 1976]
EC 1.4.3.11
Accepted name: L-glutamate oxidase
Reaction: L-glutamate + O
2
+ H
2
O = 2-oxoglutarate + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): glutamate (acceptor) dehydrogenase; glutamate oxidase; glutamic acid oxidase; glutamic dehydroge-
nase (acceptor); L-glutamic acid oxidase
Systematic name: L-glutamate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD).The enzyme from Azotobacter previously listed under this number, which did
not produce H
2
O
2
, was a crude cell-free extract that probably contained catalase.
146
References: [1221]
EC 1.4.3.12
Accepted name: cyclohexylamine oxidase
Reaction: cyclohexylamine + O
2
+ H
2
O = cyclohexanone + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Systematic name: cyclohexylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Some other cyclic amines can act instead of cyclohexylamine, but not simple
aliphatic and aromatic amides.
References: [2306]
[EC 1.4.3.12 created 1978]
EC 1.4.3.13
Accepted name: protein-lysine 6-oxidase
Reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + O
2
+ H
2
O = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): lysyl oxidase
Systematic name: protein-L-lysine:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: Also acts on protein 5-hydroxylysine. This enzyme catalyses the nal known enzymic step required
for collagen and elastin cross-linking in the biosynthesis of normal mature extracellular matrices
[1711]. These reactions play an important role for the development, elasticity and extensibility of
connective tissue. The enzyme is also active on free amines, such as cadaverine or benzylamine
[1711, 1058].
References: [825, 1827, 2121, 1711, 1058]
EC 1.4.3.14
Accepted name: L-lysine oxidase
Reaction: L-lysine + O
2
+ H
2
O = 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): L-lysine -oxidase; L-lysyl--oxidase
Systematic name: L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-arginine and L-histidine.
[EC 1.4.3.14 created 1981]
EC 1.4.3.15
Accepted name: D-glutamate(D-aspartate) oxidase
Reaction: D-glutamate + H
2
O + O
2
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): D-glutamic-aspartic oxidase; D-monoaminodicarboxylic acid oxidase
Systematic name: D-glutamate(D-aspartate):oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). D-Glutamate and D-aspartate are oxidized at the same rate. Other D-
monoaminodicarboxylates, and other D- and L-amino acids, are not oxidized.
References: [1494]
[EC 1.4.3.15 created 1983]
EC 1.4.3.16
Accepted name: L-aspartate oxidase
Reaction: L-aspartate + O
2
= iminosuccinate + H
2
O
2
147
Other name(s): NadB; Laspo; AO
Systematic name: L-aspartate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). L-Aspartate oxidase catalyses the rst step in the de novo biosynthesis of
NAD
+
in some bacteria. O
2
can be replaced by fumarate as electron acceptor, yielding succinate
[232]. The ability of the enzyme to use both O
2
and fumarate in cofactor reoxidation enables it to
function under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions [232]. Iminosuccinate can either be hydrolysed
to form oxaloacetate and NH
3
or can be used by EC 2.5.1.72, quinolinate synthase, in the production
of quinolinate. The enzyme is a member of the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate-reductase family of
enzymes [232].
References: [1593, 1526, 2265, 1439, 232, 1081]
[1.4.3.17 Transferred entry. tryptophan ,-oxidase. Now EC 1.3.3.10, tryptophan ,-oxidase. Enzyme was incorrectly
classied as acting on a CH-NH bond rather than a CH-CH bond]
[1.4.3.18 Deleted entry. cytokinin oxidase. Not approved as the enzyme was shown to be a dehydrogenase and not an oxidase
(see EC 1.5.99.12, cytokinin dehydrogenase)]
[EC 1.4.3.18 proposed 2000]
EC 1.4.3.19
Accepted name: glycine oxidase
Reaction: (1) glycine + H
2
O + O
2
= glyoxylate + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
(2) D-alanine + H
2
O + O
2
= pyruvate + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
(3) sarcosine + H
2
O + O
2
= glyoxylate + methylamine + H
2
O
2
(4) N-ethylglycine + H
2
O + O
2
= glyoxylate + ethylamine + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A avoenzyme containing non-covalently bound FAD. The enzyme from Bacillus subtilis is active
with glycine, sarcosine, N-ethylglycine, D-alanine, D--aminobutyrate, D-proline, D-pipecolate and
N-methyl-D-alanine. It differs from EC 1.4.3.3, D-amino-acid oxidase, due to its activity on sarcosine
and D-pipecolate.
[EC 1.4.3.19 created 2002]
EC 1.4.3.20
Accepted name: L-lysine 6-oxidase
2
+ H
2
O = 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + H
2
O
2
+ NH
3
Other name(s): L-lysine--oxidase; Lod; LodA; marinocine
Systematic name: L-lysine:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: Differs from EC 1.4.3.13, protein-lysine 6-oxidase, by using free L-lysine rather than the protein-
bound form. N
2
-Acetyl-L-lysine is also a substrate, but N
6
-acetyl-L-lysine, which has an acetyl group
at position 6, is not a substrate. Also acts on L-ornithine, D-lysine and 4-hydroxy-L-lysine, but more
slowly. The amines cadaverine and putrescine are not substrates [726].
[EC 1.4.3.20 created 2006]
EC 1.4.3.21
Accepted name: primary-amine oxidase
Reaction: RCH
2
NH
2
+ H
2
O + O
2
= RCHO + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
148
Other name(s): amine oxidase (ambiguous); amine oxidase (copper-containing); amine oxidase (pyridoxal contain-
ing) (incorrect); benzylamine oxidase (incorrect); CAO (ambiguous); copper amine oxidase (ambigu-
ous); Cu-amine oxidase (ambiguous); Cu-containing amine oxidase (ambiguous); diamine oxidase
(incorrect); diamino oxhydrase (incorrect); histamine deaminase (ambiguous); histamine oxidase (am-
biguous); monoamine oxidase (ambiguous); plasma monoamine oxidase (ambiguous); polyamine
oxidase (ambiguous); semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (ambiguous); SSAO (ambiguous)
Systematic name: primary-amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A group of enzymes that oxidize primary monoamines but have little or no activity towards diamines,
such as histamine, or towards secondary and tertiary amines. They are copper quinoproteins (2,4,5-
trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone) and, unlike EC 1.4.3.4, monoamine oxidase, are sensitive to inhibi-
tion by carbonyl-group reagents, such as semicarbazide. In some mammalian tissues the enzyme also
functions as a vascular-adhesion protein (VAP-1).
References: [855, 2299, 1353, 2487, 1273, 936, 57, 1947, 1698, 25]
[EC 1.4.3.21 created 2007 (EC 1.4.3.6 created 1961, part-incorporated 2008)]
EC 1.4.3.22
Accepted name: diamine oxidase
Reaction: histamine + H
2
O + O
2
= (imidazol-4-yl)acetaldehyde + NH
3
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): amine oxidase (ambiguous); amine oxidase (copper-containing) (ambiguous); CAO (ambiguous);
Cu-containing amine oxidase (ambiguous); copper amine oxidase (ambiguous); diamine oxidase
(ambiguous); diamino oxhydrase (ambiguous); histaminase; histamine deaminase (incorrect);
semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (incorrect); SSAO (incorrect)
Systematic name: histamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A group of enzymes that oxidize diamines, such as histamine, and also some primary monoamines
but have little or no activity towards secondary and tertiary amines. They are copper quinoproteins
(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone) and, like EC 1.4.3.21 (primary-amine oxidase) but unlike
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase), they are sensitive to inhibition by carbonyl-group reagents, such as
semicarbazide.
References: [2610, 416, 339, 936, 567]
[EC 1.4.3.22 created 2007 (EC 1.4.3.6 created 1961, part-incorporated 2008)]
EC 1.4.3.23
Accepted name: 7-chloro-L-tryptophan oxidase
Reaction: 7-chloro-L-tryptophan + O
2
= 2-imino-3-(7-chloroindol-3-yl)propanoate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): RebO
Systematic name: 7-chloro-L-tryptophan:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains a noncovalently bound FAD [1631, 937]. This enzyme catalyses a step in the biosynthesis
of rebeccamycin, an indolocarbazole alkaloid produced by the Actinobacterium Lechevalieria aero-
colonigenes. During catalysis, the bound FAD is reoxidized at the expense of molecular oxygen, pro-
ducing one molecule of hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme shows signicant preference for 7-chloro-L-
tryptophan over L-tryptophan [1631].
[EC 1.4.3.23 created 2010]
[1.4.4.1 Transferred entry. D-proline reductase (dithiol). Now EC 1.21.4.1, D-proline reductase (dithiol)]
[EC 1.4.4.1 created 1972, modied 1982 (EC 1.4.1.6 created 1961, incorporated 1982), deleted 2003]
EC 1.4.4.2
149
Accepted name: glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Reaction: glycine + H-protein-lipoyllysine = H-protein-S-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO
2
Other name(s): P-protein; glycine decarboxylase; glycine-cleavage complex; glycine:lipoylprotein oxidoreductase
(decarboxylating and acceptor-aminomethylating); protein P1
Systematic name: glycine:H-protein-lipoyllysine oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-amino-methylating)
Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein. A component, with EC 2.1.2.10, aminomethyltransferase and EC
1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenanse, of the glycine cleavage system, previously known as glycine
synthase. The glycine cleavage system is composed of four components that only loosely associate:
the P protein (EC 1.4.4.2), the T protein (EC 2.1.2.10), the L protein (EC 1.8.1.4) and the lipoyl-
bearing H protein [1608].
References: [891, 1741, 1608]
EC 1.4.5 With a quinone or other compound as acceptor
EC 1.4.5.1
Accepted name: D-amino acid dehydrogenase (quinone)
2
O + a quinone = a 2-oxo acid + NH
3
+ a quinol
Other name(s): DadA
Systematic name: D-amino acid:quinone oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein (FAD). This enzyme may be the same as EC 1.4.99.1.
[EC 1.4.5.1 created 2010]
EC 1.4.7.1
Accepted name: glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: 2 L-glutamate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H
+
Other name(s): ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase; ferredoxin-glutamate synthase; glutamate synthase
(ferredoxin-dependent)
Systematic name: L-glutamate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (transaminating)
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein.
[EC 1.4.7.1 created 1976]
EC 1.4.99.1
Accepted name: D-amino-acid dehydrogenase
2
O + acceptor = a 2-oxo acid + NH
3
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): D-amino-acid:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Systematic name: D-amino-acid:acceptor oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Acts to some extent on all D-amino acids, except D-aspartate and D-glutamate.
References: [2334]
[EC 1.4.99.1 created 1972]
150
EC 1.4.99.2
Accepted name: taurine dehydrogenase
Reaction: taurine + H
2
O + acceptor = 2-sulfoacetaldehyde + NH
3
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): taurine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Systematic name: taurine:acceptor oxidoreductase (deaminating)
References: [1182]
[EC 1.4.99.2 created 1976]
EC 1.4.99.3
Accepted name: amine dehydrogenase
Reaction: RCH
2
NH
2
+ H
2
O + acceptor = RCHO + NH
3
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): methylamine dehydrogenase; primary-amine dehydrogenase; amine: (acceptor) oxidoreductase
(deaminating); primary-amine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Systematic name: primary-amine:acceptor oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: A quinoprotein.
References: [155, 540, 541]
EC 1.4.99.4
Accepted name: aralkylamine dehydrogenase
Reaction: RCH
2
NH
2
+ H
2
O + acceptor = RCHO + NH
3
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): aromatic amine dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, arylamine; tyramine dehydrogenase; aromatic amine
dehydrogenase; aralkylamine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Systematic name: aralkylamine:acceptor oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: Phenazine methosulfate can act as acceptor. Acts on aromatic amines and, more slowly, on some
long-chain aliphatic amines, but not on methylamine or ethylamine (cf. EC 1.4.99.3 amine dehydroge-
nase).
References: [999]
[EC 1.4.99.4 created 1986]
EC 1.4.99.5
Accepted name: glycine dehydrogenase (cyanide-forming)
Reaction: glycine + 2 A = hydrogen cyanide + CO
2
+ 2 AH
2
Other name(s): hydrogen cyanide synthase; HCN synthase
Systematic name: glycine:acceptor oxidoreductase (hydrogen-cyanide-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Pseudomonas sp. contains FAD. The enzyme is membrane-bound, and the 2-
electron acceptor is a component of the respiratory chain. The enzyme can act with various articial
electron acceptors, including phenazine methosulfate.
References: [2500, 320, 1258, 211]
[EC 1.4.99.5 created 2002]
EC 1.5 Acting on the CH-NH group of donors
This subclass contains enzymes that dehydrogenate secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction.
In some cases, this is later hydrolysed. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.5.1), oxygen (EC
1.5.3), a disulde (EC 1.5.4), a quinone or similar compound (EC 1.5.5), an iron-sulfur protein (EC 1.5.7), a avin (EC 1.5.8),
or some other acceptor (EC 1.5.99).
151
EC 1.5.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.5.1.1
Accepted name: pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase
Reaction: L-proline + NAD(P)
+
= 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s):
1
-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase
Systematic name: L-proline:NAD(P)
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate to L-proline and also 1,2-didehydropiperidine-2-carboxylate to
L-pipecolate.
References: [1454]
[EC 1.5.1.1 created 1961]
EC 1.5.1.2
Accepted name: pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
Reaction: L-proline + NAD(P)
+
= 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): proline oxidase; L-proline oxidase; 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase; NADPH-L-
1
-pyrroline car-
boxylic acid reductase; L-proline-NAD(P)
+
5-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-proline:NAD(P)
+
5-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also reduces 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate to L-hydroxyproline.
References: [16, 1454, 2082, 2598]
[EC 1.5.1.2 created 1961]
EC 1.5.1.3
Accepted name: dihydrofolate reductase
Reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP
+
= 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; DHFR; pteridine reductase:dihydrofolate reductase; dihydrofolate
reductase:thymidylate synthase; thymidylate synthetase-dihydrofolate reductase; folic acid reduc-
tase; folic reductase; dihydrofolic acid reductase; dihydrofolic reductase; 7,8-dihydrofolate reductase;
NADPH-dihydrofolate reductase
Systematic name: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from animals and some micro-organisms also slowly reduces folate to 5,6,7,8-
tetrahydrofolate.
References: [203, 218, 1086, 2590]
[1.5.1.4 Deleted entry. dihydrofolate dehydrogenase. Now included with EC 1.5.1.3 dihydrofolate reductase]
EC 1.5.1.5
Accepted name: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP
+
= 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): N
5
,N
10
-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP oxidore-
ductase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase;
methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: In eukaryotes, occurs as a trifunctional enzyme also having methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase
(EC 3.5.4.9) and formatetetrahydrofolate ligase (EC 6.3.4.3) activity. In some prokaryotes occurs
as a bifunctional enzyme also having methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity (EC 3.5.4.9).
References: [839, 1693, 1813, 2573]
152
[EC 1.5.1.5 created 1961]
EC 1.5.1.6
Accepted name: formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = tetrahydrofolate + CO
2
+ NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate:NADP oxidoreductase; 10-formyl-H
2
PtGlu:NADP oxidoreduc-
tase ; 10-formyl-H
4
folate dehydrogenase; N
10
-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase ; 10-
formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1224]
[EC 1.5.1.6 created 1972]
EC 1.5.1.7
Accepted name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD
+
, L-lysine-forming)
Reaction: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase; dehydrogenase, saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,
lysine forming); -N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine forming); N
6
-(glutar-2-
yl)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming); 6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)
Systematic name: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD
+
[EC 1.5.1.7 created 1972]
EC 1.5.1.8
Accepted name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
, L-lysine-forming)
Reaction: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase; lysine-ketoglutarate reductase; L-lysine--ketoglutarate reduc-
tase; lysine:-ketoglutarate:TPNH oxidoreductase (-N-[gultaryl-2]-L-lysine forming); saccha-
ropine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, lysine-forming) dehydrogenase; 6-N-(L-1,3-
dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP
+
Systematic name: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP
+
[EC 1.5.1.8 created 1972]
EC 1.5.1.9
Accepted name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD
+
, L-glutamate-forming)
Reaction: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = L-glutamate + 2-aminoadipate 6-
semialdehyde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): dehydrogenase, saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, glutamate-forming); saccharopin
dehydrogenase; NAD
+
oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipic--semialdehyde and glutamate forming);
aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase; saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD
+
, L-glutamate-forming);
6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
Systematic name: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD
+
Comments: The activities of this enzyme along with EC 1.5.1.8, saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
, L-lysine-
forming), occur on a single protein.
[EC 1.5.1.9 created 1972]
153
EC 1.5.1.10
Accepted name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
, L-glutamate-forming)
Reaction: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = L-glutamate + L-2-aminoadipate 6-
semialdehyde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, glutamate-forming) dehydroge-
nase; aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamic reductase; aminoadipate semialdehyde-glutamate re-
ductase; aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase; -N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD
+
(P)
oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipate-semialdehyde forming); saccharopine reductase; 6-N-(L-1,3-
dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP
+
Systematic name: N
6
-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP
+
References: [1040]
[EC 1.5.1.10 created 1972]
EC 1.5.1.11
Accepted name: D-octopine dehydrogenase
Reaction: N
2
-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = L-arginine + pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): D-octopine synthase; octopine dehydrogenase; octopine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; ODH; 2-N-(D-1-
carboxyethyl)-L-arginine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (L-arginine-forming)
Systematic name: N
2
-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine:NAD
+
Comments: In the reverse direction, acts also on L-ornithine, L-lysine and L-histidine.
[EC 1.5.1.11 created 1972]
EC 1.5.1.12
Accepted name: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NAD(P)
+
+ 2 H
2
O = L-glutamate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s):
1
-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase; 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase; pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehy-
drogenase; pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase; L-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-NAD
+
oxidoreduc-
tase; 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase;
1
-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme can oxidize a number of 1-pyrrolines, e.g. 3-hydroxy-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is con-
verted into 4-hydroxyglutamate and (R)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is converted into D-glutamate.
While NAD
+
appears to be the better electron acceptor, NADP
+
can also act, but more slowly
[17, 614]. In many organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals, proline is oxidized to glutamate
in a two-step process involving this enzyme and EC 1.5.99.8, proline dehydrogenase [614]. In many
bacterial species, both activities are carried out by a single bifunctional enzyme [614, 259].
References: [17, 2153, 614, 259, 972]
[1.5.1.13 Transferred entry. nicotinate dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.17.1.5, nicotinate dehydrogenase. The enzyme was incor-
rectly classied as acting on a CH-NH group]
[1.5.1.14 Deleted entry. 1,2-didehydropipecolate reductase. Now included with EC 1.5.1.21
1
-piperideine-2-carboxylate
reductase]
EC 1.5.1.15
Accepted name: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD
+
= 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADH + H
+
154
Other name(s): methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
)
Systematic name: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1509]
[EC 1.5.1.15 created 1978]
EC 1.5.1.16
Accepted name: D-lysopine dehydrogenase
Reaction: N
2
-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = L-lysine + pyruvate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): D-lysopine synthase; lysopine dehydrogenase; D(+)-lysopine dehydrogenase; 2-N-(D-1-
carboxyethyl)-L-lysine:NADP
+
Systematic name: N
2
-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine:NADP
+
Comments: In the reverse reaction, a number of L-amino acids can act instead of L-lysine, and 2-oxobutanoate
and, to a lesser extent, glyoxylate can act instead of pyruvate.
References: [1703]
[EC 1.5.1.16 created 1978]
EC 1.5.1.17
Accepted name: alanopine dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2,2
-iminodipropanoate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = L-alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): ALPDH ; alanopine[meso-N-(1-carboxyethyl)-alanine]dehydrogenase; meso-N-(1-carboxyethyl)-
alanine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; alanopine: NAD oxidoreductase; ADH; alanopine:NAD oxidoreduc-
tase
Systematic name: 2,2
-iminodipropanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (L-alanine-forming)
Comments: In the reverse reaction, L-alanine can be replaced by L-cysteine, L-serine or L-threonine; glycine acts
very slowly (cf. EC 1.5.1.22 strombine dehydrogenase).
References: [443, 602, 603]
EC 1.5.1.18
Accepted name: ephedrine dehydrogenase
Reaction: (-)-ephedrine + NAD
+
= (R)-2-methylimino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: (-)-ephedrine:NAD
+
2-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product immediately hydrolyses to methylamine and 1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-one. Acts on a
number of related compounds including (-)-sympatol, (+)-pseudoephedrine and (+)-norephedrine.
References: [1140]
[EC 1.5.1.18 created 1984]
EC 1.5.1.19
Accepted name: D-nopaline dehydrogenase
Reaction: N
2
-(D-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-arginine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = L-arginine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH +
H
+
Other name(s): D-nopaline synthase; nopaline dehydrogenase; nopaline synthase; NOS; 2-N-(D-1,3-
dicarboxypropyl)-L-arginine:NADP
+
Systematic name: N
2
-(D-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-arginine:NADP
+
Comments: In the reverse direction, forms D-nopaline from L-arginine and D-ornaline from L-ornithine.
References: [1113]
[EC 1.5.1.19 created 1984]
155
EC 1.5.1.20
Accepted name: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H]
Reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)
+
= 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): methylenetetrahydrofolate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase;
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH); 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid re-
ductase; 5,10-CH
2
H
4 f
olate reductase; methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH
2
);
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NAD
+
oxi-
doreductase; methylenetetrahydrofolate (reduced riboavin adenine dinucleotide) reduc-
tase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase;
N
5
,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydropteroylglutamate
reductase; N
5,
N
10
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; methylenetetrahydrofolic
acid reductase; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (incorrect); 5,10-
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH
2
); MetF; methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH);
5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Menadione can also serve as an electron acceptor.
References: [451, 1225, 2031, 776]
[EC 1.5.1.20 created 1978 as EC 1.1.1.171, transferred 1984 to EC 1.5.1.20 (EC 1.7.99.5 incorporated 2005), modied 2005]
EC 1.5.1.21
Accepted name:
1
-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase
Reaction: L-pipecolate + NADP
+
=
1
-piperideine-2-carboxylate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 1,2-didehydropipecolate reductase; P2C reductase; 1,2-didehydropipecolic reductase
Systematic name: L-pipecolate:NADP
+
2-oxidoreductase
References: [1735]
EC 1.5.1.22
Accepted name: strombine dehydrogenase
Reaction: N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = glycine + pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): strombine[N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine]dehydrogenase; N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine: NAD
+
oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (glycine-forming)
Comments: Also catalyses the reaction of EC 1.5.1.17 alanopine dehydrogenase, but more slowly. Does not act on
L-strombine.
References: [443]
[EC 1.5.1.22 created 1986]
EC 1.5.1.23
Accepted name: tauropine dehydrogenase
Reaction: tauropine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = taurine + pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): 2-N-(D-1-carboxyethyl)taurine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (taurine-forming)
Systematic name: N
2
-(D-1-carboxyethyl)taurine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (taurine-forming)
Comments: In the reverse reaction, alanine can act instead of taurine, but more slowly, and 2-oxobutanoate and
2-oxopentanoate can act instead of pyruvate.
References: [668]
[EC 1.5.1.23 created 1989]
EC 1.5.1.24
156
Accepted name: N
5
-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase
Reaction: N
5
-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = L-ornithine + pyruvate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 5-N-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (L-ornithine-forming)
Systematic name: N
5
-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (L-ornithine-forming)
Comments: In the reverse direction, L-lysine can act instead of L-ornithine, but more slowly. Acts on the amino
group. cf. EC 1.5.1.16, D-lysopine dehydrogenase.
References: [2287]
[EC 1.5.1.24 created 1990]
EC 1.5.1.25
Accepted name: thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase
Reaction: thiomorpholine 3-carboxylate + NAD(P)
+
= 3,4-dehydro-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate + NAD(P)H
+ H
+
Other name(s): ketimine reductase; ketimine-reducing enzyme
Systematic name: thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate:NAD(P)
+
5,6-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product is the cyclic imine of the 2-oxoacid corresponding to S-(2-aminoethyl)cysteine. In the
reverse direction, a number of other cyclic unsaturated compounds can act as substrates, but more
slowly.
References: [1583]
[EC 1.5.1.25 created 1990]
EC 1.5.1.26
Accepted name: -alanopine dehydrogenase
Reaction: -alanopine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = -alanine + pyruvate + NADH + H
+
Systematic name: N-(D-1-carboxyethyl)--alanine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (-alanine-forming)
References: [1938]
[EC 1.5.1.26 created 1990]
EC 1.5.1.27
Accepted name: 1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: (R)-reticuline + NADP
+
= 1,2-dehydroreticulinium + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): 1,2-dehydroreticulinium ion reductase
Systematic name: (R)-reticuline:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces the 1,2-dehydroreticulinium ion to (R)-reticuline, which is a direct precursor of morphinan
alkaloids in the poppy plant. The enzyme does not catalyse the reverse reaction to any signicant ex-
tent under physiological conditions.
References: [460]
EC 1.5.1.28
Accepted name: opine dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2S)-2-[1-(R)-carboxyethyl]aminopentanoate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = L-2-aminopentanoic acid + pyruvate
+ NADH + H
+
Other name(s): (2S)-2-[1-(R)-carboxyethyl]aminopentanoate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
, L-aminopentanoate-forming)
Systematic name: (2S)-2-[1-(R)-carboxyethyl]aminopentanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (L-aminopentanoate-forming)
157
Comments: In the forward direction, the enzyme from Arthrobacter sp. acts also on secondary amine dicarboxy-
lates such as N-(1-carboxyethyl)methionine and N-(1-carboxyethyl)phenylalanine. Dehydrogena-
tion forms an imine, which dissociates to the amino acid and pyruvate. In the reverse direction, the
enzyme acts also on neutral amino acids as an amino donor. They include L-amino acids such as 2-
aminopentanoic acid, 2-aminobutyric acid, 2-aminohexanoic acid, 3-chloroalanine, O-acetylserine,
methionine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine and alanine. The amino acceptors include 2-
oxoacids such as pyruvate, oxaloacetate, glyoxylate and 2-oxobutyrate.
References: [84, 439, 1080]
[EC 1.5.1.28 created 1999]
EC 1.5.1.29
Accepted name: FMN reductase
Reaction: FMNH
2
+ NAD(P)
+
= FMN + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): NAD(P)H-FMN reductase; NAD(P)H-dependent FMN reductase; NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase;
NAD(P)H:avin oxidoreductase; NAD(P)H
2
dehydrogenase (FMN); NAD(P)H
2
:FMN oxidore-
ductase; SsuE ; riboavin mononucleotide reductase; avine mononucleotide reductase; riboavin
mononucleotide (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)) reductase; avin mononu-
cleotide reductase; riboavine mononucleotide reductase
Systematic name: FMNH
2
:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from luminescent bacteria and the SsuE enzyme from Escherichia coli also reduce ri-
boavin and FAD, but more slowly. In E. coli, this enzyme, in conjunction with EC 1.14.14.5, alkane-
sulfonate monooxygenase, forms a two-component alkanesulfonate monooxygenase, which allows for
utilization of alkanesulfonates as sulfur sources under conditions of sulfate and cysteine starvation.
References: [529, 607, 2336, 1325, 1280, 2245, 973, 557]
EC 1.5.1.30
Accepted name: avin reductase
Reaction: reduced riboavin + NADP
+
= riboavin + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADPH:avin oxidoreductase; riboavin mononucleotide (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinu-
cleotide phosphate) reductase; avin mononucleotide reductase; avine mononucleotide reductase;
FMN reductase (NADPH); NADPH-dependent FMN reductase; NADPH-avin reductase; NADPH-
FMN reductase; NADPH-specic FMN reductase; riboavin mononucleotide reductase; riboavine
mononucleotide reductase; NADPH
2
dehydrogenase (avin); NADPH
2
:riboavin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: reduced-riboavin:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Entamoeba histolytica reduces riboavin and galactoavin, and, more slowly, FMN
and FAD. NADH is oxidized more slowly than NADPH.
EC 1.5.1.31
Accepted name: berberine reductase
Reaction: (R)-canadine + 2 NADP
+
= berberine + 2 NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): (R)-canadine synthase
Systematic name: (R)-tetrahydroberberine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in Corydalis cava to give (R)-canadine with the opposite congu-
ration to the precursor of berberine (see EC 1.3.3.8 tetrahydroberberine oxidase). Also acts on 7,8-
dihydroberberine.
References: [143]
[EC 1.5.1.31 created 2002]
158
EC 1.5.1.32
Accepted name: vomilenine reductase
Reaction: 1,2-dihydrovomilenine + NADP
+
= vomilenine + NADPH + H
+
Systematic name: 1,2-dihydrovomilenine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Forms part of the ajmaline biosynthesis pathway.
References: [2405]
[EC 1.5.1.32 created 2002]
EC 1.5.1.33
Accepted name: pteridine reductase
Reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + 2 NADP
+
= biopterin + 2 NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): PTR1; pteridine reductase 1
Systematic name: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Leishmania (both amastigote and promastigote forms) catalyses the reduction by
NADPH of folate and a wide variety of unconjugated pterins, including biopterin, to their tetrahy-
dro forms. It also catalyses the reduction of 7,8-dihydropterins and 7,8-dihydrofolate to their tetrahy-
dro forms. In contrast to EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) and EC 1.5.1.34 (6,7-dihydropteridine
reductase), pteridine reductase will not catalyse the reduction of the quinonoid form of dihydro-
biopterin. The enzyme is specic for NADPH; no activity has been detected with NADH. It also dif-
fers from EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) in being specic for the B side of NADPH.
References: [1584, 742, 609]
[EC 1.5.1.33 created 1999 as EC 1.1.1.253, transfered 2003 to EC 1.5.1.33]
EC 1.5.1.34
Accepted name: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase
Reaction: a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine + NAD(P)
+
= a 6,7-dihydropteridine + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): 6,7-dihydropteridine:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase; DHPR; NAD(P)H:6,7-dihydropteridine oxidoreduc-
tase; NADH-dihydropteridine reductase; NADPH-dihydropteridine reductase; NADPH-specic dihy-
dropteridine reductase; dihydropteridine (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) reductase; dihy-
dropteridine reductase; dihydropteridine reductase (NADH); 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine:NAD(P)H
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The substrate is the quinonoid form of dihydropteridine. Not identical with EC 1.5.1.3 dihydrofolate
reductase.
References: [820, 829, 1089, 1309, 1573]
[EC 1.5.1.34 created 1972 as EC 1.6.99.7, modied 1981 (EC 1.6.99.10 created 1978, incorporated 1981), transferred 2003 to EC 1.5.1.34]
[1.5.1.35 Deleted entry. 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase. The enzyme is identical to EC 1.2.1.19, aminobutyraldehyde dehydro-
genase, as the substrates 1-pyrroline and 4-aminobutanal are interconvertible]
EC 1.5.3.1
Accepted name: sarcosine oxidase
Reaction: sarcosine + H
2
O + O
2
= glycine + formaldehyde + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The avin is both covalently and non-covalently bound in a molar ratio of 1:1.
References: [854, 1518, 2203]
159
[EC 1.5.3.1 created 1961]
EC 1.5.3.2
Accepted name: N-methyl-L-amino-acid oxidase
Reaction: an N-methyl-L-amino acid + H
2
O + O
2
= an L-amino acid + formaldehyde + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): N-methylamino acid oxidase; demethylase
Systematic name: N-methyl-L-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
References: [1521, 1522, 1523]
[EC 1.5.3.2 created 1961]
[1.5.3.3 Deleted entry. spermine oxidase]
EC 1.5.3.4
Accepted name: N
6
-methyl-lysine oxidase
Reaction: N
6
-methyl-L-lysine + H
2
O + O
2
= L-lysine + formaldehyde + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): -alkyl-L-lysine:oxygen oxidoreductase ; N
6
-methyllysine oxidase; -N-methyllysine demethylase;
-alkyllysinase; 6-N-methyl-L-lysine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Systematic name: N
6
-methyl-L-lysine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
References: [1121]
[EC 1.5.3.4 created 1972]
EC 1.5.3.5
Accepted name: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase
Reaction: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + H
2
O + O
2
= 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): L-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase; 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase; 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine:oxygen oxidore-
ductase
Systematic name: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase
[EC 1.5.3.5 created 1972]
EC 1.5.3.6
Accepted name: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase
Reaction: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + H
2
O + O
2
= 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase; 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase
Systematic name: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase
References: [265, 468, 1162]
[EC 1.5.3.6 created 1972]
EC 1.5.3.7
Accepted name: L-pipecolate oxidase
Reaction: L-pipecolate + O
2
= 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): pipecolate oxidase; L-pipecolic acid oxidase
Systematic name: L-pipecolate:oxygen 1,6-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product reacts with water to form 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde, i.e. 2-amino-6-oxohexanoate.
160
[EC 1.5.3.7 created 1986]
[1.5.3.8 Deleted entry. (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine oxidase. Now included with EC 1.3.3.8, tetrahydroberberine oxidase]
[1.5.3.9 Transferred entry. reticuline oxidase. Now EC 1.21.3.3, reticuline oxidase]
EC 1.5.3.10
Accepted name: dimethylglycine oxidase
Reaction: N,N-dimethylglycine + H
2
O + O
2
= sarcosine + formaldehyde + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: N,N-dimethylglycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Does not oxidize sarcosine.
References: [1517]
[EC 1.5.3.10 created 1992]
[1.5.3.11 Deleted entry. polyamine oxidase. Now included with EC 1.5.3.13 (N
1
-acetylpolyamine oxidase), EC 1.5.3.14
(polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)), EC1.5.3.15 (N
8
-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)),
EC 1.5.3.16 (spermine oxidase) and EC 1.5.3.17 (non-specic polyamine oxidase)]
EC 1.5.3.12
Accepted name: dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase
Reaction: (1) dihydrosanguinarine + O
2
= sanguinarine + H
2
O
2
(2) dihydrochelirubine + O
2
= chelirubine + H
2
O
2
(3) dihydromacarpine + O
2
= macarpine + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: dihydrobenzophenanthridine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A Cu
II
enzyme found in higher plants that produces oxidized forms of the benzophenanthridine alka-
loids
[EC 1.5.3.12 created 1999]
EC 1.5.3.13
Accepted name: N
1
-acetylpolyamine oxidase
Reaction: (1) N
1
-acetylspermidine + O
2
+ H
2
O = putrescine + 3-acetamidopropanal + H
2
O
2
(2) N
1
-acetylspermine + O
2
+ H
2
O = spermidine + 3-acetamidopropanal + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): hPAO-1; PAO (ambiguous); mPAO; hPAO; polyamine oxidase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: N
1
-acetylpolyamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)
Comments: The enzyme also catalyses the reaction: N
1
,N
12
-diacetylspermine + O
2
+ H
2
O = N
1
-acetylspermidine
+ 3-acetamamidopropanal + H
2
O
2
[2411]. No or very weak activity with spermine, or spermidine in
absence of aldehydes. In presence of aldehydes the enzyme catalyses the reactions: 1. spermine + O
2
+ H
2
O = spermidine + 3-aminopropanal + H
2
O
2
, and with weak efciency 2. spermidine + O
2
+ H
2
O
= putrescine + 3-aminopropanal + H
2
O
2
[1017]. A avoprotein (FAD). This enzyme, encoded by the
PAOX gene, is found in mammalian peroxisomes and oxidizes N
1
-acetylated polyamines at the exo
(three-carbon) side of the secondary amine, forming 3-acetamamidopropanal. Since the products of
the reactions are deacetylated polyamines, this process is known as polyamine back-conversion. Dif-
fers in specicity from EC 1.5.3.14 (polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)), EC 1.5.3.15
(N
8
-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming), EC 1.5.3.16 (spermine oxidase) and
EC 1.5.3.17 (non-specic polyamine oxidase).
References: [2411, 1017, 2435, 2521]
161
[EC 1.5.3.13 created 2009]
EC 1.5.3.14
Accepted name: polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)
Reaction: spermidine + O
2
+ H
2
O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-aminobutanal + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): MPAO; maize PAO
Systematic name: spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)
Comments: As the products of the reaction cannot be converted directly to other polyamines, this class of
polyamine oxidases is considered to be involved in the terminal catabolism of polyamines [2257].
This enzyme less efciently catalyses the oxidation of N
1
-acetylspermine and spermine. A avopro-
tein (FAD). Differs in specicity from EC 1.5.3.13 (N
1
-acetylpolyamine oxidase), EC 1.5.3.15 (N
8
-
acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming), EC 1.5.3.16 (spermine oxidase) and EC
1.5.3.17 (non-specic polyamine oxidase).
[EC 1.5.3.14 created 2009]
EC 1.5.3.15
Accepted name: N
8
-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)
Reaction: N
8
2
+ H
2
O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-acetamidobutanal + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: N
8
-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)
Comments: Also active with N
1
-acetylspermine, weak activity with N
1
,N
12
-diacetylspermine. No activity with
diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine, diaminohexane, norspermidine, spermine and spermidine.
Absence of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) activity. Differs in specicity from EC 1.5.3.13 (N
1
-
acetylpolyamine oxidase), EC 1.5.3.14 (polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)), EC
1.5.3.16 (spermine oxidase) and EC 1.5.3.17 (non-specic polyamine oxidase).
References: [2061]
[EC 1.5.3.15 created 2009]
EC 1.5.3.16
Accepted name: spermine oxidase
Reaction: spermine + O
2
+ H
2
2
O
2
Other name(s): PAOh1/SMO; PAOh1 (ambiguous); AtPAO1; AtPAO4; SMO; mSMO; SMO(PAOh1); SMO/PAOh1;
SMO5; mSMOmu
Systematic name: spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAO1) oxidizes norspermine to norspermidine with high
efciency [2256]. The mammalian enzyme, encoded by the SMOX gene, is a cytosolic enzyme that
catalyses the oxidation of spermine at the exo (three-carbon) side of the tertiary amine. No activ-
ity with spermidine. Weak activity with N
1
-acetylspermine. A avoprotein (FAD). Differs in speci-
city from EC 1.5.3.13 (N
1
-acetylpolyamine oxidase), EC 1.5.3.14 (polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-
diamine-forming)), EC 1.5.3.15 (N
8
-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) and
EC 1.5.3.17 (non-specic polyamine oxidase).
References: [1547, 325, 2256, 2436]
[EC 1.5.3.16 created 2009]
EC 1.5.3.17
Accepted name: non-specic polyamine oxidase
Reaction: (1) spermine + O
2
+ H
2
2
O
2
(2) spermidine + O
2
+ H
2
O = putrescine + 3-aminopropanal + H
2
O
2
(3) N
1
-acetylspermine + O
2
+ H
2
O = spermidine + 3-acetamidopropanal + H
2
O
2
(4) N
1
2
+ H
2
O = putrescine + 3-acetamidopropanal + H
2
O
2
162
Other name(s): polyamine oxidase (ambiguous); Fms1; AtPAO3
Systematic name: polyamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-aminopropanal or 3-acetamidopropanal-forming)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The non-specic polyamine oxidases may differ from each other considerably.
The enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows a rather broad specicity and also oxidizes N
8
-
acetylspermidine [1237]. The enzyme from Ascaris suum shows high activity with spermine and sper-
midine, but also oxidizes norspermine [1539]. The enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana shows high
activity with spermidine, but also oxidizes other polyamines [1527]. The specic polyamine oxi-
dases are classied as EC 1.5.3.13 (N
1
-acetylpolyamine oxidase), EC 1.5.3.14 (polyamine oxidase
(propane-1,3-diamine-forming)), EC 1.5.3.15 (N
8
-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-
forming)) and EC 1.5.3.16 (spermine oxidase).
References: [1527, 1539, 1237]
[EC 1.5.3.17 created 2009]
EC 1.5.4.1
Accepted name: pyrimidodiazepine synthase
Reaction: a pyrimidodiazepine + glutathione disulde + H
2
O = 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin + 2 glutathione
Other name(s): PDA synthase; pyrimidodiazepine:oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase (ring-opening, cyclizing)
Systematic name: pyrimidodiazepine:glutathione-disulde oxidoreductase (ring-opening, cyclizing)
Comments: In the reverse direction of reaction, the reduction of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin is accompanied by
the opening of the 6-membered pyrazine ring and the formation of the 7-membered diazepine ring.
The pyrimidodiazepine involved is an acetyldihydro derivative. Involved in the formation of the eye
pigment drosopterin in Drosophila melanogaster.
References: [2483]
[EC 1.5.4.1 created 1990]
EC 1.5.5.1
Accepted name: electron-transferring-avoprotein dehydrogenase
Reaction: reduced electron-transferring avoprotein + ubiquinone = electron-transferring avoprotein +
ubiquinol
Other name(s): ETF-QO; ETF:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; electron transfer avoprotein dehydrogenase; electron
transfer avoprotein Q oxidoreductase; electron transfer avoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase;
electron transfer avoprotein reductase
Systematic name: electron-transferring-avoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein, forming part of the mitochondrial electron-transfer system.
[EC 1.5.5.1 created 1986]
EC 1.5.7.1
Accepted name: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + 2 reduced ferre-
doxin + 2 H
+
Other name(s): 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
163
Systematic name: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein that also contains zinc. The enzyme from Clostridium formicoaceticum
catalyses the reduction of methylene blue, menadione, benzyl viologen, rubredoxin or FAD
with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin or FADH
2
with 5,10-
methylenetetrahydrofolate. However, unlike EC 1.5.1.20, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
[NAD(P)H], there is no activity with NAD(P)H.
References: [372]
[EC 1.5.7.1 created 2005]
EC 1.5.8 With a avin as acceptor
EC 1.5.8.1
Accepted name: dimethylamine dehydrogenase
Reaction: dimethylamine + H
2
O + electron-transferring avoprotein = methylamine + formaldehyde + reduced
electron-transferring avoprotein
Systematic name: dimethylamine:electron-transferring avoprotein oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains FAD and a [4Fe-4S] cluster.
References: [2561]
EC 1.5.8.2
Accepted name: trimethylamine dehydrogenase
Reaction: trimethylamine + H
2
O + electron-transferring avoprotein = dimethylamine + formaldehyde + re-
duced electron-transferring avoprotein
Systematic name: trimethylamine:electron-transferring avoprotein oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Comments: A number of alkyl-substituted derivatives of trimethylamine can also act as electron donors;
phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichloroindophenol can act as electron acceptors. Contains FAD and
a [4Fe-4S] cluster.
References: [380, 2124, 943, 1043, 1999]
EC 1.5.99.1
Accepted name: sarcosine dehydrogenase
Reaction: sarcosine + acceptor + H
2
O = glycine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): sarcosine N-demethylase; monomethylglycine dehydrogenase; sarcosine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
(demethylating)
Systematic name: sarcosine:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating)
[EC 1.5.99.1 created 1972]
EC 1.5.99.2
Accepted name: dimethylglycine dehydrogenase
Reaction: N,N-dimethylglycine + acceptor + H
2
O = sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): N,N-dimethylglycine oxidase; N,N-dimethylglycine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating)
164
Systematic name: N,N-dimethylglycine:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating)
[EC 1.5.99.2 created 1972]
EC 1.5.99.3
Accepted name: L-pipecolate dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-pipecolate + acceptor = 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): L-pipecolate:(acceptor) 1,6-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-pipecolate:acceptor 1,6-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product reacts with water to form 2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde, i.e. 2-amino-6-oxohexanoate.
References: [109]
EC 1.5.99.4
Accepted name: nicotine dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-nicotine + acceptor + H
2
O = (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): nicotine oxidase; D-nicotine oxidase; nicotine:(acceptor) 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating); L-nicotine
oxidase
Systematic name: nicotine:acceptor 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: A metalloprotein (FMN). The enzyme can act on both the naturally found (S)-enantiomer and the syn-
thetic (R)-enantiomer of nicotine, with retention of conguration in both cases [898].
References: [158, 468, 896, 898]
[EC 1.5.99.4 created 1972]
EC 1.5.99.5
Accepted name: methylglutamate dehydrogenase
Reaction: N-methyl-L-glutamate + acceptor + H
2
O = L-glutamate + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): N-methylglutamate dehydrogenase; N-methyl-L-glutamate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Systematic name: N-methyl-L-glutamate:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Comments: A number of N-methyl-substituted amino acids can act as donor; 2,6-dichloroindophenol is the best
acceptor.
References: [874]
[EC 1.5.99.5 created 1976]
EC 1.5.99.6
Accepted name: spermidine dehydrogenase
Reaction: spermidine + acceptor + H
2
O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-aminobutanal + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: spermidine:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avohemoprotein (FAD). Ferricyanide, 2,6-dichloroindophenol and cytochrome c can act as accep-
tor. 4-Aminobutanal condenses non-enzymically to 1-pyrroline.
[EC 1.5.99.6 created 1976]
[1.5.99.7 Transferred entry. trimethylamine dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.5.8.2, trimethylamine dehydrogenase]
165
EC 1.5.99.8
Accepted name: proline dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-proline + acceptor = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): L-proline dehydrogenase; L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-proline:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). In many organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals, proline is oxidized to
glutamate in a two-step process involving this enzyme and EC 1.5.1.12, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
dehydrogenase [614]. Both activities are carried out by the same enzyme in enterobacteria [614, 259].
References: [1949, 614, 259]
[EC 1.5.99.8 created 1980]
EC 1.5.99.9
Accepted name: methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase
Reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F
420
= 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin +
reduced coenzyme F
420
Other name(s): N
5
,N
10
-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin
dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-F
420
oxidoreductase
Comments: Coenzyme F
420
is a 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboavin derivative; methanopterin is a pterin
analogue. The enzyme is involved in the formation of methane from CO
2
in Methanobacterium ther-
moautotrophicum.
[1.5.99.10 Transferred entry. dimethylamine dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.5.8.1, dimethylamine dehydrogenase]
EC 1.5.99.11
Accepted name: 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase
Reaction: 5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F
420
= 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + re-
duced coenzyme F
420
Other name(s): 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase; N
5
,N
10
-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin
reductase; methylene-H
4
MPT reductase; coenzyme F
420
-dependent N
5
,N
10
-
methenyltetrahydromethanopterin reductase; N
5
,N
10
-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-
F
420
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-F
420
oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses an intermediate step in methanogenesis from CO
2
and H
2
in bacteria.
References: [1356, 2262, 1357, 2264, 2263]
EC 1.5.99.12
Accepted name: cytokinin dehydrogenase
Reaction: N
6
-dimethylallyladenine + acceptor + H
2
O = adenine + 3-methylbut-2-enal + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): N
6
-dimethylallyladenine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase; 6-N-dimethylallyladenine:acceptor oxidoreduc-
tase; OsCKX2; CKX; cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase
Systematic name: N
6
-dimethylallyladenine:acceptor oxidoreductase
166
Comments: A avoprotein(FAD). Catalyses the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N
6
-substituted adenine
derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is a dimethylallyl or other prenyl group.
Although this activity was previously thought to be catalysed by a hydrogen-peroxide-forming ox-
idase, this enzyme does not require oxygen for activity and does not form hydrogen peroxide. 2,6-
Dichloroindophenol, methylene blue, nitroblue tetrazolium, phenazine methosulfate and Cu(II) in the
presence of imidazole can act as acceptors. This enzyme plays a part in regulating rice-grain produc-
tion, with lower levels of the enzyme resulting in enhanced grain production [85].
[EC 1.5.99.12 created 2001]
EC 1.5.99.13
Accepted name: D-proline dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-proline + oxidized acceptor + H
2
O = 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): D-Pro DH; D-Pro dehydrogenase; dye-linked D-proline dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-proline:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The enzyme prefers D-proline and acts on other D-amino acids with lower ef-
ciency.
[EC 1.5.99.13 created 2010]
EC 1.6 Acting on NADH or NADPH
In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classied according to the reverse reaction, in which
NAD
+
or NADP
+
is formally regarded as acceptor. This subclass contains only those enzymes in which some other redox
carrier is the acceptor. This can be NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.6.1), a heme protein (EC 1.6.2), oxygen (EC 1.6.3), a quinone or
similar compound (EC 1.6.5), a nitrogenous group (EC 1.6.6), or some other acceptor (EC 1.6.99).
EC 1.6.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.6.1.1
Accepted name: NAD(P)
+
transhydrogenase (B-specic)
Reaction: NADPH + NAD
+
= NADP
+
+ NADH
Other name(s): pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase; transhydrogenase; NAD(P) transhydrogenase; nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase; NAD transhydrogenase; NADH transhy-
drogenase; nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; NADPH-NAD transhydrogenase; pyri-
dine nucleotide transferase; NADPH-NAD oxidoreductase; NADH-NADP-transhydrogenase;
NADPH:NAD
+
transhydrogenase; H
+
-Thase; non-energy-linked transhydrogenase; NAD(P) tran-
shydrogenase (B-specic)
Systematic name: NADPH:NAD
+
Comments: The enzyme from Azotobacter vinelandii is a avoprotein (FAD). It is B-specic with respect to both
NAD
+
and NADP
+
. Also acts on deamino coenzymes [cf. EC 1.6.1.2 NAD(P)
+
transhydrogenase
(AB-specic)].
EC 1.6.1.2
Accepted name: NAD(P)
+
transhydrogenase (AB-specic)
Reaction: NADPH + NAD
+
= NADP
+
+ NADH
167
Other name(s): pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase; transhydrogenase; NAD(P) transhydrogenase; nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase; NAD transhydrogenase; NADH transhy-
drogenase; nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; NADPH-NAD transhydrogenase; pyri-
dine nucleotide transferase; NADPH-NAD oxidoreductase; NADH-NADP-transhydrogenase;
NADPH:NAD
+
transhydrogenase; H
+
-Thase; energy-linked transhydrogenase; NAD(P) transhydro-
genase (AB-specic)
Systematic name: NADPH:NAD
+
oxidoreductase (AB-specic)
Comments: The enzyme from heart mitochondria is A-specic with respect to NAD
+
and B-specic with respect
to NADP
+
[cf. EC 1.6.1.1 NAD(P)
+
transhydrogenase (B-specic)].
[EC 1.6.1.2 created 1986]
EC 1.6.2 With a heme protein as acceptor
[1.6.2.1 Transferred entry. NADH
2
cytochrome c reductase. Now EC 1.6.99.3, NADH dehydrogenase]
EC 1.6.2.2
Accepted name: cytochrome-b
5
reductase
Reaction: NADH + 2 ferricytochrome b
5
= NAD
+
+ H
+
+ 2 ferrocytochrome b
5
Other name(s): cytochrome b
5
reductase; dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytochrome b
5
reductase; re-
duced nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide-cytochrome b
5
reductase; NADH-ferricytochrome b
5
oxi-
doreductase; NADH-cytochrome b
5
reductase; NADH 5-reductase ; NADH-cytochrome-b
5
reduc-
tase
Systematic name: NADH:ferricytochrome-b
5
oxidoreductase
References: [1380, 2161, 2163]
[EC 1.6.2.2 created 1961]
[1.6.2.3 Deleted entry. cytochrome reductase (NADPH)]
EC 1.6.2.4
Accepted name: NADPHhemoprotein reductase
Reaction: NADPH + H
+
+ n oxidized hemoprotein = NADP
+
+ n reduced hemoprotein
Other name(s): CPR; FAD-cytochrome c reductase; NADPcytochrome c reductase; NADPcytochrome reductase;
NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase; NADPH:P-450 reductase; NADPH:ferrihemoprotein
oxidoreductase; NADPHcytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase; NADPHcytochrome c oxidore-
ductase; NADPHcytochrome c reductase; NADPHcytochrome p-450 reductase; NADPH
ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase; NADPHferrihemoprotein reductase; TPNH
2
cytochrome c re-
ductase; TPNH-cytochrome c reductase; aldehyde reductase (NADPH-dependent); cytochrome P-450
reductase; cytochrome c reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH,
NADPH-dependent); dihydroxynicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase;
ferrihemoprotein P-450 reductase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome
c reductase; reductase, cytochrome c (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
Systematic name: NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FMN, FAD) containing both FMN and FAD. The number n in the equation is 1 if the
hemoprotein undergoes a 2-electron reduction, and is 2 if it undergoes a 1-electron reduction. The en-
zyme catalyses the reduction of the heme-thiolate-dependent monooxygenases, such as EC 1.14.14.1,
unspecic monooxygenase and reduction of EC 1.14.99.3, heme oxygenase (decyclizing). It is part of
the microsomal hydroxylating system. It also reduces cytochrome b
5
and cytochrome c.
References: [788, 922, 1338, 1425, 2489, 1424, 2018, 2431, 1541, 784]
168
EC 1.6.2.5
Accepted name: NADPHcytochrome-c
2
reductase
Reaction: NADPH + 2 ferricytochrome c
2
= NADP
+
+ H
+
+ 2 ferrocytochrome c
2
Other name(s): cytochrome c
2
reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); cytochrome c
2
re-
ductase (reduced nicotinamide adinine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)
Systematic name: NADPH:ferricytochrome-c
2
oxidoreductase
References: [1911]
[EC 1.6.2.5 created 1972]
EC 1.6.2.6
Accepted name: leghemoglobin reductase
Reaction: NAD(P)H + H
+
+ 2 ferrileghemoglobin = NAD(P)
+
+ 2 ferroleghemoglobin
Other name(s): ferric leghemoglobin reductase
Systematic name: NAD(P)H:ferrileghemoglobin oxidoreductase
References: [1910]
[EC 1.6.2.6 created 1989]
EC 1.6.3.1
Accepted name: NAD(P)H oxidase
+
+ O
2
= NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): THOX2; ThOX; dual oxidase; p138tox; thyroid NADPH oxidase; thyroid oxidase; thyroid oxidase 2;
NADPH oxidase
Systematic name: NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires FAD, heme and calcium. When calcium is present, this transmembrane glycoprotein gen-
erates H
2
O
2
by transfering electrons from intracellular NAD(P)H to extracellular molecular oxygen.
The electron bridge within the enzyme contains one molecule of FAD and probably two heme groups.
This avoprotein is expressed at the apical membrane of thyrocytes, and provides H
2
O
2
for the thy-
roid peroxidase-catalysed biosynthesis of thyroid hormones.
References: [1513, 471, 472, 536, 1287, 537]
[EC 1.6.3.1 created 2003]
EC 1.6.4 With a disulde as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.6.4.1 Transferred entry. cystine reductase (NADH). Now EC 1.8.1.6, cystine reductase]
[1.6.4.2 Transferred entry. glutathione reductase (NADPH). Now EC 1.8.1.7, glutathione-disulde reductase]
[1.6.4.3 Transferred entry. dihydrolipoamide reductase (NAD
+
). Now EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase]
[1.6.4.4 Transferred entry. protein-disulde reductase [NAD(P)H]. Now EC 1.8.1.8, protein-disulde reductase]
169
[1.6.4.5 Transferred entry. thioredoxin reductase (NADPH). Now EC 1.8.1.9, thioredoxin-disulde reductase]
[1.6.4.6 Transferred entry. CoA-glutathione reductase (NADPH). Now EC 1.8.1.10, CoA-glutathione reductase]
[1.6.4.7 Transferred entry. asparagusate reductase (NADH). Now EC 1.8.1.11, asparagusate reductase]
[1.6.4.8 Transferred entry. trypanothione reductase. Now EC 1.8.1.12, trypanothione-disulde reductase]
[1.6.4.9 Transferred entry. bis--glutamylcystine reductase (NADPH). Now EC 1.8.1.13, bis--glutamylcystine reductase]
[1.6.4.10 Transferred entry. CoA-disulde reductase (NADH). Now EC 1.8.1.14, CoA-disulde reductase]
[1.6.5.1 Deleted entry. quinone reductase]
EC 1.6.5.2
Accepted name: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)
+
+ a quinone = NAD(P)
+
+ a hydroquinone
Other name(s): menadione reductase; phylloquinone reductase; quinone reductase; dehydrogenase, reduced nicoti-
namide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate, quinone); DT-diaphorase; avoprotein NAD(P)H-quinone
reductase; menadione oxidoreductase; NAD(P)H dehydrogenase; NAD(P)H menadione reduc-
tase; NAD(P)H-quinone dehydrogenase; NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase; NAD(P)H: (quinone-
acceptor)oxidoreductase; NAD(P)H: menadione oxidoreductase; NADH-menadione reductase; naph-
thoquinone reductase; p-benzoquinone reductase; reduced NAD(P)H dehydrogenase; viologen ac-
cepting pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase; vitamin K reductase; diaphorase; reduced nicotinamide-
adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) dehydrogenase; vitamin-K reductase; NAD(P)H
2
dehydrogenase
(quinone); NQO1; QR1; NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. The enzyme catalyses a two-electron reduction and has a preference for short-chain
acceptor quinones, such as ubiquinone, benzoquinone, juglone and duroquinone [2099]. The animal,
but not the plant, form of the enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol.
References: [491, 708, 1400, 1475, 2516, 2099, 247, 1004, 1299]
[EC 1.6.5.2 created 1961, transferred 1965 to EC 1.6.99.2, transferred 2005 to EC 1.6.5.2]
EC 1.6.5.3
Accepted name: NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)
Reaction: NADH + H
+
+ ubiquinone = NAD
+
+ ubiquinol
170
Other name(s): ubiquinone reductase; type 1 dehydrogenase; complex 1 dehydrogenase; coenzyme Q reductase; com-
plex I (electron transport chain); complex I (mitochondrial electron transport); complex I (NADH:Q1
oxidoreductase); dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase; DPNH-coenzyme
Q reductase; DPNH-ubiquinone reductase; mitochondrial electron transport complex 1; mitochon-
drial electron transport complex I; NADH coenzyme Q
1
reductase; NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreduc-
tase; NADH-coenzyme Q reductase; NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase; NADH-CoQ reductase; NADH-
ubiquinone reductase; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase; NADH-ubiquinone-1 reductase; reduced
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase; NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase com-
plex; NADH-Q6 oxidoreductase; electron transfer complex I; NADH
2
dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)
Systematic name: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) containing iron-sulfur centres. The complex, present in mitochondria, can be
degraded to form EC 1.6.99.3, NADH dehydrogenase.
References: [840]
EC 1.6.5.4
Accepted name: monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH)
Reaction: NADH + H
+
+ 2 monodehydroascorbate = NAD
+
+ 2 ascorbate
Other name(s): NADH:semidehydroascorbic acid oxidoreductase; MDHA; semidehydroascorbate reductase;
AFR; AFR-reductase; ascorbic free radical reductase; ascorbate free radical reductase; SOR;
MDAsA reductase (NADPH) ; SDA reductase; NADH:ascorbate radical oxidoreductase; NADH-
semidehydroascorbate oxidoreductase; ascorbate free-radical reductase ; NADH:AFR oxidoreductase;
monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH
2
)
Systematic name: NADH:monodehydroascorbate oxidoreductase
References: [1986]
[EC 1.6.5.4 created 1961]
EC 1.6.5.5
Accepted name: NADPH:quinone reductase
Reaction: NADPH + H
+
+ 2 quinone = NADP
+
+ 2 semiquinone
2
:quinone reductase
Systematic name: NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: A zinc enzyme, specic for NADPH. Catalyses the one-electron reduction of certain quinones, with
the orthoquinones 1,2-naphthoquinone and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone being the best substrates
[1817]. Dicoumarol [cf. EC 1.6.5.2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] and nitrofurantoin are com-
petitive inhibitors with respect to the quinone substrate. The semiquinone free-radical product may
be non-enzymically reduced to the hydroquinone or oxidized back to quinone in the presence of O
2
[1817]. In some mammals, the enzyme is abundant in the lens of the eye, where it is identied with
the protein -crystallin.
References: [1817, 533, 146, 2244]
[EC 1.6.5.5 created 1999]
EC 1.6.5.6
Accepted name: p-benzoquinone reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: NADPH + H
+
+ p-benzoquinone = NADP
+
+ hydroquinone
Systematic name: NADPH:p-benzoquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the 4-nitrophenol degradation pathway in bacteria.
References: [2098]
[EC 1.6.5.6 created 2000]
171
EC 1.6.5.7
Accepted name: 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone reductase
Reaction: 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone + NADH + H
+
= 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene + NAD
+
Other name(s): hydroxybenzoquinone reductase; 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene:NAD oxidoreductase; NADH:2-hydroxy-
1,4-benzoquinone oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone:NADH oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FMN) that differs in substrate specicity from other quinone reductases. The enzyme
in Burkholderia cepacia is inducible by 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate.
References: [2601]
EC 1.6.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor
[1.6.6.1 Transferred entry. nitrate reductase (NADH). Now EC 1.7.1.1, nitrate reductase (NADH)]
[1.6.6.2 Transferred entry. nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H]. Now EC 1.7.1.2, nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H]]
[1.6.6.3 Transferred entry. nitrate reductase (NADPH). Now EC 1.7.1.3, nitrate reductase (NADPH)]
[1.6.6.4 Transferred entry. nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H]. Now EC 1.7.1.4, nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H]]
[1.6.6.5 Transferred entry. now EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-forming)]
[1.6.6.6 Transferred entry. hyponitrite reductase. Now EC 1.7.1.5, hyponitrite reductase]
[1.6.6.7 Transferred entry. azobenzene reductase. Now EC 1.7.1.6, azobenzene reductase]
[1.6.6.8 Transferred entry. GMP reductase. Now EC 1.7.1.7, GMP reductase]
EC 1.6.6.9
Accepted name: trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase
Reaction: NADH + H
+
+ trimethylamine N-oxide = NAD
+
+ trimethylamine + H
2
O
Other name(s): trimethylamine N-oxide reductase; trimethylamine oxide reductase; TMAO reductase; TOR
Systematic name: NADH:trimethylamine-N-oxide oxidoreductase
References: [2355]
[EC 1.6.6.9 created 1972]
[1.6.6.10 Transferred entry. nitroquinoline-N-oxide reductase. Now EC 1.7.1.9, nitroquinoline-N-oxide reductase]
[1.6.6.11 Transferred entry. hydroxylamine reductase (NADH). Now EC 1.7.1.10, hydroxylamine reductase (NADH)]
172
[1.6.6.12 Transferred entry. 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene reductase. NowEC1.7.1.11, 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene
reductase]
[1.6.6.13 Transferred entry. N-hydroxy-2-acetamidouorene reductase. Now EC 1.7.1.12, N-hydroxy-2-acetamidouorene
reductase]
EC 1.6.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.6.7.1 Transferred entry. ferredoxinNADP
+
reductase. Now EC 1.18.1.2, ferredoxinNADP
+
reductase]
[1.6.7.2 Transferred entry. rubredoxinNAD
+
reductase. Now EC 1.18.1.1, rubredoxinNAD
+
reductase]
[1.6.7.3 Transferred entry. now EC 1.18.1.3, ferredoxinNAD
+
reductase]
EC 1.6.8 With a avin as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.6.8.1 Transferred entry. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (FMN). Now EC 1.5.1.29, FMN reductase]
[1.6.8.2 Transferred entry. NADPH dehydrogenase (avin). Now EC 1.5.1.30, avin reductase]
EC 1.6.99.1
Accepted name: NADPH dehydrogenase
Reaction: NADPH + H
+
+ acceptor = NADP
+
+ reduced acceptor
2
diaphorase; NADPH diaphorase; OYE; diaphorase; dihydronicotinamide adenine din-
ucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase; NADPH-dehydrogenase; NADPH-diaphorase; NADPH
2
-
dehydrogenase; old yellow enzyme; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydro-
genase; TPNH dehydrogenase; TPNH-diaphorase; triphosphopyridine diaphorase; triphosphopyridine
nucleotide diaphorase; NADPH
2
dehydrogenase; NADPH:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: NADPH:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FMN in yeast, FAD in plants).
References: [29, 98, 1002, 2274, 2277]
[1.6.99.2 Transferred entry. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone). Now EC 1.6.5.2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone). The
enzyme was erroneously transferred from this sub-subclass in 1965]
173
EC 1.6.99.3
Accepted name: NADH dehydrogenase
Reaction: NADH + H
+
+ acceptor = NAD
+
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): cytochrome c reductase; type 1 dehydrogenase; -NADH dehydrogenase dinucleotide; diaphorase;
dihydrocodehydrogenase I dehydrogenase; dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydroge-
nase; diphosphopyridine diaphorase; DPNH diaphorase; NADH diaphorase; NADH hydrogenase;
NADH oxidoreductase; NADH-menadione oxidoreductase; reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide
diaphorase; NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase; NADH
2
dehydrogenase; NADH:(acceptor) oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein containing iron-sulfur centres. After preparations have been subjected to certain treat-
ments, cytochrome c may act as an acceptor. Under normal conditions, two protons are extruded from
the cytoplasm or the intramitochondrial or stromal compartment. Present in a mitochondrial complex
as EC 1.6.5.3, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone).
References: [8, 840, 897, 1069]
[1.6.99.4 Transferred entry. nitrite reductase. Now EC 1.18.1.2, ferredoxinNADP
+
reductase]
EC 1.6.99.5
Accepted name: NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: NADH + H
+
+ acceptor = NAD
+
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (quinone) dehydrogenase; NADH-quinone oxidoreduc-
tase; DPNH-menadione reductase; D-diaphorase; NADH
2
dehydrogenase (quinone)
Systematic name: NADH:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase
Comments: Menaquinone can act as acceptor. Inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or
folic acid derivatives.
References: [1178]
[EC 1.6.99.5 created 1972]
EC 1.6.99.6
Accepted name: NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: NADPH + H
+
+ acceptor = NADP
+
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (quinone) dehydrogenase; NADPH oxidase;
NADPH
2
dehydrogenase (quinone)
Systematic name: NADPH:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Menaquinone can act as acceptor. Inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives
but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.
References: [1178]
[EC 1.6.99.6 created 1972]
[1.6.99.7 Transferred entry. dihydropteridine reductase. Now EC 1.5.1.34, 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase]
[EC 1.6.99.7 created 1972, modied 1981 (EC 1.6.99.10 created 1978, incorporated 1981), deleted 2003]
[1.6.99.8 Transferred entry. aquacobalamin reductase. Now EC 1.16.1.3, aquacobalamin reductase]
[1.6.99.9 Transferred entry. cob(II)alamin reductase. Now EC 1.16.1.4, cob(II)alamin reductase]
174
[1.6.99.10 Deleted entry. dihydropteridine reductase (NADH). Now included with EC 1.5.1.34, 6,7-dihydropteridine reduc-
tase]
[1.6.99.11 Transferred entry. aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH). Now EC 1.16.1.5, aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH)]
[1.6.99.12 Transferred entry. cyanocobalamin reductase (NADPH, cyanide-eliminating). Now EC 1.16.1.6, cyanocobalamin
reductase (cyanide-eliminating)]
[1.6.99.13 Transferred entry. ferric-chelate reductase. Now EC 1.16.1.7, ferric-chelate reductase]
EC 1.7 Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
This subclass contains a small group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substrates. Sub-subclasses are based on the
acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.7.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.7.2), oxygen (EC 1.7.3), an iron-sulfur protein (EC 1.7.7), or some
other acceptor (EC 1.7.99).
EC 1.7.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.7.1.1
Accepted name: nitrate reductase (NADH)
Reaction: nitrite + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = nitrate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): assimilatory nitrate reductase; NADH-nitrate reductase; NADH-dependent nitrate reductase; assimila-
tory NADH: nitrate reductase; nitrate reductase (NADH
2
); NADH
2
:nitrate oxidoreductase
Systematic name: nitrite:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur molybdenum avoprotein.
References: [600, 1591, 1619, 2104, 174]
EC 1.7.1.2
Accepted name: nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H]
Reaction: nitrite + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = nitrate + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): assimilatory nitrate reductase; assimilatory NAD(P)H-nitrate reductase; NAD(P)H bispecic nitrate
reductase; nitrate reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)); nitrate reduc-
tase NAD(P)H; NAD(P)H-nitrate reductase; nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H
2
]; NAD(P)H
2
:nitrate oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: nitrite:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1591, 1715, 302, 174]
EC 1.7.1.3
Accepted name: nitrate reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: nitrite + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = nitrate + NADPH + H
+
175
Other name(s): assimilatory nitrate reductase; assimilatory reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-
nitrate reductase; NADPH-nitrate reductase; assimilatory NADPH-nitrate reductase; triphospho-
pyridine nucleotide-nitrate reductase; NADPH:nitrate reductase; nitrate reductase (NADPH
2
);
NADPH
2
:nitrate oxidoreductase
Systematic name: nitrite:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1591, 1592, 1618, 2249, 174]
EC 1.7.1.4
Accepted name: nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H]
Reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H
+
Other name(s): nitrite reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)); NADH-nitrite oxidore-
ductase; NADPH-nitrite reductase; assimilatory nitrite reductase; nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H
2
];
NAD(P)H
2
:nitrite oxidoreductase
Systematic name: ammonium-hydroxide:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur heme avoprotein containing siroheme.
References: [300, 1261, 1617, 2249, 379]
EC 1.7.1.5
Accepted name: hyponitrite reductase
Reaction: 2 hydroxylamine + 2 NAD
+
= hyponitrous acid + 2 NADH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): NADH
2
:hyponitrite oxidoreductase
Systematic name: hydroxylamine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A metalloprotein.
References: [1451]
EC 1.7.1.6
Accepted name: azobenzene reductase
Reaction: N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine + aniline + 2 NADP
+
= 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene + 2
NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): new coccine (NC)-reductase; NC-reductase; azo-dye reductase; orange II azoreductase; NAD(P)H:1-
(4
-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthol oxidoreductase; orange I azoreductase; azo reductase; azoreduc-

tase; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) azoreductase; NADPH
2
-dependent azore-
ductase; dimethylaminobenzene reductase; p-dimethylaminoazobenzene azoreductase; dibromo-
propylaminophenylazobenzoic azoreductase; N,N-dimethyl-4-phenylazoaniline azoreductase; p-
aminoazobenzene reductase; methyl red azoreductase; NADPH
2
:4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene ox-
idoreductase
Systematic name: N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, aniline:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction occurs in the reverse direction to that shown above. Other azo dyes, such as Methyl Red,
Rocceline, Solar Orange and Sumix Black B can also be reduced [2206].
EC 1.7.1.7
Accepted name: GMP reductase
Reaction: inosine 5
-phosphate + NH
3
+ NADP
+
= guanosine 5
-phosphate + NADPH + H
+
176
Other name(s): guanosine 5
-monophosphate reductase; NADPH:GMP oxidoreductase (deaminating); guanosine

monophosphate reductase; guanylate reductase; NADPH
2
:guanosine-5
-phosphate oxidoreductase
(deaminating); guanosine 5
-phosphate reductase
Systematic name: inosine-5
-phosphate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (aminating)
[1.7.1.8 Deleted entry. withdrawn in the light of further information on the acceptor]
EC 1.7.1.9
Accepted name: nitroquinoline-N-oxide reductase
Reaction: 4-(hydroxyamino)quinoline N-oxide + 2 NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide + 2 NAD(P)H
+ 2 H
+
Other name(s): 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide reductase; 4NQO reductase; NAD(P)H
2
:4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide oxidore-
ductase
Systematic name: 4-(hydroxyamino)quinoline N-oxide:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
EC 1.7.1.10
Accepted name: hydroxylamine reductase (NADH)
Reaction: NH
3
+ NAD
+
+ H
2
O = hydroxylamine + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): hydroxylamine reductase; ammonium dehydrogenase; NADH-hydroxylamine reductase; N-hydroxy
amine reductase; hydroxylamine reductase (NADH
2
); NADH
2
:hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
Systematic name: ammonium:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on some hydroxamates.
References: [179, 180, 2432]
EC 1.7.1.11
Accepted name: 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene reductase
Reaction: 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazobenzene + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene +
NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): N,N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene oxide reductase; dimethylaminoazobenzene N-oxide reductase;
NADPH-dependent DMAB N-oxide reductase; NADPH:4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazobenzene:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1037]
EC 1.7.1.12
Accepted name: N-hydroxy-2-acetamidouorene reductase
Reaction: 2-acetamidouorene + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = N-hydroxy-2-acetamidouorene + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminouorene reductase; NAD(P)H
2
:N-hydroxy-2-acetamidouorene N-
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 2-acetamidouorene:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on N-hydroxy-4-acetamidobiphenyl.
177
EC 1.7.1.13
Accepted name: preQ
1
synthase
Reaction: 7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine + 2 NADP
+
= 7-cyano-7-carbaguanine + 2 NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): YkvM; QueF; preQ
0
reductase; preQ
0
oxidoreductase; 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine reductase; 7-
aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase; queuine synthase (incorrect as queuine is not
the product); queuine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase (incorrect as queuine is not the product)
Systematic name: 7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction occurs in the reverse direction. This enzyme catalyses one of the early steps in the
synthesis of queosine (Q-tRNA), and is followed by the action of EC 2.4.2.29, queuine tRNA-
ribosyltransferase. Queosine is found in the wobble position of tRNA
GUN
in Eukarya and Bacteria
[2574] and is thought to be involved in translational modulation. The enzyme is not a GTP cyclohy-
drolase, as was thought previously based on sequence-homology studies.
References: [1239, 2574, 1208, 1667, 1636, 2207]
[EC 1.7.1.13 created 2006]
EC 1.7.2.1
Accepted name: nitrite reductase (NO-forming)
Reaction: nitric oxide + H
2
O + ferricytochrome c = nitrite + ferrocytochrome c + 2 H
+
Other name(s): cd-cytochrome nitrite reductase; [nitrite reductase (cytochrome)] [misleading, see comments.]; cy-
tochrome c-551:O
2
, NO
2
+ oxidoreductase; cytochrome cd; cytochrome cd1; hydroxylamine (accep-
tor) reductase; methyl viologen-nitrite reductase; nitrite reductase (cytochrome; NO-forming)
Systematic name: nitric-oxide:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed by two types of enzymes, found in the perimplasm of denitrifying bacte-
ria. One type comprises proteins containing multiple copper centres, the other a heme protein, cy-
tochrome cd
1
. Acceptors include c-type cytochromes such as cytochrome c-550 or cytochrome c-551
from Paracoccus denitricans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and small blue copper proteins such as
azurin and pseudoazurin. Cytochrome cd
1
also has oxidase and hydroxylamine reductase activities.
May also catalyse the reaction of hydroxylamine reductase (EC 1.7.99.1) since this is a well-known
activity of cytochrome cd
1
.
References: [1489, 369, 2423, 2070, 1466, 723, 2495, 906, 2638, 596, 2395]
[EC 1.7.2.1 created 1961, modied 1976, modied 2001, modied 2002 (EC 1.7.99.3 created 1961 as EC 1.6.6.5, transferred 1964 to EC
1.7.99.3, modied 1976, incorporated 2002; EC 1.9.3.2 created 1965, incorporated 2002)]
EC 1.7.2.2
Accepted name: nitrite reductase (cytochrome; ammonia-forming)
Reaction: NH
3
+ 2 H
2
O + 6 ferricytochrome c = nitrite + 6 ferrocytochrome c + 7 H
+
Other name(s): cytochrome c nitrite reductase; multiheme nitrite reductase
Systematic name: ammonia:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
Comments: Found as a multiheme cytochrome in many bacteria. The enzyme from Escherichia coli contains ve
hemes c and requires Ca
2+
. It also reduces nitric oxide and hydroxylamine to ammonia, and sulte to
sulde.
References: [559]
[EC 1.7.2.2 created 2001]
EC 1.7.2.3
178
Accepted name: trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase (cytochrome c)
Reaction: trimethylamine + 2 (ferricytochrome c)-subunit + H
2
O = trimethylamine N-oxide + 2 (ferrocy-
tochrome c)-subunit + 2 H
+
Other name(s): TMAO reductase; TOR
Systematic name: trimethylamine:cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Comments: The cytochrome c involved in photosynthetic bacteria is a pentaheme protein. Contains
bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)molybdenum cofactor. The reductant is a membrane-bound
multiheme cytochrome c. Also reduces dimethyl sulfoxide to dimethyl sulde.
References: [70, 1147, 430, 729]
[EC 1.7.2.3 created 2002]
EC 1.7.3.1
Accepted name: nitroalkane oxidase
Reaction: a nitroalkane + H
2
O + O
2
= an aldehyde or ketone + nitrite + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): nitroethane oxidase; NAO; nitroethane:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: nitroalkane:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Has an absolute requirement for FAD [610]. While nitroethane may be the physiological substrate
[1118], the enzyme also acts on several other nitroalkanes, including 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane,
1-nitrobutane, 1-nitropentane, 1-nitrohexane, nitrocyclohexane and some nitroalkanols [610]. Differs
from EC 1.13.11.16, nitronate monooxygenase, in that the preferred substrates are neutral nitroalka-
nes rather than anionic nitronates [610].
References: [1320, 1118, 450, 610, 2366]
EC 1.7.3.2
Accepted name: acetylindoxyl oxidase
Reaction: N-acetylindoxyl + O
2
= N-acetylisatin + (?)
Systematic name: N-acetylindoxyl:oxygen oxidoreductase
References: [156]
[EC 1.7.3.2 created 1961]
EC 1.7.3.3
Accepted name: factor-independent urate hydroxylase
Reaction: urate + O
2
+ H
2
O = 5-hydroxyisourate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): uric acid oxidase; uricase; uricase II; urate oxidase
Systematic name: urate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme was previously thought to be a copper protein, but it is now known that the enzymes
from soy bean (Glycine max), the mould Aspergillus avus and Bacillus subtilis contains no cop-
per nor any other transition-metal ion. The 5-hydroxyisourate formed decomposes spontaneously to
form allantoin and CO
2
, although there is an enzyme-catalysed pathway in which EC 3.5.2.17, hy-
droxyisourate hydrolase, catalyses the rst step. The enzyme is different from EC 1.14.13.113 (FAD-
dependent urate hydroxylase).
References: [1333, 1378, 1868, 1062, 385, 971]
EC 1.7.3.4
179
Accepted name: hydroxylamine oxidase
Reaction: hydroxylamine + O
2
= nitrite + H
2
O
Other name(s): HAO (ambiguous; cf. EC 1.7.99.8, hydroxylamine oxidoreductase); hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
(ambiguous; cf. EC 1.7.99.8, hydroxylamine oxidoreductase)
Systematic name: hydroxylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein with seven c-type hemes and one P-460-type heme per subunit.
References: [916, 1316, 1833]
[EC 1.7.3.4 created 1972]
EC 1.7.3.5
Accepted name: 3-aci-nitropropanoate oxidase
Reaction: 3-aci-nitropropanoate + O
2
+ H
2
O = 3-oxopropanoate + nitrite + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): propionate-3-nitronate oxidase
Systematic name: 3-aci-nitropropanoate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FMN). The primary products of the enzymic reaction are probably the nitro-
propanoate free radical and superoxide. Also acts, more slowly, on 4-aci-nitrobutanoate.
References: [1771]
[EC 1.7.3.5 created 1990]
EC 1.7.5.1
Accepted name: nitrate reductase (quinone)
Reaction: nitrate + a quinol = nitrite + a quinone + H
2
O
Other name(s): nitrate reductase A; nitrate reductase Z; NarGHI; quinol/nitrate oxidoreductase; quinol-nitrate oxi-
doreductase; quinol:nitrate oxidoreductase; NarA; NarZ; NarGHI; dissimilatory nitrate reductase
Systematic name: nitrite:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: A membrane-bound enzyme which supports anaerobic respiration on nitrate under anaerobic con-
ditions and in the presence of nitrate. Contains the bicyclic form of the molybdo-bis(molybdopterin
guanine dinucleotide) cofactor, iron-sulfur clusters and heme b. Escherichia coli expresses two forms
NarA and NarZ, both being comprised of three subunits.
References: [571, 184, 1235, 183, 223, 778, ?]
[EC 1.7.5.1 created 2010]
EC 1.7.7.1
Accepted name: ferredoxinnitrite reductase
Reaction: NH
3
+ 2 H
2
O + 6 oxidized ferredoxin = nitrite + 6 reduced ferredoxin + 7 H
+
Systematic name: ammonia:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron protein. Contains siroheme and [4Fe-4S] clusters.
References: [1048, 1814, 2640]
EC 1.7.7.2
Accepted name: ferredoxinnitrate reductase
Reaction: nitrite + H
2
O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = nitrate + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H
+
180
Other name(s): assimilatory nitrate reductase; nitrate (ferredoxin) reductase; assimilatory ferredoxin-nitrate reductase
Systematic name: nitrite:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdenum-iron-sulfur protein.
References: [1471]
[EC 1.7.7.2 created 1986]
EC 1.7.99.1
Accepted name: hydroxylamine reductase
Reaction: NH
3
+ H
2
O + acceptor = hydroxylamine + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): hydroxylamine (acceptor) reductase; ammonia:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: ammonia:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Reduced pyocyanine, methylene blue and avins act as donors for the reduction of
hydroxylamine. May be identical to EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-forming).
References: [2249, 2422, 1854]
[1.7.99.2 Deleted entry. nitric-oxide reductase. Reaction may have been due to the combined action of EC 1.7.99.6 nitrous-
oxide reductase and EC 1.7.99.7 nitric-oxide reductase]
[1.7.99.3 Transferred entry. nitrite reductase. Now included with EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-forming)]
EC 1.7.99.4
Accepted name: nitrate reductase
Reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): respiratory nitrate reductase; nitrate reductase (acceptor); nitrite:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: nitrite:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: The Pseudomonas enzyme is a cytochrome, but the enzyme from Micrococcus halodenitricans is
an iron protein containing molybdenum. Reduced benzyl viologen and other dyes bring about the
reduction of nitrate.
References: [1591, 1802, 1890]
[1.7.99.5 Deleted entry. 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH
2
). Now included with EC 1.5.1.20, methylenete-
trahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H]. Based on the reference, it had been thought that this was a separate enzyme from EC
1.5.1.20 but the reference upon which the entry was based has since been disproved]
[EC 1.7.99.5 created 1965 as EC 1.1.1.68, transferred 1978 to EC 1.1.99.15, transferred 1980 to EC 1.7.99.5, deleted 2005]
EC 1.7.99.6
Accepted name: nitrous-oxide reductase
Reaction: nitrogen + H
2
O + acceptor = nitrous oxide + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): nitrous oxide reductase; N
2
O reductase; nitrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (N
2
O-forming)
Systematic name: nitrogen:acceptor oxidoreductase (N
2
O-forming)
Comments: A copper protein. Reduced viologens or methylene blue act as donors for the reduction of nitrous ox-
ide.
References: [412]
181
EC 1.7.99.7
Accepted name: nitric-oxide reductase
Reaction: nitrous oxide + acceptor + H
2
O = 2 nitric oxide + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): nitrogen oxide reductase; nitrous-oxide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (NO-forming)
Systematic name: nitrous-oxide:acceptor oxidoreductase (NO-forming)
Comments: A heterodimer of cytochromes b and c. Phenazine methosulfate can act as acceptor.
References: [867]
EC 1.7.99.8
Accepted name: hydrazine oxidoreductase
Reaction: hydrazine + acceptor = N
2
+ reduced acceptor
Other name(s): HAO (ambiguous; cf. EC 1.7.3.4 hydroxylamine oxidase)
Systematic name: hydrazine:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the pathway of anaerobic ammonium oxidation in anammox bacteria. The
conversion of hydroxylamine by the enzyme from Brocadia anammoxidans results in the formation
of NO and N
2
O [1957]. Hydroxylamine is not a substrate for the enzyme from planctomycete KSU-1
[1025].
EC 1.8 Acting on a sulfur group of donors
This small subclass contains enzymes that act either on inorganic substrates or organic thiols. Sub-subclasses are based on the
acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.8.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.8.2), oxygen (EC 1.8.3), a disulde (EC 1.8.4); a quinone or similar
compound (EC 1.8.5), an iron-sulfur protein (EC 1.8.7), other, known, acceptors (EC 1.8.98), or some other acceptor (EC 1.8.99).
EC 1.8.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
[1.8.1.1 Deleted entry. cysteamine dehydrogenase]
EC 1.8.1.2
Accepted name: sulte reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: hydrogen sulde + 3 NADP
+
+ 3 H
2
O = sulte + 3 NADPH + 3 H
+
Other name(s): sulte (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADPH-sulte reductase;
NADPH-dependent sulte reductase; H
2
S-NADP oxidoreductase; sulte reductase (NADPH
2
)
Systematic name: hydrogen-sulde:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron avoprotein (FAD and FMN).
References: [887, 2065, 2586]
[EC 1.8.1.2 created 1961]
EC 1.8.1.3
Accepted name: hypotaurine dehydrogenase
Reaction: hypotaurine + H
2
O + NAD
+
= taurine + NADH + H
+
182
Systematic name: hypotaurine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdohemoprotein.
References: [2186]
[EC 1.8.1.3 created 1972]
EC 1.8.1.4
Accepted name: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
Reaction: protein N
6
-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD
+
= protein N
6
-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): LDP-Glc; LDP-Val; dehydrolipoate dehydrogenase; diaphorase; dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase;
dihydrolipoamide:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; dihydrolipoic dehydrogenase; dihydrothioctic dehydroge-
nase; lipoamide dehydrogenase (NADH); lipoamide oxidoreductase (NADH); lipoamide reductase;
lipoamide reductase (NADH); lipoate dehydrogenase; lipoic acid dehydrogenase; lipoyl dehydroge-
nase; protein-6-N-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: protein-N
6
-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). A component of the multienzyme 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes.
In the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, it binds to the core of EC 2.3.1.12, dihydrolipoyllysine-
residue acetyltransferase, and catalyses oxidation of its dihydrolipoyl groups. It plays a similar role
in the oxoglutarate and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase complexes. Another substrate is
the dihydrolipoyl group in the H-protein of the glycine-cleavage system (click here for diagram), in
which it acts, together with EC 1.4.4.2, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), and EC 2.1.2.10,
aminomethyltransferase, to break down glycine. It can also use free dihydrolipoate, dihydrolipoamide
or dihydrolipoyllysine as substrate. This enzyme was rst shown to catalyse the oxidation of NADH
by methylene blue; this activity was called diaphorase. The glycine cleavage system is composed of
four components that only loosely associate: the P protein (EC 1.4.4.2), the T protein (EC 2.1.2.10),
the L protein (EC 1.8.1.4) and the lipoyl-bearing H protein [1608].
References: [1420, 1421, 1945, 2150, 1741, 1608]
[EC 1.8.1.4 created 1961 as EC 1.6.4.3, modied 1976, transferred 1983 to EC 1.8.1.4, modied 2003, modied 2006]
EC 1.8.1.5
Accepted name: 2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating)
Reaction: 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate + acetoacetate + NADP
+
= 2-(2-oxopropylthio)ethanesulfonate + CO
2
+
NADPH
Other name(s): NADPH:2-(2-ketopropylthio)ethanesulfonate oxidoreductase/carboxylase; NADPH:2-ketopropyl-
coenzyme M oxidoreductase/carboxylase
Systematic name: 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate,acetoacetate:NADP
+
Comments: Also acts on thioethers longer in chain length on the oxo side, e.g. 2-oxobutyl-CoM, but this portion
must be attached to CoM (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate); no CoM analogs will substitute. This enzyme
forms component II of a four-component enzyme system comprising EC 4.4.1.23 (2-hydroxypropyl-
CoM lyase; component I), EC 1.8.1.5 [2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating); component II],
EC 1.1.1.268 [2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase; component III] and EC 1.1.1.269 [2-(S)-
hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase; component IV] that is involved in epoxyalkane carboxylation in
Xanthobacter sp. strain Py2.
[EC 1.8.1.5 created 2001]
EC 1.8.1.6
Accepted name: cystine reductase
Reaction: 2 L-cysteine + NAD
+
= L-cystine + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): cystine reductase (NADH); NADH-dependent cystine reductase; cystine reductase (NADH
2
);
NADH
2
:L-cystine oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-cysteine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
183
References: [1882, 314, 1399]
EC 1.8.1.7
Accepted name: glutathione-disulde reductase
Reaction: 2 glutathione + NADP
+
= glutathione disulde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): glutathione reductase; glutathione reductase (NADPH); NADPH-glutathione reductase; GSH re-
ductase; GSSG reductase; NADPH-GSSG reductase; glutathione S-reductase; NADPH:oxidized-
glutathione oxidoreductase
Systematic name: glutathione:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A dimeric avoprotein (FAD); activity is dependent on a redox-active disulde in each of the active
centres.
References: [1709, 1756, 1800, 2377, 2515, 216, 1303]
[EC 1.8.1.7 created 1961 as EC 1.6.4.2, modied 1989, transferred 2002 to EC 1.8.1.7]
EC 1.8.1.8
Accepted name: protein-disulde reductase
Reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)
+
= protein-disulde + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): protein disulphide reductase; insulin-glutathione transhydrogenase; disulde reductase;
NAD(P)H
2
:protein-disulde oxidoreductase
Systematic name: protein-dithiol:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
References: [837]
EC 1.8.1.9
Accepted name: thioredoxin-disulde reductase
Reaction: thioredoxin + NADP
+
= thioredoxin disulde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): NADP-thioredoxin reductase; NADPH-thioredoxin reductase; thioredoxin reductase (NADPH);
NADPH
2
:oxidized thioredoxin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: thioredoxin:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1508, 2105, 77]
EC 1.8.1.10
Accepted name: CoA-glutathione reductase
Reaction: CoA + glutathione + NADP
+
= CoA-glutathione + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): coenzyme A glutathione disulde reductase; NADPH-dependent coenzyme A-SS-glutathione reduc-
tase; coenzyme A disulde-glutathione reductase; NADPH
2
:CoA-glutathione oxidoreductase
Systematic name: glutathione:NADP
+
Comments: A avoprotein. The substrate is a mixed disulde. May be identical to EC 1.8.1.9, thioredoxin-
disulde reductase.
References: [1687, 1688, 309]
EC 1.8.1.11
Accepted name: asparagusate reductase
184
Reaction: 3-mercapto-2-mercaptomethylpropanoate + NAD
+
= asparagusate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): asparagusate dehydrogenase; asparagusic dehydrogenase; asparagusate reductase (NADH
2
);
NADH
2
:asparagusate oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-mercapto-2-mercaptomethylpropanoate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on lipoate.
EC 1.8.1.12
Accepted name: trypanothione-disulde reductase
Reaction: trypanothione + NADP
+
= trypanothione disulde + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): trypanothione reductase; NADPH
2
:trypanothione oxidoreductase
Systematic name: trypanothione:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Trypanothione disulde is the oxidized form of N
1
,N
8
-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-
parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. The enzyme from Crithidia fasciculata is a avopro-
tein (FAD), whose activity is dependent on a redox-active cystine at the active centre. (cf. EC 1.8.1.7,
glutathione-disulde reductase)
References: [2021, 1407, 427]
EC 1.8.1.13
Accepted name: bis--glutamylcystine reductase
Reaction: 2 -glutamylcysteine + NADP
+
= bis--glutamylcystine + NADPH + H
+
2
:bis--glutamylcysteine oxidoreductase
Systematic name: -glutamylcysteine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Highly specic. Not identical with EC 1.8.1.7 (glutathione-disulde reductase) or EC 1.8.1.14 (CoA-
disulde reductase).
EC 1.8.1.14
Accepted name: CoA-disulde reductase
Reaction: 2 CoA + NAD(P)
+
= CoA-disulde + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): CoA-disulde reductase (NADH
2
); NADH
2
:CoA-disulde oxidoreductase; CoA:NAD
+
oxidoreduc-
tase; CoADR; coenzyme A disulde reductase
Systematic name: CoA:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Not identical with EC 1.8.1.6 (cystine reductase), EC 1.8.1.7 (glutathione-disulde
reductase) or EC 1.8.1.13 (bis--glutamylcystine reductase). While the enzyme from Staphylococcus
aureus has a strong preference for NADPH [1342], that from the thermophilic Archaea Pyrococcus
horikoshii can use both NADH and NADPH efciently [824].
References: [2014, 478, 1342, 824]
EC 1.8.1.15
Accepted name: mycothione reductase
Reaction: 2 mycothiol + NAD(P)
+
= mycothione + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): mycothiol-disulde reductase
Systematic name: mycothiol:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains FAD. No activity with glutathione, trypanothione or coenzyme A as substrate.
185
[EC 1.8.1.15 created 2002]
EC 1.8.1.16
Accepted name: glutathione amide reductase
Reaction: 2 glutathione amide + NAD
+
= glutathione amide disulde + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): GAR
Systematic name: glutathione amide:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A dimeric avoprotein (FAD). The enzyme restores glutathione amide disulde, which is produced
during the reduction of peroxide by EC 1.11.1.17 (glutathione amide-dependent peroxidase), back to
glutathione amide (it catalyses the reaction in the opposite direction to that shown). The enzyme be-
longs to the family of avoprotein disulde oxidoreductases, but unlike other members of the family,
which are specic for NADPH, it prefers NADH [2387].
[EC 1.8.1.16 created 2010]
EC 1.8.2.1
Accepted name: sulte dehydrogenase
Reaction: sulte + 2 ferricytochrome c + H
2
O = sulfate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H
+
Other name(s): sulte cytochrome c reductase; sulte-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; sulte oxidase
Systematic name: sulte:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
Comments: Associated with cytochrome c-551.
[EC 1.8.2.1 created 1972]
EC 1.8.2.2
Accepted name: thiosulfate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2 thiosulfate + 2 ferricytochrome c = tetrathionate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
Other name(s): tetrathionate synthase; thiosulfate oxidase; thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme; thiosulfate-acceptor oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: thiosulfate:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
References: [1341]
[EC 1.8.2.2 created 1990]
EC 1.8.3.1
Accepted name: sulte oxidase
Reaction: sulte + O
2
+ H
2
O = sulfate + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: sulte:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdohemoprotein.
References: [1116, 1368, 2219]
[EC 1.8.3.1 created 1961]
EC 1.8.3.2
186
Accepted name: thiol oxidase
Reaction: 4 R
C(R)SH + O
2
= 2 R
C(R)S-S(R)CR
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): sulfhydryl oxidase
Systematic name: thiol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: R may be =S or =O, or a variety of other groups. The enzyme is not specic for R
.
[EC 1.8.3.2 created 1961]
EC 1.8.3.3
Accepted name: glutathione oxidase
Reaction: 2 glutathione + O
2
= glutathione disulde + H
2
O
2
Systematic name: glutathione:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Also acts, more slowly, on L-cysteine and several other thiols.
References: [1220]
[EC 1.8.3.3 created 1989]
EC 1.8.3.4
Accepted name: methanethiol oxidase
Reaction: methanethiol + O
2
+ H
2
O = formaldehyde + hydrogen sulde + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): methylmercaptan oxidase; methyl mercaptan oxidase; (MM)-oxidase; MT-oxidase
Systematic name: methanethiol:oxygen oxidoreductase
References: [2197]
[EC 1.8.3.4 created 1990]
EC 1.8.3.5
Accepted name: prenylcysteine oxidase
Reaction: an S-prenyl-L-cysteine + O
2
+ H
2
O = a prenal + L-cysteine + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): prenylcysteine lyase
Systematic name: S-prenyl-L-cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Cleaves the thioether bond of S-prenyl-L-cysteines, such as S-farnesylcysteine
and S-geranylgeranylcysteine. N-Acetyl-prenylcysteine and prenylcysteinyl peptides are not sub-
strates. May represent the nal step in the degradation of prenylated proteins in mammalian tissues.
Originally thought to be a simple lyase so it had been classied as EC 4.4.1.18.
EC 1.8.4.1
Accepted name: glutathionehomocystine transhydrogenase
Reaction: 2 glutathione + homocystine = glutathione disulde + 2 homocysteine
Systematic name: glutathione:homocystine oxidoreductase
Comments: The reactions catalysed by this enzyme and by others in this subclass may be similar to those catal-
ysed by EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase.
References: [1799]
[EC 1.8.4.1 created 1961]
187
EC 1.8.4.2
Accepted name: protein-disulde reductase (glutathione)
Reaction: 2 glutathione + protein-disulde = glutathione-disulde + protein-dithiol
Other name(s): glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase; insulin reductase; reductase, protein disulde (glutathione);
protein disulde transhydrogenase; glutathione-protein disulde oxidoreductase; protein disulde re-
ductase (glutathione); GSH-insulin transhydrogenase; protein-disulde interchange enzyme; protein-
disulde isomerase/oxidoreductase; thiol:protein-disulde oxidoreductase; thiol-protein disulphide
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: glutathione:protein-disulde oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces insulin and some other proteins.
[EC 1.8.4.2 created 1965]
EC 1.8.4.3
Accepted name: glutathioneCoA-glutathione transhydrogenase
Reaction: CoA + glutathione disulde = CoA-glutathione + glutathione
Other name(s): glutathione-coenzyme A glutathione disulde transhydrogenase; glutathione-coenzyme A glu-
tathione disulde transhydrogenase; glutathione coenzyme A-glutathione transhydrogenase; glu-
tathione:coenzyme A-glutathione transhydrogenase; coenzyme A:oxidized-glutathione oxidoreduc-
tase; coenzyme A:glutathione-disulde oxidoreductase
Systematic name: CoA:glutathione-disulde oxidoreductase
References: [329]
[EC 1.8.4.3 created 1972]
EC 1.8.4.4
Accepted name: glutathionecystine transhydrogenase
Reaction: 2 glutathione + cystine = glutathione disulde + 2 cysteine
Other name(s): GSH-cystine transhydrogenase; NADPH-dependent GSH-cystine transhydrogenase
Systematic name: glutathione:cystine oxidoreductase
References: [1554]
[EC 1.8.4.4 created 1972]
[1.8.4.5 Transferred entry. methionine-S-oxide reductase. Now EC 1.8.4.13, L-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase and EC
1.8.4.14, L-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase]
[1.8.4.6 Transferred entry. protein-methionine-S-oxide reductase. Proved to be due to EC 1.8.4.11, peptide-methionine
(S)-S-oxide reductase]
EC 1.8.4.7
Accepted name: enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulde)
Reaction: [xanthine dehydrogenase] + glutathione disulde = [xanthine oxidase] + 2 glutathione
Other name(s): [xanthine-dehydrogenase]:oxidized-glutathione S-oxidoreductase; enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase
(oxidized-glutathione); glutathione-dependent thiol:disulde oxidoreductase; thiol:disulphide oxidore-
ductase
Systematic name: [xanthine-dehydrogenase]:glutathione-disulde S-oxidoreductase
Comments: Converts EC 1.17.1.4 xanthine dehydrogenase into EC 1.17.3.2 xanthine oxidase in the presence of
glutathione disulde; also reduces the disulde bond of ricin. Not inhibited by Cu
2+
or thiol reagents.
References: [137]
188
EC 1.8.4.8
Accepted name: phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)
Reaction: adenosine 3
,5
-bisphosphate + sulte + thioredoxin disulde = 3
-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + thiore-

doxin
Other name(s): PAPS reductase, thioredoxin-dependent; PAPS reductase; thioredoxin:adenosine 3
-phosphate
5
-phosphosulfate reductase; 3
-phosphoadenylylsulfate reductase; thioredoxin:3
-phospho-
adenylylsulfate reductase; phosphoadenosine-phosphosulfate reductase; adenosine 3
,5
-
bisphosphate,sulte:oxidized-thioredoxin oxidoreductase (3
-phosphoadenosine-5
-phosphosulfate-
forming)
Systematic name: adenosine 3
,5
-bisphosphate,sulte:thioredoxin-disulde oxidoreductase (3
-phosphoadenosine-5
-
phosphosulfate-forming)
Comments: Specic for PAPS. The enzyme from Escherichia coli will use thioredoxins from other species.
References: [167]
EC 1.8.4.9
Accepted name: adenylyl-sulfate reductase (glutathione)
Reaction: AMP + sulte + glutathione disulde = adenylyl sulfate + 2 glutathione
Other name(s): 5
-adenylylsulfate reductase (also used for EC 1.8.99.2); AMP,sulte:oxidized-glutathione oxidore-

ductase (adenosine-5
-phosphosulfate-forming); plant-type 5
-adenylylsulfate reductase
Systematic name: AMP,sulte:glutathione-disulde oxidoreductase (adenosine-5
-phosphosulfate-forming)
Comments: This enzyme differs from EC 1.8.99.2, adenylyl-sulfate reductase, in using glutathione as the reduc-
tant. Glutathione can be replaced by -glutamylcysteine or dithiothreitol, but not by thioredoxin,
glutaredoxin or mercaptoethanol. The enzyme from the mouseear cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, con-
tains a glutaredoxin-like domain. The enzyme is also found in other photosynthetic eukaryotes, e.g.,
the Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus and the hollow green seaweed, Enteromorpha in-
testinalis.
References: [785, 2015, 189]
EC 1.8.4.10
Accepted name: adenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)
Reaction: AMP + sulte + thioredoxin disulde = 5
-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin

Other name(s): thioredoxin-dependent 5
-adenylylsulfate reductase
Systematic name: AMP,sulte:thioredoxin-disulde oxidoreductase (adenosine-5
Comments: Uses adenylyl sulfate, not phosphoadenylyl sulfate, distinguishing this enzyme from EC 1.8.4.8,
phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin). Uses thioredoxin as electron donor, not glutathione
or other donors, distinguishing it from EC 1.8.4.9 [adenylyl-sulfate reductase (glutathione)] and EC
1.8.99.2 (adenylyl-sulfate reductase).
References: [190, 4, 2496, 1614]
[EC 1.8.4.10 created 2003]
EC 1.8.4.11
Accepted name: peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase
Reaction: (1) peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulde + H
2
O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thiore-
doxin
(2) L-methionine + thioredoxin disulde + H
2
O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin
189
Other name(s): MsrA; methionine sulfoxide reductase (ambiguous); methionine sulphoxide reductase A; methionine
S-oxide reductase (ambiguous); methionine S-oxide reductase (S-form oxidizing); methionine sulfox-
ide reductase A; peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase
Systematic name: peptide-L-methionine:thioredoxin-disulde S-oxidoreductase [L-methionine (S)-S-oxide-forming]
Comments: The reaction occurs in the reverse direction to that shown above. The enzyme exhibits high specicity
for the reduction of the S-form of L-methionine S-oxide, acting faster on the residue in a peptide than
on the free amino acid [1680]. On the free amino acid, it can also reduce D-methionine (S)-S-oxide
but more slowly [1680]. The enzyme plays a role in preventing oxidative-stress damage caused by re-
active oxygen species by reducing the oxidized form of methionine back to methionine and thereby
reactivating peptides that had been damaged. In some species, e.g. Neisseria meningitidis, both this
enzyme and EC 1.8.4.12, peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase, are found within the same pro-
tein whereas, in other species, they are separate proteins [1528, 229]. The reaction proceeds via a
sulfenic-acid intermediate [584, 257].
References: [1528, 2258, 2071, 229, 584, 2460, 1085, 2409, 1680, 257]
[EC 1.8.4.11 created 2006]
EC 1.8.4.12
Accepted name: peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase
Reaction: peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulde + H
2
O = peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thiore-
doxin
Other name(s): MsrB; methionine sulfoxide reductase (ambiguous); pMSR; methionine S-oxide reductase (ambigu-
ous); selenoprotein R; methionine S-oxide reductase (R-form oxidizing); methionine sulfoxide reduc-
tase B; SelR; SelX; PilB; pRMsr
Systematic name: peptide-methionine:thioredoxin-disulde S-oxidoreductase [methionine (R)-S-oxide-forming]
Comments: The reaction occurs in the reverse direction to that shown above. The enzyme exhibits high speci-
city for reduction of the R-form of methionine S-oxide, with higher activity being observed with
L-methionine S-oxide than with D-methionine S-oxide [1680]. While both free and protein-bound
methionine (R)-S-oxide act as substrates, the activity with the peptide-bound form is far greater
[1915]. The enzyme plays a role in preventing oxidative-stress damage caused by reactive oxygen
species by reducing the oxidized form of methionine back to methionine and thereby reactivating
peptides that had been damaged. In some species, e.g. Neisseria meningitidis, both this enzyme and
EC 1.8.4.11, peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase, are found within the same protein whereas in
other species, they are separate proteins [2071, 584]. The reaction proceeds via a sulfenic-acid inter-
mediate [584, 1915]. For MsrB2 and MsrB3, thioredoxin is a poor reducing agent but thionein works
well []. The enzyme from some species contains selenocysteine and Zn
2+
.
References: [1528, 2258, 2071, 229, 584, 2460, 1085, 2409, 1680, 1915]
[EC 1.8.4.12 created 2006]
EC 1.8.4.13
Accepted name: L-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase
Reaction: L-methionine + thioredoxin disulde + H
2
O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin
Other name(s): fSMsr; methyl sulfoxide reductase I and II; acetylmethionine sulfoxide reductase; methionine sulfox-
ide reductase; L-methionine:oxidized-thioredoxin S-oxidoreductase; methionine-S-oxide reductase;
free-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase
Systematic name: L-methionine:thioredoxin-disulde S-oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires NADPH [560]. The reaction occurs in the opposite direction to that given above. Dithiothre-
itol can replace reduced thioredoxin. L-Methionine (R)-S-oxide is not a substrate [see EC 1.8.4.14,
L-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase].
References: [197, 560, 561, 2460]
[EC 1.8.4.13 created 1984 as EC 1.8.4.5, part-transferred 2006 to EC 1.8.4.13]
190
EC 1.8.4.14
Accepted name: L-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase
Reaction: L-methionine + thioredoxin disulde + H
2
O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thioredoxin
Other name(s): fRMsr; FRMsr; free met-R-(o) reductase; free-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase
Systematic name: L-methionine:thioredoxin-disulde S-oxidoreductase [L-methionine (R)-S-oxide-forming]
Comments: Requires NADPH. Unlike EC 1.8.4.12, peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase, this enzyme can-
not use peptide-bound methionine (R)-S-oxide as a substrate [580]. Differs from EC 1.8.4.13, L-
methionine (S)-S-oxide in that L-methionine (S)-S-oxide is not a substrate.
References: [580]
[EC 1.8.4.14 created 1984 as EC 1.8.4.5, part-transferred 2006 to EC 1.8.4.14]
EC 1.8.5.1
Accepted name: glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate)
Reaction: 2 glutathione + dehydroascorbate = glutathione disulde + ascorbate
Other name(s): dehydroascorbic reductase; dehydroascorbic acid reductase; glutathione dehydroascorbate reductase;
DHA reductase ; dehydroascorbate reductase; GDOR; glutathione:dehydroascorbic acid oxidoreduc-
tase
Systematic name: glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase
References: [420]
[EC 1.8.5.1 created 1961]
EC 1.8.5.2
Accepted name: thiosulfate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: 2 thiosulfate + 6-decylubiquinone = tetrathionate + 6-decylubiquinol
Other name(s): thiosulfate:quinone oxidoreductase; thiosulphate:quinone oxidoreductase; thiosulfate oxidoreductase,
tetrathionate-forming; TQO
Systematic name: thiosulfate:6-decylubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction can also proceed with ferricyanide as the electron acceptor, but more slowly. Unlike EC
1.8.2.2, thiosulfate dehydrogenase, this enzyme cannot utilize cytochrome c as an acceptor.
References: [1536]
[EC 1.8.5.2 created 2004]
EC 1.8.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.8.6.1 Deleted entry. Nitrate-ester reductase. Now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase]
EC 1.8.7.1
Accepted name: sulte reductase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: hydrogen sulde + 6 oxidized ferredoxin + 3 H
2
O = sulte + 6 reduced ferredoxin + 6 H
+
Other name(s): ferredoxin-sulte reductase
Systematic name: hydrogen-sulde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron protein.
References: [1972]
191
[EC 1.8.7.1 created 1972]
EC 1.8.7.2
Accepted name: ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase
Reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + thioredoxin disulde = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + thioredoxin + 2 H
+
Systematic name: ferredoxin:thioredoxin disulde oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster and internal disulde. It forms a mixed disulde with thiore-
doxin on one side, and docks ferredoxin on the other side, enabling two one-electron transfers.
The reduced thioredoxins generated by the enzyme activate the Calvin cycle enzymes EC 3.1.3.11
(fructose-bisphosphatase), EC 3.1.3.37 (sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase) and EC 2.7.1.19 (phospho-
ribulokinase) as well as other chloroplast enzymes by disulde reduction.
References: [272, 366, 2118]
[EC 1.8.7.2 created 2010]
EC 1.8.98.1
Accepted name: CoBCoM heterodisulde reductase
Reaction: coenzyme B + coenzyme M + methanophenazine = N-7-[(2-sulfoethyl)dithio]heptanoyl-O
3
-phospho-
L-threonine + dihydromethanophenazine
Other name(s): heterodisulde reductase; soluble heterodisulde reductase
Systematic name: coenzyme B:coenzyme M:methanophenazine oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is found in methanogenic archaea, particularly Methanosarcina species, and regenerates
coenzyme M and coenzyme B after the action of EC 2.8.4.1, coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase.
Contains (per heterodimeric unit) two distinct b-type hemes and two [4Fe-4S] clusters [2066]. Highly
specic for both coenzyme M and coenzyme B. Reacts with various phenazine derivatives, including
2-hydroxyphenazine and 2-bromophenazine.
References: [858, 3, 2066, 1542]
[EC 1.8.98.1 created 2003]
EC 1.8.98.2
Accepted name: sulredoxin
Reaction: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) + ATP + 2 R-SH = peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) +
ADP + phosphate + R-S-S-R
Other name(s): Srx1; sulphiredoxin; peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) reductase
Systematic name: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine):thiol oxidoreductase [ATP-hydrolysing; peroxiredoxin-(S-
hydroxycysteine)-forming]
Comments: In the course of the reaction of EC 1.11.1.15, peroxiredoxin, its cysteine residue is alternately ox-
idized to the sulfenic acid, S-hydroxycysteine, and reduced back to cysteine. Occasionally the S-
hydroxycysteine residue is further oxidized to the sulnic acid S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine, thereby
inactivating the enzyme. The reductase provides a mechanism for regenerating the active form of per-
oxiredoxin, i.e. the peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) form. Apparently the reductase rst catalyses
the phosphorylation of the -S(O)-OH group by ATP to give -S(O)-O-P, which is attached to the perox-
iredoxin by a cysteine residue, forming an -S(O)-S- link between the two enzymes. Attack by a thiol
splits this bond, leaving the peroxiredoxin as the sulfenic acid and the reductase as the thiol.
References: [193, 331, 2510]
[EC 1.8.98.2 created 2005]
192
EC 1.8.99.1
Accepted name: sulte reductase
Reaction: hydrogen sulde + acceptor + 3 H
2
O = sulte + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): assimilatory sulte reductase; assimilatory-type sulte reductase; hydrogen-sulde:(acceptor) oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: hydrogen-sulde:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-protein. A stoichiometry of six molecules of reduced methyl viologen per molecule of sulde
formed was found.
References: [80, 81, 2585]
[EC 1.8.99.1 created 1972]
EC 1.8.99.2
Accepted name: adenylyl-sulfate reductase
Reaction: AMP + sulte + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): adenosine phosphosulfate reductase; adenosine 5
-phosphosulfate reductase; APS-reductase; APS

reductase; AMP, sulte:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (adenosine-5
Systematic name: AMP,sulte:acceptor oxidoreductase (adenosine-5
Comments: An iron avoprotein (FAD). Methyl viologen can act as acceptor.
References: [1464]
[EC 1.8.99.2 created 1972]
EC 1.8.99.3
Accepted name: hydrogensulte reductase
Reaction: trithionate + acceptor + 2 H
2
O + OH
= 3 bisulte + reduced acceptor

Other name(s): bisulte reductase; dissimilatory sulte reductase; desulfoviridin; desulforubidin; desulfofuscidin;
dissimilatory-type sulte reductase; trithionate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: trithionate:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Methylviologen can act as acceptor. A group of sirohemoproteins containing iron-sulfur centres (P-
582).
References: [838, 1267, 2327]
[EC 1.8.99.3 created 1986]
[1.8.99.4 Transferred entry. phosphoadenosine-phosphosulfate reductase. Now EC 1.8.4.8, phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reduc-
tase (thioredoxin)]
EC 1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors
This subclass contains the cytochrome oxidases and nitrate reductases. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: oxygen (EC
1.9.3), a nitrogenous group (EC 1.9.6), or some other acceptor (EC 1.9.99).
EC 1.9.3.1
193
Accepted name: cytochrome-c oxidase
Reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O
2
+ 4 H
+
= 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): cytochrome oxidase; cytochrome a
3
; cytochrome aa3; Warburgs respiratory enzyme; indophenol
oxidase; indophenolase; complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport); ferrocytochrome c oxidase;
NADH cytochrome c oxidase
Systematic name: ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A cytochrome of the a type containing copper. The reduction of O
2
to water is accompanied by the
extrusion of four protons from the intramitochondrial compartment. Several bacteria appear to contain
analogous oxidases.
References: [1105, 1106, 2416, 2575, 2576]
[1.9.3.2 Transferred entry. Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase. Now included with EC 1.7.2.1, nitrite reductase (NO-
forming)]
EC 1.9.6 With a nitrogenous group as acceptor
EC 1.9.6.1
Accepted name: nitrate reductase (cytochrome)
Reaction: 2 ferrocytochrome + 2 H
+
+ nitrate = 2 ferricytochrome + nitrite
Other name(s): respiratory nitrate reductase; benzyl viologen-nitrate reductase
Systematic name: ferrocytochrome:nitrate oxidoreductase
References: [1912]
[EC 1.9.6.1 created 1961]
EC 1.9.99.1
Accepted name: ironcytochrome-c reductase
Reaction: ferrocytochrome c + Fe
3+
= ferricytochrome c + Fe
2+
Other name(s): iron-cytochrome c reductase
Systematic name: ferrocytochrome-c:Fe
3+
oxidoreductase
References: [2568]
[EC 1.9.99.1 created 1972]
EC 1.10 Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
This subclass contains enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of diphenols or ascorbate. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor:
NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.10.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.10.2), oxygen (EC 1.10.3), or some other acceptor (EC 1.10.99). Some
enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of phenols are oxygenases (EC 1.14.18).
EC 1.10.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.10.1.1
194
Accepted name: trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: ()-trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol + 2 NADP
+
= acenaphthenequinone + 2 NADPH + 2 H
+
Other name(s): trans-1,2-acenaphthenediol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: ()-trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Some preparations also utilize NAD
+
.
References: [918]
[EC 1.10.1.1 created 1976]
EC 1.10.2.1
Accepted name: L-ascorbatecytochrome-b
5
reductase
Reaction: L-ascorbate + ferricytochrome b
5
= monodehydroascorbate + ferrocytochrome b
5
+ H
+
Other name(s): ascorbate-cytochrome b
5
reductase
Systematic name: L-ascorbate:ferricytochrome-b
5
oxidoreductase
References: [582]
EC 1.10.2.2
Accepted name: ubiquinolcytochrome-c reductase
Reaction: QH
2
+ 2 ferricytochrome c = Q + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H
+
Other name(s): coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase; dihydrocoenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase; reduced
ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase, complex III (mitochondrial electron transport); ubiquinone-
cytochrome c reductase; ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; reduced coenzyme Q-cytochrome
c reductase; ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; reduced ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxi-
doreductase; mitochondrial electron transport complex III; ubiquinol-cytochrome c-2 oxidoreduc-
tase; ubiquinone-cytochrome b-c1 oxidoreductase; ubiquinol-cytochrome c
2
reductase; ubiquinol-
cytochrome c
1
oxidoreductase; CoQH
2
-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; ubihydroquinol:cytochrome c
oxidoreductase; coenzyme QH
2
-cytochrome c reductase; QH
2
:cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Systematic name: ubiquinol:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains cytochromes b-562, b-566 and c1, and a 2-iron ferredoxin. Depending on the organism and
physiological conditions, either two or four protons are extruded from the cytoplasmic to the non-
cytoplasmic compartment (cf. EC 1.6.99.3 NADH dehydrogenase).
References: [1405, 1856, 2484]
[EC 1.10.2.2 created 1978]
EC 1.10.3.1
Accepted name: catechol oxidase
Reaction: 2 catechol + O
2
= 2 1,2-benzoquinone + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): diphenol oxidase; o-diphenolase; phenolase; polyphenol oxidase; tyrosinase; pyrocatechol oxidase;
Dopa oxidase; catecholase; o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase; o-diphenol oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 1,2-benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A group of copper proteins that act also on a variety of substituted catechols, and many of which also
catalyse the reaction listed under EC 1.14.18.1 monophenol monooxygenase; this is especially true
for the classical tyrosinase.
References: [260, 457, 758, 1417, 1442, 1731, 1766, 1867]
195
EC 1.10.3.2
Accepted name: laccase
Reaction: 4 benzenediol + O
2
= 4 benzosemiquinone + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): urishiol oxidase; urushiol oxidase; p-diphenol oxidase
Systematic name: benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A group of multi-copper proteins of low specicity acting on both o- and p-quinols, and often acting
also on aminophenols and phenylenediamine. The semiquinone may react further either enzymically
or non-enzymically.
References: [457, 1109, 1391, 1442, 1568, 1569, 1738, 1838]
EC 1.10.3.3
Accepted name: L-ascorbate oxidase
Reaction: 2 L-ascorbate + O
2
= 2 dehydroascorbate + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): ascorbase; ascorbic acid oxidase; ascorbate oxidase; ascorbic oxidase; ascorbate dehydrogenase; L-
ascorbic acid oxidase; AAO; L-ascorbate:O
2
oxidoreductase ; AA oxidase
Systematic name: L-ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A multicopper protein.
References: [2119]
[EC 1.10.3.3 created 1961]
EC 1.10.3.4
Accepted name: o-aminophenol oxidase
Reaction: (1a) 2 2-aminophenol + O
2
= 2 6-iminocyclohexa-2,4-dienone + 2 H
2
O
(1b) 2 6-iminocyclohexa-2,4-dienone + oxidant = 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one + reduced oxidant (spon-
taneous)
Other name(s): isophenoxazine synthase; o-aminophenol:O
2
oxidoreductase; 2-aminophenol:O
2
oxidoreductase; GriF
Systematic name: 2-aminophenol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. While the enzyme from the plant Tecoma stans is activated by Mn
2+
[1562], that from
the bacterium Streptomyces griseus (GriF) requires Cu
2+
for maximal activity. Two molecules of
the product 6-iminocyclohexa-2,4-dienone (i.e. 1,2-benzoquinone monoimine) spontaneously con-
dense with oxidation to yield 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one [2198]. 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
which has a -CHO group at the para-position with respect to the hydroxy group of 2-aminophenol,
was found to be the best substrate for GriF [2198].
References: [1562, 1564, 1818, 2198]
EC 1.10.3.5
Accepted name: 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
Reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O
2
= 6-imino-5-oxocyclohexa-1,3-dienecarboxylate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxidase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxyanthranilate:oxygen oxidoreductase
References: [1514]
[EC 1.10.3.5 created 1972]
EC 1.10.3.6
196
Accepted name: rifamycin-B oxidase
Reaction: rifamycin B + O
2
= rifamycin O + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): rifamycin B oxidase
Systematic name: rifamycin-B:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts also on benzene-1,4-diol and, more slowly, on some other p-quinols. Not identical with EC
1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase), EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase), EC 1.10.3.4 (o-aminophenol oxidase) or EC
1.10.3.5 (3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase).
References: [808]
[EC 1.10.3.6 created 1986]
[1.10.3.7 Transferred entry. sulochrin oxidase [(+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming]. Now EC 1.21.3.4, sulochrin oxidase [(+)-
bisdechlorogeodin-forming]]
[1.10.3.8 Transferred entry. sulochrin oxidase [(+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming]. Now EC 1.21.3.5, sulochrin oxidase [(-)-
bisdechlorogeodin-forming]]
EC 1.10.99.1
Accepted name: plastoquinolplastocyanin reductase
Reaction: plastoquinol-1 + 2 oxidized plastocyanin = plastoquinone + 2 reduced plastocyanin
Other name(s): plastoquinol/plastocyanin oxidoreductase; cytochrome b
6
/f complex; cytochrome b
6
/ complex
Systematic name: plastoquinol:oxidized-plastocyanin oxidoreductase
Comments: A cytochrome f,b
6
complex separated from chloroplasts. Also acts, more slowly, on plastoquinol-9
and ubiquinols. Cytochrome c-552 can act instead of plastocyanin, but more slowly.
References: [952]
[EC 1.10.99.1 created 1984]
EC 1.10.99.2
Accepted name: ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: 1-(-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a
hydroquinone
Other name(s): NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2; NQO
2
; NQO
2
; NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-2 (mis-
leading); QR2; quinone reductase 2; N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone);
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase2 (misleading)
Systematic name: 1-(-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Unlike EC 1.6.5.2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), this quinone reductase can-
not use NADH or NADPH; instead it uses N-ribosyl- and N-alkyldihydronicotinamides. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benz[a]anthracene, and the oestrogens 17-estradiol and diethyl-
stilbestrol are potent inhibitors, but dicoumarol is only a very weak inhibitor [2625]. This enzyme
can catalyse both 2-electron and 4-electron reductions, but one-electron acceptors, such as potassium
ferricyanide, cannot be reduced [2519].
References: [1302, 2625, 2519, 1003]
[EC 1.10.99.2 created 2005]
EC 1.10.99.3
Accepted name: violaxanthin de-epoxidase
197
Reaction: (1) violaxanthin + ascorbate = antheraxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H
2
O
(2) antheraxanthin + ascorbate = zeaxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H
2
O
Other name(s): VDE
Systematic name: violaxanthin:ascorbate oxidoreductase
Comments: Along with EC 1.14.13.90, zeaxanthin epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or vi-
olaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts. It is activated by a
low pH of the thylakoid lumen (produced by high light intensity). Zeaxanthin induces the dissipa-
tion of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem
II. In higher plants the enzyme reacts with all-trans-diepoxides, such as violaxanthin, and all-trans-
monoepoxides, but in the alga Mantoniella squamata, only the diepoxides are good substrates.
References: [2545, 1874, 278, 1226, 1255, 738, 1254]
[EC 1.10.99.3 created 2005]
EC 1.11 Acting on a peroxide as acceptor
This subclass contains a single sub-subclass for the peroxidases (EC 1.11.1).
EC 1.11.1 Peroxidases
EC 1.11.1.1
Accepted name: NADH peroxidase
Reaction: NADH + H
+
+ H
2
O
2
= NAD
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): DPNH peroxidase; NAD peroxidase; diphosphopyridine nucleotide peroxidase; NADH-peroxidase;
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide peroxidase; NADH
2
peroxidase
Systematic name: NADH:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Ferricyanide, quinones, etc., can replace H
2
O
2
.
References: [510, 1495, 2420]
[EC 1.11.1.1 created 1961]
EC 1.11.1.2
Accepted name: NADPH peroxidase
Reaction: NADPH + H
+
+ H
2
O
2
= NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): TPNH peroxidase; NADP peroxidase; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate peroxidase; TPN
peroxidase; triphosphopyridine nucleotide peroxidase; NADPH
2
peroxidase
Systematic name: NADPH:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
References: [388]
[EC 1.11.1.2 created 1961]
EC 1.11.1.3
Accepted name: fatty-acid peroxidase
Reaction: palmitate + 2 H
2
O
2
= pentadecanal + CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
Other name(s): long chain fatty acid peroxidase
Systematic name: hexadecanoate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on long-chain fatty acids from dodecanoic to octadecanoic acid.
References: [1413]
[EC 1.11.1.3 created 1961]
[1.11.1.4 Transferred entry. now EC 1.13.11.11 tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase]
198
[EC 1.11.1.4 created 1961, deleted 1964, reinstated 1965 as EC 1.13.1.12, deleted 1972]
EC 1.11.1.5
Accepted name: cytochrome-c peroxidase
Reaction: 2 ferrocytochrome c + H
2
O
2
= 2 ferricytochrome c + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): cytochrome peroxidase; cytochrome c-551 peroxidase; apocytochrome c peroxidase; mesocytochrome
c peroxidase azide; mesocytochrome c peroxidase cyanide; mesocytochrome c peroxidase cyanate;
cytochrome c-H
2
O oxidoreductase; cytochrome c peroxidase
Systematic name: ferrocytochrome-c:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein.
References: [41, 2552, 2577]
[EC 1.11.1.5 created 1961]
EC 1.11.1.6
Accepted name: catalase
Reaction: 2 H
2
O
2
= O
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): equilase; caperase; optidase; catalase-peroxidase; CAT
Systematic name: hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein. This enzyme can also act as a peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7 peroxidase) for which several
organic substances, especially ethanol, can act as a hydrogen donor. A manganese protein contain-
ing Mn
III
in the resting state, which also belongs here, is often called pseudocatalase. Enzymes from
some microorganisms, such as Penicillium simplicissimum, which exhibit both catalase and peroxi-
dase activity, have sometimes been referred to as catalase-peroxidase.
References: [871, 872, 1104, 1184, 1620, 2187, 622]
EC 1.11.1.7
Accepted name: peroxidase
Reaction: donor + H
2
O
2
= oxidized donor + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): myeloperoxidase; lactoperoxidase; verdoperoxidase; guaiacol peroxidase; thiocyanate peroxidase;
eosinophil peroxidase; Japanese radish peroxidase; horseradish peroxidase (HRP); extensin peroxi-
dase; heme peroxidase; MPO; oxyperoxidase; protoheme peroxidase; pyrocatechol peroxidase; scopo-
letin peroxidase
Systematic name: donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
References: [1114, 1525, 1732, 2218, 2275]
[EC 1.11.1.7 created 1961]
EC 1.11.1.8
Accepted name: iodide peroxidase
Reaction: 2 iodide + H
2
O
2
+ 2 H
+
= diiodine + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): iodotyrosine deiodase; iodinase; iodoperoxidase (heme type); thyroid peroxidase; iodide peroxidase-
tyrosine iodinase; iodotyrosine deiodinase; monoiodotyrosine deiodinase; thyroperoxidase; tyrosine
iodinase; TPO
Systematic name: iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
References: [409, 425, 935, 2013]
[EC 1.11.1.8 created 1961]
199
EC 1.11.1.9
Accepted name: glutathione peroxidase
Reaction: 2 glutathione + H
2
O
2
= glutathione disulde + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): GSH peroxidase; selenium-glutathione peroxidase; reduced glutathione peroxidase
Systematic name: glutathione:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A protein containing a selenocysteine residue. Steroid and lipid hydroperoxides, but not the product
of reaction of EC 1.13.11.12 lipoxygenase on phospholipids, can act as acceptor, but more slowly than
H
2
O
2
(cf. EC 1.11.1.12 phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase).
References: [343, 774, 1571]
EC 1.11.1.10
Accepted name: chloride peroxidase
Reaction: RH + HCl + H
2
O
2
= RCl + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): chloroperoxidase
Systematic name: chloride:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: Brings about the chlorination of a range of organic molecules, forming stable C-Cl bonds. Can also
act on Br- and I-. Probably a heme-thiolate protein (P-450).
References: [797, 1524, 2272]
[EC 1.11.1.10 created 1972]
EC 1.11.1.11
Accepted name: L-ascorbate peroxidase
Reaction: L-ascorbate + H
2
O
2
= dehydroascorbate + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): L-ascorbic acid peroxidase; L-ascorbic acid-specic peroxidase; ascorbate peroxidase; ascorbic acid
peroxidase
Systematic name: L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
[EC 1.11.1.11 created 1983]
EC 1.11.1.12
Accepted name: phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase
Reaction: 2 glutathione + a lipid hydroperoxide = glutathione disulde + lipid + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): peroxidation-inhibiting protein; PHGPX; peroxidation-inhibiting protein: peroxidase, glutathione
(phospholipid hydroperoxide-reducing); phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase; hy-
droperoxide glutathione peroxidase
Systematic name: glutathione:lipid-hydroperoxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A protein containing a selenocysteine residue. The products of action of EC 1.13.11.12 lipoxygenase
on phospholipids can act as acceptor; H
2
O
2
can also act, but much more slowly (cf. EC 1.11.1.9 glu-
tathione peroxidase).
References: [2358]
[EC 1.11.1.12 created 1989]
EC 1.11.1.13
Accepted name: manganese peroxidase
Reaction: 2 Mn(II) + 2 H
+
+ H
2
O
2
= 2 Mn(III) + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): peroxidase-M2; Mn-dependent (NADH-oxidizing) peroxidase
Systematic name: Mn(II):hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein. Involved in the oxidative degradation of lignin in white rot basidiomycetes.
References: [718, 1725, 2439]
200
[EC 1.11.1.13 created 1992]
EC 1.11.1.14
Accepted name: lignin peroxidase
Reaction: 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol + H
2
O
2
= 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde + 1-(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol + H
2
O
Other name(s): diarylpropane oxygenase; ligninase I; diarylpropane peroxidase; LiP;
diarylpropane:oxygen,hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (C-C-bond-cleaving)
Systematic name: 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein. Brings about the oxidative cleavage of C-C and ether (C-O-C) bonds in a number of
lignin model compounds (of the diarylpropane and arylpropane-aryl ether type). The enzyme also
oxidizes benzyl alcohols to aldehydes, via an aromatic cation radical [1115]. Involved in the oxidative
breakdown of lignin in white rot basidiomycetes. Molecular oxygen may be involved in the reaction
of substrate radicals under aerobic conditions [2294, 1845].
References: [1725, 1844, 2294, 521, 2440, 293, 2295, 1845, 1115, 1128]
EC 1.11.1.15
Accepted name: peroxiredoxin
Reaction: 2 R
-SH + ROOH = R
-S-S-R
+ H
2
O + ROH
Other name(s): thioredoxin peroxidase; tryparedoxin peroxidase; alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C22; AhpC; TrxPx;
TXNPx; Prx; PRDX
Systematic name: thiol-containing-reductant:hydroperoxide oxidoreductase
Comments: Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant proteins. They can be divided into
three classes: typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys and 1-Cys peroxiredoxins [2514]. The peroxidase reac-
tion comprises two steps centred around a redox-active cysteine called the peroxidatic cysteine. All
three peroxiredoxin classes have the rst step in common, in which the peroxidatic cysteine attacks
the peroxide substrate and is oxidized to S-hydroxycysteine (a sulfenic acid) (see mechanism). The
second step of the peroxidase reaction, the regeneration of cysteine from S-hydroxycysteine, distin-
guishes the three peroxiredoxin classes. For typical 2-Cys Prxs, in the second step, the peroxidatic
S-hydroxycysteine from one subunit is attacked by the resolving cysteine located in the C-terminus
of the second subunit, to form an intersubunit disulde bond, which is then reduced by one of sev-
eral cell-specic thiol-containing reductants (R
-SH) (e.g. thioredoxin, AhpF, tryparedoxin or AhpD),

completing the catalytic cycle. In the atypical 2-Cys Prxs, both the peroxidatic cysteine and its resolv-
ing cysteine are in the same polypeptide, so their reaction forms an intrachain disulde bond [2514].
To recycle the disulde, known atypical 2-Cys Prxs appear to use thioredoxin as an electron donor
[2012]. The 1-Cys Prxs conserve only the peroxidatic cysteine, so that its oxidized form is directly
reduced to cysteine by the reductant molecule [361].
References: [2514, 901, 2012, 361]
[EC 1.11.1.15 created 2004]
EC 1.11.1.16
Accepted name: versatile peroxidase
Reaction: (1) Reactive Black 5 + H
2
O
2
= oxidized Reactive Black 5 + 2 H
2
O
(2) donor + H
2
O
2
= oxidized donor + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): VP; hybrid peroxidase; polyvalent peroxidase
Systematic name: reactive-black-5:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein. This ligninolytic peroxidase combines the substrate-specicity characteristics of the
two other ligninolytic peroxidases, EC 1.11.1.13, manganese peroxidase and EC 1.11.1.14, lignin
peroxidase. It is also able to oxidize phenols, hydroquinones and both low- and high-redox-potential
dyes, due to a hybrid molecular architecture that involves multiple binding sites for substrates [866,
299].
References: [1415, 866, 1590, 299, 1589, 298, 1588, 126, 1740, 306]
201
[EC 1.11.1.16 created 2006]
EC 1.11.1.17
Accepted name: glutathione amide-dependent peroxidase
Reaction: 2 glutathione amide + H
2
O
2
= glutathione amide disulde + 2 H
2
O
Systematic name: glutathione amide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme, which has been characterized from the proteobacterium Marichromatium gracile, is a
chimeric protein, containing a peroxiredoxin-like N-terminus and a glutaredoxin-like C terminus. The
enzyme has peroxidase activity towards hydrogen peroxide and several small alkyl hydroperoxides,
and is thought to represent an early adaptation for ghting oxidative stress [2387]. The glutathione
amide disulde produced by this enzyme can be restored to glutathione amide by EC 1.8.1.16 (glu-
tathione amide reductase).
References: [2387]
[EC 1.11.1.17 created 2010]
EC 1.11.1.18
Accepted name: bromide peroxidase
Reaction: RH + HBr + H
2
O
2
= RBr + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): bromoperoxidase; haloperoxidase (ambiguous); eosinophil peroxidase
Systematic name: bromide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase
Comments: Bromoperoxidases of red and brown marine algae (Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta) contain vanadate.
They catalyse the bromination of a range of organic molecules such as sesquiterpenes, forming stable
C-Br bonds. Bromoperoxidases also oxidize iodides.
References: [213, 2324, 989, 315, 1664]
[EC 1.11.1.18 created 2010]
EC 1.12 Acting on hydrogen as donor
This subclass contains hydrogenases other than those that use iron-sulfur compounds as donor (EC 1.18) for the reduction of
H
+
to H
2
. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.12.1), a cytochrome (EC 1.12.2), a quinone or
similar compound (EC 1.12.5), an iron-sulfur protein (EC 1.12.7), other, known, acceptors (EC 1.12.9), or some other acceptor
(EC 1.12.99).
EC 1.12.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
[1.12.1.1 Transferred entry. peroxidase. Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase]
EC 1.12.1.2
Accepted name: hydrogen dehydrogenase
Reaction: H
2
+ NAD
+
= H
+
+ NADH
Other name(s): H
2
:NAD
+
oxidoreductase; NAD-linked hydrogenase; bidirectional hydrogenase; hydrogenase
Systematic name: hydrogen:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein (FMN or FAD). Some forms of this enzyme contain nickel.
EC 1.12.1.3
202
Accepted name: hydrogen dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)
Reaction: H
2
+ NADP
+
= H
+
+ NADPH
Other name(s): NADP-linked hydrogenase; NADP-reducing hydrogenase; hydrogen dehydrogenase (NADP); hydro-
genase [ambiguous]
Systematic name: hydrogen:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein.
References: [464]
[EC 1.12.1.3 created 2002]
EC 1.12.2.1
Accepted name: cytochrome-c
3
hydrogenase
Reaction: 2 H
2
+ ferricytochrome c
3
= 4 H
+
+ ferrocytochrome c
3
Other name(s): H
2
:ferricytochrome c
3
oxidoreductase; cytochrome c
3
reductase; cytochrome hydrogenase; hydroge-
nase [ambiguous]
Systematic name: hydrogen:ferricytochrome-c
3
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein. Some forms of the enzyme contain nickel ([NiFe]-hydrogenases) and, of
these, some contain selenocysteine ([NiFeSe]-hydrogenases). Methylene blue and other acceptors
can also be reduced.
References: [485, 883, 1859, 1913, 2398, 680]
EC 1.12.5.1
Accepted name: hydrogen:quinone oxidoreductase
Reaction: H
2
+ menaquinone = menaquinol
Other name(s): hydrogen-ubiquinone oxidoreductase; hydrogen:menaquinone oxidoreductase; membrane-bound hy-
drogenase; quinone-reactive Ni/Fe-hydrogenase
Systematic name: hydrogen:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains nickel, iron-sulfur clusters and cytochrome b. Also catalyses the reduction of water-soluble
quinones (e.g. 2,3-dimethylnaphthoquinone) or viologen dyes (benzyl viologen or methyl viologen).
References: [525, 526, 772, 177, 595, 986]
[1.12.7.1 Transferred entry. ferredoxin hydrogenase. Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase]
EC 1.12.7.2
Accepted name: ferredoxin hydrogenase
Reaction: H
2
+ 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H
+
Other name(s): H
2
oxidizing hydrogenase; H
2
producing hydrogenase [ambiguous]; bidirectional hydrogenase;
hydrogen-lyase [ambiguous]; hydrogenase (ferredoxin); hydrogenase I; hydrogenase II; hydro-
genlyase [ambiguous]; uptake hydrogenase [ambiguous]
Systematic name: hydrogen:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
203
Comments: Contains iron-sulfur clusters. The enzymes from some sources contains nickel. Can use molecular
hydrogen for the reduction of a variety of substances.
References: [2060, 2217, 2365, 2639, 19, 1743]
[EC 1.12.7.2 created 1961 as EC 1.98.1.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.12.1.1, transferred 1972 to EC 1.12.7.1, transferred 1978 to EC 1.18.3.1,
transferred 1984 to EC 1.18.99.1, transferred 2002 to EC 1.12.7.2]
EC 1.12.98.1
Accepted name: coenzyme F
420
hydrogenase
Reaction: H
2
+ coenzyme F
420
= reduced coenzyme F
420
Other name(s): 8-hydroxy-5-deazaavin-reducing hydrogenase; F
420
-reducing hydrogenase; coenzyme F
420
-
dependent hydrogenase
Systematic name: hydrogen:coenzyme F
420
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur avoprotein (FAD) containing nickel. The enzyme from some sources contains seleno-
cysteine. The enzyme also reduces the riboavin analogue of F
420
, avins and methylviologen, but to
a lesser extent. The hydrogen acceptor coenzyme F
420
is a deazaavin derivative.
References: [20, 2556, 621, 1552, 134]
EC 1.12.98.2
Accepted name: 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase
Reaction: H
2
+ 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin = H
+
+ 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin
Other name(s): H
2
-forming N
5
,N
10
-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase; nonmetal hy-
drogenase; N
5
,N
10
-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase; hydrogen:N
5
,N
10
-
methenyltetrahydromethanopterin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: hydrogen:5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin oxidoreductase
Comments: Does not catalyse the reduction of articial dyes. Does not by itself catalyse a H
2
/H
+
exchange reac-
tion. Does not contain nickel or iron-sulfur clusters.
EC 1.12.98.3
Accepted name: Methanosarcina-phenazine hydrogenase
Reaction: H
2
+ 2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine = 2-dihydropentaprenyloxyphenazine
Other name(s): methanophenazine hydrogenase; methylviologen-reducing hydrogenase
Systematic name: hydrogen:2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains nickel, iron-sulfur clusters and cytochrome b. The enzyme from some sources contains se-
lenocysteine.
References: [3, 484, 159]
[EC 1.12.98.3 created 2002]
[1.12.99.1 Transferred entry. coenzyme F
420
hydrogenase. Now EC 1.12.98.1, coenzyme F
420
hydrogenase]
204
[1.12.99.2 Deleted entry. coenzyme-M-7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate-heterodisulde hydrogenase. Now shown
to be two enzymes, EC 1.12.98.3, Methanosarcina-phenazine hydrogenase and EC 1.8.98.1, CoBCoM heterodisulde reduc-
tase]
[1.12.99.3 Transferred entry. hydrogen:quinone oxidoreductase. Now EC 1.12.5.1, hydrogen:quinone oxidoreductase]
[1.12.99.4 Transferred entry. N
5
,N
10
-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase. NowEC1.12.98.2, 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin
hydrogenase]
[1.12.99.5 Deleted entry. 3,4-dihydroxyquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase. Identical to EC 1.13.11.47, 3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline
2,4-dioxygenase]
EC 1.12.99.6
Accepted name: hydrogenase (acceptor)
Reaction: H
2
+ A = AH
2
Other name(s): H
2
producing hydrogenase[ambiguous]; hydrogen-lyase[ambiguous]; hydrogenlyase[ambiguous];
uptake hydrogenase[ambiguous]; hydrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: hydrogen:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Uses molecular hydrogen for the reduction of a variety of substances. Contains iron-sulfur clusters.
The enzyme from some sources contains nickel.
References: [2060, 20, 2394]
EC 1.13 Acting on single donors with O
2
as oxidant and incorporation of oxygen into
the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O
2
This subclass contains oxygenases that incorporate oxygen into the substrate. They differ from those in EC 1.14 in that a second
hydrogen donor is not required. Sub-subclasses are based on the number of atoms of oxygen that are incorporated: two atoms
of oxygen (EC 1.13.11), one atom of oxygen (EC 1.13.12), or other cases (EC 1.13.99). This classication replaces an earlier
version. Common names in this subclass are usually of the form monooxygenase and dioxygenase.
EC 1.13.1 Acting on single donors with O
2
as oxidant and incorporation of oxygen into the substrate
(oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O
2
[1.13.1.1 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.1, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase]
[1.13.1.3 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.3, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase]
[1.13.1.4 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.4, gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase]
205
[1.13.1.5 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.5, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase]
[1.13.1.6 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.6, 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase]
[1.13.1.7 Deleted entry. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase]
[EC 1.13.1.7 created 1965, transferred 1972 to EC 1.13.11.7, deleted 1980]
[1.13.1.9 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.9, 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase]
[1.13.1.10 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.10, 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8a-dioxygenase]
[1.13.1.11 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.99.1, inositol oxygenase]
[1.13.1.12 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.11, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase]
[EC 1.13.1.12 created 1961 as EC 1.11.1.4, deleted 1964, reinstated 1965 as EC 1.13.1.12, deleted 1972]
[1.13.1.13 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.12, lipoxygenase]
EC 1.13.11 With incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
EC 1.13.11.1
Accepted name: catechol 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: catechol + O
2
= cis,cis-muconate
Other name(s): catechol-oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase; 1,2-pyrocatechase; catechase; catechol 1,2-oxygenase; catechol
dioxygenase; pyrocatechase; pyrocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase; CD I; CD II
Systematic name: catechol:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase
3+
. Involved in the metabolism of nitro-aromatic compounds by a strain of Pseudomonas
putida.
References: [845, 846, 2073, 2611]
EC 1.13.11.2
Accepted name: catechol 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: catechol + O
2
= 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
Other name(s): 2,3-pyrocatechase; catechol 2,3-oxygenase; catechol oxygenase; metapyrocatechase; pyrocatechol
2,3-dioxygenase
Systematic name: catechol:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
II
. The enzyme from Alcaligenes sp. strain O-1 has also been shown to catalyse the reac-
tion: 2,3-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate + O
2
+ H
2
O = 2-hydroxymuconate + bisulte and has been re-
ferred to as 2,3-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase. Further work will be necessary to show
whether or not this is a distinct enzyme.
206
References: [1052, 1054, 845, 1174, 1643]
EC 1.13.11.3
Accepted name: protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + O
2
= 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate
Other name(s): protocatechuate oxygenase; protocatechuic acid oxidase; protocatechuic 3,4-dioxygenase; protocate-
chuic 3,4-oxygenase
Systematic name: protocatechuate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
3+
.
References: [649, 773, 2116]
EC 1.13.11.4
Accepted name: gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
2
= maleylpyruvate
Other name(s): gentisate oxygenase; 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate dioxygenase; gentisate dioxygenase; gentisic acid oxi-
dase
Systematic name: gentisate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2+
.
References: [845, 2182, 2181]
EC 1.13.11.5
Accepted name: homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: homogentisate + O
2
= 4-maleylacetoacetate
Other name(s): homogentisicase; homogentisate oxygenase; homogentisate dioxygenase; homogentisate oxidase;
homogentisic acid oxidase; homogentisic acid oxygenase; homogentisic oxygenase
Systematic name: homogentisate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2+
.
References: [7, 417, 845, 1130, 1152, 1823]
EC 1.13.11.6
Accepted name: 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O
2
= 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde
Other name(s): 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase; 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase; 3-hydroxyanthranilic oxyge-
nase; 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxidase; 3HAO
Systematic name: 3-hydroxyanthranilate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2+
.
[1.13.11.7 Deleted entry. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase]
EC 1.13.11.8
207
Accepted name: protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase
Reaction: protocatechuate + O
2
= 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
Other name(s): protocatechuate 4,5-oxygenase; protocatechuic 4,5-dioxygenase; protocatechuic 4,5-oxygenase
Systematic name: protocatechuate:oxygen 4,5-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2+
.
References: [2323]
EC 1.13.11.9
Accepted name: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase
Reaction: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O
2
= N-formylmaleamic acid
Other name(s): 2,5-dihydroxypyridine oxygenase; pyridine-2,5-diol dioxygenase; NicX
Systematic name: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine:oxygen 5,6-oxidoreductase
2+
.
References: [158, 687, 688, 1027]
EC 1.13.11.10
Accepted name: 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8a-dioxygenase
Reaction: 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + O
2
= 5-(3-carboxy-3-oxopropenyl)-4,6-dihydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate
Other name(s): 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate oxygenase; 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate:oxygen 8,8a-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2+
.
References: [1216]
EC 1.13.11.11
Accepted name: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
2
= N-formyl-L-kynurenine
Other name(s): tryptophan pyrrolase (ambiguous); tryptophanase; tryptophan oxygenase; tryptamine 2,3-
dioxygenase; tryptophan peroxidase; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ambiguous); indolamine 2,3-
dioxygenase (ambiguous); L-tryptophan pyrrolase; TDO; L-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
Systematic name: L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: A protohemoprotein. In mammals, the enzyme appears to be located only in the liver. This enzyme,
together with EC 1.13.11.52, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, catalyses the rst and rate-limiting step in
the kynurenine pathway, the major pathway of tryptophan metabolism [1321]. The enzyme is specic
for tryptophan as substrate, but is far more active with L-tryptophan than with D-tryptophan [1841].
References: [2346, 1841, 1274, 444, 1321]
[EC 1.13.11.11 created 1961 as EC 1.11.1.4, deleted 1964, reinstated 1965 as EC 1.13.1.12, transferred 1972 to EC 1.13.11.11, modied
1989, modied 2006]
EC 1.13.11.12
Accepted name: lipoxygenase
Reaction: linoleate + O
2
= (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate
Other name(s): lipoxidase; carotene oxidase; lipoperoxidase; fat oxidase; lipoxydase; lionoleate:O
2
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: linoleate:oxygen 13-oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron protein. Also oxidizes other methylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids.
References: [368, 2278, 2633]
208
EC 1.13.11.13
Accepted name: ascorbate 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: ascorbate + O
2
+ H
2
O = oxalate + threonate
Other name(s): AAoxygenase
Systematic name: ascorbate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (bond-cleaving)
Comments: Requires iron(II).
References: [2474]
[EC 1.13.11.13 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.14
Accepted name: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase
2
= 3-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
Other name(s): o-pyrocatechuate oxygenase; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic oxyge-
nase; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate oxygenase
Systematic name: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [1851]
EC 1.13.11.15
Accepted name: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + O
2
= 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde
Other name(s): 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 2,3-dioxygenase; HPC dioxygenase; homoprotocatechuate 2,3-
dioxygenase
Systematic name: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [9, 132, 1223]
[EC 1.13.11.15 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.16
Accepted name: 3-carboxyethylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + O
2
= 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate
Other name(s): 2,3-dihydroxy--phenylpropionic dioxygenase; 2,3-dihydroxy--phenylpropionate oxygenase; 3-(2,3-
dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [431]
[EC 1.13.11.16 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.17
Accepted name: indole 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: indole + O
2
= 2-formylaminobenzaldehyde
Other name(s): indole oxidase; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ambiguous); indole:O
2
oxidoreductase; indole-oxygen
2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing); IDO (ambiguous)
Systematic name: indole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
209
Comments: The enzyme from the plant Jasminum grandiorum is a avoprotein containing copper, and forms an-
thranilate as the nal product. One enzyme from Tecoma stans is also a avoprotein containing cop-
per and uses three atoms of oxygen per molecule of indole, to form anthranil (3,4-benzoisoxazol). A
second enzyme from Tecoma stans, which is not a avoprotein, uses four atoms of oxygen and forms
anthranilate as the nal product.
References: [501, 1214, 1560]
EC 1.13.11.18
Accepted name: sulfur dioxygenase
Reaction: (1a) glutathione + sulfur = S-sulfanylglutathione (spontaneous)
(1b) S-sulfanylglutathione + O
2
+ H
2
O = glutathione + sulte + 2 H
+
Other name(s): sulfur oxygenase; sulfur:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: S-sulfanylglutathione:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron protein. Glutathione (GSH) plays a catalytic role in elemental sulfur activation, but is not
consumed during the enzymic reaction. GSH and elemental sulfur react non-enzymically to yield S-
sulfanylglutathione and it is only in this form that the sulfur can be oxidized to yield sulte. The sul-
te can be further converted into sulfate, thiosulfate or S-sulfoglutathione (GSSO
3
) non-enzymically
[1881].
[EC 1.13.11.18 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.19
Accepted name: cysteamine dioxygenase
Reaction: 2-aminoethanethiol + O
2
= hypotaurine
Other name(s): persulfurase; cysteamine oxygenase; cysteamine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 2-aminoethanethiol:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A non-heme iron protein that is involved in the biosynthesis of taurine. Requires catalytic amounts
of a cofactor-like compound, such as sulfur, sude, selenium or methylene blue for maximal activity.
3-Aminopropanethiol (homocysteamine) and 2-mercaptoethanol can also act as substrates, but glu-
tathione, cysteine, and cysteine ethyl- and methyl esters are not good substrates [322, 323].
References: [322, 2511, 323, 1852]
EC 1.13.11.20
Accepted name: cysteine dioxygenase
Reaction: L-cysteine + O
2
= 3-sulnoalanine
Other name(s): cysteine oxidase
Systematic name: L-cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
2+
and NAD(P)H.
References: [1332]
[1.13.11.21 Transferred entry. -carotene 15,15
-dioxygenase. Now EC 1.14.99.36, -carotene 15,15
-monooxygenase]
EC 1.13.11.22
Accepted name: caffeate 3,4-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate + O
2
= 3-(2-carboxyethenyl)-cis,cis-muconate
210
Systematic name: 3,4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [2005]
[EC 1.13.11.22 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.23
Accepted name: 2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: 2,3-dihydroxyindole + O
2
= anthranilate + CO
2
Systematic name: 2,3-dihydroxyindole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [648]
[EC 1.13.11.23 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.24
Accepted name: quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: quercetin + O
2
= 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO + H
+
Other name(s): quercetinase; avonol 2,4-oxygenase
Systematic name: quercetin:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: The enzyme from Aspergillus sp. is a copper protein whereas that from Bacillus subtilis contains iron.
Quercetin is a avonol (5,7,3
,4
-tetrahydroxyavonol).
References: [1665, 2126, 236]
[EC 1.13.11.24 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.25
Accepted name: 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + O
2
= 3-hydroxy-5,9,17-trioxo-
4,5:9,10-disecoandrosta-1(10),2-dien-4-oate
Other name(s): steroid 4,5-dioxygenase; 3-alkylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione:oxygen 4,5-oxidoreductase (decycliz-
ing)
2+
. Also acts on 3-isopropylcatechol and 3-tert-butyl-5-methylcatechol.
References: [704]
[EC 1.13.11.25 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.26
Accepted name: peptide-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: peptide tryptophan + O
2
= peptide formylkynurenine
Other name(s): pyrrolooxygenase; peptidyltryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; tryptophan pyrrolooxygenase
Systematic name: peptide-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: Also acts on tryptophan.
References: [643]
[EC 1.13.11.26 created 1972]
EC 1.13.11.27
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O
2
= homogentisate + CO
2
Other name(s): p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic hydroxylase; p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase; p-
hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase; p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic oxidase; p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxy-
genase; p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid hydroxylase; 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase
211
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
Comments: The Pseudomonas enzyme contains one Fe
3+
per mole of enzyme; the enzymes from other sources
may contain essential iron or copper.
EC 1.13.11.28
Accepted name: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase
2
= 2-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate
Other name(s): 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-oxygenase
Systematic name: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, with 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoate and 2,3-dihydroxy-4-
isopropylbenzoate.
[EC 1.13.11.28 created 1978]
EC 1.13.11.29
Accepted name: stizolobate synthase
Reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + O
2
= 4-(L-alanin-3-yl)-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate 6-semialdehyde
Systematic name: 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:oxygen 4,5-oxidoreductase (recyclizing)
Comments: The intermediate product undergoes ring closure and oxidation, with NAD(P)
+
as acceptor, to stizolo-
bic acid. The enzyme requires Zn
2+
.
[EC 1.13.11.29 created 1978]
EC 1.13.11.30
Accepted name: stizolobinate synthase
Reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + O
2
= 5-(L-alanin-3-yl)-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate 6-semialdehyde
Systematic name: 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (recyclizing)
Comments: The intermediate product undergoes ring closure and oxidation, with NAD(P)
+
as acceptor, to sti-
zolobinic acid. The enzyme requires Zn
2+
.
[EC 1.13.11.30 created 1978]
EC 1.13.11.31
Accepted name: arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase
Reaction: arachidonate + O
2
= (5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-(12S)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate
Other name(s):
12
-lipoxygenase; 12-lipoxygenase; 12-lipoxygenase; C-12 lipoxygenase; 12S-lipoxygenase;
leukotriene A
4
synthase; LTA
4
synthase
Systematic name: arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product is rapidly reduced to the corresponding 12S-hydroxy compound.
References: [803, 1646, 2425]
[EC 1.13.11.31 created 1983]
[1.13.11.32 Transferred entry. 2-nitropropane dioxygenase. Now EC 1.13.12.16, nitronate monooxygenase]
212
EC 1.13.11.33
2
= (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-(15S)-15-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoate
Other name(s): 15-lipoxygenase; linoleic acid
6
-lipoxygenase;
6
lipoxygenase
Comments: The product is rapidly reduced to the corresponding 15S-hydroxy compound.
References: [269, 1587, 1677, 2034]
[EC 1.13.11.33 created 1984]
EC 1.13.11.34
2
= (5S,6S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5,6-epoxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate + H
2
O (overall
reaction)
(1a) arachidonate + O
2
= (5S,6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroperoxyicosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate
(1b) (5S,6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroperoxyicosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate = (5S,6S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5,6-
epoxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate + H
2
O
Other name(s): leukotriene-A
4
synthase;
5
-lipoxygenase; 5-lipoxygenase; arachidonic 5-lipoxygenase; arachidonic
acid 5-lipoxygenase; C-5-lipoxygenase; LTA synthase; leukotriene A
4
synthase
References: [1430, 1660, 2046, 2047]
EC 1.13.11.35
Accepted name: pyrogallol 1,2-oxygenase
Reaction: 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene + O
2
= (Z)-5-oxohex-2-enedioate
Other name(s): pyrogallol 1,2-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [767]
[EC 1.13.11.35 created 1984]
EC 1.13.11.36
Accepted name: chloridazon-catechol dioxygenase
Reaction: 5-amino-4-chloro-2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone + O
2
= 5-amino-4-chloro-2-(2-
hydroxymuconoyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone
Systematic name: 5-amino-4-chloro-2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: An iron protein, requiring additional Fe
2+
. Not identical with EC 1.13.11.1 (catechol 1,2-
dioxygenase), EC 1.13.11.2 (catechol 2,3-dioxygenase) or EC 1.13.11.5 (homogentisate 1,2-
dioxygenase). Involved in the breakdown of the herbicide chloridazon.
[EC 1.13.11.36 created 1984]
EC 1.13.11.37
Accepted name: hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: benzene-1,2,4-triol + O
2
= 3-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate
Other name(s): hydroxyquinol dioxygenase
Systematic name: benzene-1,2,4-triol:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: An iron protein. The product isomerizes to 2-maleylacetate (cis-hexenedioate). Highly specic; cate-
chol and pyrogallol are acted on at less than 1% of the rate at which hydroxyquinol is oxidized.
References: [2212]
213
[EC 1.13.11.37 created 1989]
EC 1.13.11.38
Accepted name: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate + O
2
= (3Z)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate
Other name(s): 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenase; 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate-degrading enzyme; 1-hydroxy-2-
naphthoic acid dioxygenase
Systematic name: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
2+
. Involved, with EC 4.1.2.34 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate aldolase, in the
metabolism of phenanthrene in bacteria.
References: [133]
[EC 1.13.11.38 created 1989]
EC 1.13.11.39
Accepted name: biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: biphenyl-2,3-diol + O
2
= 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate + H
2
O
Other name(s): 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase; biphenyl-2,3-diol dioxygenase
Systematic name: biphenyl-2,3-diol:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: Also acts on 3-isopropylcatechol, forming 7-methyl-2-hydroxy-6-oxoocta-2,4-dienoate. Not identical
with EC 1.13.11.2 catechol 2,3-dioxygenase.
References: [2360]
[EC 1.13.11.39 created 1989]
EC 1.13.11.40
2
= (5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)-(8R)-8-hydroperoxyicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoate
Other name(s): 8-lipoxygenase; 8(R)-lipoxygenase
Comments: From the coral Pseudoplexaura porosa.
References: [279]
[EC 1.13.11.40 created 1989]
EC 1.13.11.41
Accepted name: 2,4
-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase
Reaction: 2,4
-dihydroxyacetophenone + O
2
= 4-hydroxybenzoate + formate
Other name(s): (4-hydroxybenzoyl)methanol oxygenase
Systematic name: 2,4
-dihydroxyacetophenone oxidoreductase (C-C-bond-cleaving)

References: [920]
[EC 1.13.11.41 created 1989]
[1.13.11.42 Deleted entry. indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase. The enzyme was identical to EC 1.13.11.11, tryptophan
2,3-dioxygenase]
EC 1.13.11.43
Accepted name: lignostilbene -dioxygenase
Reaction: 1,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethylene + O
2
= 2 vanillin
Systematic name: 1,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethylene:oxygen oxidoreductase (-bond-cleaving)
214
Comments: An iron protein. The enzyme catalyses oxidative cleavage of the interphenyl double bond in the syn-
thetic substrate and lignin-derived stilbenes. It is responsible for the degradation of a diarylpropane-
type structure in lignin.
References: [1067]
[EC 1.13.11.43 created 1992]
EC 1.13.11.44
Accepted name: linoleate diol synthase
2
= (9Z,12Z)-(7S,8S)-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate
Other name(s): linoleate (8R)-dioxygenase
Systematic name: linoleate:oxygen 7S,8S-oxidoreductase
Comments: Oleate and linolenate are also substrates, whereas stearate, elaidate, -linolenate, arachidonate and
icosapentaenate are not. This enzyme differs from lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) because it catalyses
the formation of a hydroperoxide without affecting the double bonds of the substrate.
References: [255, 805, 928, 1678, 2170, 2172]
[EC 1.13.11.44 created 2000]
EC 1.13.11.45
Accepted name: linoleate 11-lipoxygenase
2
= (9Z,12Z)-(11S)-11-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate
Other name(s): linoleate dioxygenase, manganese lipoxygenase
Systematic name: linoleate:oxygen 11S-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product (9Z,12Z)-(11S)-11-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate, is converted, more slowly, into
(9Z,11E)-(13R)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate. The enzyme from the fungus Gaeumanno-
myces graminis requires Mn
2+
. It also acts on -linolenate, whereas -linolenate is a poor substrate.
Oleate and arachidonate are not substrates.
References: [804, 1678, 2171]
[EC 1.13.11.45 created 2000]
EC 1.13.11.46
Accepted name: 4-hydroxymandelate synthase
Reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O
2
= 4-hydroxymandelate + CO
2
Other name(s): 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase II
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
2+
. Involved in the biosynthesis of the vancomycin group of glycopeptide antibiotics.
References: [365]
[EC 1.13.11.46 created 2001]
EC 1.13.11.47
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-4-one + O
2
= N-formylanthranilate + CO
Other name(s): (1H)-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase; 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline 2,4-
dioxygenase; 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-one, 2,4-dioxygenase; quinoline-3,4-diol 2,4-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-4-one 2,4-dioxygenase (CO-forming)
Comments: Does not contain a metal centre or organic cofactor. Fission of two C-C bonds: 2,4-dioxygenolytic
cleavage with concomitant release of carbon monoxide. The enzyme from Pseudomonas putida is
highly specic for this substrate.
References: [141, 142, 606]
215
[EC 1.13.11.47 created 1999 as EC 1.13.99.5, transferred 2001 to EC 1.13.11.47 (EC 1.12.99.5 created 1999 deleted 2001 as identical)]
EC 1.13.11.48
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-4-one 2,4-dioxygenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-quinolin-4-one + O
2
= N-acetylanthranilate + CO
Other name(s): (1H)-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine 2,4-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-quinolin-4-one 2,4-dioxygenase (CO-forming)
Comments: Does not contain a metal centre or organic cofactor. Fission of two C-C bonds: 2,4-dioxygenolytic
cleavage with concomitant release of carbon monoxide. The enzyme from Arthrobacter sp. can
also act on 3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline, forming N-formylanthranilate and CO (cf. EC 1.13.11.47, 3-
hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase), but more slowly.
References: [141, 142, 606]
[EC 1.13.11.48 created 2001]
EC 1.13.11.49
Accepted name: chlorite O
2
-lyase
Reaction: chloride + O
2
= chlorite
Systematic name: chloride:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Reaction occurs in the reverse direction in chlorate- and perchlorate-reducing bacteria. There is no
activity when chlorite is replaced by hydrogen peroxide, perchlorate, chlorate or nitrite. The term
chlorite dismutase is misleading as the reaction does not involve dismutation/disproportionation.
Contains iron and protoheme IX.
[EC 1.13.11.49 created 2001]
EC 1.13.11.50
Accepted name: acetylacetone-cleaving enzyme
Reaction: pentane-2,4-dione + O
2
= acetate + 2-oxopropanal
Other name(s): Dke1; acetylacetone dioxygenase; diketone cleaving dioxygenase; diketone cleaving enzyme
Systematic name: acetylacetone:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: An Fe(II)-dependent enzyme. Forms the rst step in the acetylacetone degradation pathway of Acine-
tobacter johnsonii. While acetylacetone is by far the best substrate, heptane-3,5-dione, octane-2,4-
dione, 2-acetylcyclohexanone and ethyl acetoacetate can also act as substrates.
References: [2148]
[EC 1.13.11.50 created 2003]
EC 1.13.11.51
Accepted name: 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase
Reaction: (1) a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid + O
2
= 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + a 12
-apo-carotenal
(2) 9-cis-violaxanthin + O
2
= 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + (3S,5R,6S)-5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-
12
-apo--caroten-12
-al
(3) 9
-cis-neoxanthin + O
2
= 2-cis,4-trans-xanthoxin + (3S,5R,6R)-5,6-dihydroxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6-
dihydro-12
-apo--caroten-12
-al
Other name(s): nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase; NCED; AtNCED3; PvNCED1; VP14
Systematic name: 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid 11,12-dioxygenase
Comments: Requires iron(II). Acts on 9-cis-violaxanthin and 9
-cis-neoxanthin but not on the all-trans isomers

[2237, 1793]. In vitro, it will cleave 9-cis-zeaxanthin. Catalyses the rst step of abscisic-acid biosyn-
thesis from carotenoids in chloroplasts, in response to water stress. The other enzymes involved in
the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway are EC 1.1.1.288 (xanthoxin dehydrogenase), EC 1.2.3.14
(abscisic-aldehyde oxidase) and EC 1.14.13.93 [(+)-abscisic acid 8
-hydroxylase].
References: [1993, 2237, 1793, 2285, 994, 995]
216
[EC 1.13.11.51 created 2005]
EC 1.13.11.52
Accepted name: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: (1) D-tryptophan + O
2
= N-formyl-D-kynurenine
(2) L-tryptophan + O
2
= N-formyl-L-kynurenine
Other name(s): IDO (ambiguous); tryptophan pyrrolase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: D-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
Comments: A protohemoprotein. Requires ascorbic acid and methylene blue for activity. This enzyme has
broader substrate specicity than EC 1.13.11.11, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [2548]. It is induced
in response to pathological conditions and host-defense mechanisms and its distribution in mam-
mals is not conned to the liver [2567]. While the enzyme is more active with D-tryptophan than L-
tryptophan, its only known function to date is in the metabolism of L-tryptophan [2567, 1321]. Super-
oxide radicals can replace O
2
as oxygen donor [893, 2283].
References: [2548, 2567, 2231, 893, 444, 1321, 2283, 2095]
[EC 1.13.11.52 created 2006]
EC 1.13.11.53
Accepted name: acireductone dioxygenase (Ni
2+
-requiring)
Reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O
2
= 3-(methylthio)propanoate + formate + CO
Other name(s): ARD; 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-thiomethylpent-1-ene dioxygenase (ambiguous); acireductone dioxygenase
(ambiguous); E-2
Systematic name: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate- and CO-forming)
Comments: Requires Ni
2+
. If iron(II) is bound instead of Ni
2+
, the reaction catalysed by EC 1.13.11.54, acire-
ductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring], occurs instead [2517]. The enzyme from the bacterium
Klebsiella oxytoca (formerly Klebsiella pneumoniae) ATCC strain 8724 is involved in the methion-
ine salvage pathway.
References: [2517, 2518, 657, 435, 1496, 434, 30, 1764]
[EC 1.13.11.53 created 2006]
EC 1.13.11.54
Accepted name: acireductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring]
Reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O
2
= 4-(methylthio)-2-oxobutanoate + formate
Other name(s): ARD
; 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-thiomethylpent-1-ene dioxygenase (ambiguous); acireductone dioxyge-

nase (ambiguous); E-2
; E-3 dioxygenase
Systematic name: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate-forming)
Comments: Requires iron(II). If Ni
2+
is bound instead of iron(II), the reaction catalysed by EC 1.13.11.53, acire-
ductone dioxygenase (Ni
2+
-requiring), occurs instead. The enzyme from the bacterium Klebsiella
oxytoca (formerly Klebsiella pneumoniae) ATCC strain 8724 is involved in the methionine salvage
pathway.
References: [2517, 2518, 657, 435, 1496, 434, 30, 1764]
[EC 1.13.11.54 created 2006]
EC 1.13.11.55
Accepted name: sulfur oxygenase/reductase
Reaction: 4 sulfur + 4 H
2
O + O
2
= 2 hydrogen sulde + 2 bisulte + 2 H
+
Other name(s): SOR; sulfur oxygenase; sulfur oxygenase reductase
Systematic name: sulfur:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydrogen-sulde- and sulte-forming)
217
Comments: This enzyme, which is found in thermophilic microorganisms, contains one mononuclear none-heme
iron centre per subunit. Elemental sulfur is both the electron donor and one of the two known ac-
ceptors, the other being oxygen. Another reaction product is thiosulfate, but this is probably formed
non-enzymically at elevated temperature from sulte and sulfur [1145]. This enzyme differs from EC
1.13.11.18, sulfur dioxygenase and EC 1.97.1.3, sulfur reductase, in that both activities are found to-
gether.
References: [1145, 1146, 2188, 2357]
[EC 1.13.11.55 created 2006]
EC 1.13.11.56
Accepted name: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase
Reaction: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene + O
2
= 2-hydroxy-2H-chromene-2-carboxylate
Other name(s): 1,2-DHN dioxygenase; DHNDO; 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene oxygenase
Systematic name: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is involved in naphthalene degradation. Requires Fe
2+
.
References: [1209, 1101, 1729]
[EC 1.13.11.56 created 2010]
EC 1.13.12 With incorporation of one atom of oxygen (internal monooxygenases or internal mixed-
function oxidases)
EC 1.13.12.1
Accepted name: arginine 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: L-arginine + O
2
= 4-guanidinobutanamide + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): arginine monooxygenase; arginine decarboxylase; arginine oxygenase (decarboxylating); arginine
decarboxy-oxidase
Systematic name: L-arginine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein. Also acts on canavanine and homoarginine.
References: [1679, 2279, 2280]
[EC 1.13.12.1 created 1972]
EC 1.13.12.2
Accepted name: lysine 2-monooxygenase
2
= 5-aminopentanamide + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): lysine oxygenase; lysine monooxygenase; L-lysine-2-monooxygenase
Systematic name: L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Also acts on other diamino acids.
References: [1580, 2226, 2227]
[EC 1.13.12.2 created 1972]
EC 1.13.12.3
Accepted name: tryptophan 2-monooxygenase
2
= (indol-3-yl)acetamide + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: L-tryptophan:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
[EC 1.13.12.3 created 1972]
218
EC 1.13.12.4
Accepted name: lactate 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: (S)-lactate + O
2
= acetate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): lactate oxidative decarboxylase; lactate oxidase; lactic oxygenase; lactate oxygenase; lactic oxidase;
L-lactate monooxygenase; lactate monooxygenase; L-lactate-2-monooxygenase
Systematic name: (S)-lactate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
EC 1.13.12.5
Accepted name: Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: Renilla luciferin + O
2
= oxidized Renilla luciferin + CO
2
+ h
Other name(s): Renilla-type luciferase; aequorin; luciferase (Renilla luciferin)
Systematic name: Renilla-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: From the soft coral coelenterate Renilla reniformis. The luciferin is bound to a luciferin-binding pro-
tein (BP-LH2). The bioluminescent reaction between the luciferin complex, luciferase and oxygen is
triggered by calcium ions. In vivo, the excited state luciferinluciferase complex undergoes the pro-
cess of nonradiative energy transfer to an accessory protein, Renilla green uorescent protein, which
results in green bioluminescence. In vitro, Renilla luciferase emits blue light in the absence of any
green uorescent protein.
References: [400, 923, 2049, 334, 53, 1336]
EC 1.13.12.6
Accepted name: Cypridina-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: Cypridina luciferin + O
2
= oxidized Cypridina luciferin + CO
2
+ h
Other name(s): Cypridina-type luciferase; luciferase (Cypridina luciferin); Cypridina luciferase
Systematic name: Cypridina-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: Cypridina is a bioluminescent crustacea. The luciferins (and presumably the luciferases, since they
cross-react) of some luminous sh (e.g. Apogon, Parapriacanthus, Porichthys) are apparently similar.
The enzyme may be assayed by measurement of light emission.
References: [399, 1071, 1129, 2332]
EC 1.13.12.7
Accepted name: Photinus-luciferin 4-monooxygenase (ATP-hydrolysing)
Reaction: Photinus luciferin + O
2
+ ATP = oxidized Photinus luciferin + CO
2
+ AMP + diphosphate + h
Other name(s): rey luciferase; luciferase (rey luciferin); Photinus luciferin 4-monooxygenase (adenosine
triphosphate-hydrolyzing); rey luciferin luciferase; Photinus pyralis luciferase
Systematic name: Photinus-luciferin:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, ATP-hydrolysing)
Comments: Photinus (rey) is a bioluminescent insect. The rst step in the reaction is the formation of an acid
anhydride between the carboxylic group and AMP, with the release of diphosphate. The enzyme may
be assayed by measurement of light emission.
References: [919, 2475, 2476]
EC 1.13.12.8
Accepted name: Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
219
Reaction: Watasenia luciferin + O
2
= oxidized Watasenia luciferin + CO
2
+ h
Other name(s): Watasenia-type luciferase
Systematic name: Watasenia-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The enzyme from the luminous squid Watasenia may be assayed by measurement of light emission.
References: [976]
[EC 1.13.12.8 created 1982]
EC 1.13.12.9
Accepted name: phenylalanine 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: L-phenylalanine + O
2
= 2-phenylacetamide + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): L-phenylalanine oxidase (deaminating and decarboxylating); phenylalanine (deaminating, decarboxy-
lating)oxidase
Systematic name: L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The reaction shown above is about 80% of the reaction catalysed; the remaining 20% is:p L-
phenylalanine + O
2
+ H
2
O = 3-phenylpyruvic acid + ammonia + H
2
O
2
p a reaction similar to that
of EC 1.4.3.2, L-amino-acid oxidase.
References: [1195, 1197, 1196, 1198]
[1.13.12.10 Deleted entry. lysine 6-monooxygenase. reaction covered by EC1.14.13.59, L-lysine 6-monooxygenase (NADPH)]
[1.13.12.11 Deleted entry. methylphenyltetrahydropyridine N-monooxygenase. The activity is due to EC 1.14.13.8, avin-
containing monooxygenase]
EC 1.13.12.12
Accepted name: apo--carotenoid-14
,13
-dioxygenase
Reaction: 8
-apo--carotenol + O
2
= 14
-apo--carotenal + 7-hydroxy-6-methylhepta-3,5-dienal
Systematic name: 8
-apo--carotenol:O
2
oxidoreductase
Comments: A thiol-dependent enzyme. Unlike EC 1.14.99.36, -carotene-15,15
-monooxygenase, it is not active

towards -carotene. Presumably, 2-methyl-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienal is also formed in this reaction.
References: [506]
EC 1.13.12.13
Accepted name: Oplophorus-luciferin 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: Oplophorus luciferin + O
2
= oxidized Oplophorus luciferin + CO
2
+ h
Other name(s): Oplophorus luciferase
Systematic name: Oplophorus-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The luciferase from the deep sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilorostris is a complex composed of more
than one protein. The enzymes specicity is quite broad, with both coelenterazine and bisdeoxycoe-
lenterazine being good substrates.
[EC 1.13.12.13 created 2004]
EC 1.13.12.14
Accepted name: chlorophyllide-a oxygenase
220
Reaction: (1) chlorophyllide a + O
2
+ NADPH + H
+
= 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H
2
O + NADP
+
(2) 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O
2
+ NADPH + H
+
= chlorophyllide b + 2 H
2
O + NADP
+
Other name(s): chlorophyllide a oxygenase; cholorophyll-b synthase; CAO
Systematic name: chlorophyllide-a:oxygen 7-oxidoreductase
Comments: Chlorophyll b is required for the assembly of stable light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) in the chloro-
plast of green algae, cyanobacteria and plants [1696, 555]. Contains a mononuclear iron centre [555].
The enzyme catalyses two successive hydroxylations at the 7-methyl group of chlorophyllide a. The
second step yields the aldehyde hydrate, which loses H
2
O spontaneously to form chlorophyllide b
[1696]. Chlorophyll a and protochlorophyllide a are not substrates [1696].
References: [578, 1696, 555, 1770]
[EC 1.13.12.14 created 2006]
EC 1.13.12.15
Accepted name: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidative deaminase
Reaction: 2 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + O
2
= 2 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvate + 2 NH
3
Other name(s): 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine: oxidative deaminase; oxidative deaminase; DOPA oxidative deami-
nase; DOPAODA
Systematic name: 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: This enzyme is one of the three enzymes involved in DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) catabolism
in the non-oxygenic phototrophic bacterium Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus OU5 (and not Rhodobacter
sphaeroides OU5 as had been thought [1816]), the other two being EC 4.3.1.22 (dihydroxyphenylala-
nine reductive deaminase) and EC 2.6.1.49 (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine transaminase). In addition to
DOPA, the enzyme can also use L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan and glutamate as substrate,
but more slowly. The enzyme is inhibited by NADH and 2-oxoglutarate.
References: [1816]
[EC 1.13.12.15 created 2008]
EC 1.13.12.16
Accepted name: nitronate monooxygenase
Reaction: ethylnitronate + O
2
+ FMNH
2
= acetaldehyde + nitrite + FMN + H
2
O
Other name(s): NMO; 2-nitropropane dioxygenase (incorrect)
Systematic name: nitronate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (nitrite-forming)
Comments: Previously classied as 2-nitropropane dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.32) [627, 787], but it is now recog-
nized that this was the result of the slow ionization of nitroalkanes to their nitronate (anionic) forms
[665]. The enzymes from the fungus Neurospora crassa and the yeast Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii
(formerly classied as Hansenula mrakii) contain non-covalently bound FMN as the cofactor. Active
towards linear alkyl nitronates of lengths between 2 and 6 carbon atoms and, with lower activity, to-
wards propyl-2-nitronate. The enzyme from N. crassa can also utilize neutral nitroalkanes, but with
lower activity. One atom of oxygen is incorporated into the carbonyl group of the aldehyde prod-
uct. The reaction appears to involve the formation of an enzyme-bound nitronate radical and an -
peroxynitroethane species, which then decomposes, either in the active site of the enzyme or after
release, to acetaldehyde and nitrite. A avoprotein (FMN).
References: [627, 787, 665, 626]
EC 1.13.12.17
Accepted name: dichloroarcyriaavin A synthase
Reaction: dichlorochromopyrrolate + 4 O
2
+ 4 NADH + 4 H
+
= dichloroarcyriaavin A + 2 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O + 4
NAD
+
Systematic name: dichlorochromopyrrolate,NADH:oxygen 2,5-oxidoreductase (dichloroarcyriaavin A-forming)
221
Comments: The conversion of dichlorochromopyrrolate to dichloroarcyriaavin A is a complex process that in-
volves two enzyme components. RebP is an NAD-dependent cytochrome P
450
oxygenase that per-
forms an aryl-aryl bond formation yielding the six-ring indolocarbazole scaffold [1389]. Along with
RebC, a avin-dependent hydroxylase, it also catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of both car-
boxyl groups. The presence of RebC ensures that the only product is the rebeccamycin aglycone
dichloroarcyriaavin A [938]. The enzymes are similar, but not identical, to StaP and StaC, which
are involved in the synthesis of staurosporine [1929].
References: [1389, 938, 1929]
[EC 1.13.12.17 created 2010]
EC 1.13.99 Miscellaneous
EC 1.13.99.1
Accepted name: inositol oxygenase
Reaction: myo-inositol + O
2
= D-glucuronate + H
2
O
Other name(s): meso-inositol oxygenase; myo-inositol oxygenase; MOO
Systematic name: myo-inositol:oxygen oxidoreductase
References: [332, 1830, 78]
[EC 1.13.99.1 created 1961 as EC 1.99.2.6, transferred 1965 to EC 1.13.1.11, transferred 1972 to EC 1.13.99.1, modied 2002]
[1.13.99.2 Transferred entry. benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase. Now EC 1.14.12.10, benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase]
EC 1.13.99.3
Accepted name: tryptophan 2
-dioxygenase
2
= (indol-3-yl)glycolaldehyde + CO
2
+ NH
3
Other name(s): indole-3-alkane -hydroxylase; tryptophan side-chain ,-oxidase; tryptophan side chain oxidase II;
tryptophan side-chain oxidase; TSO; indolyl-3-alkan -hydroxylase; tryptophan side chain oxidase
type I; TSO I ; TSO II; tryptophan side chain oxidase
Systematic name: L-tryptophan:oxygen 2
-oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving)
Comments: A hemoprotein. Acts on a number of indole-3-alkane derivatives, oxidizing the 3-side-chain in the
2
-position. Best substrates were L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan.

[EC 1.13.99.3 created 1984]
[1.13.99.4 Transferred entry. 4-chlorophenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase. NowEC1.14.12.9, 4-chlorophenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase]
[1.13.99.5 Transferred entry. now EC 1.13.11.47, 3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase]
EC 1.14 Acting on paired donors, with O
2
as oxidant and incorporation or reduction
of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O
2
This subclass contains enzymes that act on two hydrogen-donors, and oxygen is incorporated into one or both of them. Sub-
subclasses are based on the second donor and the number of oxygen atoms that are incorporated into one or both donors:
2-oxoglutarate is one donor and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor (EC 1.14.11), NADH or NADPH is one
222
donor, and two atoms of oxygen are incorporated into the other donor (EC 1.14.12), NADH or NADPH is one donor, but only
one atom of oxygen is incorporated into the other donor (EC 1.14.13). In sub-subclasses EC 1.14.14-1.14.18, one atom of
oxygen is incorporated into one donor, the other donor being a reduced avin or avoprotein (EC 1.14.14), a reduced iron-sulfur
protein (EC 1.14.15), a reduced pteridine (EC 1.14.16), reduced ascorbate (EC 1.14.17), or some other compound (EC 1.14.18).
Sub-subclass EC 1.14.19 differs from others in subclass EC 1.14 in that hydrogen atoms removed from the two donors are
combined with O
2
to form two molecules of water. Sub-subclass EC 1.14.20 has 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and the other is
dehydrogenated. Sub-subclass EC 1.14.21 has NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other is dehydrogenated. Sub-subclass
EC 1.14.99 is for cases where information about the second donor is incomplete.
EC 1.14.1 With NADH or NADPH as one donor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.14.1.1 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.14.1, unspecic monooxygenase]
[1.14.1.2 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.13.9, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase]
[1.14.1.3 Deleted entry. squalene hydroxylase. Activity is covered by EC 1.14.99.7, squalene monooxygenase and EC
5.4.99.7, lanosterol synthase]
[1.14.1.4 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.99.2, kynurenine 7,8-hydroxylase]
[1.14.1.5 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.13.5, imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase]
[1.14.1.6 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.15.4, steroid 11-monooxygenase]
[1.14.1.9 Deleted entry. cholesterol 20-hydroxylase]
[1.14.1.10 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.99.11, estradiol 6-monooxygenase]
[1.14.1.11 Deleted entry. oestriol 2-hydroxylase]
EC 1.14.2 With ascorbate as one donor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.14.2.1 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.17.1, dopamine -monooxygenase]
[1.14.2.2 Transferred entry. now EC 1.13.11.27, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase]
223
EC 1.14.3 With reduced pteridine as one donor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.14.3.1 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.16.1, phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.11 With 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into each
donor
EC 1.14.11.1
Accepted name: -butyrobetaine dioxygenase
Reaction: 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoate +
succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): -butyrobetaine hydroxylase; -butyrobetaine hydroxylase; butyrobetaine hydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
References: [1312]
[EC 1.14.11.1 created 1972]
EC 1.14.11.2
Accepted name: procollagen-proline dioxygenase
Reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate +
CO
2
Other name(s): protocollagen hydroxylase; proline hydroxylase; proline,2-oxoglutarate 4-dioxygenase; collagen
proline hydroxylase; hydroxylase, collagen proline; peptidyl proline hydroxylase; proline protocol-
lagen hydroxylase; proline, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase; prolyl hydroxylase; prolylprotocollagen
dioxygenase; prolylprotocollagen hydroxylase; protocollagen proline 4-hydroxylase; protocolla-
gen proline dioxygenase; protocollagen proline hydroxylase; protocollagen prolyl hydroxylase; pro-
lyl 4-hydroxylase; prolyl-glycyl-peptide, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, 4-hydroxylating;
procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase
Systematic name: procollagen-L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
References: [171, 953, 1135, 1136]
EC 1.14.11.3
Accepted name: pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 2
-dioxygenase
Reaction: 2
-deoxyuridine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= uridine + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): deoxyuridine 2
-dioxygenase; deoxyuridine 2
-hydroxylase; pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2
-
hydroxylase; thymidine 2
-dioxygenase; thymidine 2
-hydroxylase; thymidine 2-oxoglutarate dioxy-

genase; thymidine dioxygenase
Systematic name: 2
-deoxyuridine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2
-hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires Fe(II) and ascorbate. Also acts on thymidine. cf. EC 1.14.11.10, pyrimidine-
deoxynucleoside 1
-dioxygenase.
References: [128, 2167, 2442]
EC 1.14.11.4
Accepted name: procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase
224
Reaction: L-lysine-[procollagen] + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= (2S,5R)- 5-hydroxy-L-lysine-[procollagen] + succi-
nate + CO
2
Other name(s): lysine hydroxylase; lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase; protocollagen lysine dioxygenase; colla-
gen lysine hydroxylase; lysine-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase; lysyl hydroxylase; lysylprotocollagen
dioxygenase; protocollagen lysyl hydroxylase; peptidyl-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreduc-
tase; peptidyllysine, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase; protocollagen lysine hydroxylase;
procollagen-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
Systematic name: L-lysine-[procollagen],2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
[1.14.11.5 Deleted entry. 5-hydroxymethyluracil,2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase. Now included with EC 1.14.11.6 thymine
dioxygenase]
EC 1.14.11.6
Accepted name: thymine dioxygenase
Reaction: thymine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= 5-hydroxymethyluracil + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): thymine 7-hydroxylase; 5-hydroxy-methyluracil dioxygenase; 5-hydroxymethyluracil oxygenase
Systematic name: thymine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate. Also acts on 5-hydroxymethyluracil to oxidize its -CH
2
OH group rst
to -CHO and then to -COOH.
References: [127, 1322, 2442]
EC 1.14.11.7
Accepted name: procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase
Reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= procollagen trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate +
CO
2
Other name(s): proline,2-oxoglutarate 3-dioxygenase; prolyl 3-hydroxylase; protocollagen proline 3-hydroxylase;
prolyl-4-hydroxyprolyl-glycyl-peptide, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase, 3-hydroxylating
Systematic name: procollagen-L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
EC 1.14.11.8
Accepted name: trimethyllysine dioxygenase
Reaction: N
6
,N
6
,N
6
-trimethyl-L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= 3-hydroxy-N
6
,N
6
,N
6
-trimethyl-L-lysine + suc-
cinate + CO
2
Other name(s): trimethyllysine -ketoglutarate dioxygenase; TML--ketoglutarate dioxygenase; TML hydroxylase;
6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Systematic name: N
6
,N
6
,N
6
-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
References: [950]
[EC 1.14.11.8 created 1983]
EC 1.14.11.9
225
Accepted name: avanone 3-dioxygenase
Reaction: a avanone + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= a dihydroavonol + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): naringenin 3-hydroxylase; avanone 3-hydroxylase; avanone 3-hydroxylase; avanone synthase I;
(2S)-avanone 3-hydroxylase; naringenin,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Systematic name: avanone,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
EC 1.14.11.10
Accepted name: pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 1
-dioxygenase
Reaction: 2
-deoxyuridine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= uracil + 2-deoxyribonolactone + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): deoxyuridine-uridine 1
-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 2
-deoxyuridine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (1
-hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires Fe(II) and ascorbate. cf. EC 1.14.11.3, pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 2
-dioxygenase.
References: [2167]
EC 1.14.11.11
Accepted name: hyoscyamine (6S)-dioxygenase
Reaction: L-hyoscyamine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= (6S)-hydroxyhyoscyamine + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): hyoscyamine 6-hydroxylase; hyoscyamine 6-dioxygenase; hyoscyamine 6-hydroxylase
Systematic name: L-hyoscyamine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase ((6S)-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
References: [832]
[EC 1.14.11.11 created 1989]
EC 1.14.11.12
Accepted name: gibberellin-44 dioxygenase
Reaction: gibberellin 44 + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= gibberellin 19 + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): oxygenase, gibberellin A44 oxidase; (gibberellin-44), 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (gibberellin-44),2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
2+
.
References: [706]
[EC 1.14.11.12 created 1990]
EC 1.14.11.13
Accepted name: gibberellin 2-dioxygenase
2
= 2-hydroxygibberellin 1 + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): gibberellin 2-hydroxylase
Systematic name: (gibberellin-1),2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Comments: Also acts on a number of other gibberellins.
References: [2086]
[EC 1.14.11.13 created 1990]
EC 1.14.11.14
Accepted name: 6-hydroxyhyoscyamine epoxidase
226
Reaction: (6S)-6-hydroxyhyoscyamine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= scopolamine + succinate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): hydroxyhyoscyamine dioxygenase; (6S)-6-hydroxyhyoscyamine,2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductase
(epoxide-forming)
Systematic name: (6S)-6-hydroxyhyoscyamine,2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductase (epoxide-forming)
2+
and ascorbate.
References: [831]
[EC 1.14.11.14 created 1992]
EC 1.14.11.15
Accepted name: gibberellin 3-dioxygenase
2
= gibberellin 1 + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): gibberellin 3-hydroxylase; (gibberrellin-20),2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase (3-
hydroxylating)
Systematic name: (gibberellin-20),2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate.
References: [1227]
[EC 1.14.11.15 created 1992]
EC 1.14.11.16
Accepted name: peptide-aspartate -dioxygenase
Reaction: peptide-L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= peptide-3-hydroxy-L-aspartate + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): aspartate -hydroxylase; aspartylpeptide -dioxygenase
Systematic name: peptide-L-aspartate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2+
. Some vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, as well as synthetic peptides based on
the structure of the rst epidermal growth factor domain of human coagulation factor IX or X, can act
as acceptors.
References: [765]
[EC 1.14.11.16 created 1992]
EC 1.14.11.17
Accepted name: taurine dioxygenase
Reaction: taurine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= sulte + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): 2-aminoethanesulfonate dioxygenase; -ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase
Systematic name: taurine, 2-oxoglutarate:O
2
oxidoreductase (sulte-forming)
II
. The enzyme from Escherichia coli also acts on pentanesulfonate, 3-(N-
morpholino)propanesulfonate and 2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)ethanesulfonate, but at lower rates.
References: [556]
[EC 1.14.11.17 created 2000]
EC 1.14.11.18
Accepted name: phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase
Reaction: phytanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase
Systematic name: phytanoyl-CoA, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Comments: Part of the peroxisomal phytanic acid -oxidation pathway. Requires Fe
2+
and ascorbate.
References: [1010, 1011, 1012, 1470, 1469]
[EC 1.14.11.18 created 2000]
227
EC 1.14.11.19
Accepted name: leucocyanidin oxygenase
Reaction: leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= cis- and trans-dihydroquercetins + succinate + CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): anthocyanidin synthase
Systematic name: leucocyanidin,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme requires Fe(II) and ascorbate. It is involved in the pathway by which many owering
plants make anthocyanin (glycosylated anthocyandin) ower pigments. The intermediates are trans-
formed into cis- and trans-dihydroquercetin [2339], which the enzyme can also oxidize to quercetin.
Acidication of the products gives anthocyanidin [1918], which, however, may not be a natural pre-
cursor of the anthocyanins.
[EC 1.14.11.19 created 2001]
EC 1.14.11.20
Accepted name: deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase
Reaction: deacetoxyvindoline + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= deacetylvindoline + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase; desacetyoxyvindoline-17-hydroxylase; D17H;
desacetoxyvindoline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Systematic name: deacetoxyvindoline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
2+
and ascorbate. Also acts on 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine and to a
lesser extent on 16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine.
References: [310, 311, 2385]
EC 1.14.11.21
Accepted name: clavaminate synthase
Reaction: (1) deoxyamidinoproclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= amidinoproclavaminate + succinate + CO
2
(2) proclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= dihydroclavaminate + succinate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
(3) dihydroclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= clavaminate + succinate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): clavaminate synthase 2; clavaminic acid synthase
Systematic name: deoxyamidinoproclavaminate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: Contains nonheme iron. Catalyses three separate oxidative reactions in the pathway for the biosythe-
sis of the -lactamase inhibitor clavulanate in Streptomyces clavuligerus. The rst step (hydroxy-
lation) is separated from the latter two (oxidative cyclization and desaturation) by the action of EC
3.5.3.22, proclavaminate amidinohydrolase. The three reactions are all catalysed at the same nonheme
iron site.
References: [1926, 2629, 2616, 2630, 2316]
[EC 1.14.11.21 created 2003]
EC 1.14.11.22
Accepted name: avone synthase
Reaction: a avanone + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= a avone + succinate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: avanone,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (dehydrating)
Comments: Requires ascorbate for full activity and Fe
2+
.
References: [1409, 1345, 1408]
[EC 1.14.11.22 created 2004]
EC 1.14.11.23
Accepted name: avonol synthase
228
Reaction: a dihydroavonol + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= a avonol + succinate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: dihydroavonol,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: In addition to the desaturation of (2R,3R)-dihydroavonols to avonols, the enzyme from the satsuma
Citrus unshiu also has a non-specic activity that trans-hydroxylates the avanones (2S)-naringenin
and the unnatural (2R)-naringenin at C-3 to kaempferol and (2R,3R)-dihydrokaempferol, respectively
[1346]. Requires Fe
2+
.
References: [2462, 1346, 1408, 2338]
[EC 1.14.11.23 created 2004]
EC 1.14.11.24
Accepted name: 2
-deoxymugineic-acid 2
-dioxygenase
Reaction: 2
-deoxymugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O

2
= mugineic acid + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): IDS3
Systematic name: 2
-deoxymugineic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)

Comments: Requires iron(II). It is also likely that this enzyme can catalyse the hydroxylation of 3-epihydroxy-2
-
deoxymugineic acid to form 3-epihydroxymugineic acid.
[EC 1.14.11.24 created 2005]
EC 1.14.11.25
Accepted name: mugineic-acid 3-dioxygenase
Reaction: (1) mugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= 3-epihydroxymugineic acid + succinate + CO
2
(2) 2
-deoxymugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O

2
= 3-epihydroxy-2
-deoxymugineic acid + succinate

+ CO
2
Other name(s): IDS2
Systematic name: mugineic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires iron(II).
[EC 1.14.11.25 created 2005]
EC 1.14.11.26
Accepted name: deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase
Reaction: deacetoxycephalosporin C + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= deacetylcephalosporin C + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): deacetylcephalosporin C synthase; 3
-methylcephem hydroxylase; DACS; DAOC hydroxylase; deace-

toxycephalosporin C hydroxylase
Systematic name: deacetoxycephalosporin-C,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires iron(II). The enzyme can also use 3-exomethylenecephalosporin C as a substrate to form
deacetoxycephalosporin C, although more slowly [117]. In Acremonium chrysogenum, the enzyme
forms part of a bifunctional protein along with EC 1.14.20.1, deactoxycephalosporin-C synthase. It is
a separate enzyme in Streptomyces clavuligerus.
References: [518, 117, 396, 700, 1327, 2522, 1410]
[EC 1.14.11.26 created 2005]
EC 1.14.11.27
Accepted name: [histone-H3]-lysine-36 demethylase
Reaction: (1) protein N
6
,N
6
-dimethyl-L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= protein N
6
-methyl-L-lysine + succinate
+ formaldehyde + CO
2
(2) protein N
6
-methyl-L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= protein L-lysine + succinate + formaldehyde +
CO
2
229
Other name(s): JHDM1A; JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase 1A; H3-K36-specic demethylase;
histone-lysine (H3-K36) demethylase; histone demethylase; protein-6-N,6-N-dimethyl-L-lysine,2-
oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: protein-N
6
,N
6
-dimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires iron(II). Of the seven potential methylation sites in histones H3 (K4, K9, K27, K36, K79)
and H4 (K20, R3) from HeLa cells, the enzyme is specic for Lys-36. Lysine residues exist in three
methylation states (mono-, di- and trimethylated). The enzyme preferentially demethylates the
dimethyl form of Lys-36 (K36me2), which is its natural substrate, to form the monomethyl and un-
methylated forms of Lys-36. It can also demethylate the monomethyl- but not the trimethyl form of
Lys-36.
References: [2335]
[EC 1.14.11.27 created 2006]
EC 1.14.11.28
Accepted name: proline 3-hydroxylase
Reaction: L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= cis-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): P-3-H
Systematic name: L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires iron(II) for activity. Unlike the proline hydroxylases involved in collagen biosynthesis [EC
1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.11.7 (procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase)],
this enzyme does not require ascorbate for activity although it does increase the activity of the enzyme
[1516]. The enzyme is specic for L-proline as D-proline, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, cis-4-hydroxy-
L-proline and 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline are not substrates [1516].
References: [1515, 1516, 374]
[EC 1.14.11.28 created 2006]
EC 1.14.11.29
Accepted name: hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase
Reaction: hypoxia-inducible factor-L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= hypoxia-inducible factor-trans-4-
hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): HIF hydroxylase
Systematic name: hypoxia-inducible factor-L-proline, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Comments: Contains iron, and requires ascorbate. Specically hydroxylates a proline residue in HIF-, the sub-
unit of the transcriptional regulator HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), which targets HIF for proteasomal
destruction. The requirement of oxygen for the hydroxylation reaction enables animals to respond to
hypoxia.
References: [1000, 996, 266, 576, 1657, 1449]
[EC 1.14.11.29 created 2010]
EC 1.14.11.30
Accepted name: hypoxia-inducible factor-asparagine dioxygenase
Reaction: hypoxia-inducible factor-L-asparagine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= hypoxia-inducible factor-(3S)-3-
hydroxy-L-asparagine + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): HIF hydroxylase
Systematic name: hypoxia-inducible factor-L-asparagine, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Comments: Contains iron, and requires ascorbate. Catalyses hydroxylation of an asparagine in the C-terminal
transcriptional activation domain of HIF-, the subunit of the transcriptional regulator HIF
(hypoxia-inducible factor), which reduces its interaction with the transcriptional coactivator protein
p300. The requirement of oxygen for the hydroxylation reaction enables animals to respond to hy-
poxia.
References: [1382, 876, 446, 1236, 1173, 565]
230
[EC 1.14.11.30 created 2010]
EC 1.14.11.31
Accepted name: thebaine 6-O-demethylase
Reaction: thebaine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= neopinione + formaldehyde + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): T6ODM
Systematic name: thebaine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-O-demethylating)
2+
. Catalyses a step in morphine biosynthesis. The product neopinione spontaneously re-
arranges to the more stable codeinone. The enzyme also catalyses the 6-O-demethylation of oripavine
to morphinone, with lower efciency.
References: [795]
[EC 1.14.11.31 created 2010]
EC 1.14.11.32
Accepted name: codeine 3-O-demethylase
Reaction: codeine + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= morphine + formaldehyde + succinate + CO
2
Other name(s): codeine O-demethylase; CODM
Systematic name: codeine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-O-demethylating)
2+
. Catalyses a step in morphine biosynthesis. The enzyme also catalyses the 3-O-
demethylation of thebaine to oripavine, with lower efciency.
References: [795]
[EC 1.14.11.32 created 2010]
EC 1.14.12 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the
other donor
EC 1.14.12.1
Accepted name: anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating)
Reaction: anthranilate + NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
+ O
2
= catechol + CO
2
+ NAD(P)
+
+ NH
3
Other name(s): anthranilate hydroxylase; anthranilic hydroxylase; anthranilic acid hydroxylase
Systematic name: anthranilate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating, deaminating, decarboxylating)
2+
.
[EC 1.14.12.1 created 1972]
[1.14.12.2 Transferred entry. now EC 1.14.13.35 anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating)]
EC 1.14.12.3
Accepted name: benzene 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: benzene + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= cis-cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
Other name(s): benzene hydroxylase; benzene dioxygenase
Systematic name: benzene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Comments: A system, containing a reductase which is an iron-sulfur avoprotein (FAD), an iron-sulfur oxygenase
and ferredoxin. Requires Fe
2+
.
References: [703]
[EC 1.14.12.3 created 1972]
231
EC 1.14.12.4
Accepted name: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridinecarboxylate dioxygenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 2-
(acetamidomethylene)succinate + NAD(P)
+
Other name(s): methylhydroxypyridinecarboxylate oxidase; 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine 5-carboxylic acid dioxy-
genase; methylhydroxypyridine carboxylate dioxygenase; 3-hydroxy-3-methylpyridinecarboxylate
dioxygenase [incorrect]
Systematic name: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [2100]
[EC 1.14.12.4 created 1972]
EC 1.14.12.5
Accepted name: 5-pyridoxate dioxygenase
Reaction: 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2-
(acetamidomethylene)-3-(hydroxymethyl)succinate + NADP
+
Other name(s): 5-pyridoxate oxidase
Systematic name: 5-pyridoxate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
References: [2100]
[EC 1.14.12.5 created 1972]
[1.14.12.6 Transferred entry. 2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.13.66, 2-hydroxycyclohexanone
2-monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.12.7
Accepted name: phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase
Reaction: phthalate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= cis-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-1(6),2-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate + NAD
+
Other name(s): PDO ; phthalate dioxygenase
Systematic name: phthalate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4,5-hydroxylating)
Comments: A system, containing a reductase which is an iron-sulfur avoprotein (FMN), an iron-sulfur oxyge-
nase, and no independent ferredoxin. Requires Fe
2+
.
References: [136]
[EC 1.14.12.7 created 1990]
EC 1.14.12.8
Accepted name: 4-sulfobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase
Reaction: 4-sulfobenzoate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + sulte + NAD
+
Other name(s): 4-sulfobenzoate dioxygenase; 4-sulfobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase system
Systematic name: 4-sulfobenzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3,4-hydroxylating, sulte-forming)
Comments: A system, containing a reductase which is an iron-sulfur avoprotein (FMN), an iron-sulfur oxyge-
nase, and no independent ferredoxin. Requires Fe
2+
.
References: [1329]
[EC 1.14.12.8 created 1992]
EC 1.14.12.9
Accepted name: 4-chlorophenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase
Reaction: 4-chlorophenylacetate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + chloride + NAD
+
232
Systematic name: 4-chlorophenylacetate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3,4-hydroxylating, dechlorinating)
Comments: A system, containing a reductase and an iron-sulfur oxygenase, and no independent ferredoxin. Re-
quires Fe
2+
. Also acts on 4-bromophenyl acetate.
References: [1403]
EC 1.14.12.10
Accepted name: benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: benzoate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= (1R,6S)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate + NAD
+
Other name(s): benzoate hydroxylase; benzoate hydroxylase; benzoic hydroxylase; benzoate dioxygenase; ben-
zoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating, decarboxylating) [incorrect]
Systematic name: benzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Comments: A system, containing a reductase which is an iron-sulfur avoprotein (FAD), and an iron-sulfur oxy-
genase. Requires Fe
2+
.
References: [2539, 2540, 2541]
EC 1.14.12.11
Accepted name: toluene dioxygenase
Reaction: toluene + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= (1S,2R)-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
Other name(s): toluene 2,3-dioxygenase
Systematic name: toluene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Comments: A system, containing a reductase which is an iron-sulfur avoprotein (FAD), an iron-sulfur oxyge-
nase, and a ferredoxin. Some other aromatic compounds, including ethylbenzene, 4-xylene and some
halogenated toluenes, are converted into the corresponding cis-dihydrodiols.
[EC 1.14.12.11 created 1992]
EC 1.14.12.12
Accepted name: naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: naphthalene + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= (1R,2S)-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
Other name(s): naphthalene dioxygenase; naphthalene oxygenase; NDO
Systematic name: naphthalene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Comments: This enzyme is a member of the ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase (RHD) family of bacterial enzymes
that play a critical role in the degradation of aromatic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydro-
carbons [1047]. This enzyme comprises a multicomponent system, containing a reductase that is an
iron-sulfur avoprotein (FAD; EC 1.18.1.3, ferredoxinNAD
+
reductase), an iron-sulfur oxygenase,
and ferredoxin. Requires Fe
2+
.
References: [574, 1021, 1091, 1717, 1047]
[EC 1.14.12.12 created 1992]
EC 1.14.12.13
Accepted name: 2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: 2-chlorobenzoate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= catechol + chloride + NAD
+
+ CO
2
Other name(s): 2-halobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 2-chlorobenzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating, dechlorinating, decarboxylating)
2+
.
References: [599]
233
[EC 1.14.12.13 created 1992]
EC 1.14.12.14
Accepted name: 2-aminobenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: 2-aminobenzenesulfonate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate + NH
3
+ NAD
+
Other name(s): 2-aminosulfobenzene 2,3-dioxygenase
Systematic name: 2-aminobenzenesulfonate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating, ammonia-forming)
[EC 1.14.12.14 created 1999]
EC 1.14.12.15
Accepted name: terephthalate 1,2-dioxygenase
Reaction: terephthalate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= (1R,6S)-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate +
NAD
+
Other name(s): benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate 1,2-dioxygenase; 1,4-dicarboxybenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase
Systematic name: benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating)
Comments: Has been shown to contain a Rieske [2Fe-2S] cluster
References: [1968]
[EC 1.14.12.15 created 1999]
EC 1.14.12.16
Accepted name: 2-hydroxyquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase
Reaction: quinolin-2-ol + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,5,6-trihydroxy-5,6-dihydroquinoline + NAD
+
Other name(s): 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase; quinolin-2-ol 5,6-dioxygenase; quinolin-2(1H)-one 5,6-
dioxygenase
Systematic name: quinolin-2-ol,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5,6-hydroxylating)
Comments: 3-Methylquinolin-2-ol, quinolin-8-ol and quinolin-2,8-diol are also substrates. Quinolin-2-ols exist
largely as their quinolin-2(1H)-one tautomers
References: [1955]
[EC 1.14.12.16 created 1999]
EC 1.14.12.17
Accepted name: nitric oxide dioxygenase
Reaction: 2 nitric oxide + 2 O
2
+ NAD(P)H = 2 nitrate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
+
Systematic name: nitric oxide,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avohemoglobin (FAD). It has been proposed that FAD functions as the electron carrier from
NADPH to the ferric heme prosthetic group.
[EC 1.14.12.17 created 2000]
EC 1.14.12.18
Accepted name: biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: biphenyl + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= (1S,2R)-3-phenylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD
+
Other name(s): biphenyl dioxygenase
Systematic name: biphenyl,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating)
234
2+
. The enzyme from Burkholderia fungorum LB400 (previously Pseudomonas sp.) is
part of a multicomponent system composed of an NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (FAD cofactor),
a [2Fe-2S] Rieske-type ferredoxin, and a terminal oxygenase that contains a [2Fe-2S] Rieske-type
iron-sulfur cluster and a catalytic mononuclear nonheme iron centre. Chlorine-substituted biphenyls
can also act as substrates. Similar to the three-component enzyme systems EC 1.14.12.3 (benzene
1,2-dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.12.11 (toluene dioxygenase).
References: [792, 793, 254]
[EC 1.14.12.18 created 2001]
EC 1.14.12.19
Accepted name: 3-phenylpropanoate dioxygenase
Reaction: 3-phenylpropanoate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-(cis-5,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)propanoate
+ NAD
+
Other name(s): HcaA1A2CD; Hca dioxygenase; 3-phenylpropionate dioxygenase
Systematic name: 3-phenylpropanoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating)
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the insertion of both atoms of molecular oxygen into positions 2 and 3 of
the phenyl ring of 3-phenylpropanoate. The product, 3-(cis-5,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-
yl)propanoate, is then converted into 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate, by a dehydrogenase, with
the concomitant regeneration of NADH. The enzyme also acts on (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate (cinna-
mate).
[EC 1.14.12.19 created 2005]
EC 1.14.12.20
Accepted name: pheophorbide a oxygenase
Reaction: pheophorbide a + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= red chlorophyll catabolite + NADP
+
Other name(s): pheide a monooxygenase; pheide a oxygenase; PaO; PAO
Systematic name: pheophorbide-a,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (biladiene-forming)
Comments: This enzyme catalyses a key reaction in chlorophyll degradation, which occurs during leaf senescence
and fruit ripening in higher plants. The enzyme from Arabidopsis contains a Rieske-type iron-sulfur
cluster [1789] and requires reduced ferredoxin, which is generated either by NADPH through the
pentose-phosphate pathway or by the action of photosystem I [1875]. While still attached to this en-
zyme, the product is rapidly converted into primary uorescent chlorophyll catabolite by the action of
EC 1.3.1.80, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase [1789, 1788]. Pheophorbide b acts as an inhibitor.
In
18
O
2
labelling experiments, only the aldehyde oxygen is labelled, suggesting that the other oxygen
atom may originate from H
2
O [930].
References: [930, 1789, 370, 1875, 929, 1788]
[EC 1.14.12.20 created 2007]
EC 1.14.12.21
Accepted name: benzoyl-CoA 2,3-dioxygenase
Reaction: benzoyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-CoA + NADP
+
Other name(s): benzoyl-CoA dioxygenase/reductase; BoxBA; BoxA/BoxB system
Systematic name: benzoyl-CoA,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating)
Comments: The enzyme is involved in aerobic benzoate metabolism in Azoarcus evansii. BoxB functions as the
oxygenase part of benzoyl-CoA oxygenase in conjunction with BoxA, the reductase component,
which upon binding of benzoyl-CoA, transfers two electrons to the ring in the course of dioxygena-
tion. BoxA is a homodimeric 46 kDa iron-sulfur-avoprotein (FAD), BoxB is a monomeric iron-
protein [2600].
References: [2600, 698, 1498]
235
[EC 1.14.12.21 created 2010]
EC 1.14.13 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the
other donor
EC 1.14.13.1
Accepted name: salicylate 1-monooxygenase
Reaction: salicylate + NADH + 2 H
+
+ O
2
= catechol + NAD
+
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Other name(s): salicylate hydroxylase; salicylate 1-hydroxylase; salicylate monooxygenase; salicylate hydroxylase
(decarboxylating)
Systematic name: salicylate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
References: [2202, 2229, 2228, 2549]
[EC 1.14.13.1 created 1972]
EC 1.14.13.2
Accepted name: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= protocatechuate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): p-hydroxybenzoate hydrolyase; p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase; 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-hydroxylase;
4-hydroxybenzoate monooxygenase; 4-hydroxybenzoic hydroxylase; p-hydroxybenzoate-
3-hydroxylase; p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrolase; p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydroxylase; p-
hydroxybenzoic hydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxybenzoate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Most enzymes from Pseudomonas are highly specic for NADPH (cf. EC
1.14.13.33 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase [NAD(P)H]).
References: [934, 939, 2103, 2101, 2102, 2004]
EC 1.14.13.3
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): p-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase; 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-3-hydroxylase; p-
hydroxyphenylacetate hydroxylase; 4 HPA 3-hydroxylase; p-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
References: [9]
[EC 1.14.13.3 created 1972]
EC 1.14.13.4
Accepted name: melilotate 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 2-hydroxyphenylpropionate hydroxylase; melilotate hydroxylase; 2-hydroxyphenylpropionic hydrox-
ylase; melilotic hydroxylase
Systematic name: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
References: [1292, 1293, 2157, 2156]
[EC 1.14.13.4 created 1972]
236
EC 1.14.13.5
Accepted name: imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase
Reaction: 4-imidazoleacetate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 5-hydroxy-4-imidazoleacetate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): imidazoleacetic hydroxylase; imidazoleacetate hydroxylase; imidazoleacetic monooxygenase
Systematic name: 4-imidazoleacetate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
References: [1388]
EC 1.14.13.6
Accepted name: orcinol 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: orcinol + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3,5-trihydroxytoluene + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): orcinol hydroxylase
Systematic name: orcinol,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
References: [1701]
[EC 1.14.13.6 created 1972]
EC 1.14.13.7
Accepted name: phenol 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: phenol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= catechol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): phenol hydroxylase; phenol o-hydroxylase
Systematic name: phenol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Also active with resorcinol and o-cresol.
References: [1565, 1610, 1611]
[EC 1.14.13.7 created 1972]
EC 1.14.13.8
Accepted name: avin-containing monooxygenase
Reaction: N,N-dimethylaniline + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): dimethylaniline oxidase; dimethylaniline N-oxidase; FAD-containing monooxygenase; N,N-
dimethylaniline monooxygenase; DMA oxidase; avin mixed function oxidase; Zieglers enzyme;
mixed-function amine oxidase; FMO; FMO-I; FMO-II; FMO1; FMO2; FMO3; FMO4; FMO5; avin
monooxygenase; methylphenyltetrahydropyridine N-monooxygenase; 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridine:oxygen N-oxidoreductase; dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide-forming)
Systematic name: N,N-dimethylaniline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-oxide-forming)
Comments: A avoprotein. A broad spectrum monooxygenase that accepts substrates as diverse as hydrazines,
phosphines, boron-containing compounds, suldes, selenides, iodide, as well as primary, secondary
and tertiary amines [318, 319]. This enzyme is distinct from other monooxygenases in that the en-
zyme forms a relatively stable hydroperoxy avin intermediate [319, 1042]. This microsomal enzyme
generally converts nucleophilic heteroatom-containing chemicals and drugs into harmless, readily ex-
creted metabolites. For example, N-oxygenation is largely responsible for the detoxication of the
dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) [357, 356]
References: [2632, 357, 318, 319, 1042, 356]
[EC 1.14.13.8 created 1972 (EC 1.13.12.11 created 1992, part-incorporated 2006), modied 2006]
EC 1.14.13.9
Accepted name: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
237
Other name(s): kynurenine 3-hydroxylase; kynurenine hydroxylase; L-kynurenine-3-hydroxylase
Systematic name: L-kynurenine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
References: [458, 1669, 1921]
EC 1.14.13.10
Accepted name: 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 2,6-dihydroxypyridine oxidase
Systematic name: 2,6-dihydroxypyridine,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
[EC 1.14.13.10 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.11
Accepted name: trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase
Reaction: trans-cinnamate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 4-hydroxycinnamate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; oxygenase, cinnamate 4-mono-; CA4H ; cytochrome P
450
cinnamate
4-hydroxylase; cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; cinnamate 4-monooxygenase; cinnamate hydroxylase; cin-
namic 4-hydroxylase; cinnamic acid 4-monooxygenase; cinnamic acid p-hydroxylase; hydroxylase,
cinnamate 4-; t-cinnamic acid hydroxylase; trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; trans-cinnamic acid 4-
hydroxylase
Systematic name: trans-cinnamate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Comments: NADH also acts, more slowly. Involves a heme-thiolate protein (P-450).
[EC 1.14.13.11 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.12
Accepted name: benzoate 4-monooxygenase
Reaction: benzoate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): benzoic acid 4-hydroxylase; benzoate 4-hydroxylase; benzoic 4-hydroxylase; benzoate-p-
hydroxylase; p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase
Systematic name: benzoate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
2+
and tetrahydropteridine.
References: [1831]
[EC 1.14.13.12 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.13
Accepted name: calcidiol 1-monooxygenase
Reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= calcitriol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-hydroxylase; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-monooxygenase; 1-
hydroxylase-25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
; 25-hydroxy D3-1-hydroxylase; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-
hydroxylase; 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
1-hydroxylase
Systematic name: calcidiol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating)
References: [751]
[EC 1.14.13.13 created 1976]
238
EC 1.14.13.14
Accepted name: trans-cinnamate 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: trans-cinnamate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2-hydroxycinnamate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): cinnamic acid 2-hydroxylase; cinnamate 2-monooxygenase; cinnamic 2-hydroxylase; cinnamate 2-
hydroxylase; trans-cinnamic acid 2-hydroxylase
Systematic name: trans-cinnamate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
References: [699]
[EC 1.14.13.14 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.15
Accepted name: cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase
Reaction: 5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (25R)-5-cholestane-3,7,12,26-tetraol +
NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol 26-hydroxylase; 5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol hydroxylase;
cholestanetriol 26-hydroxylase; sterol 27-hydroxylase; sterol 26-hydroxylase; cholesterol 27-
hydroxylase; CYP27A; CYP27A1; cytochrome P450 27A1
Systematic name: 5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (26-hydroxylating)

Comments: Requires ferrodoxin. Acts on cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3,7-diol, 7-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one,
5-cholestane-3,7-diol as well as 5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol. With cholesterol as well as 26-
hydroxycholesterol, 24-hydroxy- and 25-hydroxycholesterol are also formed. With prolonged treat-
ment, 26-hydroxycholesterol is converted into the corresponding 27-aldehyde and 27-oic acid.
References: [1674, 2486, 54, 2359, 658, 909, 1757]
EC 1.14.13.16
Accepted name: cyclopentanone monooxygenase
Reaction: cyclopentanone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 5-valerolactone + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): cyclopentanone oxygenase
Systematic name: cyclopentanone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating, lactonizing)
[EC 1.14.13.16 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.17
Accepted name: cholesterol 7-monooxygenase
Reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 7-hydroxycholesterol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): cholesterol 7-hydroxylase; CYP7A1
Systematic name: cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450).
References: [239, 1487, 1659]
[EC 1.14.13.17 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.18
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-monooxygenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= homogentisate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-hydroxylase; 4-hydroxyphenylacetic 1-hydroxylase; 4-HPA 1-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Also acts on 4-hydroxyhydratropate (forming 2-methylhomogentisate) and on
4-hydroxyphenoxyacetate (forming hydroquinone and glycolate).
References: [823]
239
[EC 1.14.13.18 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.19
Accepted name: taxifolin 8-monooxygenase
Reaction: taxifolin + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3-dihydrogossypetin + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): taxifolin hydroxylase
Systematic name: taxifolin,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein, converting a avanol into a avanone. Also acts on fustin, but not on catechin,
quercetin or mollisacidin.
References: [1020]
[EC 1.14.13.19 created 1976]
EC 1.14.13.20
Accepted name: 2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase
Reaction: 2,4-dichlorophenol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,5-dichlorocatechol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 2,4-dichlorophenol hydroxylase; 2,4-dichlorophenol monooxygenase
Systematic name: 2,4-dichlorophenol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Also acts, more slowly, on 4-chlorophenol and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol;
NADH can act instead of NADPH, but more slowly.
References: [147]
[EC 1.14.13.20 created 1983]
EC 1.14.13.21
Accepted name: avonoid 3
-monooxygenase
Reaction: a avonoid + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= a 3
-hydroxyavonoid + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): avonoid 3
-hydroxylase; avonoid 3-hydroxylase (erroneous); NADPH:avonoid-3
-hydroxylase;
avonoid 3-monooxygenase (erroneous)
Systematic name: avonoid,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3
-hydroxylating)
Comments: Acts on a number of avonoids, including naringenin and dihydrokaempferol. Does not act on 4-
coumarate or 4-coumaroyl-CoA.
References: [613]
[EC 1.14.13.21 created 1983]
EC 1.14.13.22
Accepted name: cyclohexanone monooxygenase
Reaction: cyclohexanone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= hexano-6-lactone + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): cyclohexanone 1,2-monooxygenase; cyclohexanone oxygenase; cyclohexanone:NADPH:oxygen oxi-
doreductase (6-hydroxylating, 1,2-lactonizing)
Systematic name: cyclohexanone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (lactone-forming)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). In the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, the nucleophilic species that attacks
the carbonyl group is a peroxyavin intermediate that is generated by reaction of the enzyme-bound
avin cofactor with NAD(P)H and oxygen [2030]. This enzyme is able to catalyse a wide range of
oxidative reactions, including enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger reactions [2132], sulfoxidations [347],
amine oxidations [1704] and epoxidations [386].
References: [513, 2030, 2132, 347, 1704, 386]
EC 1.14.13.23
240
Reaction: 3-hydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxybenzoate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Acts also on a number of analogues of 3-hydroxybenzoate substituted in the 2,
4, 5 and 6 positions.
EC 1.14.13.24
Reaction: 3-hydroxybenzoate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase; m-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase; 3-hydroxybenzoic acid-6-
hydroxylase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxybenzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Acts also on a number of analogues of 3-hydroxybenzoate substituted in the 2,
4, 5 and 6 positions; NADPH can act instead of NADH, but more slowly.
References: [766]
[EC 1.14.13.24 created 1984]
EC 1.14.13.25
Accepted name: methane monooxygenase
Reaction: methane + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= methanol + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): methane hydroxylase
Systematic name: methane,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Broad specicity; many alkanes can be hydroxylated, and alkenes are converted into the correspond-
ing epoxides; CO is oxidized to CO
2
, ammonia is oxidized to hydroxylamine, and some aromatic
compounds and cyclic alkanes can also be hydroxylated, but more slowly.
References: [381, 957, 2139, 2311]
[EC 1.14.13.25 created 1984]
EC 1.14.13.26
Accepted name: phosphatidylcholine 12-monooxygenase
Reaction: 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 1-acyl-2-[(S)-12-
hydroxyoleoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): ricinoleic acid synthase; oleate
12
-hydroxylase; oleate
12
-monooxygenase
Systematic name: 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating)
[EC 1.14.13.26 created 1984]
EC 1.14.13.27
Accepted name: 4-aminobenzoate 1-monooxygenase
Reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
+ O
2
= 4-hydroxyaniline + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Other name(s): 4-aminobenzoate hydroxylase; 4-aminobenzoate monooxygenase
Systematic name: 4-aminobenzoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Acts on anthranilate and 4-aminosalicylate but not on salicylate (cf. EC
1.14.13.1 salicylate 1-monooxygenase).
References: [2333]
241
[EC 1.14.13.27 created 1989]
EC 1.14.13.28
Accepted name: 3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-monooxygenase
Reaction: (6aR,11aR)-3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-
trihydroxypterocarpan + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-hydroxylase; 3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6-monooxygenase (erroneous)
Systematic name: (6aR,11aR)-3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6a-hydroxylating)
Comments: Possibly a heme-thiolate protein (P-450). The product of the reaction is the biosynthetic precursor of
the phytoalexin glyceollin in soybean.
References: [798]
[EC 1.14.13.28 created 1989]
EC 1.14.13.29
Accepted name: 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: 4-nitrophenol + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 4-nitrocatechol + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase; 4-nitrophenol-2-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-nitrophenol,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
References: [1485]
[EC 1.14.13.29 created 1989]
EC 1.14.13.30
Accepted name: leukotriene-B
4
20-monooxygenase
Reaction: (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-(5S,12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
=
(6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-(5S,12R)-5,12,20-trihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): leukotriene-B
4
20-hydroxylase; leucotriene-B4 -hydroxylase; LTB4 20-hydroxylase; LTB4 -
hydroxylase
Systematic name: (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-(5S,12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreduc-
tase (20-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Not identical with EC 1.14.13.34, leukotriene-E
4
20-
monooxygenase.
References: [1883, 2020, 2088]
[EC 1.14.13.30 created 1989]
EC 1.14.13.31
Accepted name: 2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: 2-nitrophenol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= catechol + nitrite + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 2-nitrophenol oxygenase; nitrophenol oxygenase
Systematic name: 2-nitrophenol,NADPH:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating, nitrite-forming)
Comments: Involved in the metabolism of nitro-aromatic compounds by a strain of Pseudomonas putida.
References: [2611]
[EC 1.14.13.31 created 1989]
EC 1.14.13.32
Accepted name: albendazole monooxygenase
Reaction: albendazole + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= albendazole S-oxide + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): albendazole oxidase; albendazole sulfoxidase
242
Systematic name: albendazole,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (sulfoxide-forming)
References: [590]
[EC 1.14.13.32 created 1989]
EC 1.14.13.33
Accepted name: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase [NAD(P)H]
Reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)); 4-
hydroxybenzoate-3-hydroxylase; 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxybenzoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The enzyme from Corynebacterium cyclohexanicum is highly specic for 4-
hydroxybenzoate, but uses NADH and NADPH at approximately equal rates (cf. EC 1.14.13.2 4-
hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase). It is less specic for NADPH than EC 1.14.13.2.
EC 1.14.13.34
Accepted name: leukotriene-E
4
20-monooxygenase
Reaction: (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-(5S,6R)-6-(cystein-S-yl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate + NADPH + H
+
+
O
2
= 20-hydroxyleukotriene E
4
+ NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): leukotriene-E
4
-hydroxylase
Systematic name: (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-(5S,6R)-6-(cystein-S-yl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate,NADPH:oxygen
oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating)
Comments: Also acts on N-acetyl-leukotriene E
4
, but more slowly. Not identical with EC 1.14.13.30 leukotriene-
B
4
20-monooxygenase.
References: [1690]
[EC 1.14.13.34 created 1989]
EC 1.14.13.35
Accepted name: anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating)
Reaction: anthranilate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + NADP
+
+ NH
3
Other name(s): anthranilate hydroxylase; anthranilate 2,3-dioxygenase (deaminating); anthranilate hydroxylase
(deaminating); anthranilic hydroxylase; anthranilate 2,3-hydroxylase (deaminating)
Systematic name: anthranilate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating, deaminating)
Comments: The enzyme from Aspergillus niger is an iron protein; that from the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum is a
avoprotein (FAD).
EC 1.14.13.36
Accepted name: 5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate 3
-monooxygenase
Reaction: trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate/shikimate 3
-hydroxylase; coumaroylquinate(coumaroylshikimate) 3
-
monooxygenase
Systematic name: trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3
-hydroxylating)
Comments: Also acts on trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)shikimate.
References: [1211]
243
[EC 1.14.13.36 created 1990]
EC 1.14.13.37
Accepted name: methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-monooxygenase
Reaction: (S)-N-methylcanadine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= allocryptopine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-hydroxylase; (S)-cis-N-methyltetrahydroberberine 14-
monooxygenase; (S)-cis-N-methyltetrahydroprotoberberine-14-hydroxylase
Systematic name: (S)-N-methylcanadine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-hydroxylating)
References: [1898]
[EC 1.14.13.37 created 1990]
EC 1.14.13.38
Accepted name: anhydrotetracycline monooxygenase
Reaction: anhydrotetracycline + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 12-dehydrotetracycline + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): ATC oxygenase; anhydrotetracycline oxygenase
Systematic name: anhydrotetracycline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: Involved in the biosynthesis of the antibiotics tetracyclines in Streptomyces sp.
References: [157]
[EC 1.14.13.38 created 1990]
EC 1.14.13.39
Accepted name: nitric-oxide synthase
Reaction: L-arginine + n NADPH + n H
+
+ m O
2
= citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP
+
Other name(s): nitric oxide synthetase; endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme; endothelium-derived
relaxing factor synthase; NO synthase; NADPH-diaphorase
Systematic name: L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (nitric-oxide-forming)
Comments: The enzyme in brain, but not that induced in lung or liver by endotoxin, requires Ca
2+
. The stoi-
chiometry is not clear, but may involve a two-electron and a one-electron oxidation step.
References: [250, 1150, 1503]
[EC 1.14.13.39 created 1992]
EC 1.14.13.40
Accepted name: anthraniloyl-CoA monooxygenase
Reaction: 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA + 2 NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
+ O
2
= 2-amino-5-oxocyclohex-1-enecarboxyl-CoA +
H
2
O + 2 NAD(P)
+
Other name(s): anthraniloyl coenzyme A reductase; 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA monooxygenase/reductase
Systematic name: 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (de-aromatizing)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The non-aromatic product is unstable and releases CO
2
and NH
3
, forming 1,4-
cyclohexanedione.
References: [276, 277, 1244]
[EC 1.14.13.40 created 1992]
EC 1.14.13.41
Accepted name: tyrosine N-monooxygenase
Reaction: (1a) L-tyrosine + O
2
+ NADPH + H
+
= N-hydroxy-L-tyrosine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(1b) N-hydroxy-L-tyrosine + O
2
+ NADPH + H
+
= N,N-dihydroxy-L-tyrosine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(1c) N,N-dihydroxy-L-tyrosine = (Z)-[4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime] + CO
2
+ H
2
O
244
Other name(s): tyrosine N-hydroxylase; CYP79A1
Systematic name: L-tyrosine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the cyanogenic
glucoside dhurrin in sorghum, along with EC 1.14.13.68, 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime
monooxygenase and EC 2.4.1.85, cyanohydrin -glucosyltransferase. Some 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-
1-nitroethane is formed as a side product.
References: [800, 2062, 115, 1621, 290, 1206]
EC 1.14.13.42
Accepted name: hydroxyphenylacetonitrile 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 4-hydroxymandelonitrile + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile monooxygenase; 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile hydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
References: [800]
[EC 1.14.13.42 created 1992]
EC 1.14.13.43
Accepted name: questin monooxygenase
Reaction: questin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= demethylsulochrin + NADP
+
Other name(s): questin oxygenase
Systematic name: questin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, anthraquinone-ring-opening)
Comments: The enzyme cleaves the anthraquinone ring of questin to form a benzophenone. Involved in the
biosynthesis of the seco-anthraquinone (+)-geodin.
References: [644]
[EC 1.14.13.43 created 1992]
EC 1.14.13.44
Accepted name: 2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: 2-hydroxybiphenyl + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: 2-hydroxybiphenyl,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: Also converts 2,2
-dihydroxybiphenyl into 2,2
,3-trihydroxy-biphenyl.
References: [1166]
[EC 1.14.13.44 created 1992]
[1.14.13.45 Transferred entry. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.18.2, CMP-N-acetylneuraminate
monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.13.46
Accepted name: (-)-menthol monooxygenase
Reaction: (-)-menthol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= p-menthane-3,8-diol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): l-menthol monooxygenase
Systematic name: (-)-menthol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-hydroxylating)
References: [1371]
[EC 1.14.13.46 created 1992]
245
EC 1.14.13.47
Accepted name: (S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: (S)-limonene + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (-)-trans-isopiperitenol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): (-)-limonene 3-hydroxylase; (-)-limonene 3-monooxygenase; (-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidore-
ductase (3-hydroxylating)
Systematic name: (S)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: High specicity, but NADH can act instead of NADPH, although more slowly. A heme-thiolate pro-
tein (P-450).
References: [1070]
EC 1.14.13.48
+
+ O
2
= (-)-trans-carveol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): (-)-limonene 6-hydroxylase; (-)-limonene 6-monooxygenase; (-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidore-
ductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: High specicity, but NADH can act instead of NADPH, but more slowly. A heme-thiolate protein (P-
450).
References: [1070]
EC 1.14.13.49
+
+ O
2
= (-)-perillyl alcohol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): (-)-limonene 7-monooxygenase; (-)-limonene hydroxylase; (-)-limonene monooxygenase; (-)-
limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Comments: High specicity, but NADH can act instead of NADPH, although more slowly. A heme-thiolate pro-
tein (P-450).
References: [1070]
EC 1.14.13.50
Accepted name: pentachlorophenol monooxygenase
Reaction: (1) pentachlorophenol + 2 NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorohydroquinone + 2 NADP
+
+
chloride + H
2
O
(2) 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorohydroquinone + NADP
+
+
H
2
O
Other name(s): pentachlorophenol dechlorinase; pentachlorophenol dehalogenase; pentachlorophenol 4-
monooxygenase; PCP hydroxylase; pentachlorophenol hydroxylase; PcpB; PCB 4-monooxygenase;
PCB4MO
Systematic name: pentachlorophenol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, dechlorinating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The enzyme displaces a diverse range of substituents from the 4-position of
polyhalogenated phenols but requires that a halogen substituent be present at the 2-position [2531].
The enzyme converts many polyhalogenated phenols into hydroquinones, and requires that a halo-
gen substituent be present at C-2 [2531]. If C-4 carries a halogen substituent, reaction 1 is catalysed,
e.g. 2,4,6-triiodophenol is oxidized to 2,6-diiodohydroquinone; if C-4 is unsubstituted, reaction 2 is
catalysed.
References: [1960, 2531, 2530, 1242, 1570]
246
EC 1.14.13.51
Accepted name: 6-oxocineole dehydrogenase
Reaction: 6-oxocineole + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 1,6,6-trimethyl-2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-3-one + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 6-oxocineole oxygenase
Systematic name: 6-oxocineole,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The product undergoes non-enzymic cleavage and subsequent ring closure to form the lactone 4,5-
dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-4-(3-oxobutyl)furan-2(3H)-one.
References: [2490]
[EC 1.14.13.51 created 1992]
EC 1.14.13.52
Accepted name: isoavone 3
-hydroxylase
Reaction: formononetin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= calycosin + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): isoavone 3
-monooxygenase
Systematic name: formononetin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3
-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Also acts on biochanin A and other isoavones with a 4
-methoxy
group. Involved in the biosynthesis of the pterocarpin phytoalexins medicarpin and maackiain.
References: [888]
[EC 1.14.13.52 created 1992]
EC 1.14.13.53
Accepted name: 4
-methoxyisoavone 2
-hydroxylase
Reaction: formononetin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2
-hydroxyformononetin + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
-monooxygenase (ambiguous); isoavone 2
-hydroxylase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: formononetin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2
-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Acts on isoavones with a 4
-methoxy group, such as formononetin

and biochanin A. Involved in the biosynthesis of the pterocarpin phytoalexins medicarpin and maacki-
ain. EC 1.14.13.89, isoavone 2
-hydroxylase, is less specic and acts on other isoavones as well as

4
-methoxyisoavones.
References: [888]
EC 1.14.13.54
Accepted name: ketosteroid monooxygenase
Reaction: a ketosteroid + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= a steroid ester/lactone + NADP
+
+ H
2
O (general reaction)
(1) progesterone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= testosterone acetate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(2) androstenedione + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= testololactone + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(3) 17-hydroxyprogesterone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= androstenedione + acetate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): steroid-ketone monooxygenase; progesterone, NADPH
2
:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating,
ester-producing); 17-hydroxyprogesterone, NADPH
2
:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating,
side-chain cleaving); androstenedione, NADPH
2
:oxygen oxidoreductase (17-hydroxylating, lactoniz-
ing)
Systematic name: ketosteroid,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, ester-producing/20-hydroxylating,
side-chain cleaving/17-hydroxylating, lactonizing)
247
Comments: A single FAD-containing enzyme catalyses three types of monooxygenase (Baeyer-Villiger oxida-
tion) reaction. The oxidative esterication of a number of derivatives of progesterone to produce the
corresponding 17-hydroxysteroid 17-acetate ester, such as testosterone acetate, is shown in Reac-
tion (1). The oxidative lactonization of a number of derivatives of androstenedione to produce the
13,17-secoandrosteno-17,13-lactone, such as testololactone, is shown in Reaction (2). The oxidative
cleavage of the 17-side-chain of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to produce androstenedione and acetate
is shown in Reaction (3). Reaction (1) is also catalysed by EC 1.14.99.4 (progesterone monooxyge-
nase), and Reactions (2) and (3) correspond to that catalysed by EC 1.14.99.12 (androst-4-ene-3,17-
dione monooxygenase). The possibility that a single enzyme is responsible for the reactions ascribed
to EC 1.14.99.4 and EC 1.14.99.12 in other tissues cannot be excluded.
References: [1074, 990, 991]
[EC 1.14.13.54 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.55
Accepted name: protopine 6-monooxygenase
Reaction: protopine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 6-hydroxyprotopine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): protopine 6-hydroxylase
Systematic name: protopine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450) involved in benzophenanthridine alkaloid synthesis in higher plants.
References: [2238]
[EC 1.14.13.55 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.56
Accepted name: dihydrosanguinarine 10-monooxygenase
Reaction: dihydrosanguinarine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): dihydrosanguinarine 10-hydroxylase
Systematic name: dihydrosanguinarine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (10-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450) involved in benzophenanthridine alkaloid synthesis in higher plants.
References: [459]
[EC 1.14.13.56 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.57
Accepted name: dihydrochelirubine 12-monooxygenase
Reaction: dihydrochelirubine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): dihydrochelirubine 12-hydroxylase
Systematic name: dihydrochelirubine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450)
References: [1066]
[EC 1.14.13.57 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.58
Accepted name: benzoyl-CoA 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: benzoyl-CoA + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): benzoyl-CoA 3-hydroxylase
Systematic name: benzoyl-CoA,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: The enzyme from the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas KB740 catalyses a avin-requiring reac-
tion (FAD or FMN). Benzoate is not a substrate.
References: [1622]
248
[EC 1.14.13.58 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.59
Accepted name: L-lysine 6-monooxygenase (NADPH)
Reaction: L-lysine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= N
6
-hydroxy-L-lysine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): lysine N
6
-hydroxylase
Systematic name: L-lysine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). The enzyme from strain EN 222 of Escherichia coli is highly specic for L-
lysine; L-ornithine and L-homolysine are, for example, not substrates.
References: [1761, 1365, 2271, 463, 1406, 724]
EC 1.14.13.60
Accepted name: 27-hydroxycholesterol 7-monooxygenase
Reaction: 27-hydroxycholesterol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 7,27-dihydroxycholesterol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 27-hydroxycholesterol 7-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 27-hydroxycholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). The enzyme from mammalian liver differs from cholesterol 7-
monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.17) in having no activity towards cholesterol.
References: [1212]
[EC 1.14.13.60 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.61
Accepted name: 2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase
+
+ O
2
= quinolin-2,8-diol + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 8-monooxygenase
Systematic name: quinolin-2(1H)-one,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-oxygenating)
Comments: Requires iron. Quinolin-2-ol exists largely as the quinolin-2(1H)-one tautomer.
References: [1886]
[EC 1.14.13.61 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.62
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyquinoline 3-monooxygenase
+
+ O
2
= quinolin-3,4-diol + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): quinolin-4(1H)-one 3-monooxygenase
Systematic name: quinolin-4(1H)-one,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-oxygenating)
Comments: Quinolin-4-ol exists largely as the quinolin-4(1H)-one tautomer.
References: [210]
[EC 1.14.13.62 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.63
Accepted name: 3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-hydroxylase
Reaction: 3-hydroxyphenylacetate + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-monooxygenase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxyphenylacetate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: 3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-hydroxylase from Flavobacterium sp. is highly specic for 3-
hydroxyphenylacetate and uses NADH and NADPH as electron donors with similar efciency.
References: [2370]
249
[EC 1.14.13.63 created 1999]
EC 1.14.13.64
Accepted name: 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase
Reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + 2 H
+
+ O
2
= hydroquinone + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Other name(s): 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-monooxygenase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxybenzoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
Comments: Requires FAD. The enzyme from Candida parapsilosis is specic for 4-hydroxybenzoate derivatives
and prefers NADH to NADPH as electron donor.
References: [2371]
[EC 1.14.13.64 created 1999]
[1.14.13.65 Deleted entry. 2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.13.66
Accepted name: 2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase
Reaction: 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 6-hydroxyhexan-6-olide + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one,NADPH:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (1,2-lactonizing)
Comments: The product decomposes spontaneously to 6-oxohexanoic acid (adipic semialdehyde).
References: [453]
EC 1.14.13.67
Accepted name: quinine 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: quinine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-hydroxyquinine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): quinine 3-hydroxylase
Systematic name: quinine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
References: [1839, 2612, 2627, 2628]
[EC 1.14.13.67 created 2000]
EC 1.14.13.68
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase
Reaction: (Z)-4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile +
NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): 4-hydroxybenzeneacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase; cytochrome P
450
II-dependent monooxyge-
nase; NADPH-cytochrome P
450
reductase (CYP71E1); CYP71E1; 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
oxime,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (Z)-4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in sorghum, along
with EC 1.14.13.41, tyrosine N-monooxygenase and EC 2.4.1.85, cyanohydrin -glucosyltransferase.
References: [1364, 2040, 290, 1206]
EC 1.14.13.69
Accepted name: alkene monooxygenase
Reaction: propene + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 1,2-epoxypropane + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): alkene epoxygenase
250
Systematic name: alkene,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Xanthobacter sp. strain Py2 is a multicomponent enzyme comprising (1) an NADH
reductase, which provides the reductant for O
2
activation; (2) a Rieske-type ferredoxin, which is an
electron-transfer protein; (3) an oxygenase, which contains the catalytic centre for alkene epoxidation
and (4) a small protein of unknown function that is essential for activity. Requires Fe(II). The enzyme
oxygenates C
2
to C
6
aliphatic alkenes. With 1,2-epoxypropane as substrate, the stereospecity of the
epoxypropane formed is 95% (R) and 5% (S).
References: [2077, 2631, 671]
[EC 1.14.13.69 created 2001]
EC 1.14.13.70
Accepted name: sterol 14-demethylase
Reaction: obtusifoliol + 3 O
2
+ 3 NADPH + 3 H
+
= 4-methyl-5-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3-ol + formate +
3 NADP
+
+ 4 H
2
O
Other name(s): obtusufoliol 14-demethylase; lanosterol 14-demethylase; lanosterol 14-demethylase; sterol 14-
demethylase
Systematic name: sterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-methyl cleaving)
Comments: The heme-thiolate enzyme (P-450) catalyses successive hydroxylations of the 14-methyl group
and C-15, followed by elimination as formate leaving the 14(15) double bond. This enzyme acts on
a range of steroids with a 14-methyl group.
References: [114, 64, 65, 35]
[EC 1.14.13.70 created 2001]
EC 1.14.13.71
Accepted name: N-methylcoclaurine 3
-monooxygenase
Reaction: (S)-N-methylcoclaurine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (S)-3
-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine + NADP
+
+
H
2
O
Other name(s): N-methylcoclaurine 3
-hydroxylase
Systematic name: (S)-N-methylcoclaurine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3
-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450) involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid synthesis in higher plants.
References: [1733]
[EC 1.14.13.71 created 2001]
EC 1.14.13.72
Accepted name: methylsterol monooxygenase
Reaction: (1a) 4,4-dimethyl-5-cholest-7-en-3-ol + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 4-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-5-
cholest-7-en-3-ol + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
(1b) 4-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-5-cholest-7-en-3-ol + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-hydroxy-4-
methyl-5-cholest-7-ene-4-carbaldehyde + NAD(P)
+
+ 2 H
2
O
(1c) 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-cholest-7-ene-4-carbaldehyde + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-hydroxy-
4-methyl-5-cholest-7-ene-4-carboxylate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): methylsterol hydroxylase; 4-methylsterol oxidase; 4,4-dimethyl-5-cholest-7-en-3-ol,hydrogen-
donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Systematic name: 4,4-dimethyl-5-cholest-7-en-3-ol,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires cytochrome b
5
. Also acts on 4-methyl-5-cholest-7-en-3-ol. The sterol can be based on
cycloartenol as well as lanosterol.
References: [1804, 1723, 1099, 653, 244, 689, 1473]
251
EC 1.14.13.73
Accepted name: tabersonine 16-hydroxylase
Reaction: tabersonine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 16-hydroxytabersonine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): tabersonine-11-hydroxylase; T11H
Systematic name: tabersonine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (16-hydroxylating)
References: [2108]
[EC 1.14.13.73 created 2002]
EC 1.14.13.74
Accepted name: 7-deoxyloganin 7-hydroxylase
Reaction: 7-deoxyloganin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= loganin + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: 7-deoxyloganin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
References: [1076]
[EC 1.14.13.74 created 2002]
EC 1.14.13.75
Accepted name: vinorine hydroxylase
Reaction: vinorine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= vomilenine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: vinorine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (21-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Forms a stage in the biosynthesis of the indole alkaloid ajmaline.
References: [586]
[EC 1.14.13.75 created 2002]
EC 1.14.13.76
Accepted name: taxane 10-hydroxylase
Reaction: taxa-4(20),11-dien-5-yl acetate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 10-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5-yl ac-
etate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: taxa-4(20),11-dien-5-yl acetate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (10-hydroxylating)
Comments: This microsomal cytochrome-P
450
-dependent enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the diter-
penoid antineoplastic drug taxol (paclitaxel).
References: [2470, 1022, 1978]
[EC 1.14.13.76 created 2002]
EC 1.14.13.77
Accepted name: taxane 13-hydroxylase
Reaction: taxa-4(20),11-dien-5-ol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= taxa-4(20),11-dien-5,13-diol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: taxa-4(20),11-dien-5-ol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (13-hydroxylating)
Comments: This cytochrome-P
450
-dependent enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the diterpenoid antineo-
plastic drug taxol (paclitaxel).
[EC 1.14.13.77 created 2002]
EC 1.14.13.78
Accepted name: ent-kaurene oxidase
Reaction: (1a) ent-kaur-16-ene + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= ent-kaur-16-en-19-ol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
252
(1b) ent-kaur-16-en-19-ol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= ent-kaur-16-en-19-al + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
(1c) ent-kaur-16-en-19-al + NADPH + O
2
= ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: ent-kaur-16-ene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires cytochrome P
450
. Catalyses three sucessive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene
giving kaurenoic acid.
References: [86, 73, 870]
[EC 1.14.13.78 created 2002]
EC 1.14.13.79
Accepted name: ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase
Reaction: (1a) ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= ent-7-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oate + NADP
+
+
H
2
O
(1b) ent-7-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= gibberellin A
12
aldehyde + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
(1c) gibberellin A
12
aldehyde + NADPH + O
2
= gibberellin A
12
+ NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires cytochrome P
450
. Catalyses three sucessive oxidations of ent-kaurenoic acid. The second
step includes a ring-B contraction giving the gibbane skeleton. In pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) ent-
6,7-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oate is also formed.
References: [869]
[EC 1.14.13.79 created 2002]
EC 1.14.13.80
Accepted name: (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase
Reaction: (R)-limonene + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (+)-trans-carveol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): (+)-limonene-6-hydroxylase; (+)-limonene 6-monooxygenase
Systematic name: (R)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: The reaction is stereospecic with over 95% yield of (+)-trans-carveol from (R)-limonene. (S)-
Limonene, the substrate for EC 1.14.13.48, (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase, is not a substrate. Forms
part of the carvone biosynthesis pathway in Carum carvi (caraway) seeds.
[EC 1.14.13.80 created 2003]
EC 1.14.13.81
Accepted name: magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase
Reaction: (1a) magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 13
1
-hydroxy-
magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(1b) 13
1
-hydroxy-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 13
1
-
oxo-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
(1c) 13
1
-oxo-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= divinylpro-
tochlorophyllide + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase
Systematic name: magnesium-protoporphyrin-IX 13-monomethyl ester,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires Fe(II) for activity. The cyclase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is associated exclu-
sively with the membranes, whereas that from cucumber cotyledons requires both membrane and sol-
uble fractions for activity.
References: [220]
[EC 1.14.13.81 created 2003]
253
EC 1.14.13.82
Accepted name: vanillate monooxygenase
Reaction: vanillate + O
2
+ NADH + H
+
= 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O + formaldehyde
Other name(s): 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate demethylase; vanillate demethylase
Systematic name: vanillate:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Comments: Forms part of the vanillin degradation pathway in Arthrobacter sp.
EC 1.14.13.83
Accepted name: precorrin-3B synthase
Reaction: precorrin-3A + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= precorrin-3B + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): precorrin-3X synthase; CobG
Systematic name: precorrin-3A,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating)
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein. An oxygen atom from dioxygen is incorporated into the macrocycle at C-
20. In the aerobic cobalamin biosythesis pathway, four enzymes are involved in the conversion of
precorrin-3A to precorrin-6A. The rst of the four steps is carried out by EC 1.14.13.83, precorrin-3B
synthase (CobG), yielding precorrin-3B as the product. This is followed by three methylation reac-
tions, which introduce a methyl group at C-17 (CobJ; EC 2.1.1.131), C-11 (CobM; EC 2.1.1.133) and
C-1 (CobF; EC 2.1.1.152) of the macrocycle, giving rise to precorrin-4, precorrin-5 and precorrin-6A,
respectively.
References: [467, 1995, 2445]
[EC 1.14.13.83 created 2004]
EC 1.14.13.84
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase
Reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): HAPMO
Systematic name: (4-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (ester-forming)
Comments: Contains FAD. The enzyme from Pseudomonas uorescens ACB catalyses the conversion of a wide
range of acetophenone derivatives. Highest activity occurs with compounds bearing an electron-
donating substituent at the para position of the aromatic ring [1064]. In the absence of substrate, the
enzyme can act as an NAD(P)H oxidase (EC 1.6.3.1).
[EC 1.14.13.84 created 2004]
EC 1.14.13.85
Accepted name: glyceollin synthase
Reaction: 2-(or 4-)dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= glyceollin +
NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Systematic name: 2-(or 4-)dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (cy-
clizing)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Glyceollins II and III are formed from 2-dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-
3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan whereas glyceollin I is formed from the 4-isomer.
References: [2461]
[EC 1.14.13.85 created 2004]
EC 1.14.13.86
Accepted name: 2-hydroxyisoavanone synthase
254
Reaction: apigenin + 2 NADPH + 2 H
+
+ O
2
= 2-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrogenistein + 2 NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: apigenin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (isoavanone-forming)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). EC 4.2.1.105, 2-hydroxyisoavanone dehydratase, acts on 2-
hydroxy-2,3-dihydrogenistein with loss of water and formation of genistein. This may occur spon-
taneously.
[EC 1.14.13.86 created 2004]
EC 1.14.13.87
Accepted name: licodione synthase
Reaction: liquiritigenin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= licodione + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: liquiritigenin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (licodione-forming)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). It probably forms 2-hydroxyliquiritigenin which spontaneously
forms licodione. NADH can act instead of NADPH, but more slowly.
[EC 1.14.13.87 created 2004]
EC 1.14.13.88
Accepted name: avonoid 3
,5
-hydroxylase
Reaction: (1a) a avanone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= a 3
-hydroxyavanone + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(1b) a 3
-hydroxyavanone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= a 3
,5
-dihydroxyavanone + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: avanone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). The 3
,5
-dihydroxyavanone is formed via the 3
-
hydroxyavanone. In Petunia hybrida the enzyme acts on naringenin, eriodictyol, dihydroquercetin
(taxifolin) and dihydrokaempferol (aromadendrin). The enzyme catalyses the hydroxylation of 5,7,4
-
trihydroxyavanone (naringenin) at either the 3
position to form eriodictyol or at both the 3
and 5
positions to form 5,7,3
,4
,5
-pentahydroxyavanone (dihydrotricetin). The enzyme also catalyses the

hydroxylation of 3,5,7,3
,4
-pentahydroxyavanone (taxifolin) at the 5
position, forming ampelopsin.

NADH is not a good substitute for NADPH.
References: [1459, 2041, 466]
[EC 1.14.13.88 created 2004]
EC 1.14.13.89
Accepted name: isoavone 2
-hydroxylase
Reaction: an isoavone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= a 2
-hydroxyisoavone + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
-monooxygenase; CYP81E1; CYP Ge-3

Systematic name: isoavone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2
-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Acts on daidzein, formononetin and genistein. EC 1.14.13.53,
4
-methoxyisoavone 2
-hydroxylase, has the same reaction but is more specic as it requires a 4
-
methoxyisoavone.
References: [28]
[EC 1.14.13.89 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.90
Accepted name: zeaxanthin epoxidase
Reaction: (1a) zeaxanthin + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= antheraxanthin + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
(1b) antheraxanthin + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= violaxanthin + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): Zea-epoxidase
Systematic name: zeaxanthin,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase
255
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) that is active under conditions of low light. Along with EC 1.10.99.3, violax-
anthin de-epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle, which is in-
volved in protecting the plant against damage by excess light. It will also epoxidize lutein in some
higher-plant species.
References: [270, 278, 2284, 880, 642, 641, 1428]
[EC 1.14.13.90 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.91
Accepted name: deoxysarpagine hydroxylase
Reaction: 10-deoxysarpagine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= sarpagine + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): DOSH
Systematic name: 10-deoxysarpagine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (10-hydroxylating)
References: [2592]
[EC 1.14.13.91 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.92
Accepted name: phenylacetone monooxygenase
Reaction: phenylacetone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= benzyl acetate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): PAMO
Systematic name: phenylacetone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). NADH cannot replace NADPH as coenzyme. In addition to phenylace-
tone, which is the best substrate found to date, this Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase can oxidize
other aromatic ketones [1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-one, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-one and
3-phenylbutan-2-one], some alipatic ketones (e.g. dodecan-2-one) and suldes (e.g. 1-methyl-4-
(methylsulfanyl)benzene).
[EC 1.14.13.92 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.93
Accepted name: (+)-abscisic acid 8
-hydroxylase
Reaction: (+)-abscisate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 8
-hydroxyabscisate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): (+)-ABA 8
-hydroxylase; ABA 8
-hydroxylase
Systematic name: abscisate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8
-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Catalyses the rst step in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid
and is considered to be the pivotal enzyme in controlling the rate of degradation of this plant hormone
[429]. CO inhibits the reaction, but its effects can be reversed by the presence of blue light [429]. The
8
-hydroxyabscisate formed can be converted into (-)-phaseic acid, most probably spontaneously.
Other enzymes involved in the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway are EC 1.1.1.288 (xanthoxin de-
hydrogenase), EC 1.2.3.14 (abscisic-aldehyde oxidase) and EC 1.13.11.51 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid
dioxygenase).
[EC 1.14.13.93 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.94
Accepted name: lithocholate 6-hydroxylase
Reaction: lithocholate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 6-hydroxylithocholate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): lithocholate 6-monooxygenase; CYP3A10; 6-hydroxylase; cytochrome P450 3A10/lithocholic acid
6-hydroxylase
256
Systematic name: lithocholate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Expression of the gene for this enzyme is 50-fold higher in male
compared to female hamsters [2266].
References: [2266, 330, 2173, 1905]
[EC 1.14.13.94 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.95
Accepted name: 7-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12-hydroxylase
Reaction: 7-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 7,12-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one +
NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 7-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12-monooxygenase; CYP12; sterol 12-hydroxylase (ambiguous);
HCO 12-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 7-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Requires EC 1.6.2.4, NADPHhemoprotein reductase and cy-
tochrome b
5
for maximal activity. This enzyme is important in bile acid biosynthesis, being respon-
sible for the balance between the formation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid [554].
References: [985, 554, 1905]
[EC 1.14.13.95 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.96
Accepted name: 5-cholestane-3,7-diol 12-hydroxylase
Reaction: 5-cholestane-3,7-diol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 5-cholestane-3,7-diol 12-monooxygenase; sterol 12-hydroxylase (ambiguous); CYP8B1; cy-
tochrome P450 8B1
Systematic name: 5-cholestane-3,7-diol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). This is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the bile acid cholic
acid (3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholanoic acid). The activity of this enzyme determines the biosyn-
thetic ratio between cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid [1352]. The enzyme can also hydroxylate
the substrate at the 25 and 26 position, but to a lesser extent [813].
References: [813, 812, 1352, 476, 2563, 1905]
[EC 1.14.13.96 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.97
Accepted name: taurochenodeoxycholate 6-hydroxylase
Reaction: (1) taurochenodeoxycholate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= taurohyocholate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(2) lithocholate + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= hyodeoxycholate + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): CYP3A4; CYP4A21; taurochenodeoxycholate 6-monooxygenase
Systematic name: taurochenodeoxycholate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Requires cytochrome b
5
for maximal activity. Acts on taurochen-
odeoxycholate, taurodeoxycholate and less readily on lithocholate and chenodeoxycholate. In adult
pig (Sus scrofa), hyocholic acid replaces cholic acid as a primary bile acid [1352].
References: [72, 71, 1202, 1351, 1352, 1905]
[EC 1.14.13.97 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.98
Accepted name: cholesterol 24-hydroxylase
Reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): cholesterol 24-monooxygenase; CYP46; CYP46A1; cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase; cytochrome P450
46A1
257
Systematic name: cholesterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (24-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). The enzyme can also produce 25-hydroxycholesterol. In addition,
it can further hydroxylate the product to 24,25-dihydroxycholesterol and 24,27-dihydroxycholesterol
[1423]. This reaction is the rst step in the enzymatic degradation of cholesterol in the brain as hy-
droxycholesterol can pass the bloodbrain barrier whereas cholesterol cannot [1350].
References: [1348, 1423, 1350, 214, 1905]
[EC 1.14.13.98 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.99
Accepted name: 24-hydroxycholesterol 7-hydroxylase
Reaction: (24R)-cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (24R)-cholest-5-ene-3,7,24-triol +
NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 24-hydroxycholesterol 7-monooxygenase; CYP39A1; CYP39A1 oxysterol 7-hydroxylase
Systematic name: (24R)-cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450) that is found in liver microsomes and in ciliary non-pigmented ep-
ithelium [962]. The enzyme is specic for (24R)-cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol as substrate.
References: [1300, 962, 1905]
[EC 1.14.13.99 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.100
Accepted name: 25-hydroxycholesterol 7-hydroxylase
Reaction: (1) cholest-5-ene-3,25-diol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= cholest-5-ene-3,7,25-triol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(2) cholest-5-ene-3,27-diol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= cholest-5-ene-3,7,27-triol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 25-hydroxycholesterol 7-monooxygenase; CYP7B1; CYP7B1 oxysterol 7-hydroxylase
Systematic name: cholest-5-ene-3,25-diol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Unlike EC 1.14.13.99, 24-hydroxycholesterol 7-monooxygenase,
which is specic for its oxysterol substrate, this enzyme can also metabolize the oxysterols 24,25-
epoxycholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol and 24-hydroxycholesterol, but to a lesser extent [1300].
References: [2307, 1300, 1842, 1905]
[EC 1.14.13.100 created 2005]
EC 1.14.13.101
Accepted name: senecionine N-oxygenase
Reaction: senecionine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= senecionine N-oxide + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): senecionine monooxygenase (N-oxide-forming); SNO
Systematic name: senecionine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-oxide-forming)
Comments: A avoprotein. NADH cannot replace NADPH. While pyrrolizidine alkaloids of the senecionine and
monocrotaline types are generally good substrates (e.g. senecionine, retrorsine and monocrotaline),
the enzyme does not use ester alkaloids lacking an hydroxy group at C-7 (e.g. supinine and pha-
laenopsine), 1,2-dihydro-alkaloids (e.g. sarracine) or unesteried necine bases (e.g. senkirkine) as
substrates [1311]. Senecionine N-oxide is used by insects as a chemical defense: senecionine N-oxide
is non-toxic, but it is bioactivated to a toxic form by the action of cytochrome P-450 oxidase when
absorbed by insectivores.
[EC 1.14.13.101 created 2006]
EC 1.14.13.102
Accepted name: psoralen synthase
Reaction: (+)-marmesin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= psoralen + NADP
+
+ acetone + 2 H
2
O
258
Other name(s): CYP71AJ1
Systematic name: (+)-marmesin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: This microsomal cytochrome P
450
-dependent enzyme is specic for (+)-marmesin, and to a much
lesser extent 5-hydroxymarmesin, as substrate. Furanocoumarins protect plants from fungal invasion
and herbivore attack. (+)-Columbianetin, the angular furanocoumarin analogue of the linear fura-
nocoumarin (+)-marmesin, is not a substrate for the enzyme but it is a competitive inhibitor.
References: [1247]
[EC 1.14.13.102 created 2007]
EC 1.14.13.103
Accepted name: 8-dimethylallylnaringenin 2
-hydroxylase
Reaction: sophoraavanone B + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= leachianone G + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): 8-DMAN 2
-hydroxylase
Systematic name: sophoraavanone-B,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2
-hydroxylating)
Comments: A membrane-bound heme-thiolate protein that is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum [2544,
2624]. This enzyme is specic for sophoraavanone B as substrate. NADPH cannot be replaced
by NADH, FAD or FMN. Along with EC 2.5.1.70 (naringenin 8-dimethylallyltransferase) and EC
2.5.1.71 (leachianone G 2
-dimethylallyltransferase), this enzyme forms part of the sophoraavanone-

G-biosynthesis pathway. A member of the cytochrome-P
450
monooxygenase family.
[EC 1.14.13.103 created 2007]
EC 1.14.13.104
Accepted name: (+)-menthofuran synthase
Reaction: (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (+)-menthofuran + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): menthofuran synthase; (+)-pulegone 9-hydroxylase; (+)-MFS; cytochrome P
450
menthofuran synthase
Systematic name: (+)-pulegone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (9-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). The conversion of substrate into product involves the hydroxylation
of the syn-methyl (C9), intramolecular cyclization to the hemiketal and dehydration to the furan [182].
This is the second cytochrome P-450-mediated step of monoterpene metabolism in peppermint, with
the other step being catalysed by EC 1.14.13.47, (S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase [182].
[EC 1.14.13.104 created 2008]
EC 1.14.13.105
Accepted name: monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase
Reaction: (1) (-)-menthone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (4R,7S)-7-isopropyl-4-methyloxepan-2-one + NADP
+
+
H
2
O
(2) dihydrocarvone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-2-one + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(3) (iso)-dihydrocarvone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 6-isopropenyl-3-methyloxepan-2-one + NADP
+
+
H
2
O
(4a) 1-hydroxymenth-8-en-2-one + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 7-hydroxy-4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-
2-one + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(4b) 7-hydroxy-4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-2-one = 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate (spontaneous)
Other name(s): 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene 1,2-monooxygenase; dihydrocarvone 1,2-monooxygenase; MMKMO
Systematic name: (-)-menthone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). This Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase enzyme from the Gram-positive bac-
terium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 has wide substrate specicity, catalysing the lactonization
of a large number of monocyclic monoterpene ketones and substituted cyclohexanones [2466]. Both
(1R,4S)- and (1S,4R)-1-hydroxymenth-8-en-2-one are metabolized, with the lactone product sponta-
neously rearranging to form 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate [2374].
259
References: [2374, 2466, 2373]
[EC 1.14.13.105 created 2008]
EC 1.14.13.106
Accepted name: epi-isozizaene 5-monooxygenase
Reaction: (1a) (+)-epi-isozizaene + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (5S)-albaavenol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(1b) (5S)-albaavenol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= albaavenone + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
(2a) (+)-epi-isozizaene + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (5R)-albaavenol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(2b) (5R)-albaavenol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= albaavenone + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): CYP170A1
Systematic name: (+)-epi-isozizaene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
450
enzyme, from the soil-dwelling bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2),
catalyses two sequential allylic oxidation reactions. The substrate epi-isozizaene, which is formed by
the action of EC 4.2.3.37, epi-isozizaene synthase, is rst oxidized to yield the epimeric intermediates
(5R)-albaavenol and (5S)-albaavenol, which can be further oxidized to yield the sesquiterpenoid
antibiotic albaavenone.
References: [2621]
[EC 1.14.13.106 created 2008]
EC 1.14.13.107
Accepted name: limonene 1,2-monooxygenase
Reaction: (1) (S)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 1,2-epoxymenth-8-ene + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
(2) (R)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= 1,2-epoxymenth-8-ene + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: limonene,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Limonene is the most widespread terpene and is formed by more than 300
plants. Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14, a Gram-positive bacterium, is able to grow on both (S)-
limonene and (R)-limonene as the sole source of carbon and energy. NADPH can act instead of
NADH, although more slowly. It has not been established if the product formed is optically pure or
a mixture of two enantiomers.
References: [2374]
[EC 1.14.13.107 created 2009]
EC 1.14.13.108
Accepted name: abietadiene hydroxylase
Reaction: abietadiene + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= abietadienol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Systematic name: abietadiene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). This enzyme catalyses a step in the pathway of abietic acid biosyn-
thesis. The activity has been demonstrated in cell-free stem extracts of Abies grandis (grand r) and
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine). The enzyme is localized in the microsomal fraction and requires
both oxygen and NADPH. Inhibition by carbon monoxide and several substituted N-heterocyclic in-
hibitors suggests that the enzyme is a cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase [655]. Activity is
induced by wounding of the plant tissue [656].
[EC 1.14.13.108 created 2009]
EC 1.14.13.109
Accepted name: abietadienol hydroxylase
Reaction: abietadienol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= abietadienal + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): CYP720B1; PtAO
260
Systematic name: abietadienol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). This enzyme catalyses a step in the pathway of abietic acid biosyn-
thesis. The activity has been demonstrated in cell-free stem extracts of Abies grandis (grand r) and
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) [655], and the gene encoding the enzyme has been identied in Pinus
taeda (loblolly pine) [1865]. The recombinant enzyme catalysed the oxidation of multiple diterpene
alcohol and aldehydes, including levopimaradienol, isopimara-7,15-dienol, isopimara-7,15-dienal,
dehydroabietadienol and dehydroabietadienal. It is not able to oxidize abietadiene.
References: [655, 656, 1865]
[EC 1.14.13.109 created 2009]
EC 1.14.13.110
Accepted name: geranylgeraniol 18-hydroxylase
Reaction: geranylgeraniol + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 18-hydroxygeranylgeraniol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): GGOH-18-hydroxylase
Systematic name: geranylgeraniol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating)
References: [2253]
[EC 1.14.13.110 created 2009]
EC 1.14.13.111
Accepted name: methanesulfonate monooxygenase
Reaction: methanesulfonate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= formaldehyde + NAD
+
+ sulte + H
2
O
Other name(s): mesylate monooxygenase; mesylate,reduced-FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase; MsmABC; methanesul-
fonic acid monooxygenase; MSA monooxygenase; MSAMO
Systematic name: methanesulfonate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Methanesulfonate is the simplest of the sulfonates and is a substrate for the growth
of certain methylotrophic microorganisms. Compared with EC 1.14.14.5, alkanesulfonate monooxy-
genase, this enzyme has a restricted substrate range that includes only the short-chain aliphatic sul-
fonates (methanesulfonate to butanesulfonate) and excludes all larger molecules, such as arylsul-
fonates [465]. The enzyme from the bacterium Methylosulfonomonas methylovora is a multicom-
ponent system comprising a hydroxylase, a reductase (MsmD; EC 1.5.1.29, FMN reductase) and a
ferredoxin (MsmC). The hydroxylase has both large (MsmA) and small (MsmB) subunits, with each
large subunit containing a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] centre.
EC 1.14.13.112
Accepted name: 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone 23-monooxygenase
Reaction: (1) 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 6-deoxotyphasterol + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
(2) (22S,24R)-22-hydroxy-5-ergostan-3-one + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone +
NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): cytochrome P450 90C1; CYP90D1; CYP90C1
Systematic name: 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (C-23-hydroxylating)
Comments: This enzyme is involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. C-23 hydroxylation shortcuts bypass
campestanol, 6-deoxocathasterone, and 6-deoxoteasterone and lead directly from (22S,24R)-22-
hydroxy-5-ergostan-3-one and 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone and 6-
deoxotyphasterol [1663].
References: [1663]
[EC 1.14.13.112 created 2010]
261
EC 1.14.13.113
Accepted name: FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase
Reaction: urate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 5-hydroxyisourate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): HpxO enzyme; FAD-dependent urate oxidase; urate hydroxylase
Systematic name: urate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxyisourate forming)
Comments: A avoprotein. The reaction is part of the purine catabolic pathway in the bacterium Klebsiella pneu-
moniae. The enzyme is different from EC 1.7.3.3, factor-independent urate hydroxylase, found in
most plants, which produces hydrogen peroxide. The product of the enzyme is a substrate for EC
3.5.2.17, hydroxyisourate hydrolase.
References: [1676]
[EC 1.14.13.113 created 2010]
EC 1.14.13.114
Accepted name: 6-hydroxynicotinate 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: 6-hydroxynicotinate + NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 2,5-dihydroxypyridine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Other name(s): NicC; 6HNA monooxygenase; HNA-3-monooxygenase
Systematic name: 6-hydroxynicotinate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) [1574]. The reaction is involved in the aerobic catabolism of nicotinic acid.
[EC 1.14.13.114 created 2010]
EC 1.14.13.115
Accepted name: angelicin synthase
Reaction: (+)-columbianetin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= angelicin + NADP
+
+ acetone + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): CYP71AJ4 (gene name)
Systematic name: (+)-columbianetin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: This P
450
monooxygenase enzyme is involved in the formation of angular furanocoumarins. Attacks
its substrate by syn-elimination of hydrogen from C-3
.
References: [1246]
[EC 1.14.13.115 created 2010]
EC 1.14.14 With reduced avin or avoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
into the other donor
EC 1.14.14.1
Accepted name: unspecic monooxygenase
Reaction: RH + reduced avoprotein + O
2
= ROH + oxidized avoprotein + H
2
O
Other name(s): microsomal monooxygenase; xenobiotic monooxygenase; aryl-4-monooxygenase; aryl hydrocarbon
hydroxylase; microsomal P-450; avoprotein-linked monooxygenase; avoprotein monooxygenase
Systematic name: substrate,reduced-avoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidizing)
Comments: A group of heme-thiolate proteins (P-450), acting on a wide range of substrates including many xeno-
biotics, steroids, fatty acids, vitamins and prostaglandins; reactions catalysed include hydroxylation,
epoxidation, N-oxidation, sulfooxidation, N-, S- and O-dealkylations, desulfation, deamination, and
reduction of azo, nitro and N-oxide groups. Together with EC 1.6.2.4, NADPHhemoprotein re-
ductase, it forms a system in which two reducing equivalents are supplied by NADPH. Some of the
reactions attributed to EC 1.14.15.3, alkane 1-monooxygenase, belong here.
References: [226, 651, 843, 970, 1031, 1218, 1240, 1241, 1285, 1339, 1483, 1484, 1582, 1600, 2183, 2273, 2281]
262
[EC 1.14.14.1 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.1.1, transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.14.1 (EC 1.14.14.2 created 1972,
incorporated 1976; EC 1.14.99.8 created 1972, incorporated 1984)]
[1.14.14.2 Deleted entry. benzopyrene 3-monooxygenase. Now included with EC 1.14.14.1 unspecic monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.14.3
Accepted name: alkanal monooxygenase (FMN)
Reaction: an aldehyde + FMNH
2
+ O
2
= a carboxylate + FMN + H
2
O + h
Other name(s): bacterial luciferase; aldehyde monooxygenase; luciferase; Vibrio scheri luciferase; alkanal,reduced-
FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, luminescing); alkanal,FMNH
2
:oxygen oxidoreductase
(1-hydroxylating, luminescing)
Systematic name: aldehydel,FMNH
2
:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, luminescing)
Comments: The reaction sequence involves incorporation of a molecule of oxygen into reduced FMN, and subse-
quent reaction with the aldehyde to form an activated FMN.H
2
O complex, which breaks down with
emission of light. The enzyme is highly specic for reduced FMN, and for long-chain aliphatic alde-
hydes with eight carbons or more.
References: [834, 835, 836, 1599, 2200]
[EC 1.14.14.3 created 1981]
[1.14.14.4 Deleted entry. choline monooxygenase. Identical to EC 1.14.15.7]
EC 1.14.14.5
Accepted name: alkanesulfonate monooxygenase
Reaction: an alkanesulfonate + FMNH
2
+ O
2
= an aldehyde + FMN + sulte + H
2
O
Other name(s): SsuD; sulfate starvation-induced protein 6; alkanesulfonate,reduced-FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: alkanesulfonate,FMNH
2
:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Escherichia coli catalyses the desulfonation of a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates
(unsubstituted C
1
- to C
14
-sulfonates as well as substituted C
2
-sulfonates). Does not desulfonate tau-
rine (2-aminoethanesulfonate) or aromatic sulfonates. Does not use FMN as a bound cofactor. In-
stead, it uses reduced FMN (i.e., FMNH
2
) as a substrate. FMNH
2
is provided by SsuE, the associated
FMN reductase (EC 1.5.1.29).
References: [557]
[EC 1.14.14.5 created 2002]
[1.14.14.6 Transferred entry. methanesulfonate monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.13.111, methanesulfonate monooxygenase.
Formerly thought to involve FMNH
2
but now shown to use NADH.]
EC 1.14.14.7
Accepted name: tryptophan 7-halogenase
Reaction: tryptophan + FADH
2
+ Cl
+ O
2
+ H
+
= 7-chloro-L-tryptophan + FAD + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): PrnA; RebH
Systematic name: L-tryptophan:FADH
2
oxidoreductase (7-halogenating)
Comments: In Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes the enzyme catalyses the initial step in the biosynthesis of rebecca-
mycin [2571].
References: [512, 2571, 194]
[EC 1.14.14.7 created 2009]
263
EC 1.14.15 With reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
into the other donor
EC 1.14.15.1
Accepted name: camphor 5-monooxygenase
Reaction: (+)-camphor + putidaredoxin + O
2
= (+)-exo-5-hydroxycamphor + oxidized putidaredoxin + H
2
O
Other name(s): camphor 5-exo-methylene hydroxylase; 2-bornanone 5-exo-hydroxylase; bornanone 5-exo-
hydroxylase; camphor 5-exo-hydroxylase; camphor 5-exohydroxylase; camphor hydroxylase; d-
camphor monooxygenase; methylene hydroxylase; methylene monooxygenase; D-camphor-exo-
hydroxylase; camphor methylene hydroxylase
Systematic name: (+)-camphor,reduced putidaredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Also acts on (-)-camphor and 1,2-campholide, forming 5-exo-
hydroxy-1,2-campholide.
EC 1.14.15.2
Accepted name: camphor 1,2-monooxygenase
Reaction: (+)-bornane-2,5-dione + reduced rubredoxin + O
2
= 5-oxo-1,2-campholide + oxidized rubredoxin +
H
2
O
Other name(s): 2,5-diketocamphane lactonizing enzyme; camphor ketolactonase I; oxygenase, camphor 1,2-mono;
ketolactonase I
Systematic name: (+)-camphor,reduced-rubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-lactonizing)
2+
.
References: [391, 2326, 2593]
[EC 1.14.15.2 created 1972]
EC 1.14.15.3
Accepted name: alkane 1-monooxygenase
Reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O
2
= 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H
2
O
Other name(s): alkane 1-hydroxylase; -hydroxylase; fatty acid -hydroxylase; alkane monooxygenase; 1-
hydroxylase; alkane hydroxylase
Systematic name: alkane,reduced-rubredoxin:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: Some enzymes in this group are heme-thiolate proteins (P-450). Also hydroxylates fatty acids in the
-position.
References: [308, 1448, 1745]
[EC 1.14.15.3 created 1972]
EC 1.14.15.4
Accepted name: steroid 11-monooxygenase
Reaction: a steroid + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O
2
= an 11-hydroxysteroid + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin +
H
2
O
Other name(s): steroid 11-hydroxylase; steroid 11/18-hydroxylase; oxygenase, steroid 11 -mono-
Systematic name: steroid,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (11-hydroxylating)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Also hydroxylates steroids at the 18-position, and converts 18-
hydroxycorticosterone into aldosterone.
References: [745, 853, 2310, 2560, 2637]
[EC 1.14.15.4 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.7, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.1.6, transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.15.4, modied 1989]
264
EC 1.14.15.5
Accepted name: corticosterone 18-monooxygenase
Reaction: corticosterone + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O
2
= 18-hydroxycorticosterone + oxidized adrenal
ferredoxin + H
2
O
Other name(s): corticosterone 18-hydroxylase; corticosterone methyl oxidase
Systematic name: corticosterone,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating)
References: [1812]
[EC 1.14.15.5 created 1972]
EC 1.14.15.6
Accepted name: cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving)
Reaction: cholesterol + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O
2
= pregnenolone + 4-methylpentanal + oxidized adrenal
ferredoxin + H
2
O
Other name(s): cholesterol desmolase; cytochrome P-450
scc
; desmolase, steroid 20-22; C
27
-side chain cleavage en-
zyme; cholesterol 20-22-desmolase; cholesterol C
2022
desmolase; cholesterol side-chain cleavage
enzyme; cholesterol side-chain-cleaving enzyme; enzymes, cholesterol side-chain-cleaving; steroid
20-22 desmolase; steroid 20-22-lyase
Systematic name: cholesterol,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving)
Comments: A heme-thiolate protein. The reaction proceeds in three stages, with hydroxylation at C-20 and C-22
preceding scission of the side-chain at C-20.
[EC 1.14.15.6 created 1983]
EC 1.14.15.7
Accepted name: choline monooxygenase
Reaction: choline + O
2
+
= betaine aldehyde hydrate + H
2
O + 2 oxidized ferre-
doxin
Systematic name: choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The spinach enzyme, which is located in the chloroplast, contains a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster, and
probably also a mononuclear Fe centre. Requires Mg
2+
. Catalyses the rst step of glycine betaine
synthesis. In many bacteria, plants and animals, betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to
betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. Different enzymes are involved in the rst re-
action. In plants, the reaction is catalysed by this enzyme whereas in animals and many bacteria, it
is catalysed by either membrane-bound choline dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) or soluble choline ox-
idase (EC 1.1.3.17) [2413]. The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8, betaine-aldehyde
dehydrogenase, appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In some bacteria, betaine is
synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156, glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase
and EC 2.1.1.157, sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase.
References: [258, 284, 1821, 1904, 1644, 1645, 2413]
[EC 1.14.15.7 created 2001, modied 2002 (EC 1.14.14.4 created 2000, incorporated 2002), modied 2005]
EC 1.14.15.8
Reaction: progesterone + reduced ferredoxin + O
2
= 15-hydroxyprogesterone + oxidized ferredoxin + H
2
O
Other name(s): cytochrome P-450
meg
; cytochrome P
450
meg; steroid 15-hydroxylase; CYP106A2; BmCYP106A2
Systematic name: progesterone,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (15-hydroxylating)
Comments: The enzyme from Bacillus megaterium hydroxylates a variety of 3-oxo-
4
-steroids in position 15.
Ring A-reduced, aromatic, and 3-hydroxy-
4
-steroids do not serve as substrates [168].
References: [169, 168, 1318, 730, 1319]
265
[EC 1.14.15.8 created 2010]
EC 1.14.16 With reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the
other donor
EC 1.14.16.1
Accepted name: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase
Reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O
2
= L-tyrosine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin
Other name(s): phenylalaninase; phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase; phenylalanine hydroxylase
Systematic name: L-phenylalanine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
Comments: The active centre contains mononuclear iron(II). The reaction involves an arene oxide that rearranges
to give the phenolic hydroxy group. This results in the hydrogen at C-4 migrating to C-3 and in part
being retained. This process is known as the NIH-shift. The 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin formed
can dehydrate to 6,7-dihydrobiopterin, both spontaneously and by the action of EC 4.2.1.96, 4a-
hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin dehydratase. The 6,7-dihydrobiopterin can be enzymically reduced back
to tetrahydrobiopterin, by EC 1.5.1.34, 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase, or slowly rearranges into the
more stable compound 7,8-dihydrobiopterin.
References: [782, 1088, 1482, 2347, 313, 51, 577]
[EC 1.14.16.1 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.2, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.3.1, transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.16.1, modied 2002, modied 2003]
EC 1.14.16.2
Accepted name: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O
2
= 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-
hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin
Other name(s): L-tyrosine hydroxylase; tyrosine 3-hydroxylase; tyrosine hydroxylase
Systematic name: L-tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: The active centre contains mononuclear iron(II). The enzyme is activated by phosphorylation, catal-
ysed by EC 2.7.11.27, [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] kinase. The 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin formed
can dehydrate to 6,7-dihydrobiopterin, both spontaneously and by the action of EC 4.2.1.96, 4a-
to tetrahydrobiopterin, by EC 1.5.1.34 (6,7-dihydropteridine reductase), or slowly rearranges into the
References: [1461, 963, 1556, 1755, 736]
EC 1.14.16.3
Accepted name: anthranilate 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: anthranilate + tetrahydrobiopterin + O
2
= 3-hydroxyanthranilate + dihydrobiopterin + H
2
O
Other name(s): anthranilate 3-hydroxylase; anthranilate hydroxylase; anthranilic hydroxylase; anthranilic acid hy-
droxylase
Systematic name: anthranilate,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
2+
.
[EC 1.14.16.3 created 1972]
EC 1.14.16.4
Accepted name: tryptophan 5-monooxygenase
Reaction: L-tryptophan + tetrahydrobiopterin + O
2
= 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin
Other name(s): L-tryptophan hydroxylase; indoleacetic acid-5-hydroxylase; tryptophan 5-hydroxylase; tryptophan
hydroxylase
266
Systematic name: L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
Comments: The active centre contains mononuclear iron(II). The enzyme is activated by phosphorylation,
catalysed by a Ca
2+
-activated protein kinase. The 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin formed can
dehydrate to 6,7-dihydrobiopterin, both spontaneously and by the action of EC 4.2.1.96, 4a-
to tetrahydrobiopterin, by EC 1.5.1.34 (6,7-dihydropteridine reductase), or slowly rearranges into the
References: [634, 806, 961, 1024, 2430]
EC 1.14.16.5
Accepted name: alkylglycerol monooxygenase
Reaction: 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerol + tetrahydrobiopterin + O
2
= 1-O-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-sn-glycerol + dihydro-
biopterin + H
2
O
Other name(s): glyceryl-ether monooxygenase; glyceryl-ether cleaving enzyme; glyceryl ether oxygenase; glyceryl
etherase; O-alkylglycerol monooxygenase
Systematic name: 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme cleaves alkylglycerols, but does not cleave alkenylglycerols (plasmalogens). Requires
non-heme iron [2454], reduced glutathione and phospholipids for full activity. The product sponta-
neously breaks down to form a fatty aldehyde and glycerol.
References: [984, 1751, 2087, 2096, 2296, 2220, 2454, 2468]
EC 1.14.16.6
Accepted name: mandelate 4-monooxygenase
Reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + tetrahydrobiopterin + O
2
= (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + dihydro-
biopterin + H
2
O
Other name(s): L-mandelate 4-hydroxylase; mandelic acid 4-hydroxylase
Systematic name: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating)
2+
.
References: [187]
[EC 1.14.16.6 created 1984]
EC 1.14.17 With reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the
other donor
EC 1.14.17.1
Accepted name: dopamine -monooxygenase
Reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O
2
= noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H
2
O
Other name(s): dopamine -hydroxylase; MDBH (membrane-associated dopamine -monooxygenase); SDBH
(soluble dopamine -monooxygenase); dopamine-B-hydroxylase; oxygenase, dopamine -mono-
; 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine -oxidase; 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol -oxidase; dopa -
hydroxylase; dopamine -oxidase; dopamine hydroxylase; phenylamine -hydroxylase; (3,4-
dihydroxyphenethylamine)-mono-oxygenase
Systematic name: 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (-hydroxylating)
Comments: A copper protein. Stimulated by fumarate.
267
[1.14.17.2 Deleted entry. 4-coumarate 3-monooxygenase. Now included with EC 1.14.18.1 monophenol monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.17.3
Accepted name: peptidylglycine monooxygenase
Reaction: peptidylglycine + ascorbate + O
2
= peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) + dehydroascorbate + H
2
O
Other name(s): peptidylglycine 2-hydroxylase; peptidyl -amidating enzyme; peptide--amide synthetase; syn-
thase, peptide -amide; peptide -amidating enzyme; peptide -amide synthase; peptidylglycine -
hydroxylase; peptidylglycine -amidating monooxygenase; PAM-A; PAM-B; PAM
Systematic name: peptidylglycine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Comments: A copper protein. Peptidylglycines with a neutral amino acid residue in the penultimate position are
the best substrates for the enzyme. The product is unstable and dismutates to glyoxylate and the corre-
sponding desglycine peptide amide, a reaction catalysed by EC 4.3.2.5 peptidylamidoglycolate lyase.
Involved in the nal step of biosynthesis of -melanotropin and related biologically active peptides.
References: [242, 243, 717, 1083, 1548, 1549]
[EC 1.14.17.3 created 1989]
EC 1.14.17.4
Accepted name: aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase
Reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + ascorbate + O
2
= ethylene + cyanide + dehydroascorbate +
CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): ACC oxidase; ethylene-forming enzyme
Systematic name: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxygenase (ethylene-forming)
Comments: A nonheme iron enzyme. Requires CO
2
for activity. In the enzyme from plants, the ethylene has sig-
nalling functions such as stimulation of fruit-ripening.
References: [2617, 2615, 1758, 336, 2290]
[EC 1.14.17.4 created 2003]
EC 1.14.18 With another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the
other donor
EC 1.14.18.1
Accepted name: monophenol monooxygenase
Reaction: L-tyrosine + L-dopa + O
2
= L-dopa + dopaquinone + H
2
O
Other name(s): tyrosinase; phenolase; monophenol oxidase; cresolase; catechol oxidase; polyphenolase; pyrocat-
echol oxidase; dopa oxidase; chlorogenic oxidase; catecholase; polyphenol oxidase; monopheno-
lase; o-diphenol oxidase; chlorogenic acid oxidase; diphenol oxidase; o-diphenolase; tyrosine-dopa
oxidase; o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase; polyaromatic oxidase; monophenol monooxidase; o-
diphenol oxidoreductase; monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase; N-acetyl-
6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase; monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductase; o-
diphenol:O
2
oxidoreductase; phenol oxidase
Systematic name: monophenol,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A group of copper proteins that also catalyse the reaction of EC 1.10.3.1 catechol oxidase, if only 1,2-
benzenediols are available as substrate.
References: [457, 1286, 1391, 1447, 1731, 1765, 1867]
[EC 1.14.18.1 created 1972, modied 1976, modied 1980 (EC 1.14.17.2 created 1972, incorporated 1984)]
EC 1.14.18.2
Accepted name: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase
268
Reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + 2 ferrocytochrome b
5
+ O
2
+ 2 H
+
= CMP-N-glycoloylneuraminate + 2
ferricytochrome b
5
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase; CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase; cytidine monophos-
phoacetylneuraminate monooxygenase; N-acetylneuraminic monooxygenase; cytidine-5
-
monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase
Systematic name: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate,ferrocytochrome-b
5
:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-acetyl-hydroxylating)
Comments: This enzyme contains both a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and a second iron site. The ferricytochrome
b
5
produced is reduced by NADH and cytochrome-b
5
reductase (EC 1.6.2.2). The enzyme can be
activated by Fe
2+
or Fe
3+
.
References: [2026, 1199, 1973, 1098, 1970]
EC 1.14.19 With oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of O
2
to two molecules of
water
EC 1.14.19.1
Accepted name: stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase
Reaction: stearoyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b
5
+ O
2
+ 2 H
+
= oleoyl-CoA + 2 ferricytochrome b
5
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s):
9
-desaturase; acyl-CoA desaturase; fatty acid desaturase; stearoyl-CoA, hydrogen-donor:oxygen
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: stearoyl-CoA,ferrocytochrome-b
5
:oxygen oxidoreductase (9,10-dehydrogenating)
Comments: An iron protein. The rat liver enzyme is an enzyme system involving cytochrome b
5
and EC 1.6.2.2,
cytochrome-b
5
reductase. The ferricytochrome b
5
produced is reduced by NADH and cytochrome-b
5
reductase (EC 1.6.2.2).
References: [654, 1694, 1695, 2162]
[EC 1.14.19.1 created 1972 as EC 1.14.99.5, modied 1986, modied 2000, transferred 2000 to EC 1.14.19.1, modied 2003]
EC 1.14.19.2
Accepted name: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase
Reaction: a stearoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced acceptor + O
2
= an oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + acceptor
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): stearyl acyl carrier protein desaturase; stearyl-ACP desaturase; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein], hydrogen-
donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein],hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from safower is specic for stearoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]; that from Euglena acts on
derivatives of a number of long-chain fatty acids. Requires ferredoxin.
[EC 1.14.19.2 created 1972 as EC 1.14.99.6, modied 2000, transferred 2000 to EC 1.14.19.2]
EC 1.14.19.3
Accepted name: linoleoyl-CoA desaturase
Reaction: linoleoyl-CoA + AH
2
+ O
2
= -linolenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s):
6
-desaturase;
6
-fatty acyl-CoA desaturase;
6
-acyl CoA desaturase; fatty acid
6
-desaturase; fatty
acid 6-desaturase; linoleate desaturase; linoleic desaturase; linoleic acid desaturase; linoleoyl CoA
desaturase; linoleoyl-coenzyme A desaturase; long-chain fatty acid
6
-desaturase
Systematic name: linoleoyl-CoA,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron protein. The rat liver enzyme is an enzyme system involving cytochrome b
5
and EC 1.6.2.2,
cytochrome-b
5
reductase.
References: [1672]
269
EC 1.14.19.4
Accepted name:
8
-fatty-acid desaturase
Reaction: phytosphinganine + reduced acceptor + O
2
=
8
-phytosphingenine + acceptor + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s):
8
-sphingolipid desaturase; EFD1; BoDES8; SLD;
8
fatty acid desaturase;
8
-desaturase
Systematic name: phytosphinganine,hydrogen donor:oxygen
8
-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme, which has been found mainly in plants, introduces a double bond at
8
of C
18
and C
20
fatty acids [2106]. The enzyme from the marine microalga Euglena gracilis requires a double bond
to be present at
11
and is most active with 20:3
11,14,17
and 20:2
11,14
as substrates, although it
can also desaturate 20:1
11
[2426]. The
8
-desaturation pathway represents an alternate pathway
for the synthesis of the polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonate (C20:4
5,14
) and eicosapentaenoate
(C20:5
5,17
) in organisms lacking a
6
-desaturase [2426]. The enzyme from the sunower He-
lianthus annuus and from the herb Borago ofcinalis comprises a C-terminal desaturase domain and
an N-terminal cytochrome-b
5
domain [2106].
References: [2426, 2106, 2225, 152]
[EC 1.14.19.4 created 2008]
EC 1.14.19.5
Accepted name:
11
Reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O
2
=
11
-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s):
11
desaturase; fatty acid
11
-desaturase; TpDESN; Cro-PG;
11
fatty acid desaturase; Z/E11-
desaturase;
11
-palmitoyl-CoA desaturase
Systematic name: acyl-CoA,hydrogen donor:oxygen
11
-oxidoreductase
Comments: In common with front-end desaturases involved in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PU-
FAs), this membrane-bound enzyme has a cytochrome b
5
-like domain at the N-terminus and con-
tains three histidine boxes that are critical for desaturase activity [2312]. The enzyme from the marine
microalga Thalassiosira pseudonana specically desaturates palmitic acid 16:0 to 16:1
11
[2312]
whereas that from the leafroller moth Choristoneura rosaceana desaturates myristic acid 14:0 to
14:1
11
[818]. 16:1
11
represents an important precursor for pheromone synthesis in insect cells, al-
though its function in microalgae is currently unknown [2312]. The enzyme from the Egyptian cotton
leafworm Spodoptera littoralis has a preference for palmitoyl-CoA as substrate and for NADH rather
than NADPH as reduced acceptor [1877].
References: [2312, 818, 1877]
[EC 1.14.19.5 created 2008]
EC 1.14.19.6
Accepted name:
12
Reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O
2
=
12
-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s):
12
fatty acid desaturase;
12
(
6
)-desaturase; oleoyl-CoA
12
desaturase;
12
desaturase;
12
-
desaturase
Systematic name: acyl-CoA,hydrogen donor:oxygen
12
-oxidoreductase
Comments: In the yeast Lipomyces starkeyi [1330] and in the American cockroach [227], this microsomal enzyme
converts oleoyl-CoA into linoleoyl-CoA. In the moths Cadra cautella and Spodoptera, the enzyme
converts (Z)-tetradec-9-enoic acid into (9Z,12E)-tetradeca-9,12-dienoic acid, which is reduced and
acetylated to form the acetate ester pheromone [1056].
References: [227, 1056, 1330, 2303]
[EC 1.14.19.6 created 2008]
270
EC 1.14.20 With 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated
EC 1.14.20.1
Accepted name: deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase
Reaction: penicillin N + 2-oxoglutarate + O
2
= deacetoxycephalosporin C + succinate + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): DAOCS; penicillin N expandase; DAOC synthase
Systematic name: penicillin-N,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (ring-expanding)
Comments: Forms part of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway (for pathway, click here).
References: [304, 1265, 2572, 2364, 519]
[EC 1.14.20.1 created 2002]
EC 1.14.21 With NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated
EC 1.14.21.1
Accepted name: (S)-stylopine synthase
Reaction: (S)-cheilanthifoline + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (S)-stylopine + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): (S)-cheilanthifoline oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
Systematic name: (S)-cheilanthifoline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
Comments: A heme-thiolate enzyme (P-450) catalysing an oxidative reaction that does not incorporate oxygen
into the product. Forms the second methylenedioxy bridge of the protoberberine alkaloid stylopine
from oxidative ring closure of adjacent phenolic and methoxy groups of cheilanthifoline.
References: [144]
EC 1.14.21.2
Accepted name: (S)-cheilanthifoline synthase
Reaction: (S)-scoulerine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (S)-cheilanthifoline + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): (S)-scoulerine oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
Systematic name: (S)-scoulerine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
into the product. Forms the methylenedioxy bridge of the protoberberine alkaloid cheilanthifoline
from oxidative ring closure of adjacent phenolic and methoxy groups of scoulerine.
References: [144]
EC 1.14.21.3
Accepted name: berbamunine synthase
Reaction: (S)-N-methylcoclaurine + (R)-N-methylcoclaurine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= berbamunine + NADP
+
+
2 H
2
O
Other name(s): (S)-N-methylcoclaurine oxidase (C-O phenol-coupling)
Systematic name: (S)-N-methylcoclaurine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (C-O phenol-coupling)
Comments: A heme-thiolate enzyme (P-450). Forms the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid berbamunine by phenol
oxidation of N-methylcoclaurine without the incorporation of oxygen into the product. Reaction of
two molecules of (R)-N-methylcoclaurine gives the dimer guattagaumerine.
References: [2110]
271
EC 1.14.21.4
Accepted name: salutaridine synthase
Reaction: (R)-reticuline + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= salutaridine + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): (R)-reticuline oxidase (C-C phenol-coupling)
Systematic name: (R)-reticuline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (C-C phenol-coupling)
Comments: A heme-thiolate enzyme (P-450). Forms the morphinan alkaloid salutaridine by intramolecular phe-
nol oxidation of reticuline without the incorporation of oxygen into the product.
References: [694]
EC 1.14.21.5
Accepted name: (S)-canadine synthase
Reaction: (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= (S)-canadine + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): (S)-tetrahydroberberine synthase; (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-
forming)
Systematic name: (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming)
into the product. Oxidation of the methoxyphenol group of the alkaloid tetrahydrocolumbamine re-
sults in the formation of the methylenedioxy bridge of canadine.
References: [1899]
EC 1.14.21.6
Accepted name: lathosterol oxidase
Reaction: 5-cholest-7-en-3-ol + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol + NAD(P)
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s):
7
-sterol
5
-dehydrogenase;
7
-sterol 5-desaturase;
7
-sterol-C5(6)-desaturase; 5-DES
Systematic name: 5-cholest-7-en-3-ol,NAD(P)H:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses the introduction of a C5 double bond into the B ring of
7
-sterols to yield the
corresponding
5,7
-sterols in mammals, yeast and plants [2254]. Forms part of the plant sterol biosyn-
thesis pathway.
References: [480, 1629, 2255, 2254]
EC 1.14.21.7
Accepted name: biaviolin synthase
Reaction: (1) 2 aviolin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,3
-biaviolin + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
(2) 2 aviolin + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= 3,8
-biaviolin + NADP
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): CYP158A2; CYP 158A2; cytochrome P450 158A2
Systematic name: aviolin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase
450
enzyme, from the soil-dwelling bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2),
catalyses a phenol oxidation C-C coupling reaction, which results in the polymerization of aviolin
to form biaviolin or triaviolin without the incorporation of oxygen into the product [2618, 2620].
The products are highly conjugated pigments that protect the bacterium from the deleterious effects of
UV irradiation [2618].
References: [2618, 2619, 2620]
[EC 1.14.21.7 created 2008]
EC 1.14.99 Miscellaneous
272
EC 1.14.99.1
Accepted name: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase
Reaction: arachidonate + AH
2
+ 2 O
2
= prostaglandin H
2
+ A + H
2
O
Other name(s): prostaglandin synthase; prostaglandin G/H synthase; (PG)H synthase; PG synthetase; prostaglandin
synthetase; fatty acid cyclooxygenase; prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase
Systematic name: (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase.
EC 1.14.99.2
Accepted name: kynurenine 7,8-hydroxylase
Reaction: kynurenate + AH
2
+ O
2
= 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + A
Other name(s): kynurenic acid hydroxylase; kynurenic hydroxylase; kynurenate 7,8-hydroxylase
Systematic name: kynurenate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
References: [2250]
EC 1.14.99.3
Accepted name: heme oxygenase
Reaction: heme + 3 AH
2
+ 3 O
2
= biliverdin + Fe
2+
+ CO + 3 A + 3 H
2
O
Other name(s): ORP33 proteins; haem oxygenase; heme oxygenase (decyclizing); heme oxidase; haem oxidase
Systematic name: heme,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires NAD(P)H and EC 1.6.2.4, NADPHhemoprotein reductase. The terminal oxygen atoms
that are incorporated into the carbonyl groups of pyrrole rings A and B of biliverdin are derived from
two separate oxygen molecules [1635]. The third oxygen molecule provides the oxygen atom that
converts the -carbon to CO. The central iron is kept in the reduced state by NAD(P)H.
References: [1386, 2191, 2583, 1635, 1231]
EC 1.14.99.4
Accepted name: progesterone monooxygenase
Reaction: progesterone + AH
2
+ O
2
= testosterone acetate + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): progesterone hydroxylase
Systematic name: progesterone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Has a wide specicity. A single enzyme from ascomycete the Neonectria radicicola (EC 1.14.13.54
ketosteroid monooxygenase) catalyses both this reaction and that catalysed by EC 1.14.99.12 androst-
4-ene-3,17-dione monooxygenase.
References: [1805]
[1.14.99.5 Transferred entry. stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Now EC 1.14.19.1, stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase]
[1.14.99.6 Transferred entry. acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase. Now EC 1.14.19.2, acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desat-
urase]
273
EC 1.14.99.7
Accepted name: squalene monooxygenase
Reaction: squalene + AH
2
+ O
2
= (S)-squalene-2,3-epoxide + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): squalene epoxidase; squalene-2,3-epoxide cyclase; squalene 2,3-oxidocyclase; squalene hydroxylase;
squalene oxydocyclase; squalene-2,3-epoxidase
Systematic name: squalene,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-epoxidizing)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). This enzyme, together with EC 5.4.99.7 lanosterol synthase, was formerly
known as squalene oxidocyclase.
References: [397, 2261, 2381, 2547]
[EC 1.14.99.7 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.13, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.1.3, part transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.99.7 rest to EC 5.4.99.7]
[1.14.99.8 Deleted entry. arene monooxygenase (epoxidizing). Now included with EC 1.14.14.1 unspecic monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.99.9
Reaction: a steroid + AH
2
+ O
2
= a 17-hydroxysteroid + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): steroid 17-hydroxylase; cytochrome P-45017; cytochrome P-450 (P-45017,lyase); 17-
hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase
Systematic name: steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (17-hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires NAD(P)H and P-450.
EC 1.14.99.10
Reaction: a steroid + AH
2
+ O
2
= a 21-hydroxysteroid + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): steroid 21-hydroxylase; 21-hydroxylase
Systematic name: steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (21-hydroxylating)
Comments: An enzyme system involving a heme-thiolate protein (P-450) and avoprotein.
References: [852, 1760, 1909]
EC 1.14.99.11
Accepted name: estradiol 6-monooxygenase
Reaction: estradiol-17 + AH
2
+ O
2
= 6-hydroxyestradiol-17 + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): estradiol 6-hydroxylase
Systematic name: estradiol-17,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating)
EC 1.14.99.12
Accepted name: androst-4-ene-3,17-dione monooxygenase
Reaction: androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + AH
2
+ O
2
= 3-oxo-13,17-secoandrost-4-ene-17,13-lactone + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): androstene-3,17-dione hydroxylase; androst-4-ene-3,17-dione 17-oxidoreductase; androst-4-ene-3,17-
dione hydroxylase; androstenedione monooxygenase; 4-androstene-3,17-dione monooxygenase
Systematic name: androst-4-ene-3,17-dione-hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (13-hydroxylating, lactonizing)
274
Comments: Has a wide specicity. A single enzyme from the ascomycete Neonectria radicicola (EC 1.14.13.54
ketosteroid monooxygenase) catalyses both this reaction and that catalysed by EC 1.4.99.4 aralky-
lamine dehydrogenase.
References: [1779]
[1.14.99.13 Transferred entry. 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase. NowEC1.14.13.23, 3-hydroxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.99.14
Accepted name: progesterone 11-monooxygenase
Reaction: progesterone + AH
2
+ O
2
= 11-hydroxyprogesterone + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): progesterone 11-hydroxylase
Systematic name: progesterone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (11-hydroxylating)
References: [2033]
[EC 1.14.99.14 created 1972]
EC 1.14.99.15
Accepted name: 4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase (O-demethylating)
Reaction: 4-methoxybenzoate + AH
2
+ O
2
= 4-hydroxybenzoate + formaldehyde + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): 4-methoxybenzoate 4-monooxygenase (O-demethylating); 4-methoxybenzoate O-demethylase; p-
anisic O-demethylase; piperonylate-4-O-demethylase
Systematic name: 4-methoxybenzoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (O-demethylating)
Comments: The bacterial enzyme consists of a ferredoxin-type protein and an iron-sulfur avoprotein (FMN).
Also acts on 4-ethoxybenzoate, N-methyl-4-aminobenzoate and toluate. The fungal enzyme acts best
on veratrate.
References: [178, 1724, 2343]
[EC 1.14.99.15 created 1972]
[1.14.99.16 Transferred entry. methylsterol monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.13.72, methylsterol monooxygenase]
[1.14.99.17 Transferred entry. glyceryl-ether monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.16.5, glyceryl-ether monooxygenase]
[1.14.99.18 Deleted entry. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase]
EC 1.14.99.19
Accepted name: plasmanylethanolamine desaturase
Reaction: O-1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + AH
2
+ O
2
= O-1-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-
glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + A + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): alkylacylglycerophosphoethanolamine desaturase; alkylacylglycero-phosphorylethanolamine dehy-
drogenase; dehydrogenase, alkyl-acylglycerophosphorylethanolamine; 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-
3-phosphorylethanolamine desaturase; 1-O-alkyl 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine desat-
urase
Systematic name: O-1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires NADPH or NADH. May involve cytochrome b
5
. Requires Mg
2+
and ATP.
275
[EC 1.14.99.19 created 1976]
EC 1.14.99.20
Accepted name: phylloquinone monooxygenase (2,3-epoxidizing)
Reaction: phylloquinone + AH
2
+ O
2
= 2,3-epoxyphylloquinone + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): phylloquinone epoxidase; vitamin K 2,3-epoxidase; vitamin K epoxidase; vitamin K
1
epoxidase
Systematic name: phylloquinone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-epoxidizing)
References: [2498]
[EC 1.14.99.20 created 1976]
EC 1.14.99.21
Accepted name: Latia-luciferin monooxygenase (demethylating)
Reaction: Latia luciferin + AH
2
+ 2 O
2
= oxidized Latia luciferin + CO
2
+ formate + A + H
2
O + h
Other name(s): luciferase (Latia luciferin); Latia luciferin monooxygenase (demethylating)
Systematic name: Latia-luciferin,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Comments: A avoprotein. Latia is a bioluminescent mollusc. The reaction possibly involves two enzymes, an
oxygenase followed by a monooxygenase for the actual light-emitting step.
EC 1.14.99.22
Accepted name: ecdysone 20-monooxygenase
Reaction: ecdysone + AH
2
+ O
2
= 20-hydroxyecdysone + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): -ecdysone C-20 hydroxylase; ecdysone 20-hydroxylase
Systematic name: Ecdysone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating)
Comments: An enzyme from insect fat body or malpighian tubules involving a heme-thiolate protein (P-450).
NADPH can act as ultimate hydrogen donor.
References: [1036, 1623, 2083]
[EC 1.14.99.22 created 1978]
EC 1.14.99.23
Reaction: 3-hydroxybenzoate + AH
2
+ O
2
= 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): 3-hydroxybenzoate 2-hydroxylase; 3-HBA-2-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 3-hydroxybenzoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
References: [452]
[EC 1.14.99.23 created 1984]
EC 1.14.99.24
Reaction: pregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione + AH
2
+ O
2
= 9,11-epoxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): steroid 9-hydroxylase
Systematic name: steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (9-epoxidizing)
Comments: An enzyme system involving a avoprotein (FMN) and two iron-sulfur proteins.
References: [2160]
[EC 1.14.99.24 created 1986]
[1.14.99.25 Transferred entry. linoleoyl-CoA desaturase. Now EC 1.14.19.3, linoleoyl-CoA desaturase]
276
EC 1.14.99.26
Accepted name: 2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase
Reaction: 2-hydroxypyridine + AH
2
+ O
2
= 2,5-dihydroxypyridine + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): 2-hydroxypyridine oxygenase
Systematic name: 2-hydroxypyridine,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
Comments: Also oxidizes 2,5-dihydroxypyridine, but does not act on 3-hydroxypyridine, 4-hydroxypyridine or
2,6-dihydroxypyridine.
References: [2024]
[EC 1.14.99.26 created 1989]
EC 1.14.99.27
Accepted name: juglone 3-monooxygenase
Reaction: 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + AH
2
+ O
2
= 3,5-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): juglone hydroxylase; naphthoquinone hydroxylase; naphthoquinone-hydroxylase
Systematic name: 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
Comments: Also acts on 1,4-naphthoquinone, naphthazarin and 2-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, but not on other
related compounds.
References: [1848]
[EC 1.14.99.27 created 1989]
EC 1.14.99.28
Accepted name: linalool 8-monooxygenase
Reaction: 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol + AH
2
+ O
2
= (E)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3,8-diol + A + H
2
O
Systematic name: 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-hydroxylating)
References: [188]
[EC 1.14.99.28 created 1989]
EC 1.14.99.29
Accepted name: deoxyhypusine monooxygenase
Reaction: protein N
6
-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine + AH
2
+ O
2
= protein N
6
-[(R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl]-L-lysine
+ A + H
2
O
Other name(s): deoxyhypusine hydroxylase; deoxyhypusine dioxygenase
Systematic name: deoxyhypusine,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the nal step in the formation of the amino acid hypusine in the eukaryotic ini-
tiation factor 5A.
References: [1]
[EC 1.14.99.29 created 1989]
EC 1.14.99.30
Accepted name: carotene 7,8-desaturase
Reaction: neurosporene + AH
2
+ O
2
= lycopene + A + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): -carotene desaturase
Systematic name: carotene,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on -carotene twice to give lycopene and converts -zeacarotene to -carotene, and pro--
carotene to prolycopene (via double reaction)
References: [34]
277
[EC 1.14.99.30 created 1999]
EC 1.14.99.31
Accepted name: myristoyl-CoA 11-(E) desaturase
Reaction: myristoyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= (E)-11-tetradecenoyl-CoA + NAD(P)
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Systematic name: n-tetradecanoyl-CoA,NAD(P)H:O
2
oxidoreductase [11-(E) desaturating]
Comments: Involved in sex pheromone synthesis in the moth Spodoptera littoralis. (E)-11-Tetradecenoyl-CoA
is formed by stereospecic removal of the pro-R H at C-11 and the pro-S H at C-12. EC 1.14.99.32,
myristoyl-CoA 11-(Z) desaturase, forms the Z isomer by stereospecic cleavage of pro-R H at C-11
and C-12.
References: [1595]
[EC 1.14.99.31 created 2000]
EC 1.14.99.32
Accepted name: myristoyl-CoA 11-(Z) desaturase
Reaction: myristoyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H
+
+ O
2
= (Z)-11-tetradecenoyl-CoA + NAD(P)
+
+ 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): n-tetradecanoyl-CoA,NADPH:O
2
oxidoreductase [11-(Z) desaturating]
Systematic name: n-tetradecanoyl-CoA,NAD(P)H:O
2
oxidoreductase [11-(Z) desaturating]
Comments: Involved in sex pheromone synthesis in the moth Spodoptera littoralis. (Z)-11-Tetradecenoyl-CoA
is formed by stereospecic removal of H from the pro-R positions at C-11 and C-12. EC 1.14.99.31,
myristoyl-CoA 11-(E) desaturase, forms the (E)-isomer by removing the pro-R H group at C-11 and
the pro-S H group at C-12.
References: [1595]
[EC 1.14.99.32 created 2000]
EC 1.14.99.33
Accepted name:
12
-fatty acid dehydrogenase
Reaction: linoleate + AH
2
+ O
2
= crepenynate + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): crepenynate synthase; linoleate
12
-fatty acid acetylenase (desaturase)
Systematic name: linoleate, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (
12
-unsaturating)
Comments: Contains non-heme iron.
[EC 1.14.99.33 created 2000]
EC 1.14.99.34
Accepted name: monoprenyl isoavone epoxidase
Reaction: 7-O-methylluteone + NADPH + H
+
+ O
2
= dihydrofurano derivatives + NADP
+
+ H
2
O
Other name(s): monoprenyl isoavone monooxygenase; 7-O-methylluteone:O
2
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 7-O-methylluteone,NADPH:O
2
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD) with high specicity for monoprenyl isoavone. The product of the prenyl
epoxidation reaction contains an oxygen atom derived from O
2
, but not from H
2
O. It is slowly and
nonenzymically converted into the corresponding dihydrofurano derivative. The enzyme in the fungus
Botrytis cinerea is induced by the substrate analogue, 6-prenylnaringenin.
References: [2240]
[EC 1.14.99.34 created 2000]
EC 1.14.99.35
Accepted name: thiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA monooxygenase
278
Reaction: thiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA + AH
2
+ O
2
= 5-hydroxythiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): thiophene-2-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase; thiophene-2-carboxyl-CoA hydroxylase; thiophene-2-
carboxyl-CoA monooxygenase
Systematic name: thiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdenum enzyme. Highly specic for thiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA. Tetrazolium salts can act as
electron acceptors.
References: [121]
[EC 1.14.99.35 created 2000]
EC 1.14.99.36
Accepted name: -carotene 15,15
-monooxygenase
Reaction: -carotene + O
2
= 2 retinal
Other name(s): -carotene 15,15
-dioxygenase, carotene dioxygenase; carotene 15,15
-dioxygenase
Systematic name: -carotene:oxygen 15,15
-oxidoreductase (bond-cleaving)
Comments: Requires bile salts and Fe(II). The reaction proceeds in three stages, epoxidation of the 15,15
-double
bond, hydration of the double bond leading to ring opening, and oxidative cleavage of the diol formed
[cf. EC 1.14.15.6, cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving)]. Thus only one atom of the
dioxygen is incorporated into retinal. Formerly in EC 1.13.11 as it had been thought to be a dioxy-
genase.
References: [1288, 734, 735]
EC 1.14.99.37
Accepted name: taxadiene 5-hydroxylase
Reaction: taxa-4,11-diene + AH
2
+ O
2
= taxa-4(20),11-dien-5-ol + A + H
2
O
Systematic name: taxa-4,11-diene,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)
Comments: This microsomal cytochrome-P
450
-dependent enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the diter-
penoid antineoplastic drug Taxol (paclitaxel). The reaction includes rearrangement of the 4(5)-double
bond to a 4(20)-double bond, possibly through allylic oxidation.
References: [860]
[EC 1.14.99.37 created 2002]
EC 1.14.99.38
Accepted name: cholesterol 25-hydroxylase
Reaction: cholesterol + AH
2
+ O
2
= 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): cholesterol 25-monooxygenase
Systematic name: cholesterol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (25-hydroxylating)
Comments: Unlike most other sterol hydroxylases, this enzyme is not a cytochrome P-450. Instead, it uses diiron
cofactors to catalyse the hydroxylation of hydrophobic substrates [1349]. The diiron cofactor can be
either Fe-O-Fe or Fe-OH-Fe and is bound to the enzyme through interactions with clustered histidine
or glutamate residues [618, 1905]. In cell cultures, this enzyme down-regulates cholesterol synthesis
and the processing of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs).
References: [1349, 348, 1347, 618, 1905]
[EC 1.14.99.38 created 2005]
EC 1.14.99.39
Accepted name: ammonia monooxygenase
Reaction: ammonia + AH
2
+ O
2
= NH
2
OH + A + H
2
O
Other name(s): AMO
279
Comments: Contains copper and possibly nonheme iron. The donor is membrane-bound. Electrons are derived
indirectly from ubiquinol.
References: [956, 172, 910, 2604, 1499, 2482, 79, 705, 1820]
[EC 1.14.99.39 created 2010]
EC 1.14.99.40
Accepted name: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole synthase
Reaction: FMNH
2
+ NADH + H
+
+ O
2
= 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + D-erythrose 4-phosphate + NAD
+
+
other product
Other name(s): BluB
Systematic name: FMNH
2
oxidoreductase (5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole forming)
Comments: The C-2 of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole is derived from C-1
of the ribityl group of FMNH

2
and 2-H
from the ribityl 1
-pro-S hydrogen. The other product may be barbituric acid. For a possible mecha-
nism click here. The stoichiometery of the reaction is not known.
References: [750, 542, 2216]
[EC 1.14.99.40 created 2010]
EC 1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor
This subclass contains enzymes that act on superoxide as acceptor in a single sub-subclass (EC 1.15.1).
EC 1.15.1 Acting on superoxide as acceptor (only sub-subclass identied to date)
EC 1.15.1.1
Accepted name: superoxide dismutase
Reaction: 2 O
2
.
+ 2 H
+
= O
2
+ H
2
O
2
Other name(s): superoxidase dismutase; copper-zinc superoxide dismutase; Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase; ferrisu-
peroxide dismutase; superoxide dismutase I; superoxide dismutase II; SOD; Cu,Zn-SOD; Mn-SOD;
Fe-SOD; SODF; SODS; SOD-1; SOD-2; SOD-3; SOD-4; hemocuprein; erythrocuprein; cytocuprein;
cuprein ; hepatocuprein
Systematic name: superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A metalloprotein; also known as erythrocuprein, hemocuprein or cytocuprein. Enzymes from most
eukaryotes contain both copper and zinc; those from mitochondria and most prokaryotes contain man-
ganese or iron.
References: [1103, 1946, 2383]
[EC 1.15.1.1 created 1972]
EC 1.15.1.2
Accepted name: superoxide reductase
Reaction: reduced rubredoxin + superoxide + 2 H
+
= rubredoxin + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): neelaredoxin; desulfoferrodoxin
Systematic name: rubredoxin:superoxide oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme contains non-heme iron.
References: [1023, 2570, 1331, 5]
280
EC 1.16 Oxidizing metal ions
This subclass contains enzymes that oxidize metal ions (donors) to a higher valency state. Sub-subclasses are based on the
acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.16.1), oxygen (EC 1.16.3) and avin (EC 1.16.8).
EC 1.16.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.16.1.1
Accepted name: mercury(II) reductase
Reaction: Hg + NADP
+
+ H
+
= Hg
2+
+ NADPH
Other name(s): mercuric reductase; mercurate(II) reductase; mercuric ion reductase; mercury reductase; reduced
NADP:mercuric ion oxidoreductase; mer A
Systematic name: Hg:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A dithiol enzyme.
[EC 1.16.1.1 created 1984]
EC 1.16.1.2
Accepted name: diferric-transferrin reductase
Reaction: transferrin[Fe(II)]
2
+ NAD
+
+ H
+
= transferrin[Fe(III)]
2
+ NADH
Other name(s): diferric transferrin reductase; NADH diferric transferrin reductase; transferrin reductase
Systematic name: transferrin[Fe(II)]
2
:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1337]
[EC 1.16.1.2 created 1989]
EC 1.16.1.3
Accepted name: aquacobalamin reductase
Reaction: 2 cob(II)alamin + NAD
+
= 2 aquacob(III)alamin + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): aquocobalamin reductase; vitamin B
12a
reductase; NADH-linked aquacobalamin reductase; B
12a
re-
ductase; NADH
2
:cob(III)alamin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cob(II)alamin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2421]
EC 1.16.1.4
Accepted name: cob(II)alamin reductase
Reaction: 2 cob(I)alamin + NAD
+
= 2 cob(II)alamin + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): vitamin B
12r
reductase; B
12r
reductase; NADH
2
:cob(II)alamin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cob(I)alamin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2421]
EC 1.16.1.5
Accepted name: aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: 2 cob(II)alamin + NADP
+
= 2 aquacob(III)alamin + NADPH + H
+
281
Other name(s): aquacobalamin (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADPH-linked
aquacobalamin reductase; NADPH
2
:aquacob(III)alamin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cob(II)alamin:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Acts on aquacob(III)alamin and hydroxycobalamin, but not on cyanocobalamin.
EC 1.16.1.6
Accepted name: cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating)
Reaction: cob(I)alamin + cyanide + NADP
+
= cyanocob(III)alamin + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): cyanocobalamin reductase; cyanocobalamin reductase (NADPH, cyanide-eliminating); cyanocobal-
amin reductase (NADPH; CN-eliminating); NADPH
2
:cyanocob(III)alamin oxidoreductase (cyanide-
eliminating)
Systematic name: cob(I)alamin, cyanide:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
References: [2448]
EC 1.16.1.7
Accepted name: ferric-chelate reductase
Reaction: 2 Fe(II) + NAD
+
= 2 Fe(III) + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): ferric chelate reductase; iron chelate reductase; NADH:Fe
3+
-EDTA reductase; NADH
2
:Fe
3+
oxidore-
ductase
Systematic name: Fe(II):NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the transport of iron across plant plasma membranes.
References: [87, 263, 264, 275, 1930]
EC 1.16.1.8
Accepted name: [methionine synthase] reductase
Reaction: 2 [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + 2 S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP
+
= 2 [methionine
synthase]-cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H
+
+ 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Other name(s): methionine synthase cob(II)alamin reductase (methylating); methionine synthase reductase; [methion-
ine synthase]-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin reducing)
Systematic name: [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin,S-adenosylhomocysteine:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: In humans, the enzyme is a avoprotein containing FAD and FMN. The substrate of the enzyme is
the inactivated [Co(II)] form of EC 2.1.1.13, methionine synthase. Electrons are transferred from
NADPH to FAD to FMN. Defects in this enzyme lead to hereditary hyperhomocysteinemia.
References: [1263, 1683, 1684]
EC 1.16.3.1
Accepted name: ferroxidase
Reaction: 4 Fe(II) + 4 H
+
+ O
2
= 4 Fe(III) + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): ceruloplasmin; ferroxidase I; iron(II): oxygen oxidoreductase; caeruloplasmin; ferro:O
2
oxidoreduc-
tase; ferroxidase, iron II:oxygen oxidoreductase
282
Systematic name: Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A multi-copper protein: ceruloplasmin from animals, rusticyanin in Thiobacillus ferroxidans.
References: [410, 1691, 1692]
[EC 1.16.3.1 created 1972]
EC 1.16.8 With a avin as acceptor
EC 1.16.8.1
Accepted name: cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide reductase
Reaction: 2 cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide + FMN + 2 H
+
= 2 cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide + FMNH
2
Other name(s): cob(II)yrinic acid-a,c-diamide:FMN oxidoreductase (incorrect)
Systematic name: cob(I)yrinic acid-a,c-diamide:FMN oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme also catalyses the reduction of cob(II)yric acid, cob(II)inamide, cob(II)inamide phos-
phate, GDP-cob(II)inamide and cob(II)alamin although cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide is thought to be
the physiological substrate [205]. Also uses FAD and NADH but not NADPH.
[EC 1.16.8.1 created 2004]
EC 1.17 Acting on CH or CH
2
groups
This subclass contains enzymes that oxidize the -CH
2
- group of donors to -CHOH- (or -CH- to -COH-); in the reverse direction,
they are involved in the formation of deoxysugars. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.17.1),
oxygen (EC 1.17.3), a disulde (EC 1.17.4), a quinone or similar compound (EC 1.17.5), or some other acceptor (EC 1.17.99).
EC 1.17.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.17.1.1
Accepted name: CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase
Reaction: CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose +
NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): CDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase; cytidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose reductase; cyti-
dine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase; CDP-4-keto-deoxy-glucose reductase;
CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase system; NAD(P)H:CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose:NAD(P)
+
3-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme consists of two proteins. One forms an enzyme-bound adduct of the CDP-4-dehydro-6-
deoxyglucose with pyridoxamine phosphate, in which the 3-hydroxy group has been removed. The
second catalyses the reduction of this adduct by NAD(P)H and release of the CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-
dideoxy-D-glucose and pyridoxamine phosphate.
References: [1716, 1895, 1323]
EC 1.17.1.2
Accepted name: 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase
Reaction: (1) isopentenyl diphosphate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate
+ NAD(P)H + H
+
(2) dimethylallyl diphosphate + NAD(P)
+
+ H
2
O = (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate
+ NAD(P)H + H
+
283
Other name(s): isopentenyl-diphosphate:NADP
+
oxidoreductase; LytB; (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl
diphosphate reductase; HMBPP reductase; IspH; LytB/IspH
Systematic name: isopentenyl-diphosphate:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein that contains either a [3Fe-4S] [749] or a [4Fe-4S] [2506] cluster. This en-
zyme comprises a system in which ferredoxin is rst reduced and subsequently reoxidized by an
NAD(P)
+
-dependent reductase. This is the last enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid
biosynthesis. This pathway, also known as the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP) or as the
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, is found in most bacteria and in plant chloro-
plasts. The enzyme acts in the reverse direction, producing a 5:1 mixture of isopentenyl diphosphate
and dimethylallyl diphosphate.
References: [1879, 890, 337, 1880, 2506, 749]
EC 1.17.1.3
Accepted name: leucoanthocyanidin reductase
Reaction: (2R,3S)-catechin + NADP
+
+ H
2
O = 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): leucocyanidin reductase
Systematic name: (2R,3S)-catechin:NADP
+
4-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the synthesis of catechin, catechin-4-ol (leucocyanidin) and the related avan-
3-ols afzelechin and gallocatechin, which are initiating monomers in the synthesis of plant poly-
meric proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins. While 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin is the preferred
avan-3,4-diol substrate, 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucodelphinidin and 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin
can also act as substrates, but more slowly. NADH can replace NADPH but is oxidized more slowly.
[EC 1.17.1.3 created 2003]
EC 1.17.1.4
Accepted name: xanthine dehydrogenase
Reaction: xanthine + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = urate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD
+
-xanthine dehydrogenase; xanthine-NAD
+
oxidoreductase; xanthine/NAD
+
oxidoreductase;
xanthine oxidoreductase
Systematic name: xanthine:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a variety of purines and aldehydes, including hypoxanthine. The enzyme from eukaryotes
contains [2Fe-2S], FAD and a molybdenum centre. The animal enzyme can be interconverted to
EC 1.17.3.2, xanthine oxidase (the oxidase form). That from liver exists in vivo mainly in the de-
hydrogenase form, but can be converted into EC 1.17.3.2 by storage at -20 C, by treatment with
proteolytic agents or organic solvents, or by thiol reagents such as Cu
2+
, N-ethylmaleimide or 4-
mercuribenzoate. The effect of thiol reagents can be reversed by thiols such as 1,4-dithioerythritol.
This enzyme can also be converted into EC 1.17.3.2 by EC 1.8.4.7, enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase
(glutathione-disulde) in the presence of glutathione disulde. In other animal tissues, the enzyme
exists almost entirely as EC 1.17.3.2, but can be converted into the dehydrogenase form by 1,4-
dithioerythritol.
References: [137, 402, 1722, 1809, 2084, 1720, 958, 573, 2328, 885]
[EC 1.17.1.4 created 1972 as EC 1.2.1.37, transferred 1984 to EC 1.1.1.204, modied 1989, transferred 2004 to EC 1.17.1.4]
EC 1.17.1.5
Accepted name: nicotinate dehydrogenase
Reaction: nicotinate + H
2
O + NADP
+
= 6-hydroxynicotinate + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): nicotinic acid hydroxylase; nicotinate hydroxylase
Systematic name: nicotinate:NADP
+
6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
284
Comments: A avoprotein containing non-heme iron. The enzyme is capable of acting on a variety of nicoti-
nate analogues to varying degrees, including pyrazine-2-carboxylate, pyrazine 2,3-dicarboxylate,
trigonelline and 6-methylnicotinate. The enzyme from Clostridium barkeri also possesses a catalyt-
ically essential, labile selenium that can be removed by reaction with cyanide.
References: [904, 711, 710, 498, 499, 1558]
[1.17.1.6 Transferred entry. bile-acid 7-dehydroxylase. Now EC 1.17.99.5, bile-acid 7-dehydroxylase. It is now known
that FAD is the acceptor and not NAD
+
as was thought previously]
EC 1.17.2.1
Accepted name: nicotinate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: nicotinate + a ferricytochrome + H
2
O = 6-hydroxynicotinate + a ferrocytochrome
Other name(s): nicotinic acid hydroxylase; nicotinate hydroxylase
Systematic name: nicotinate:cytochrome 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: This two-component enzyme from Pseudomonas belongs to the family of xanthine dehydrogenases,
but differs from most other members of this family. While most members contain an FAD cofactor,
the large subunit of this enzyme contains three c-type cytochromes, enabling it to interact with the
electron transfer chain, probably by delivering the electrons to a cytochrome oxidase. The small sub-
unit contains a typical molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide(MCD) cofactor and two [2Fe-2S] clusters
[1027].
[EC 1.17.2.1 created 2010]
EC 1.17.3.1
Accepted name: pteridine oxidase
Reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine + O
2
= 2-amino-4,7-dihydroxypteridine + (?)
Systematic name: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Comments: Different from EC 1.17.3.2 xanthine oxidase; does not act on hypoxanthine.
References: [2578]
[EC 1.17.3.1 created 1983]
EC 1.17.3.2
Accepted name: xanthine oxidase
Reaction: xanthine + H
2
O + O
2
= urate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): hypoxanthine oxidase; hypoxanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase; Schardinger enzyme; xanthine oxidore-
ductase; hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase; xanthine:O
2
oxidoreductase; xanthine:xanthine oxidase
Systematic name: xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase
285
Comments: An iron-molybdenum avoprotein (FAD) containing [2Fe-2S] centres. Also oxidizes hypoxanthine,
some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes (i.e. possesses the activity of EC 1.2.3.1, aldehyde ox-
idase). Under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H
2
O +
2 O
2
= ROH + 2 O
2
.
+ 2 H
+
. The enzyme from animal tissues can be converted into EC 1.17.1.4,
xanthine dehydrogenase. That from liver exists in vivo mainly as the dehydrogenase form, but can be
converted into the oxidase form by storage at -20 C, by treatment with proteolytic enzymes or with
organic solvents, or by thiol reagents such as Cu
2+
, N-ethylmaleimide or 4-mercuribenzoate. The ef-
fect of thiol reagents can be reversed by thiols such as 1,4-dithioerythritol. EC 1.17.1.4 can also be
converted into this enzyme by EC 1.8.4.7, enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulde) in
the presence of glutathione disulde. The Micrococcus enzyme can use ferredoxin as acceptor.
References: [97, 137, 248, 402, 312, 553]
[EC 1.17.3.2 created 1961 as EC 1.2.3.2, transferred 1984 to EC 1.1.3.22, modied 1989, transferred 2004 to EC 1.17.3.2]
EC 1.17.3.3
Accepted name: 6-hydroxynicotinate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 6-hydroxynicotinate + H
2
O + O
2
= 2,6-dihydroxynicotinate + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): 6-hydroxynicotinic acid hydroxylase; 6-hydroxynicotinic acid dehydrogenase; 6-hydroxynicotinate
hydroxylase
Systematic name: 6-hydroxynicotinate:O
2
oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur centres, FAD and molybdenum. It also has a catalytically essential,
labile selenium that can be removed by reaction with cyanide. In Bacillus niacini, this enzyme is re-
quired for growth on nicotinic acid.
[EC 1.17.3.3 created 2004]
EC 1.17.4.1
Accepted name: ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase
Reaction: 2
-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin disulde + H

2
O = ribonucleoside diphosphate +
thioredoxin
Other name(s): ribonucleotide reductase; CDP reductase; ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase; UDP reductase; ADP
reductase; nucleoside diphosphate reductase; ribonucleoside 5
-diphosphate reductase; ribonucleotide

diphosphate reductase; 2
-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2
-oxidoreductase;
RR
Systematic name: 2
-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulde 2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is responsible for the de novo conversion of ribonucleoside diphosphates into deoxyri-
bonucleoside diphosphates, which are essential for DNA synthesis and repair. An iron protein. While
the enzyme is activated by ATP, it is inhibited by dATP [1251, 1794].
References: [1234, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1507, 1794]
[EC 1.17.4.1 created 1972]
EC 1.17.4.2
Accepted name: ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase
Reaction: 2
-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulde + H

2
O = ribonucleoside triphosphate +
thioredoxin
Other name(s): ribonucleotide reductase; 2
-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2
-
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 2
-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:thioredoxin-disulde 2
-oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires a cobamide coenzyme and ATP.
286
References: [202, 741, 1234]
[EC 1.17.4.2 created 1972]
[1.17.4.3 Transferred entry. 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase. As ferredoxin and not protein-disulde
is now known to take part in the reaction, the enzyme has been transferred to EC 1.17.7.1, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-
diphosphate synthase.]
EC 1.17.5.1
Accepted name: phenylacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: phenylacetyl-CoA + H
2
O + 2 quinone = phenylglyoxylyl-CoA + 2 quinol
Other name(s): phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase
Systematic name: phenylacetyl-CoA:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Thauera aromatica is a membrane-bound molybdenumironsulfur protein.
The enzyme is specic for phenylacetyl-CoA as substrate. Phenylacetate, acetyl-CoA, benzoyl-CoA,
propanoyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA cannot act as substrates.
The oxygen atom introduced into the product, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, is derived from water and not
molecular oxygen. Duroquinone, menaquinone and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) can act as
acceptor, but the likely physiological acceptor is ubiquinone [1849]. A second enzyme, EC 3.1.2.25,
phenylacetyl-CoA hydrolase, converts the phenylglyoxylyl-CoA formed into phenylglyoxylate.
[EC 1.17.5.1 created 2004]
EC 1.17.7.1
Accepted name: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase
Reaction: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + H
2
O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 2-C-methyl-D-
erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate + 2 reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase; (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl-
diphosphate:protein-disulde oxidoreductase (hydrating) (incorrect); (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-
enyl diphosphate synthase; GcpE
Systematic name: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl-diphosphate:oxidized ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein that contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster [856, 1666]. Forms, in the reverse direction,
part of an alternative non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that is found in most bac-
teria and in plant chloroplasts [2002]. The enzyme from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is active with
photoreduced 5-deazaavin but not with the avodoxin/avodoxin reductase/NADPH system that can
be used as an electron donor by Escherichia coli [1666]. Metabolites derived from isoprenoids play
important roles in systems such as electron transport, photosynthesis, plant defense responses, hor-
monal regulation of development and membrane uidity [856].
References: [856, 1666, 2003, 2002, 2001]
EC 1.17.99.1
287
Accepted name: 4-cresol dehydrogenase (hydroxylating)
Reaction: 4-cresol + acceptor + H
2
O = 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): p-cresol-(acceptor) oxidoreductase (hydroxylating); p-cresol methylhydroxylase
Systematic name: 4-cresol:acceptor oxidoreductase (methyl-hydroxylating)
Comments: A avocytochrome c (FAD). Phenazine methosulfate can act as acceptor. A quinone methide is proba-
bly formed as intermediate. The rst hydroxylation forms 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; a second hydrox-
ylation converts this into 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
EC 1.17.99.2
Accepted name: ethylbenzene hydroxylase
Reaction: ethylbenzene + H
2
O + acceptor = (S)-1-phenylethanol + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): ethylbenzene dehydrogenase; ethylbenzene:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: ethylbenzene:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the anaerobic catabolism of ethylbenzene by denitrifying bacteria. Ethylbenzene is the
preferred substrate; the enzyme from some strains oxidizes propylbenzene, 1-ethyl-4-uorobenzene,
3-methylpent-2-ene and ethylidenecyclohexane. Toluene is not oxidized. p-Benzoquinone or ferroce-
nium can act as electron acceptor. Contains molybdopterin, [4Fe-4S] clusters and heme b.
[EC 1.17.99.2 created 2001]
EC 1.17.99.3
Accepted name: 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestanoyl-CoA 24-hydroxylase
Reaction: (25R)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + H
2
O + acceptor = (24R,25R)-
3,7,12,24-tetrahydroxy-5-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA oxidase; THC-CoA oxidase; THCA-CoA oxidase; 3,7,12-
trihydroxy-5-cholestanoyl-CoA oxidase; 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-oate 24-
hydroxylase
Systematic name: (25R)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA:acceptor 24-oxidoreductase (24R-
hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires ATP. The reaction in mammals possibly involves dehydrogenation to give a 24(25)-double
bond followed by hydration [783]. However, in amphibians such as the Oriental re-bellied toad
(Bombina orientalis), it is probable that the product is formed via direct hydroxylation of the saturated
side chain of (25R)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestan-26-oate and not via hydration of a 24(25)
double bond [1737]. In microsomes, the free acid is preferred to the coenzyme A ester, whereas in
mitochondria, the coenzyme A ester is preferred to the free-acid form of the substrate [783].
References: [783, 1961, 496, 497, 1737, 1905]
[EC 1.17.99.3 created 2005]
EC 1.17.99.4
Accepted name: uracil/thymine dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1) uracil + H
2
O + acceptor = barbiturate + reduced acceptor
(2) thymine + H
2
O + acceptor = 5-methylbarbiturate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): uracil oxidase; uracil-thymine oxidase; uracil dehydrogenase
Systematic name: uracil:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Forms part of the oxidative pyrimidine-degrading pathway in some microorganisms, along with EC
3.5.2.1 (barbiturase) and EC 3.5.1.95 (N-malonylurea hydrolase). Mammals, plants and other mi-
croorganisms utilize the reductive pathway, comprising EC 1.3.1.1 [dihydrouracil dehydrogenase
(NAD
+
)] or EC 1.3.1.2 [dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
)], EC 3.5.2.2 (dihydropyrimidi-
nase) and EC 3.5.1.6 (-ureidopropionase), with the ultimate degradation products being an L-amino
acid, NH
3
and CO
2
[2097].
288
References: [847, 2433, 2434, 1245, 2097]
EC 1.17.99.5
Accepted name: bile-acid 7-dehydroxylase
Reaction: (1) deoxycholate + FAD + H
2
O = cholate + FADH
2
(2) lithocholate + FAD + H
2
O = chenodeoxycholate + FADH
2
Other name(s): cholate 7-dehydroxylase; 7-dehydroxylase; bile acid 7-dehydroxylase; deoxycholate:NAD
+
oxi-
doreductase
Systematic name: deoxycholate:FAD oxidoreductase (7-dehydroxylating)
Comments: Under physiological conditions, the reactions occur in the reverse direction to that shown above. This
enzyme is highly specic for bile-acid substrates and requires a free C-24 carboxy group and an un-
hindered 7-hydroxy group on the B-ring of the steroid nucleus for activity, as found in cholate and
chenodeoxycholate. The reaction is stimulated by the presence of NAD
+
but is inhibited by excess
NADH. This unusual regulation by the NAD
+
/NADH ratio is most likely the result of the interme-
diates being linked at C-24 by an anhydride bond to the 5
-diphosphate of 3
-phospho-ADP [2,5,6].
Allo-deoxycholate is also formed as a side-product of the 7-dehydroxylation of cholate [955]. The
enzyme is present in intestinal anaerobic bacteria [955], even though its products are important in
mammalian physiology.
References: [2472, 2473, 383, 1905, 382, 955]
EC 1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
This subclass contains enzymes that act on iron-sulfur proteins as donors. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or
NADP
+
(EC 1.18.1) and dinitrogen (EC 1.18.6).
EC 1.18.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.18.1.1
Accepted name: rubredoxinNAD
+
reductase
Reaction: 2 reduced rubredoxin + NAD
+
+ H
+
= 2 oxidized rubredoxin + NADH
Other name(s): rubredoxin reductase; rubredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase; dihydronicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide-rubredoxin reductase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-rubredoxin
reductase; NADH-rubredoxin reductase; rubredoxin-NAD reductase; NADH: rubredoxin oxidoreduc-
tase; DPNH-rubredoxin reductase; NADH-rubredoxin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: rubredoxin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires FAD. The enzyme from Clostridium acetobutylicum reduces rubredoxin, ferricyanide
and dichlorophenolindophenol, but not ferredoxin or avodoxin. The reaction does not occur when
NADPH is substituted for NADH. Contains iron at the redox centre.
References: [1745, 2348, 2349, 1747]
EC 1.18.1.2
Accepted name: ferredoxinNADP
+
reductase
Reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + NADP
+
+ H
+
= 2 oxidized ferredoxin + NADPH
289
Other name(s): adrenodoxin reductase; ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase;
ferredoxin-NADP
+
reductase; TPNH-ferredoxin reductase; ferredoxin-NADP
+
oxidoreductase;
NADP
+
:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; ferredoxin-TPN reductase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinu-
cleotide phosphate-adrenodoxin reductase; ferredoxin-NADP
+
-oxidoreductase; NADPH:ferredoxin
oxidoreductase; ferredoxin-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized) reductase;
ferredoxinNADP
+
reductase
Systematic name: ferredoxin:NADP
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: A avoprotein. Can also reduce avodoxin.
[EC 1.18.1.2 created 1965 as EC 1.6.99.4, transferred 1972 as EC 1.6.7.1, transferred 1978 to EC 1.18.1.2]
EC 1.18.1.3
Accepted name: ferredoxinNAD
+
reductase
Reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD
+
= oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase; ferredoxin reductase; NAD
+
-ferredoxin re-
ductase; NADH-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; reductase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-
ferredoxin; ferredoxin-NAD
+
reductase; NADH-ferredoxin reductase; NADH
2
-ferredoxin oxidore-
ductase; NADH avodoxin oxidoreductase; NADH-ferredoxinNAP reductase (component of naph-
thalene dioxygenase multicomponent enzyme system); ferredoxin-linked NAD
+
reductase; NADH-
ferredoxinTOL reductase (component of toluene dioxygenase); ferredoxinNAD reductase
Systematic name: ferredoxin:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
References: [1051]
EC 1.18.1.4
Accepted name: rubredoxinNAD(P)
+
reductase
Reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)
+
= oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H
+
Other name(s): rubredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reductase; rubredoxin-nicotinamide ade-
nine; dinucleotide phosphate reductase; NAD(P)
+
-rubredoxin oxidoreductase; NAD(P)H-rubredoxin
oxidoreductase
Systematic name: rubredoxin:NAD(P)
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Pyrococcus furiosis requires FAD. It reduces a number of electron carriers, includ-
ing benzyl viologen, menadione and 2,6-dichloroindophenol, but rubredoxin is the most efcient.
Ferredoxin is not utilized.
EC 1.18.2 With dinitrogen as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.18.2.1 Transferred entry. now EC 1.18.6.1, nitrogenase]
EC 1.18.3 With H
+
as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.18.3.1 Transferred entry. hydrogenase. Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase]
290
EC 1.18.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor
EC 1.18.6.1
Accepted name: nitrogenase
Reaction: 8 reduced ferredoxin + 8 H
+
+ N
2
+ 16 ATP + 16 H
2
O = 8 oxidized ferredoxin + H
2
+ 2 NH
3
+ 16
ADP + 16 phosphate
Systematic name: reduced ferredoxin:dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing)
Comments: Requires Mg
2+
. It is composed of two proteins that can be separated but are both required for ni-
trogenase activity. Dinitrogen reductase is a [4Fe-4S] protein, which, with two molecules of ATP
and ferredoxin, generates an electron. The electron is transferred to the other protein, dinitrogenase
(molybdoferredoxin). Dinitrogenase is a molybdenum-iron protein that reduces dinitrogen in three
succesive two-electron reductions from nitrogen to diimine to hydrazine to two molecules of ammo-
nia. The molybdenum may be replaced by vanadium or iron. The reduction is initiated by formation
of hydrogen in stoichiometric amounts [1301]. Acetylene is reduced to ethylene (but only very slowly
to ethane), azide to nitrogen and ammonia, and cyanide to methane and ammonia. In the absence of
a suitable substrate, hydrogen is slowly formed. Ferredoxin may be replaced by avodoxin [see EC
1.19.6.1 nitrogenase (avodoxin)].
References: [2640, 1301, 442, 326]
EC 1.18.96 With other, known, acceptors (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.18.96.1 Transferred entry. superoxide reductase. Now EC 1.15.1.2, superoxide reductase]
EC 1.18.99 With H
+
as acceptor (deleted sub-subclass)
[1.18.99.1 Transferred entry. hydrogenase. Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase]
[EC 1.18.99.1 created 1961 as EC 1.98.1.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.12.1.1, transferred 1972 to EC 1.12.7.1, transferred 1978 to EC 1.18.3.1,
transferred 1984 to EC 1.18.99.1, deleted 2002]
EC 1.19 Acting on reduced avodoxin as donor
This subclass contains a single sub-subclass for enzymes that act on reduced avodoxin as donor with dinitrogen as the acceptor
(EC 1.19.6).
EC 1.19.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor
EC 1.19.6.1
Accepted name: nitrogenase (avodoxin)
Reaction: 6 reduced avodoxin + 6 H
+
+ N
2
+ n ATP = 6 oxidized avodoxin + 2 NH
3
+ n ADP + n phosphate
Systematic name: reduced avodoxin:dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing)
Comments: The enzyme is a complex of two proteins containing iron-sulfur centres and molybdenum.
References: [2639]
[EC 1.19.6.1 created 1984]
291
EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
This subclass contains enzymes that act on phosphorus or arsenic in donors. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: NAD
+
or NADP
+
(EC 1.20.1), disulde (EC 1.20.4), other, known, acceptors (EC 1.20.98), or some other acceptor (EC 1.20.99).
EC 1.20.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.20.1.1
Accepted name: phosphonate dehydrogenase
Reaction: phosphonate + NAD
+
+ H
2
O = phosphate + NADH + H
+
Other name(s): NAD:phosphite oxidoreductase; phosphite dehydrogenase
Systematic name: phosphonate:NAD
+
oxidoreductase
Comments: NADP
+
is a poor substitute for NAD
+
in the enzyme from Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88.
[EC 1.20.1.1 created 2001]
EC 1.20.4 With disulde as acceptor
EC 1.20.4.1
Accepted name: arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)
Reaction: arsenate + glutaredoxin = arsenite + glutaredoxin disulde + H
2
O
Systematic name: glutharedoxin:arsenate oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdoenzyme. The glutaredoxins catalyse glutathione-disulde oxidoreductions and have a
redox-active disulde/dithiol in the active site (-Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys-) that forms a disulde bond in the
oxidized form [2, 10]. Glutaredoxins have a binding site for glutathione, which is required to reduce
them to the dithiol form [3, 6]. Thioredoxins reduced by NADPH and thioredoxin reductase can act as
alternative substrates. The enzyme [1, 4, 7, 9] is part of a system for detoxifying arsenate. Although
the arsenite formed is more toxic than arsenate, it can be extruded from some bacteria by EC 3.6.3.16,
arsenite-transporting ATPase; in other organisms, arsenite can be methylated by EC 2.1.1.137, arsen-
ite methyltransferase, in a pathway to non-toxic organoarsenical compounds.
References: [712, 713, 913, 1026, 1201, 1411, 1460, 1801, 1939, 2032]
EC 1.20.4.2
Accepted name: methylarsonate reductase
Reaction: methylarsonate + 2 glutathione = methylarsonite + glutathione disulde + H
2
O
Other name(s): MMA(V) reductase
Systematic name: gluthathione:methylarsonate oxidoreductase
Comments: The product, Me-As(OH)
2
(methylarsonous acid), is biologically methylated by EC 2.1.1.137, arsen-
ite methyltransferase, to form cacodylic acid (dimethylarsinic acid).
References: [2605]
[EC 1.20.4.2 created 2000 as EC 1.97.1.7, transfered 2001 to EC 1.20.4.2, modied 2003]
EC 1.20.4.3
Accepted name: mycoredoxin
Reaction: arseno-mycothiol + mycoredoxin = arsenite + mycothiol-mycoredoxin disulde
Other name(s): Mrx1; MrxI
Systematic name: arseno-mycothiol:mycoredoxin oxidoreductase
292
Comments: Reduction of arsenate is part of a defense mechanism of the cell against toxic arsenate. The substrate
arseno-mycothiol is formed by EC 2.8.4.2 (arsenate:mycothiol transferase). A second mycothiol recy-
cles mycoredoxin and forms mycothione.
References: [1689]
[EC 1.20.4.3 created 2010]
EC 1.20.98.1
Accepted name: arsenate reductase (azurin)
Reaction: arsenite + H
2
O + 2 azurin
ox
= arsenate + 2 azurin
red
+ 2 H
+
Other name(s): arsenite oxidase
Systematic name: arsenite:azurin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains a molybdopterin centre comprising two molybdopterin guanosine dinucleotide cofactors
bound to molybdenum, a [3Fe-4S] cluster and a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster. Also uses a c-type cy-
tochrome or O
2
as acceptors.
[EC 1.20.98.1 created 2001]
EC 1.20.99.1
Accepted name: arsenate reductase (donor)
Reaction: arsenite + acceptor = arsenate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): arsenate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: arsenate:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Benzyl viologen can act as an acceptor. Unlike EC 1.20.4.1, arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin), re-
duced glutaredoxin cannot serve as a reductant.
EC 1.21 Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond
This subclass contains enzymes that act on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond. Sub-subclasses are based on the acceptor: oxygen
(EC 1.21.3), a disulde (EC 1.21.4), or some other acceptor (EC 1.21.99).
EC 1.21.3.1
Accepted name: isopenicillin-N synthase
Reaction: N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + O
2
= isopenicillin N + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): isopenicillin N synthetase
Systematic name: N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: Forms part of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway (for pathway, click here).
293
[EC 1.21.3.1 created 2002]
EC 1.21.3.2
Accepted name: columbamine oxidase
Reaction: 2 columbamine + O
2
= 2 berberine + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): berberine synthase
Systematic name: columbamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: An iron protein. Oxidation of the O-methoxyphenol structure forms the methylenedioxy group of
berberine.
References: [1897]
EC 1.21.3.3
Accepted name: reticuline oxidase
Reaction: (S)-reticuline + O
2
= (S)-scoulerine + H
2
O
2
Other name(s): BBE; berberine bridge enzyme; berberine-bridge-forming enzyme; tetrahydroprotoberberine synthase
Systematic name: (S)-reticuline:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylene-bridge-forming)
Comments: The product of the reaction, (S)-scoulerine, is a precursor of protopine, protoberberine and
benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. Acts on (S)-reticuline and related com-
pounds, converting the N-methyl group into the methylene bridge (berberine bridge) of (S)-
tetrahydroprotoberberines.
References: [2125, 500, 1222]
EC 1.21.3.4
Accepted name: sulochrin oxidase [(+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming]
Reaction: 2 sulochrin + O
2
= 2 (+)-bisdechlorogeodin + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): sulochrin oxidase
Systematic name: sulochrin:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, (+)-specic)
Comments: Also acts on several diphenols and phenylenediamines, but has low afnity for these substrates. In-
volved in the biosynthesis of mould metabolites related to the antibiotic griseofulvin.
References: [1639]
EC 1.21.3.5
Accepted name: sulochrin oxidase [(-)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming]
Reaction: 2 sulochrin + O
2
= 2 (-)-bisdechlorogeodin + 2 H
2
O
Other name(s): sulochrin oxidase
Systematic name: sulochrin:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, (-)-specic)
Comments: Also acts on several diphenols and phenylenediamines, but has low afnity for these substrates. In-
volved in the biosynthesis of mould metabolites related to the antibiotic griseofulvin.
References: [1639]
EC 1.21.3.6
Accepted name: aureusidin synthase
Reaction: (1) 2
,4,4
,6
-tetrahydroxychalcone + O
2
= aureusidin + H
2
O
(2) 2 2
,3,4,4
,6
-pentahydroxychalcone + O
2
= 2 aureusidin + 2 H
2
O
294
Systematic name: 2
,4,4
,6
-tetrahydroxychalcone:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A copper-containing glycoprotein that plays a key role in the yellow coloration of owers such as
snapdragon. The enzyme is a homologue of plant polyphenol oxidase [1579] and catalyses two sepa-
rate chemical transformations, i.e. 3-hydroxylation and oxidative cyclization (2
,-dehydrogenation).
H
2
O
2
activates reaction (1) but inhibits reaction (2).
References: [1579, 1578, 1940]
[EC 1.21.3.6 created 2003]
EC 1.21.4.1
Accepted name: D-proline reductase (dithiol)
Reaction: 5-aminopentanoate + lipoate = D-proline + dihydrolipoate
Systematic name: 5-aminopentanoate:lipoate oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of D-proline reduction. Other dithiols can function as
reducing agents; the enzyme contains a pyruvoyl group and a selenocysteine residue, both essential
for activity.
References: [899, 2113, 1057]
[EC 1.21.4.1 created 1972 as EC 1.4.4.1, modied 1982 (EC 1.4.1.6 created 1961, incorporated 1982), transferred 2003 to EC 1.21.4.1]
EC 1.21.4.2
Accepted name: glycine reductase
Reaction: acetyl phosphate + NH
3
+ thioredoxin disulde + H
2
O = glycine + phosphate + thioredoxin
Systematic name: acetyl-phosphate ammonia:thioredoxin disulde oxidoreductase (glycine-forming)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of glycine reduction. The enzyme from Eubacterium
acidaminophilum consists of subunits A, B and C. Subunit B contains selenocysteine and a pyruvoyl
group, and is responsible for glycine binding and ammonia release. Subunit A, which also contains
selenocysteine, is reduced by thioredoxin, and is needed to convert the carboxymethyl group into
a ketene equivalent, in turn used by subunit C to produce acetyl phosphate. Only subunit B distin-
guishes this enzyme from EC 1.21.4.3 (sarcosine reductase) and EC 1.21.4.4 (betaine reductase).
[EC 1.21.4.2 created 2003]
EC 1.21.4.3
Accepted name: sarcosine reductase
Reaction: acetyl phosphate + methylamine + thioredoxin disulde = N-methylglycine + phosphate + thiore-
doxin
Systematic name: acetyl-phosphate methylamine:thioredoxin disulde oxidoreductase (N-methylglycine-forming)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of sarcosine reduction. The enzyme from Eubacterium
group, and is responsible for sarcosine binding and methylamine release. Subunit A, which also con-
tains selenocysteine, is reduced by thioredoxin, and is needed to convert the carboxymethyl group into
guishes this enzyme from EC 1.21.4.2 (glycine reductase) and EC 1.21.4.4 (betaine reductase).
[EC 1.21.4.3 created 2003]
EC 1.21.4.4
295
Accepted name: betaine reductase
Reaction: acetyl phosphate + trimethylamine + thioredoxin disulde = N,N,N-trimethylglycine + phosphate +
thioredoxin
Systematic name: acetyl-phosphate trimethylamine:thioredoxin disulde oxidoreductase (N,N,N-trimethylglycine-
forming)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of betaine reduction. The enzyme from Eubacterium
group, and is responsible for betaine binding and trimethylamine release. Subunit A, which also con-
tains selenocysteine, is reduced by thioredoxin, and is needed to convert the carboxymethyl group into
guishes this enzyme from EC 1.21.4.2 (glycine reductase) and EC 1.21.4.3 (sarcosine reductase).
[EC 1.21.4.4 created 2003]
EC 1.21.99.1
Accepted name: -cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase
Reaction: -cyclopiazonate + acceptor = -cyclopiazonate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): -cyclopiazonate oxidocyclase; -cyclopiazonic oxidocyclase; -cyclopiazonate:(acceptor) oxidore-
ductase (cyclizing)
Systematic name: -cyclopiazonate:acceptor oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: A avoprotein (FAD). Cytochrome c and various dyes can act as acceptor. Cyclopiazonate is a micro-
bial toxin.
EC 1.22 Acting on halogen in donors
EC 1.22.1 With NAD
+
or NADP
+
as acceptor
EC 1.22.1.1
Accepted name: iodotyrosine deiodinase
Reaction: (a) L-tyrosine + NADP
+
+ I
= 3-iodo-L-tyrosine + NADPH + H
+
(b) 3-iodo-L-tyrosine + NADP
+
+ I
= 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + NADPH + H
+
Other name(s): iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1; DEHAL1
Systematic name: NADP
+
:L-tyrosine oxidoreductase (iodinating)
Comments: The enzyme activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 3-deiodination. Present in a trans-
membrane avoprotein. Requires FMN.
References: [1888, 722, 633, 2282]
[EC 1.22.1.1 created 2010]
EC 1.97 Other oxidoreductases
This subclass contains a single sub-subclass (EC 1.97.1) and is reserved for oxidoreductases not included in the previous cate-
gories.
296
EC 1.97.1 Sole sub-subclass for oxidoreductases that do not belong in the other subclasses
EC 1.97.1.1
Accepted name: chlorate reductase
Reaction: AH
2
+ chlorate = A + H
2
O + chlorite
Other name(s): chlorate reductase C
Systematic name: chlorite:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Flavins or benzylviologen can act as acceptor.
References: [104]
[EC 1.97.1.1 created 1978]
EC 1.97.1.2
Accepted name: pyrogallol hydroxytransferase
Reaction: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene + 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene = 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene + 1,2,3,5-
tetrahydroxybenzene
Other name(s): 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene hydroxyltransferase; 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:pyrogallol transhy-
droxylase; 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene-pyrogallol hydroxyltransferase (transhydroxylase); pyrogallol
hydroxyltransferase; 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene hydroxyltransferase
Systematic name: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene hydroxytransferase
Comments: 1,2,3,5-Tetrahydroxybenzene acts as a co-substrate for the conversion of pyrogallol into phlorogluci-
nol, and for a number of similar isomerizations. The enzyme is provisionally listed here, but might be
considered as the basis for a new class in the transferases, analogous to the aminotransferases.
References: [267]
[EC 1.97.1.2 created 1992]
EC 1.97.1.3
Accepted name: sulfur reductase
Reaction: reduction of elemental sulfur or polysulde to hydrogen sulde
Systematic name: (donor):sulfur oxidoreductase
Comments: Sulfur can be reduced with hydrogen as donor in the presence of hydrogenase, or by photochemical
reduction in the presence of phenosafranin.
References: [2636]
[EC 1.97.1.3 created 1992]
EC 1.97.1.4
Accepted name: [formate-C-acetyltransferase]-activating enzyme
Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dihydroavodoxin + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycine = 5
-
deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + avodoxin semiquinone + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycin-
2-yl radical
Other name(s): PFL activase; PFL-glycine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine H transferase (avodoxin-oxidizing, S-adenosyl-
L-methionine-cleaving); formate acetyltransferase activating enzyme; formate acetyltransferase-
glycine dihydroavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleav-
ing)
Systematic name: [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycine dihydroavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase
(S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving)
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein. A single glycine residue in EC 2.3.1.54, formate C-acetyltransferase, is oxi-
dized to the corresponding radical by transfer of H from its CH
2
to AdoMet with concomitant cleavage
of the latter. The reaction requires Fe
2+
. The rst stage is reduction of the AdoMet to give methion-
ine and the 5
-deoxyadenosin-5-yl radical, which then abstracts a hydrogen radical from the glycine
residue.
297
References: [630, 2414, 631]
[1.97.1.5 Transferred entry. arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin). Now EC 1.20.4.1, arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)]
[EC 1.97.1.5 created 2000 deleted 2001]
[1.97.1.6 Transferred entry. arsenate reductase (donor). Now EC 1.20.99.1, arsenate reductase (donor)]
[EC 1.97.1.6 created 2000 deleted 2001]
[1.97.1.7 Transferred entry. methylarsonate reductase. Now EC 1.20.4.2, methylarsonate reductase]
EC 1.97.1.8
Accepted name: tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase
Reaction: trichloroethene + chloride + acceptor = tetrachloroethene + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): tetrachloroethene reductase
Systematic name: acceptor:trichloroethene oxidoreductase (chlorinating)
Comments: This enzyme allows the common pollutant tetrachloroethene to support bacterial growth and is re-
sponsible for disposal of a number of chlorinated hydrocarbons by this organism. The reaction oc-
curs in the reverse direction. The enzyme also reduces trichloroethene to dichloroethene. Although
the physiological reductant is unknown, the supply of reductant in some organisms is via reduced
menaquinone, itself formed from molecular hydrogen, via EC 1.12.5.1 (hydrogen:quinone oxidore-
ductase). The enzyme contains a corrinoid and two iron-sulfur clusters. Methyl viologen can act as
electron donor.
References: [907, 720, 1612, 1989, 1988]
[EC 1.97.1.8 created 2001]
EC 1.97.1.9
Accepted name: selenate reductase
Reaction: selenite + H
2
O + acceptor = selenate + reduced acceptor
Systematic name: selenite:reduced acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: The periplasmic enzyme from Thauera selenatis is a complex comprising three heterologous subunits
(, and ) that contains molybdenum, iron, acid-labile sulde and heme b as cofactor constituents.
Nitrate, nitrite, chlorate and sulfate are not substrates. A number of compounds, including acetate,
lactate, pyruvate, and certain sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, di- and tricarboxylic acids, and benzoate
can serve as electron donors.
References: [1981, 1369, 1200, 2144]
[EC 1.97.1.9 created 2003]
EC 1.97.1.10
Accepted name: thyroxine 5
-deiodinase
Reaction: 3,5,3
-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H
+
= L-thyroxine + AH
2
Other name(s): diiodothyronine 5
-deiodinase [ambiguous]; iodothyronine 5
-deiodinase; iodothyronine outer ring

monodeiodinase; type I iodothyronine deiodinase; type II iodothyronine deiodinase; thyroxine 5-
deiodinase [misleading]; L-thyroxine iodohydrolase (reducing)
Systematic name: acceptor:3,5,3
-triiodo-L-thyronine oxidoreductase (iodinating)

Comments: The enzyme activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 5
-deiodination, which renders

the thyroid hormone more active. The enzyme consists of type I and type II enzymes, both containing
selenocysteine, but with different kinetics. For the type I enzyme the rst reaction is a reductive deio-
dination converting the -Se-H group of the enzyme into an -Se-I group; the reductant then reconverts
this into -Se-H, releasing iodide.
298
References: [364, 739, 2078, 1187]
EC 1.97.1.11
Accepted name: thyroxine 5-deiodinase
Reaction: 3,3
,5
-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H
+
= L-thyroxine + AH
2
Other name(s): diiodothyronine 5
-deiodinase[ambiguous]; iodothyronine 5-deiodinase; iodothyronine inner ring

monodeiodinase; type III iodothyronine deiodinase
Systematic name: acceptor:3,3
,5
-triiodo-L-thyronine oxidoreductase (iodinating)

Comments: The enzyme activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 5-deiodination. This removal of
the 5-iodine, i.e. from the inner ring, largely inactivates the hormone thyroxine.
[EC 1.97.1.11 created 2003]
EC 1.98 Sole sub-subclass for oxidoreductases that do not belong in the other sub-
classes
[1.98.1.1 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase]
EC 1.99 Sole sub-subclass for oxidoreductases that do not belong in the other sub-
classes
Now a href=query.php?ec=1.12.7.2 target=newEC 1.12.7.2/a, ferredoxin hydrogenase
[1.99.1.1 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase]
[1.99.1.2 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.14.16.1, phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase]
[1.99.1.3 Deleted entry. nicotinate 6-hydroxylase]
[1.99.1.4 Deleted entry. tryptophan 5-hydroxylase]
[1.99.1.5 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.14.13.9, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase]
[1.99.1.6 Deleted entry. steroid 11-hydroxylase]
299
[1.99.1.7 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.14.15.4, steroid 11-monooxygenase]
[1.99.1.12 Deleted entry. alkoxyaryl hydroxylase]
[1.99.1.13 Deleted entry. squalene cyclohydroxylase, covered by EC 1.14.99.7 (squalene monooxygenase) and by EC
5.4.99.7 (lanosterol synthase)]
[1.99.1.14 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.27, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase]
[1.99.2.1 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.12, lipoxygenase]
[1.99.2.4 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.4, gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase]
[1.99.2.5 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.11.5, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase]
[1.99.2.6 Transferred entry. Now EC 1.13.99.1, inositol oxygenase]
300
References
[1] A. Abbruzzese, M.H. Park, and J.E. Folk. Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase from rat testis. Partial purication and character-
ization. J. Biol. Chem., 261:30853089, 1986.
[2] R.H. Abeles, A.M. Brownstein, and C.H. Randles. -Hydroxypropionaldehyde, an intermediate in the formation of
1,3-propanediol by Aerobacter melanogaster. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 41:530530, 1960.
[3] H.J. Abken, M. Tietze, J. Brodersen, S. B aumer, U. Beifuss, and U. Deppenmeier. Isolation and characterization of
methanophenazine and function of phenazines in membrane-bound electron transport of Methanosarcina mazei gol. J.
Bacteriol., 180:20272032, 1998.
[4] A.P. Abola, M.G. Willits, R.C. Wang, and S.R. Long. Reduction of adenosine-5
-phosphosulfate instead of 3
-
phosphoadenosine-5
-phosphosulfate in cysteine biosynthesis by Rhizobium meliloti and other members of the family
Rhizobiaceae. J. Bacteriol., 181:52805287, 1999.
[5] I.A. Abreu, L.M. Saraiva, J. Carita, H. Huber, K.O. Stetter, D. Cabelli, and M. Teixeira. Oxygen detoxication in the
strict anaerobic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: superoxide scavenging by neelaredoxin. Mol. Microbiol., 38:322334,
2000.
[6] S. Achterholt, H. Priefert, and A. Steinbuchel. Purication and characterization of the coniferyl 2-hydroxy-1,4-
benzoquinonealdehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain HR199 and molecular characterization of the gene.
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Index
4
-3-oxosteroid 5-reductase, 112
(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate de-
hydrogenase, 122
(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase, 287
(R)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase, 25
(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, 60
(R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase, 61
(R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase, 50
(R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, 160
(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase, 72
(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase, 25
(S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase, 61
(S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, 160
(+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase, 60
(+)-abscisic acid 8
-hydroxylase, 256
(+)-borneol dehydrogenase, 44
(+)-menthofuran synthase, 259
(+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase, 46
(+)-pulegone reductase, 128
(+)-sabinol dehydrogenase, 51
(-)-borneol dehydrogenase, 51
(-)-isopiperitenone reductase, 128
(-)-menthol dehydrogenase, 46
(-)-menthol monooxygenase, 245
all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase, 139
cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase, 117
cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase, 116
cis-1,2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate de-
hydrogenase, 125
cis-2,3-dihydrobiphenyl-2,3-diol dehydrogenase, 123
cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH), 119
cis-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol dehydrogenase, 122
trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase, 116
trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NAD
+
), 121
trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH), 119
D-2-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenase, 81
D-threo-aldose 1-dehydrogenase, 29
L-erythro-3,5-diaminohexanoate dehydrogenase, 142
2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase, 59
2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase, 59
3(or 20)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 16
3-aci-nitropropanoate oxidase, 180
3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone 23-monooxygenase, 261
5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate 3
-monooxygenase, 243
6-endo-hydroxycineole dehydrogenase, 53
9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, 216
abietadienal dehydrogenase, 102
abietadiene hydroxylase, 260
abietadienol hydroxylase, 260
abscisic-aldehyde oxidase, 106
trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase, 195
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating), 89
acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, 12
N-acetyl--glutamyl-phosphate reductase, 95
acetylacetone-cleaving enzyme, 216
N-acetylhexosamine 1-dehydrogenase, 53
acetylindoxyl oxidase, 179
N
1
-acetylpolyamine oxidase, 161
N
8
-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming), 162
acireductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring], 217
acireductone dioxygenase (Ni
2+
-requiring), 217
acrylyl-CoA reductase (NADPH), 129
acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase, 269
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 135
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 113
acyl-CoA oxidase, 130
acylglycerone-phosphate reductase, 25
N-acylhexosamine oxidase, 75
N-acylmannosamine 1-dehydrogenase, 52
adenylyl-sulfate reductase, 193
adenylyl-sulfate reductase (glutathione), 189
adenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin), 189
alanine dehydrogenase, 140
-alanopine dehydrogenase, 157
alanopine dehydrogenase, 155
albendazole monooxygenase, 242
alcohol dehydrogenase, 4
alcohol dehydrogenase (azurin), 80
alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c), 70
alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 5
alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 19
alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone), 79
alcohol oxidase, 72
aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent), 111
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 88
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 88
aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 88
aldehyde dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone), 111
aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 109
aldehyde oxidase, 104
aldehyde reductase, 9
alditol oxidase, 77
aldose 1-dehydrogenase, 29
aldose-6-phosphate reductase (NADPH), 45
alkan-1-ol dehydrogenase (acceptor), 83
alkanal monooxygenase (FMN), 263
alkane 1-monooxygenase, 264
alkanesulfonate monooxygenase, 263
2-alkenal reductase, 126
alkene monooxygenase, 250
alkylglycerol monooxygenase, 267
2-alkyn-1-ol dehydrogenase, 38
432
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, 16
amine dehydrogenase, 151
D-amino acid dehydrogenase (quinone), 150
2-amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase, 139
5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase, 43
D-amino-acid dehydrogenase, 150
L-amino-acid dehydrogenase, 141
D-amino-acid oxidase, 145
L-amino-acid oxidase, 145
L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 93
2-aminobenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase, 234
4-aminobenzoate 1-monooxygenase, 241
aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, 91
aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase, 268
aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 94
o-aminophenol oxidase, 196
(R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase, 20
ammonia monooxygenase, 279
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione monooxygenase, 274
angelicin synthase, 262
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase, 58
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-form-
ing), 64
anhydrotetracycline monooxygenase, 244
anthocyanidin reductase, 127
anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating),
231
anthranilate 3-monooxygenase, 266
anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating), 243
anthraniloyl-CoA monooxygenase, 244
apiose 1-reductase, 27
apo--carotenoid-14
,13
-dioxygenase, 220
aquacobalamin reductase, 281
aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH), 281
D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase, 55
L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase, 7
D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase, 7
L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase, 7
D-arabinitol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 63
D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase, 76
D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase, 28
L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase, 14
D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 28
D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase, 67
arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 212
aralkylamine dehydrogenase, 151
arginine 2-monooxygenase, 218
arogenate dehydrogenase, 120
arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 127
arogenate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 127
arsenate reductase (azurin), 293
arsenate reductase (donor), 293
arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin), 292
aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase, 23
aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 23
aryl-alcohol oxidase, 71
aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase, 93
aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 93
aryl-aldehyde oxidase, 105
ascorbate 2,3-dioxygenase, 209
L-ascorbate oxidase, 196
L-ascorbate peroxidase, 200
L-ascorbatecytochrome-b
5
reductase, 195
asparagusate reductase, 184
aspartate dehydrogenase, 144
D-aspartate oxidase, 144
L-aspartate oxidase, 147
aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 90
aureusidin synthase, 294
azobenzene reductase, 176
benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 93
benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 88
benzene 1,2-dioxygenase, 231
benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase, 233
benzoate 4-monooxygenase, 238
p-benzoquinone reductase (NADPH), 171
benzoyl-CoA 2,3-dioxygenase, 235
benzoyl-CoA 3-monooxygenase, 248
benzoyl-CoA reductase, 137
benzyl-2-methyl-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 48
(R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 139
berbamunine synthase, 271
berberine reductase, 158
betaine reductase, 296
betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, 89
biaviolin synthase, 272
bile-acid 7-dehydroxylase, 289
bilirubin oxidase, 130
biliverdin reductase, 116
biochanin-A reductase, 121
biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase, 234
biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase, 214
bis--glutamylcystine reductase, 185
bromide peroxidase, 202
butanal dehydrogenase, 98
(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase, 5
(S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase, 20
-butyrobetaine dioxygenase, 224
butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 134
caffeate 3,4-dioxygenase, 210
calcidiol 1-monooxygenase, 238
camphor 1,2-monooxygenase, 264
camphor 5-monooxygenase, 264
(S)-canadine synthase, 272
carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (acceptor), 110
carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (cytochrome b-561), 103
carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin), 109
433
carbonyl reductase (NADPH), 41
4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase,
96
3-carboxyethylcatechol 2,3-dioxygenase, 209
N
5
-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase, 157
carboxylate reductase, 111
5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydroge-
nase, 99
(S)-carnitine 3-dehydrogenase, 55
carnitine 3-dehydrogenase, 27
-carotene 15,15
-monooxygenase, 279
carotene 7,8-desaturase, 277
carveol dehydrogenase, 54
carvone reductase, 140
catalase, 199
catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, 206
catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, 206
catechol oxidase, 195
catechol oxidase (dimerizing), 72
CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase, 283
cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor), 83
(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase, 271
chlorate reductase, 297
chlordecone reductase, 50
chloridazon-catechol dioxygenase, 213
chloride peroxidase, 200
chlorite O
2
-lyase, 216
7-chloro-L-tryptophan oxidase, 149
2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase, 233
4-chlorophenylacetate 3,4-dioxygenase, 232
chlorophyll(ide) b reductase, 65
chlorophyllide-a oxygenase, 220
cholest-5-ene-3,7-diol 3-dehydrogenase, 41
5-cholestane-3,7-diol 12-hydroxylase, 257
cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase, 37
cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase, 239
cholestenone 5-reductase, 116
cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, 257
cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, 279
cholesterol 7-monooxygenase, 239
cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving), 265
cholesterol oxidase, 71
choline dehydrogenase, 80
choline monooxygenase, 265
choline oxidase, 73
trans-cinnamate 2-monooxygenase, 239
trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, 238
cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, 96
cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, 44
clavaminate synthase, 228
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase, 268
CoA-disulde reductase, 185
CoA-glutathione reductase, 184
CoBCoM heterodisulde reductase, 192
cob(II)alamin reductase, 281
cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide reductase, 283
codeine 3-O-demethylase, 231
codeinone reductase (NADPH), 54
coenzyme F
420
hydrogenase, 204
columbamine oxidase, 294
coniferyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, 43
coniferyl-aldehyde dehydrogenase, 100
coproporphyrinogen dehydrogenase, 139
coproporphyrinogen oxidase, 130
corticosterone 18-monooxygenase, 265
cortisone -reductase, 113
2-coumarate reductase, 114
4-cresol dehydrogenase (hydroxylating), 288
cucurbitacin
23
-reductase, 113
cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating), 282
cyclic alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone), 79
cyclohexane-1,2-diol dehydrogenase, 39
cyclohexanol dehydrogenase, 54
cyclohexanone dehydrogenase, 137
cyclohexanone monooxygenase, 240
cyclohexylamine oxidase, 147
cyclopentanol dehydrogenase, 37
cyclopentanone monooxygenase, 239
-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase, 296
cysteamine dioxygenase, 210
cysteine dioxygenase, 210
cystine reductase, 183
cytochrome-b
5
reductase, 168
cytochrome-c oxidase, 194
cytochrome-c peroxidase, 199
cytochrome-c
3
hydrogenase, 203
cytokinin dehydrogenase, 166
deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase, 229
deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase, 271
deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase, 228
3
-deamino-3
-oxonicotianamine reductase, 63
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase, 30
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase, 30
3-dehydro-L-gulonate 2-dehydrogenase, 31
3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoAsemialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
),
102
7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, 116
dehydrogluconate dehydrogenase, 81
2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase, 39
(R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase, 94
2-dehydropantolactone reductase (A-specic), 38
2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specic), 48
1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH), 157
3-dehydrosphinganine reductase, 25
2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase, 30
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, 58
deoxyhypusine monooxygenase, 277
7-deoxyloganin 7-hydroxylase, 252
2
-deoxymugineic-acid 2
-dioxygenase, 229
deoxysarpagine hydroxylase, 256
diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming], 67
434
diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming], 67
diamine oxidase, 149
2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5
-phosphate
reductase, 67
2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase, 142
diaminopimelate dehydrogenase, 143
dibenzothiophene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, 123
dichloroarcyriaavin A synthase, 221
2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA reductase, 124
2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase, 240
2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase, 60
2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH), 118
diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxosuccinate reductase, 51
diferric-transferrin reductase, 281
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, 117
dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase, 161
15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 133
dihydrobunolol dehydrogenase, 37
dihydrocarveol dehydrogenase, 65
dihydrochelirubine 12-monooxygenase, 248
dihydrodipicolinate reductase, 117
cis-dihydroethylcatechol dehydrogenase, 124
dihydrofolate reductase, 152
dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase, 49
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, 183
dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, 132
dihydroorotate oxidase, 129
6,7-dihydropteridine reductase, 159
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 112
dihydrosanguinarine 10-monooxygenase, 248
dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 112
dihydrouracil oxidase, 130
1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase, 126
2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase, 123
5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroquinoline de-
hydrogenase, 124
1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate dehy-
drogenase, 125
3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-
dioxygenase, 211
2,4
-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase, 214

2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase, 212
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase, 209
1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase,
117
2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase, 211
7,8-dihydroxykynurenate 8,8a-dioxygenase, 208
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase, 218
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase, 209
3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidative deaminase, 221
3,9-dihydroxypterocarpan 6a-monooxygenase, 242
2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase, 238
2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase, 208
diiodophenylpyruvate reductase, 24
8-dimethylallylnaringenin 2
-hydroxylase, 259
dimethylamine dehydrogenase, 164
4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene reductase, 177
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole synthase, 280
dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, 164
dimethylglycine oxidase, 161
dimethylmalate dehydrogenase, 22
2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase, 92
divinyl chlorophyllide a 8-vinyl-reductase, 126
dopamine -monooxygenase, 267
dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase, 58
dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase, 31
dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose 4-dehydrogenase, 32
dTDP-galactose 6-dehydrogenase, 42
ecdysone 20-monooxygenase, 276
ecdysone oxidase, 73
electron-transferring-avoprotein dehydrogenase, 163
2-enoate reductase, 118
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH), 114
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, A-specic), 119
enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specic), 114
enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulde), 188
ephedrine dehydrogenase, 155
erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase, 101
erythrulose reductase, 37
estradiol 17-dehydrogenase, 34
estradiol 17-dehydrogenase, 18
estradiol 6-monooxygenase, 274
ethanolamine oxidase, 146
ethylbenzene hydroxylase, 288
factor-independent urate hydroxylase, 179
FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase, 262
farnesol dehydrogenase, 48
12
-fatty acid dehydrogenase, 278
11
-fatty-acid desaturase, 270
12
8
fatty-acid peroxidase, 198
ferredoxin hydrogenase, 203
ferredoxinNAD
+
reductase, 290
ferredoxinNADP
+
reductase, 289
ferredoxinnitrate reductase, 180
ferredoxinnitrite reductase, 180
ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase, 192
ferric-chelate reductase, 282
ferroxidase, 282
avanone 3-dioxygenase, 226
avanone 4-reductase, 52
avin reductase, 158
avin-containing monooxygenase, 237
avone synthase, 228
avonoid 3
,5
-hydroxylase, 255
avonoid 3
-monooxygenase, 240
avonol synthase, 228
uoren-9-ol dehydrogenase, 56
uoroacetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 100
435
FMN reductase, 158
formaldehyde dehydrogenase, 96
formaldehyde dismutase, 111
formate dehydrogenase, 88
formate dehydrogenase (acceptor), 86
formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 103
formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome-c-553), 103
formate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 96
formate dehydrogenase-N, 79
[formate-C-acetyltransferase]-activating enzyme, 297
4-formylbenzenesulfonate dehydrogenase, 99
2-formylbenzoate dehydrogenase, 103
formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase, 111
formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 153
fructose 5-dehydrogenase, 82
fructose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 29
fructuronate reductase, 17
fumarate reductase (NADH), 113
2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 136
galactitol 2-dehydrogenase, 8
galactitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase, 55
L-galactonolactone dehydrogenase, 129
L-galactonolactone oxidase, 131
galactose 1-dehydrogenase, 15
galactose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 29
galactose oxidase, 71
GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose reductase, 61
GDP-4-dehydro-D-rhamnose reductase, 42
GDP-6-deoxy-D-talose 4-dehydrogenase, 32
GDP-L-fucose synthase, 59
GDP-mannose 6-dehydrogenase, 31
geissoschizine dehydrogenase, 119
gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, 207
geraniol dehydrogenase, 41
geranylgeraniol 18-hydroxylase, 261
geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase, 128
gibberellin 2-dioxygenase, 226
gibberellin 3-dioxygenase, 227
gibberellin-44 dioxygenase, 226
gluconate 2-dehydrogenase, 48
gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (acceptor), 80
gluconate 5-dehydrogenase, 19
glucose 1-dehydrogenase, 15
glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 28
glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 28
glucose dehydrogenase (acceptor), 82
glucose oxidase, 70
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 15
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (coenzyme-F
420
), 87
glucose-fructose oxidoreductase, 85
glucoside 3-dehydrogenase, 82
glucuronate reductase, 8
glucuronolactone reductase, 8
glutamate dehydrogenase, 140
glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 141
glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 140
D-glutamate oxidase, 146
L-glutamate oxidase, 146
glutamate synthase (ferredoxin), 150
glutamate synthase (NADH), 142
glutamate synthase (NADPH), 142
glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 95
D-glutamate(D-aspartate) oxidase, 147
glutamyl-tRNA reductase, 100
glutarate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 91
glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 135
glutathione amide reductase, 186
glutathione amide-dependent peroxidase, 202
glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate), 191
glutathione oxidase, 187
glutathione peroxidase, 200
glutathioneCoA-glutathione transhydrogenase, 188
glutathionecystine transhydrogenase, 188
glutathionehomocystine transhydrogenase, 187
glutathione-disulde reductase, 184
glyceollin synthase, 254
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin), 109
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 89
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)
+
) (phos-
phorylating), 99
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
) (phos-
phorylating), 90
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating),
90
glycerate dehydrogenase, 10
glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 36
glycerol dehydrogenase, 6
glycerol dehydrogenase (acceptor), 84
glycerol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 19
sn-glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase, 57
glycerol-3-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 40
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 78
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 6
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 24
glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, 74
glycine dehydrogenase, 142
glycine dehydrogenase (cyanide-forming), 151
glycine dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 144
glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), 150
glycine oxidase, 148
glycine reductase, 295
L-glycol dehydrogenase, 41
glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase, 92
glycolate dehydrogenase, 83
glyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating), 91
glyoxylate oxidase, 104
glyoxylate reductase, 10
glyoxylate reductase (NADP
+
), 21
GMP reductase, 176
-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, 98
L-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase, 14
436
L-gulonolactone oxidase, 71
heme oxygenase, 273
hexadecanal dehydrogenase (acylating), 95
hexadecanol dehydrogenase, 37
2-hexadecenal reductase, 117
hexose oxidase, 70
histidinol dehydrogenase, 9
[histone-H3]-lysine-36 demethylase, 229
homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, 207
homoisocitrate dehydrogenase, 22
homoserine dehydrogenase, 5
hydrazine oxidoreductase, 182
hydrogen dehydrogenase, 202
hydrogen dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 203
hydrogen:quinone oxidoreductase, 203
hydrogenase (acceptor), 205
hydrogensulte reductase, 193
3-hydroxy-
5
-steroid dehydrogenase, 34
2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone reductase, 172
N-hydroxy-2-acetamidouorene reductase, 177
3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 40
3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridinecarboxylate dioxygenase, 232
3-hydroxy-2-methylquinolin-4-one 2,4-dioxygenase, 216
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase, 214
4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, 283
2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase, 17
3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline 2,4-dioxygenase, 215
3-hydroxy-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 61
3-hydroxy-5-androstane-17-one 3-dehydrogenase, 35
3-hydroxy-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 61
2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase, 120
4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase, 254
hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, 84
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 12
3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase, 207
3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase, 196
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, 100
4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase, 250
3-hydroxybenzoate 2-monooxygenase, 276
4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase [NAD(P)H], 243
4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase, 138
3-hydroxybenzyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, 24
2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase, 245
3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 11
4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 17
3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 36
3-hydroxycholanate dehydrogenase, 16
7-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12-hydroxylase, 257
24-hydroxycholesterol 7-hydroxylase, 258
25-hydroxycholesterol 7-hydroxylase, 258
27-hydroxycholesterol 7-monooxygenase, 249
4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase, 50
hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate dehydrogenase, 38
2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase, 250
3-hydroxycyclohexanone dehydrogenase, 85
2
-hydroxydaidzein reductase, 122

-hydroxydecanoate dehydrogenase, 18
2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, 80
3-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase, 51
6-hydroxyhexanoate dehydrogenase, 56
6-hydroxyhyoscyamine epoxidase, 226
15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase, 52
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, 11
2-hydroxyisoavanone synthase, 254
2
-hydroxyisoavone reductase, 121

hydroxylamine oxidase, 180
hydroxylamine reductase, 181
hydroxylamine reductase (NADH), 177
hydroxymalonate dehydrogenase, 38
4-hydroxymandelate oxidase, 73
4-hydroxymandelate synthase, 215
4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonate dehydrogenase, 56
2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase, 64
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, 22
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH), 11
S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase, 62
S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol dehydrogenase, 68
4-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 99
6-hydroxynicotinate 3-monooxygenase, 262
6-hydroxynicotinate dehydrogenase, 286
6-hydroxynicotinate reductase, 133
4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 98
4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase, 250
4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-monooxygenase, 239
4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase, 236
3-hydroxyphenylacetate 6-hydroxylase, 249
hydroxyphenylacetonitrile 2-monooxygenase, 245
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, 211
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase, 106
hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase, 53
hydroxyphytanate oxidase, 74
3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 56
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase, 17
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 66
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 33
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 44
15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 44
15-hydroxyprostaglandin-I dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 51
2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase, 277
hydroxypyruvate reductase, 21
hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase, 213
4-hydroxyquinoline 3-monooxygenase, 249
2-hydroxyquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase, 234
2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase, 249
11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 34
437
3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (A-specic), 48
3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B-specic), 15
21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 35
3(17)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 53
21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 35
7-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 45
4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase, 57
hyoscyamine (6S)-dioxygenase, 226
hyponitrite reductase, 176
hypotaurine dehydrogenase, 182
hypoxia-inducible factor-asparagine dioxygenase, 230
hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase, 230
D-iditol 2-dehydrogenase, 7
L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase, 7
L-idonate 2-dehydrogenase, 30
L-idonate 5-dehydrogenase, 58
3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate dehydrogenase, 27
imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase, 237
IMP dehydrogenase, 46
indanol dehydrogenase, 27
indole 2,3-dioxygenase, 209
indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, 105
indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADH), 43
indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADPH), 43
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, 217
indolelactate dehydrogenase, 27
indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 110
inositol 2-dehydrogenase, 8
inositol oxygenase, 222
iodide peroxidase, 199
iodotyrosine deiodinase, 296
ironcytochrome-c reductase, 194
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 13
isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 13
isocitratehomoisocitrate dehydrogenase, 63
isoavone 2
-hydroxylase, 255
isoavone 3
-hydroxylase, 247
isopenicillin-N synthase, 293
isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, 50
isopropanol dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 21
3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, 22
isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase, 137
isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 136
epi-isozizaene 5-monooxygenase, 260
juglone 3-monooxygenase, 277
ent-kaurene oxidase, 252
ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, 253
3-keto-steroid reductase, 59
ketol-acid reductoisomerase, 22
ketosteroid monooxygenase, 247
kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, 115
kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, 237
kynurenine 7,8-hydroxylase, 273
laccase, 196
lactaldehyde dehydrogenase, 92
lactaldehyde reductase, 20
lactaldehyde reductase (NADPH), 16
lactate 2-monooxygenase, 219
D-lactate dehydrogenase, 10
L-lactate dehydrogenase, 10
D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 69
L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 68
D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553), 69
lactatemalate transhydrogenase, 81
lathosterol oxidase, 272
leghemoglobin reductase, 169
leucine dehydrogenase, 141
leucoanthocyanidin reductase, 284
leucocyanidin oxygenase, 228
leukotriene-B
4
20-monooxygenase, 242
leukotriene-E
4
20-monooxygenase, 243
licodione synthase, 255
lignin peroxidase, 201
lignostilbene -dioxygenase, 214
limonene 1,2-monooxygenase, 260
(S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase, 246
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase, 253
limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase, 66
linalool 8-monooxygenase, 277
linoleate 11-lipoxygenase, 215
linoleate diol synthase, 215
linoleoyl-CoA desaturase, 269
lipoxygenase, 208
lithocholate 6-hydroxylase, 256
long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 47
long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 137
long-chain-alcohol dehydrogenase, 43
long-chain-alcohol oxidase, 74
long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase, 97
long-chain-fatty-acyl-CoA reductase, 97
Cypridina-luciferin 2-monooxygenase, 219
Oplophorus-luciferin 2-monooxygenase, 220
Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase, 219
Watasenia-luciferin 2-monooxygenase, 219
Photinus-luciferin 4-monooxygenase (ATP-hydrolysing), 219
Latia-luciferin monooxygenase (demethylating), 276
lysine 2-monooxygenase, 218
lysine 6-dehydrogenase, 143
L-lysine 6-monooxygenase (NADPH), 249
L-lysine 6-oxidase, 148
lysine dehydrogenase, 143
L-lysine oxidase, 147
D-lysopine dehydrogenase, 155
magnesium-protoporphyrin IXmonomethyl ester (oxidative) cy-
clase, 253
438
malate dehydrogenase, 12
D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), 21
malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), 13
malate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 21
malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 66
malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), 12
malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP
+
),
13
malate dehydrogenase (quinone), 78
malate oxidase, 70
maleylacetate reductase, 118
malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 90
malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating), 91
malonyl CoA reductase (malonate semialdehyde-forming), 102
mandelate 4-monooxygenase, 267
(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase, 86
manganese peroxidase, 200
mannitol 2-dehydrogenase, 19
mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 32
mannitol dehydrogenase, 56
mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 68
D-mannitol oxidase, 76
mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase, 8
mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase, 50
mannuronate reductase, 31
melilotate 3-monooxygenase, 236
mercury(II) reductase, 281
methane monooxygenase, 241
methanesulfonate monooxygenase, 261
methanethiol oxidase, 187
methanol dehydrogenase, 54
methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c), 69
5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase, 204
L-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase, 191
L-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase, 190
[methionine synthase] reductase, 282
4-methoxybenzoate monooxygenase (O-demethylating), 275
4
-methoxyisoavone 2
-hydroxylase, 247
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-
transferring), 107
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin), 109
N-methyl-L-amino-acid oxidase, 160
2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase, 122
N
6
-methyl-lysine oxidase, 160
2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 136
N-methylalanine dehydrogenase, 143
methylarsonate reductase, 292
3-methylbutanal reductase, 58
N-methylcoclaurine 3
-monooxygenase, 251
3-methyleneoxindole reductase, 115
methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 154
methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 152
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (ferredoxin), 163
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H], 156
methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase, 166
5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase, 166
methylglutamate dehydrogenase, 165
methylglyoxal reductase (NADH-dependent), 20
methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent), 62
methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating), 93
methylsterol monooxygenase, 251
methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-monooxygenase, 244
mevaldate reductase, 11
mevaldate reductase (NADPH), 11
momilactone-A synthase, 65
monoamine oxidase, 145
monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase, 259
monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH), 171
monophenol monooxygenase, 268
monoprenyl isoavone epoxidase, 278
morphine 6-dehydrogenase, 49
mugineic-acid 3-dioxygenase, 229
mycoredoxin, 292
mycothione reductase, 185
myristoyl-CoA 11-(E) desaturase, 278
myristoyl-CoA 11-(Z) desaturase, 278
NADH dehydrogenase, 174
NADH dehydrogenase (quinone), 174
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), 170
NADH peroxidase, 198
NAD(P)
+
transhydrogenase (AB-specic), 167
NAD(P)
+
transhydrogenase (B-specic), 167
NADP-retinol dehydrogenase, 66
NADPH dehydrogenase, 173
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), 170
NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone), 174
NAD(P)H oxidase, 169
NADPH peroxidase, 198
NADPHcytochrome-c
2
reductase, 169
NADPHhemoprotein reductase, 168
NADPH:quinone reductase, 171
naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase, 233
nicotinate dehydrogenase, 284
nicotinate dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 285
nicotine dehydrogenase, 165
nitrate reductase, 181
nitrate reductase (cytochrome), 194
nitrate reductase (NADH), 175
nitrate reductase (NADPH), 175
nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H], 175
nitrate reductase (quinone), 180
nitric oxide dioxygenase, 234
nitric-oxide reductase, 182
nitric-oxide synthase, 244
nitrite reductase (cytochrome; ammonia-forming), 178
nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H], 176
nitrite reductase (NO-forming), 178
-nitroacrylate reductase, 115
nitroalkane oxidase, 179
nitrogenase, 291
nitrogenase (avodoxin), 291
439
nitronate monooxygenase, 221
2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase, 242
4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase, 242
nitroquinoline-N-oxide reductase, 177
nitrous-oxide reductase, 181
non-specic polyamine oxidase, 162
D-nopaline dehydrogenase, 155
nucleoside oxidase, 75
nucleoside oxidase (H
2
O
2
-forming), 76
octanol dehydrogenase, 19
D-octopine dehydrogenase, 154
opine dehydrogenase, 157
orcinol 2-monooxygenase, 237
orotate reductase (NADH), 115
orotate reductase (NADPH), 115
oxalate oxidase, 104
oxaloglycolate reductase (decarboxylating), 23
3-oxo-5-steroid 4-dehydrogenase, 135
3-oxo-5-steroid 4-dehydrogenase, 135
2-oxo-acid reductase, 86
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase, 25
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH), 47
2-oxoadipate reductase, 39
2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD
+
), 92
2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 97
2-oxobutyrate synthase, 108
6-oxocineole dehydrogenase, 247
8-oxocoformycin reductase, 52
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 97
oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring), 107
2-oxoglutarate synthase, 108
6-oxohexanoate dehydrogenase, 99
2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating), 92
12-oxophytodienoate reductase, 120
4-oxoproline reductase, 26
2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating), 183
15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase, 121
3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase, 135
pantoate 4-dehydrogenase, 26
(R)-pantolactone dehydrogenase (avin), 85
pentachlorophenol monooxygenase, 246
peptide-aspartate -dioxygenase, 227
peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase, 190
peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase, 189
peptide-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, 211
peptidylglycine monooxygenase, 268
perillyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, 33
peroxidase, 199
peroxiredoxin, 201
Methanosarcina-phenazine hydrogenase, 204
phenol 2-monooxygenase, 237
phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 95
phenylacetone monooxygenase, 256
phenylacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 287
phenylalanine 2-monooxygenase, 220
phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase, 266
phenylalanine dehydrogenase, 144
phenylglyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating), 98
3-phenylpropanoate dioxygenase, 235
pheophorbide a oxygenase, 235
phloroglucinol reductase, 123
phosphatidylcholine 12-monooxygenase, 241
phosphatidylcholine desaturase, 119
phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin), 189
4-phosphoerythronate dehydrogenase, 64
phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase, 14
phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), 14
phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, 24
phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, 200
phosphonate dehydrogenase, 292
phthalate 4,5-cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, 124
phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase, 232
phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 133
phycoerythrobilin synthase, 134
phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 133
phylloquinone monooxygenase (2,3-epoxidizing), 276
phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, 227
phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 133
pimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 124
D-pinitol dehydrogenase, 33
L-pipecolate dehydrogenase, 165
L-pipecolate oxidase, 160
1
-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase, 156
plasmanylethanolamine desaturase, 275
plastoquinolplastocyanin reductase, 197
polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming), 162
polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 69
polyvinyl-alcohol oxidase, 75
precorrin-2 dehydrogenase, 126
precorrin-3B synthase, 254
precorrin-6A reductase, 123
prenylcysteine oxidase, 187
prephenate dehydrogenase, 114
prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 114
preQ
1
synthase, 178
primary-amine oxidase, 148
procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase, 224
procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase, 225
procollagen-proline dioxygenase, 224
progesterone 11-monooxygenase, 275
progesterone 5-reductase, 118
progesterone monooxygenase, 273
proline 3-hydroxylase, 230
D-proline dehydrogenase, 167
proline dehydrogenase, 166
D-proline reductase (dithiol), 295
1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase, 45
propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6
prostaglandin-E
2
9-reductase, 42
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase, 273
440
prostaglandin-F synthase, 42
protein-disulde reductase, 184
protein-disulde reductase (glutathione), 188
protein-lysine 6-oxidase, 147
protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, 207
protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase, 208
protochlorophyllide reductase, 118
protopine 6-monooxygenase, 248
protoporphyrinogen IX dehydrogenase (menaquinone), 132
protoporphyrinogen oxidase, 130
psoralen synthase, 258
pteridine oxidase, 285
pteridine reductase, 159
pterocarpin synthase, 54
putrescine oxidase, 146
pyranose dehydrogenase (acceptor), 85
pyranose oxidase, 71
pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase, 26
pyridoxal 5
-phosphate synthase, 145

pyridoxal oxidase, 105
5-pyridoxate dioxygenase, 232
pyridoxine 4-dehydrogenase, 18
pyridoxine 4-oxidase, 72
pyridoxine 5-dehydrogenase, 81
pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 1
-dioxygenase, 226
pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside 2
-dioxygenase, 224
pyrimidodiazepine synthase, 163
pyrogallol 1,2-oxygenase, 213
pyrogallol hydroxytransferase, 297
pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase, 152
1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, 154
pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, 152
pyrroloquinoline-quinone synthase, 131
pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring), 106
pyruvate dehydrogenase (cytochrome), 103
pyruvate dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 97
pyruvate dehydrogenase (quinone), 108
pyruvate oxidase, 104
pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating), 105
pyruvate synthase, 108
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin 2
-reductase, 49
quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase, 211
questin monooxygenase, 245
quinaldate 4-oxidoreductase, 138
quinate dehydrogenase, 9
quinate dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone), 84
quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase, 62
quinine 3-monooxygenase, 250
quinoline 2-oxidoreductase, 138
quinoline-4-carboxylate 2-oxidoreductase, 138
quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase, 77
red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, 128
reticuline oxidase, 294
retinal dehydrogenase, 94
retinal oxidase, 105
retinol dehydrogenase, 26
L-rhamnose 1-dehydrogenase, 39
ribitol 2-dehydrogenase, 17
ribitol-5-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase, 32
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, 286
ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase, 286
ribose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 28
ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone), 197
rifamycin-B oxidase, 197
rubredoxinNAD
+
reductase, 289
rubredoxinNAD(P)
+
reductase, 290
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD
+
, L-glutamate-forming), 153
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD
+
, L-lysine-forming), 153
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
, L-glutamate-forming),
154
saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
, L-lysine-forming), 153
salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase, 100
salicylate 1-monooxygenase, 236
salutaridine reductase (NADPH), 55
salutaridine synthase, 272
-santonin 1,2-reductase, 121
sarcosine dehydrogenase, 164
sarcosine oxidase, 159
sarcosine reductase, 295
secologanin synthase, 131
secondary-alcohol oxidase, 73
selenate reductase, 298
senecionine N-oxygenase, 258
sepiapterin reductase, 35
sequoyitol dehydrogenase, 33
serine 2-dehydrogenase, 141
serine 3-dehydrogenase, 60
shikimate dehydrogenase, 9
soluble quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase, 87
D-sorbitol dehydrogenase (acceptor), 84
sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase, 33
L-sorbose 1-dehydrogenase, 86
sorbose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 29
sorbose dehydrogenase, 82
L-sorbose oxidase, 72
sorbose reductase, 64
spermidine dehydrogenase, 165
spermine oxidase, 162
squalene monooxygenase, 274
stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase, 269
steroid 11-monooxygenase, 264
sterol 14-demethylase, 251
14
-sterol reductase, 125
24(24
1
)
24
441
sterol-4-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), 39
stizolobate synthase, 212
stizolobinate synthase, 212
strombine dehydrogenase, 156
(S)-stylopine synthase, 271
succinate dehydrogenase, 134
succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), 132
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 92
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating), 102
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)
+
], 90
succinylglutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 101
sulcatone reductase, 57
sulredoxin, 192
sulte dehydrogenase, 186
sulte oxidase, 186
sulte reductase, 193
sulte reductase (ferredoxin), 191
sulte reductase (NADPH), 182
sulfoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 101
4-sulfobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase, 232
sulfur dioxygenase, 210
sulfur oxygenase/reductase, 217
sulfur reductase, 297
sulochrin oxidase [(+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming], 294
sulochrin oxidase [(-)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming], 294
superoxide dismutase, 280
superoxide reductase, 280
tabersonine 16-hydroxylase, 252
tagaturonate reductase, 17
meso-tartrate dehydrogenase, 113
tartrate dehydrogenase, 23
taurine dehydrogenase, 151
taurine dioxygenase, 227
taurochenodeoxycholate 6-hydroxylase, 257
tauropine dehydrogenase, 156
taxadiene 5-hydroxylase, 279
taxane 10-hydroxylase, 252
taxane 13-hydroxylase, 252
taxifolin 8-monooxygenase, 240
terephthalate 1,2-dioxygenase, 234
testosterone 17-dehydrogenase, 18
testosterone 17-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 18
tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase, 298
tetrahydroberberine oxidase, 131
tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase, 55
thebaine 6-O-demethylase, 231
thiamine oxidase, 74
thiol oxidase, 187
thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase, 157
thiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA monooxygenase, 278
thioredoxin-disulde reductase, 184
thiosulfate dehydrogenase, 186
thiosulfate dehydrogenase (quinone), 191
L-threonate 3-dehydrogenase, 30
L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase, 26
thymine dioxygenase, 225
thyroxine 5
-deiodinase, 298
thyroxine 5-deiodinase, 299
toluene dioxygenase, 233
3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholestanoyl-CoA24-hydroxylase, 288
3,7,12-trihydroxycholestan-26-al 26-oxidoreductase, 95
trimethylamine dehydrogenase, 164
trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase, 172
trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase (cytochrome c), 179
4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, 96
trimethyllysine dioxygenase, 225
tropinone reductase I, 46
tropinone reductase II, 52
trypanothione-disulde reductase, 185
tryptophan ,-oxidase, 131
tryptophan 2
-dioxygenase, 222
tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, 208
tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, 218
tryptophan 5-monooxygenase, 266
tryptophan 7-halogenase, 263
tryptophan dehydrogenase, 143
tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, 266
tyrosine N-monooxygenase, 244
ubiquinolcytochrome-c reductase, 195
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 6-dehydrogenase, 32
UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase, 36
UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase, 9
UDP-glucuronic acid dehydrogenase (UDP-4-keto-hexauronic
acid decarboxylating), 68
unspecic monooxygenase, 262
uracil/thymine dehydrogenase, 288
ureidoglycolate dehydrogenase, 36
uronate dehydrogenase, 45
(S)-usnate reductase, 45
valine dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 141
vanillate monooxygenase, 254
vanillin dehydrogenase, 100
vanillyl-alcohol oxidase, 76
vellosimine dehydrogenase, 60
versatile peroxidase, 201
vinorine hydroxylase, 252
violaxanthin de-epoxidase, 197
vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive), 77
vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive), 77
vomifoliol dehydrogenase, 49
vomilenine reductase, 159
xanthine dehydrogenase, 284
xanthine oxidase, 285
xanthommatin reductase, 120
xanthoxin dehydrogenase, 63
D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase, 40
L-xylose 1-dehydrogenase, 27
D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP
+
), 40
D-xylulose reductase, 6
442
L-xylulose reductase, 6
zeatin reductase, 125
zeaxanthin epoxidase, 255
443

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The Enzyme List

-phosphate dehydrogenase; inosinic acid dehydrogenase; inosinate dehydrogenase; inosine

-monophosphate dehydrogenase; inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; IMP oxidoreductase; ino-

-oxo) reductase; 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (2

-reductase; pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin reductase

-phosphate is synthesized de novo by a pathway that in-

-phosphate synthase) and EC 1.4.3.5 (with

-deoxymugineic acid + NAD(P)

-hydroxylase]. Abscisic acid is a sesquiterpenoid plant hormone that is involved in the

-phosphate synthase) and EC 1.4.3.5 (pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase).

-phosphate reductase; MjaRED; MJ0671 (gene

-deoxynucleosides) are substrates, but ribose

-dehydro nucleoside being released from

-dehydrogenase; pyridoxine:(acceptor) 5-oxidoreductase

-phosphate coenzyme biosynthesis pathway in Escherichia

-phosphate synthase) and EC 1.4.3.5 (pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase).

-hydroxylase]. While abscisic aldehyde is the

-hydroxyisoavone oxidoreductase; isoavone reductase; 2

-hydroxyisoavone is reduced to an isoavanone; 2

-hydroxydaidzein oxidoreductase; HDR; 2

-hydroxydaidzein) is reduced to an isoavanone.

-hydroxyformononetin and to a small extent on 2

-hydroxygenistein. Involved in the

-oxidase; L-tryptophan ,-dehydrogenase

replaces the electron initially used.

-phosphate oxidase; pyridoxamine phosphate oxidase; pyridoxine (pyridoxam-

-phosphate oxidase; pyridoxaminephosphate

-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

-phosphate synthase) and

-phosphate and the corresponding primary amine.

-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthol oxidoreductase; orange I azoreductase; azo reductase; azoreduc-

-monophosphate reductase; NADPH:GMP oxidoreductase (deaminating); guanosine

-bisphosphate + sulte + thioredoxin disulde = 3

-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + thiore-

-phosphoadenylylsulfate reductase; thioredoxin:3

-adenylylsulfate reductase (also used for EC 1.8.99.2); AMP,sulte:oxidized-glutathione oxidore-

-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin

-phosphosulfate reductase; APS-reductase; APS

= 3 bisulte + reduced acceptor

-SH) (e.g. thioredoxin, AhpF, tryparedoxin or AhpD),

-dioxygenase. Now EC 1.14.99.36, -carotene 15,15

-dihydroxyacetophenone oxidoreductase (C-C-bond-cleaving)

-cis-neoxanthin but not on the all-trans isomers

; 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-thiomethylpent-1-ene dioxygenase (ambiguous); acireductone dioxyge-

-monooxygenase, it is not active

-position. Best substrates were L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan.

-hydroxylase; pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2

-hydroxylase; thymidine 2-oxoglutarate dioxy-

-deoxymugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O

-deoxymugineic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating)

-deoxymugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O

-deoxymugineic acid + succinate

-methylcephem hydroxylase; DACS; DAOC hydroxylase; deace-

Systematic name: 5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (26-hydroxylating)

-hydroxylase; avonoid 3-hydroxylase (erroneous); NADPH:avonoid-3

-dihydroxybiphenyl into 2,2

-monooxygenase (ambiguous); isoavone 2

-methoxy group, such as formononetin

-hydroxylase, is less specic and acts on other isoavones as well as

-dihydroxyavanone is formed via the 3

position to form eriodictyol or at both the 3

positions to form 5,7,3

-pentahydroxyavanone (dihydrotricetin). The enzyme also catalyses the