1 George Washington 1789-1797 No party?

Judiciary Act of 1789- fed. court in each state that operated to local procedures
Hailton !federalist" strong go#" North$- e%cise ta% on &his'ey" national (an'
Whis'ey re(ellion- hurt &estern )ennsyl#ania farers*(re&ers. Attac'ed ta% collectors" (urned to&ns
+are&ell address &arned against foreign entangleents*political parties
, John Adas 1797-18-1 +ederalist
Alien and .edition #s. /irginia and 0entuc'y 1esolutions
234 affair and resulting 5uasi-War6+rance ad a(out (an of trade &ith &est 7ndies" sei8ed Aerican
ships
9 :hoas Jefferson 18-1-18-9 ;eocratic-1epu(lican
Jefferson*<urr deadloc'ed in =lectoral >ollege" House #oted and pic'ed
7ndian :rade and 7ntercourse Acts regulated relations*land sales (et&een Nati#es and colonists
?ar(ury #. ?adison #oided act of >ongress !@udicial re#ie&$
<ritainAs Brders in >ouncil and +ranceAs >ontinental .yste (loc'aded each other" sei8ed ships
C Jaes ?adison 18-9-1817 ;eocratic-1epu(lican
=(argo Act of 18-7- <an #essels for lea#ing Aerica for foreign areas to pressure others to accept
Aerican neutrality. Non-7ntercourse Act (anned trade &ith @ust <ritain*+rance" ?aconAs <ill No. , opened
trade
War of 181,*:reaty of Ghent (et&een <ritain*AericaD ipressent" #iolations of neutral rights
+ederalist reign ended after Hartford >on#ention
Aerica .yste (y Henry >lay ade Aerica self-sufficient
E Jaes ?onroe 1817-18,E ;eocratic-1epu(lican
=ra of Good +eelings6no &ar" no contro#ersy
?arshall >ourtsD ;artouth #. Wood&ard" ?c>ulloch #. ?aryland
?issouri >oproise- ?aineFfree state" ?issouri isnAt. <an sla#ery in Gouisiana :er. N of 9H 9-A e%cept
?issouri
?onroe ;octrine- stay out of foreign &ars" no ore colonies in Aerica" no =uropean colonies in Ne&
World
H John 5uincy Adas 18,E-18,9 ;eocratic-1epu(lican
I>orrupt (argainJ election- >lay supported Adas" so >lay got .ec. of .tate
+ederal aid for internal ipro#eents
7 Andre& Jac'son 18,9-1897 ;eocrat
1
st
;eocratic party. I1otation in BfficeJ replaced all go#ernent &or'ers &ith supporters !spoils syste$
7ndian 1eo#al Act pushed Nati#e Aericans in the east further &est
)assed I:ariff of A(oinationsJ that fa#ored the North
>alhoun &rote .outh >arolina =%position and )rotest said tariff &as unconstitutional
Nullification crisisD .> nullified tariffs" so Jac'son used IBli#e <ranch and the .&ordJ !Bli#e
<ranchFreduction of tariffs" .&ordF+orce <ill" let president use ars to
collect duties$
/etoed National <an' led to panic of 1897
8 ?artin /an <uren 1897-18C1 ;eocrat
)anic of 1897K /an <uren ade 7ndependent :reasury <ill that let go#ernent 'eep re#enues a&ay fro
(an's
9 Willia Henry Harrison 18C1-18C1 !;ied$ Whig
.een as &ar hero !:ippecanoe$" (ut died #ery early on
1- John :yler 18C1-18CE Whig
/etoed attepts to recreate the (an'" didnAt li'e tariffs" federal internal ipro#eents
We(ster-Ash(urton :reaty- fi% ?aine*>anada (order" reaffired Aerican (orders !Ga'e of the Woods$
)reeption Act- let sLuatters get first di(s to (uy go#ernent lands
11 Jaes 0. )ol' 18CE-18C9 ;eocrat
.trong Jac'sonian" li'ed e%pansion !+ifty-four forty or fight6occupy all of Bregon country" up to EC C-A$
?e%ican-Aerican WarD didnAt pay M, il de(t" Alao" anne%ed :e%as" ade (order 1io Grande*Not
Nueces
We got :e%as" Ne& ?e%ico" >alifornia for M1E il and assuption of ?e%ican citi8ens !Guadalupe Hidalgo$
Wilot )ro#iso- .la#ery should (e (anned in lands gotten fro ?e%ican War !pass through House" not
.enate$
1, 4achary :aylor 18C9-18E- Whig
Gold 1ushK opposed spread of sla#ery !pop. so#.$
;ied in 18E- fro gastroenteritis
19 ?illard +illore 18E--18E9 Whig
>oproise of 18E-D :e%as lose land in Ne& ?e%ico (order dispute" federal assuption of :e%as de(t"
Ne&
?e%ico*Ntah territories ha#e pop. so#." sla#e trade (an in ;>" >alifornia is free state" stricter fugiti#e sla#e
la&
1C +ran'lin )ierce 18E9-18E7 ;eocrat
Was e%pansionistD Gadsgen )urchase fro Ne& ?e%ico for railroad" &anted >u(a !Bstend ?anifesto said
&e
should ilitarily ta'e o#er >u(a A.A)$
0ansas-Ne(ras'a Act- ga#e ne& territories pop. so#. !0ansas &ould (e free" Ne(ras'a sla#e$
<leeding 0ansas- copeting 0ansas go#s. !GecoptonFsla#e" :ope'aFfree$
<ro&nAs )otta&atoie ?assacre 'illed prosla#ery officials in Gecopton
1E Jaes <uchanan 18E7-18H1 ;eocrat
;red .cott #. .anford- (lac's arenAt citi8ens and canAt sueK teporary residence in free state cant a'e
sla#e freeK repealed ?issouri >oproise (y saying >ongress canAt prohi(it sla#ery
Gincoln-;ouglas de(atesD free soil #s. pop. so#. ;ouglasAs +reeport ;octrine said people can e%clude
sla#ery (y
refusing to pass la&s that protected it
John <ro&nAs raid at HarperAs +erry- sei8ed &eapons" tried to incite sla#e uprising
The Impending Crisis of the South said sla#ery hurt a#erage yeoen farers &hile enriching large
planters
1H A(raha Gincoln 18H1-18HE 1epu(lican
Was originally a free soilerK .tates seceded and created >onfederacy6Gincoln sent supplies to +t. .uner"
>onfederates attac'ed. Gincoln called it an insurrection" causing se#eral ore states to secede.
>i#il WarD =nrollent Act forced en to fightK Gegal :ender Act printed illions of green(ac's that &ere
legalK
>onfiscation Acts sei8ed >onfederate property*all sla#es &ho escaped &ere freeK
Gincoln cae up &ith reconstruction plan" poc'et #etoed 1adicalsA plan !Wade-;a#is$" and got assassinated
17 Andre& Johnson 18HE-18H9 ;eocrat * National Nnion
>ongress o#errode #etoes on +reeden <ureau <ill and >i#il 1ights Act
1econstruction put south into E ilitary districts" #oters &ould a'e ne& constitution &ith (lac' suffrage
1C
th
Aendent- people (orn*naturali8ed in Aerica &ere citi8ens !Nullified ;red .cott$
:enure of Bffice said president couldnAt fire &ithout .enate consent. Johnson fired sec*&ar !.tanton$
:ried to ipeach" and ran one #ote shortD he ser#ed the reainder of his ter
18 Gen. Nlysses .. Grant 18H9-1877 1epu(lican
1E
th
Aendent- states canAt deny suffrage to en of any race or pre#ious ser#itude
.outhern 1epu(licansD >arpet(aggers !North &ho cae for po&er$" .cala&ags !poor" .outhern &hites.
?B.:
)BG7:7>AG )B.7:7BN.$" and +reeden !uneducated (lac' sla#es &ho constituted 8*1- repu(lican
#otes$
Was lots of corruption and contro#ersy6IGrantisJD
I<lac' +ridayJ .candal- +is'*Gould tried to corner gold ar'etD Grant stopped go#. gold sales to allo&
>redit ?o(ilier- s'ied go#ernent su(sidies fro railroad (uilding and (ri(ed >ongress
.alary Gra( Act- congress ga#e huge pay raises to president and >ongress
Whis'ey 1ing- defrauded go#ernent fro e%cise ta% on &his'ey
<el'nap (ri(ing- .ec. of War <el'nap got (ri(es fro people in#ol#ed in Nati#e Aerican lands
Geaders When Where? 1esults Bther
1
st
<ull 1un
?c;o&ell #s.
<eauregard
July
18H1
/irginia
.outh
&on
1eplace ?c;o&ell &*
?c>lellan
,
nd
<ull 1un )ope #s. Gee*Jac'son
August
18H,
/irginia
.outh
&on
.outh crossed )otoac"
in#ade ?;
Antieta ?c>lellan #s. Gee
.ept.
18H,
?aryland
North
&on
>aused =ancipation
)roc" ?c>lellan fired for
<urnside
>hancellors#ille
Hoo'er #s.
Gee*Jac'son
?ay
18H9
/irginia
.outh
&on
.. &as outnu(ered" still
&on" Jac'son accidentally
'illed
/ic's(urg Grant #s. )e(erton
?ay
18H9
?ississippi
North
&on
Gettys(urg ?eade #s. Gee
July
18H9
)ennsyl#ania
North
&on
1*9 of GeeAs ary &as
'illed
Appoatto%
>ourt House
Grant*.heridan #s.
Gee
April
18HE
/irginia
North
&on
>aused >onfederate
surrender
19 1utherford <. Hayes 1877-1881 1epu(lican
1econstruction ended &ith >oproise of 1877D ga#e Hayes presidency for end of .outhern ilitary
occupation
1ailroad .tri'e of 1877 &as ended &ith federal troops
<land-Allison Act- int (et&een M,-C il. sil#er coins a onth to e%pand oney in circulation

,- Jaes A. Garfield 1881 !;ied$ 1epu(lican !Half-<reed$
)endleton >i#il .er#ice Act- standards of erit for go#. @o(s. .tal&artsFspoils syste" Half-<reedsFrefor
0illed (y >harles Guiteau
,1 >hester A. Arthur 1881-188E 1epu(lican !.tal&art$
=dunds-:uc'er Act- dissol#ed ?oron church copany" illegali8ed polygay
>hinese =%clusion Act- liited >hinese iigrants !not ended until 19C9O$
,, Gro#er >le#eland 188E-1889 ;eocrat
7nterstate >oerce Act- coission &ould control interstate coerce" fair rail&ay rates" end
discriination
;a&es Act- incorporate Nati#e Aericans into e#eryday society !land" rights" citi8enship$
/etoed (ill that &ould gi#e out ore ilitary pensions
,9 <en@ain Harrison 1889-1899 1epu(lican
?c0inley :ariff- protecti#e tariff to protect anufacturing !all-tie high rates$
.heran Anti-:rust Act- onopolies that controlled &hole industries and restrained trade &ere illegal
.heran .il#er )urchase Act- (uy sil#er each onth at ar'et prices" issue treasury notes redeea(le in
specie
Hoestead .tri'e- at >arnegie .teel a(out salaries

,C Gro#er >le#eland 1899-1897 ;eocrat
1epealed .heran .il#er Act
;epression of 1899-1897D >o%eyAs Ary arched on Washington for go#. @o( creation through pu(lic &or's
)ullan .tri'e &as ended &ith federal troops
Wilson-Goran tariff lo&ered duties and increased incoe ta%D ruled unconstitutional (y court
)lessy #s. +erguson said segregation &as legal if separate (ut eLual facilities &ere supplied
,E Willia ?c0inley 1897-19-1 1epu(lican
Anne%ed Ha&aii after aiding the o#erthro& of 5ueen Giliuo'alani during the Ha&aiian 1e# in 1899
;ingley tariff increased rates to counteract Wilson-Goran tariff
.panish-Aerican WarD 3ello& Journalis !o#er e%aggerating pro(les in >u(a$" N.. ?aine sun' in
Ha#ana"
&as the Isplendid little &arJ" and ended &ith :reaty of )aris !>u(an independence" )hilippines" )uerto
1ico"
Gua" pay .pain M,- il$.
>urrency Act of 19-- put Aerica on gold standard
Bpen ;oor Notes- guarantee eLual opportunity of trade &ith >hina
)latt Aendent- >u(a is a protectorate" couldnAt 1$ a'e treaties that coproise its independence" ,$
Get
e%cessi#e de(t. Had to allo& Aerican influence" and let Aerica ha#e a ilitary (ase at Guantanao
<ay
,H :heodore 1oose#elt 19-1-19-9 1epu(lican
=nded Nnited ?ine Wor'ers stri'e
1oose#elt >orollary to ?onroe ;octrine- inter#ene to Psta(ili8eP the econoic affairs in Gatin Aerica
After :he Jungle" :1 passed )ure +ood*;rug Q?eat 7nspection Act to (an unclean food and create fed
inspections
Was a >onser#ationistD National 1eclaation Act" AntiLuities Act. Jingoist" and a trust-(uster
)anaa >anal- recogni8ed )anaa as independent fro >olu(ia and paid M1- il. for canal 8one
,7 Willia Ho&ard :aft 19-9-1919 1epu(lican
?ann-=l'ins Act strengthened the 7>> and trust-(usting
)roised he &ould lo&er tariffs" (ut passed the )ayne-Aldrich :ariff" &hich ade hi unpopular
;ollar ;iploacy- protect Aerican econoic interests !Nicaragua and Andolfo ;ia8$
.i%teenth Aendent- graduated incoe ta% !a@or )rogressi#ist goal$
?ann Act- canAt transport &oen across state lines for Iioral purposesJ !prostitution$
,8 Woodro& Wilson 1919-19,1 ;eocrat
Nnder&ood-.ions :ariff lo&ered ta%es
+ederal 1eser#e Act- di#ide Aerica into 1, sections" each &ith a +ed. 1eser#e (an'
1acist-sho&ed (irth of a nation in &hite house !Glorified 000$
>layton Antitrust Act- a'ing certain (usiness practices illegal !price discriination" (usted sugar
onopolies$
World War Bne !Gusitania" 4ieran telegraph" u-(oats" Ishape the peaceJ of deocratic nations$
19
th
Aendent- Ga#e &oen the #ote
18
th
Aendent- 7llegali8ed alcohol <=>AN.= <==1 7. G=1?ANOOO ==0O
/ersailles- <A.H=; G=1?AN3 !reperations" disaring" (lae" loses colonies$" lands (ecoe free
!)oland$
1C )oints- .elf-deterination" free na#igation*trade" reduced &eapons" open treaties" Geague of Nations
,9 Warren G. Harding 19,1-19,9 !;ied$ 1epu(lican
+ordney-?c>u(er :ariff- raised protecti#e tariffs !sho&s Aerican isolationis and &ant for self-
sufficiency$
:eapot ;oe .candal- .ec*7nterior ga#e oil reser#es in Wyoing to oil copanies for (ri(e
Washington Na#al Ars >onference- end Japan*Aerica*=ngland ars race
1e#enue Act of 19,1- ta% cuts to the &ealthy to encourage in#estents !?ellonAs Itric'le do&nJ theory$
9- >al#in >oolidge 19,9-19,9 1epu(lican
National Brigins Act- restricted iigration to ,R of aount of Aericans
<onus <ill- proised ilitary pensions to WW1 #eterans- #etoed" (ut passed !Would later cause <onus
?arch$
.acco and /an8etti- 7talian anarchists (laed on ro((ery*urderD (iased trial" con#icted" got death sentence
0ellogg <riand )act- renounce aggression" outla&ed &ar
91 Her(ert Hoo#er 19,9-1999 1epu(lican
Aerican 7ndi#idualis (elie#ed in #olunteering" cooperation" &elfare capitalis
=ncouraged continued eployentsK 1econstruction +inance >orporation- a'e loans to (an's to deter
depression
<onus ?arch- /eterans arched on Washington to get iediate payent of pensions !ary sent to end it$
.oot-Ha&ley :ariff- G1AN;= tariff6raised E-R-7ERO
9, +ran'lin ;. 1oose#elt 1999-19CE ;eocrat
Nsed relief !go#. @o(s$" recovery !of econoy$" and reform !regulation of Wall .treet" (an's and
transportation$
+ireside chats on radio addressed criticiss" infored a#erage citi8ens
Hundred ;aysD
Emergency Banking ?anaged failed (an's" tightened policies" ore go#ernent o#ersight
Unemployment Relief >reated >i#ilian >onser#ation >orps to create pu(lic &or's @o(s
Agricultural Adjustment >reated Agricultural Ad@ustent Adin. to raise incoe (y cutting production
Federal Emergency
Relief
.et aside ME-- il. for state*local relief agencies (y +.=.1.A !led (y Harry Hop'ins$
Tennessee Valley
Authority
>reated :/A to a'e das on :ennessee 1i#er for po&er" flood control" recreation
Federal Securities 7n#estors ust get inforation related to their stoc's" register trading &ith +:>
ome o!ners"
Refinancing
Ga#e M,-- il. to Hoeo&nersA Goan >orp. to refinance ortgages for nonfarers
Farm #redit Allo&ed farers to refinance ortgages and get loans
Banking Act$%&'' +ed. ;eposit 7nsurance6ensured (an' deposits up to ME---
(ational )ndustrial
Recovery
>reated N1A to proote reco#ery !fair copetition$K ga#e oney for pu(lic &or's !led
(y 7c'es$
,1
st
Aendent- =nded 18
th
Aendent (an on alcohol
Huey Gong of Gouisiana ad#ocated ta% increases for the &ealthy to (enefit e#eryoneAs li#es
,
nd
Ne& ;ealD
#ivilian *orks Admin+ 1elief progra that ade pu(lic &or's @o(s
#ivil *orks Emergency Relief :eporary pu(lic &or's progra" replaced (y W)A
Securities E,change Act 1egulated stoc' trading acti#ities
(ational ousing Act 7nsured loans fro pri#ate lenders for upgrading (usinesses*fars
)ndian Reorgani-ation Act Halted sale of tri(al landsK let tri(es regain unsold lands
Emergency Relief
Appropriations
>reated Wor's )rogress Adin. to a'e pu(lic &or's @o(s
(ational .a/or Relations aka
*agner
Guaranteed unionsA collecti#e (argaining" outla&ed anti-union practices
(ational 0outh Admin Jo( training for young people and part tie @o(s for the
Revenue Act$*ealth Ta, Act 1aised ta%es on corporations and the &ealthy
Social Security Act +ederal-state progra of pensions" uneployent insurance" &elfare for
elderly
1u/lic Utilities olding #o+ Act 1estricted gas*electric copanies to one geographic location
Rural Electrification Act Goans to utility copanies to spread po&er to rural areas
Farm Tenancy Act Aided sall*tenant farers
Fair .a/or Standards Act <anned child la(or" set iniu &age
>ourt pac'ing scandal- +;1 &anted to pic' another e(er for e#ery @ustice older than 7-
Good Neigh(or )olicy- renounced any nationAs right to inter#ene in affairs of another
Neutrality Acts- outla&ed ars sales" (anned loans*tra#el on ships of nations at &ar
;estroyers for (ases &ith =nglandK lend-lease progra ga#e supplies to Aerican allies
3alta >onferenceD N..1 &ould declare &ar on Japan after Geran surrender" &ould gi#e free elections
to =astern =urope" founded Nnited Nations
99 Harry .. :ruan 19CE-19E9 ;eocrat
G7 <ill- #eterans got hiring priority" college education" uneployent (enefits
:ruan ;octrine- contain counis" aid any nation fighting counist rule !:ur'ey*Greece$
<retton Woods Agreeent !7nternational ?onetary +und*World <an'$*?arshall )lan !re(uild =urope$ after
&ar
:ried to help Nationalists !Jiang Jieshi and >hiang 0ai .he'Fsae person$ (ut ?ao 4edong !>oie$ too'
o#er
0orean War- ;eocratic .outh !.igund 1hee$ #s. >ounist North !0i 7l .ung$. Geft di#ided at 98
th

parallel
:aft-Hartley Act- (an closed shop" union leaders sign loyalty oaths" president can a'e Icooling-offJ period
+air ;eal- raise iniu &age" increase social security" ipro#e ur(an areas" allo& people to iigrate
after &ar
Alger Hiss*=thyl and Julius 1osen(urg con#icted of aiding N..1 during &ar
1ecogni8ed creation of 7srael !safe ha#en for Je&s after World War :&o$
9C ;&ight ;. =isenho&er 19E9-19H1 1epu(lican
?ost 7portantD High&ay" .ocial .ecurity*>ontinuing Ne& ;eal" ;epts. Health" =ducation" Welfare
7nterstate High&ay Act of 19E7- (iggest pu(lic &or's" ade in case of &ar !landing planes" transporting
easily$
=isenho&er ;octrine- &ould gi#e econoic*ilitary aid and to stop the spread of counis in the ?iddle
=ast
/ietna War- >ounist North !Ho >hi ?inh$ and +ree .outh !Ngo ;inh ;ie$
<ro&n #. <oard and desegregation of Gittle 1oc' .chools
Alas'a*Ha&aii gain statehood
9E John +. 0ennedy 19H1-19H9 !;ied$ ;eocrat
<ay of )igs- Aerica got e%iles to in#ade >u(a to o#erthro& >astro !failed" Aerica reo#ed all air support$
>u(an ?issile >risis- .o#iets (uilt issiles in >u(a. We started a (loc'ade" agreed to reo#e issiles in
:ur'ey
7n /ietna" he authori8ed napal" crop-'illers" increased troops !.outh leader ;ie 'illed in 19H9$
N..1 &ar threats*N. ilitary increase led to <erlin Wall separating >ounist =ast Gerany and +ree
Western
INe& +rontierJ- education funding" ?edicare" end racis. ?any progras didnAt pass until after his death
)rotected .N>>As +reedo 1iders and created the )eace >orps to #olunteer internationally
9H Gyndon <. Johnson 19H9-19H9 ;eocrat
IGreat .ocietyJ &anted to end po#erty*racisD
>i#il 1ights ActD end racis in fed progras" let feds fight school segregation" (an @o( discriination
/oting 1ights ActD 7n#alidated test to deny the #ote
=conoic Bportunity ActD @o( training" /7.:A #olunteers !Aerican peace corp$" pu(lic &or's
?edicare*?edicaidD ?edical insurance for the elderly" disa(led" and poor
=leentary*.econdary =ducation ActD school funding and special education progras
Housing*Nr(an ;e#elopent ActD Nr(an (eautification and housing pro@ects
=scalated /ietna WarK Gulf of :on'in 1esolution ga#e perission to do anything to repel attac's or
aggression
Bperation 1olling :hunder used continuous (o(ing. Ha&'s &anted total #ictory" ;o#es &anted negotiation
97 1ichard ?. Ni%on 19H9-197C 1epu(lican
1epresented Isilent a@orityJ of conser#ati#e ta%payers and good Aerican citi8ens
<elie#ed in realpoliti' !practical" natl. interests$ and Ni%on ;octrine- Aerica &as a helpful partner" not a
protector
?y Gai ?assacre- Aerican trios 'illed ci#ilians" gang-rapedD turned people against the &ar
/ietnai8ation- replace Aericans &ith .outh /ietnaese
)aris Accords- ended a@or Aerican in#ol#eent in /ietna. 1eleased )BWAs
:rip to >hina and recognition of )1> created dStente
.AG: fro8e issile construction for E years
3o 0ippur War- =gypt attac'ed 7srael" Aerica ga#e 7srael &eapons that allo&ed the to &in
Ged to B)=> Bil >risis in 1979- raised prices of oil a lot (ecause Aerica supported 7srael
Wiretapped ;eocratsA headLuarters" got caught. Watergate .candal led to his resignation" lea#ing +ord in
control

98 Gerald 1. +ord 197C-1977 1epu(lican
)ardoned Ni%on so he could a#oid criinal punishent
Wanted to W7N !WH7) 7N+GA:7BN NBWO$
99 Jiy >arter 1977-1981 ;eocrat
:orri@os->arter treaties ga#e )anaa >anal (ac' to )anaa
.AG: ,- (anned ne& issile progras
>ap ;a#id Accords- 7srael Q =gyptD let Ga8a*West <an' self-go#ern and tried to end #iolence
7ran Hostage >risis- ?uslis too' o#er N. =(assy and held people capti#e for CCC days to support
re#olution