SILCOSVS Rev02 Brochure

SILCOVERT S Static Starter 1
SILCOVERT S

STATIC STARTER

GAS TURBINE
HYDRO TURBINE
LARGE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR / GENERATOR

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Table of Contents

1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 FOREWORD....................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 THE ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM.......................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 THE RATING OF THE STARTING EQUIPMENT...................................................................................................... 6
1.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION................................................................................................................................. 6
2 MODES OF OPERATION.................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 NORMAL START................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 BLACK START.................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER.............................................................................................................................. 8
2.4 SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER BRAKING.............................................................................................................. 8
2.5 WASHING........................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.6 PURGING............................................................................................................................................................ 8
2.7 LOW SPEED TURNING UNIT ( OPTIONAL ).......................................................................................................... 9
2.8 LAUNCH OF GENERATION AND PUMPING BINARY HYDRAULIC GROUPS IN PUMPING OPERATION. ........................ 9
2.9 LAUNCH OF LARGE SIZE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ................................................................................................ 9
3. STATIC STARTER CONFIGURATION...................................................................................................... 11
3. 1 CONVERTER HARMONICS......................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 LINE SIDE HARMONICS 6 PULSE LINE SIDE / 6 PULSE LOAD SIDE ............................................................... 12
3.1.2 LINE SIDE HARMONICS 12 PULSE LINE SIDE / 6 PULSE LOAD SIDE ............................................................. 14
3.1.3 GENERATOR SIDE HARMONICS.................................................................................................................... 15
4 SYSTEM MAIN COMPONENTS ...................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 CONVERTER SUPPLY TRANSFORMER .................................................................................................. 16
4.1.1 CONVERTER SUPPLY TRANSFORMER........................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2 CAST-RESIN DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER......................................................................................................... 17
4.1.3 TRANSFORMER TESTS ................................................................................................................................. 17
4.2 POWER CONVERTER................................................................................................................................. 18
4.2.1 THYRISTOR.................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.2.2 THYRISTORS STACK..................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2.3 DC LINK REACTOR...................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.4 AIR FORCED CONVERTER COOLING SYSTEM............................................................................................... 26
4.2.5 DE IONIZED WATER CONVERTER COOLING SYSTEM.................................................................................... 28
4.3 REGULATION AND CONTROL.................................................................................................................. 38
4.4 PROTECTION SYSTEM............................................................................................................................... 40
4.4.1 CONVERTER PROTECTIONS.......................................................................................................................... 40
4.4.2 DC LINK REACTOR PROTECTIONS............................................................................................................... 40
4.4.3 GENERATOR & EXCITATION PROTECTIONS ................................................................................................. 40
4.4.4 AUXILIARY, CONTROL & PLC PROTECTIONS.............................................................................................. 40
4.4.5 REMOTE & LOCAL EMERGENCY STOP......................................................................................................... 40
5 TESTING.............................................................................................................................................................. 41
6 PARTICULAR CONFIGURATION................................................................................................................. 43
6.1 RIGID CONNECTION BETWEEN THE GENERATOR AND THE LINE STEP UP TRANSFORMER ............................... 43
7 CONTAINERIZED SOLUTION......................................................................................................................... 44
8 OPERATOR INTERFACE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING UNIT................................................................. 54
9 TRAINING............................................................................................................................................................ 62


1 Description of the System

1.1 Foreword

Gas Turbines need starting equipment to accelerate from standstill and follow a preset speed-time profile (
Fig. 1.1.1 ) as required by the ignition and start-up procedure.

Once the Gas Turbine can deliver enough torque, further acceleration up to the synchronous speed is
accomplished by the turbine itself and the starting equipment is no more necessary.

STARTING SPEED vs TIME
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time [min]
S
P
E
E
D

[
r
p
m
]
SPEED [rpm]

Fig. 1.1.1

Traditional arrangements employed pony motors, auxiliary turbines, motor generator sets and auxiliary
windings for asynchronous starting. The progress achieved in the field of semiconductor technology
promoted starting methods using static converters, which have the advantage of minimum maintenance, low
weight, easy installation and the possibility of matching the equipment to the particular system conditions (low
speed turning, washing, purging and black starting).

TURBINE UNFIRED
PURGING
TURBINE FIRED
STARTER DETACHED
COASTING DOWN


STARTER & LOAD TORQUE vs SPEED
-40000
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
SPEED [rpm]
T
O
R
Q
U
E

[
N
m
]
SFC TORQUE GT FIRED GT UNFIRED

Fig. 1.1.2

Fig. 1.1.2 shows a typical gas turbine torque speed curve. This curve shows the gas turbine torque as well
the Static Starter torque required to accelerate the turbine from standstill up to the line synchronization. The
rate of acceleration is determined by the difference of torque between the resistant torque (after a certain
speed the resistant torque becomes accelerating torque) of the turbine and the Static Starter torque.

The basic idea of static converter starting is to use the Synchronous Generator as a starting motor supplied
with variable frequency and variable voltage by the static converter.

One advantage of the electric starters is that, when no more necessary, the variable frequency power source
can be disconnected and possibly used to start in sequence other Gas Turbines in order to share investment
costs.

The same equipment can also be used to speed-up the syncronous machine up to the synchronous speed,
when uncoupled from the Gas Turbine is connected to the line and used as a Synchronous condenser.


1.2 The Electric Drive System

The variable-frequency power source is usually a thyristor converter: a static equipment that, fed from the
network, can supply the Synchronous Machine with finely controlled voltage and frequency, so that the
aforesaid speed-time profile can be accurately followed.

When necessary, the same power converter can be used also to brake the generator-turbine set,
regenerating the braking power into the network.

230 kV
SUPPLY
LINE
UvL
fL
Sk"
RECTIFIER K'
Uv0
fL
OUT_BRK
T4
T2
Idc
T3
DC REACTOR
Ldc
T6
FIELD
INVERTER K"
UvM
fM
TIN
Xsc
Dy11 INP_BRK
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
ST
SYNK_BRK
GAS
TURBINE
Pshaft
Tshaft
Jload
EXCITER
ES
T4
T5
SM
T1
T3 T5
T2
T1
GENERATOR
Pm
Um
Fm
T6

Fig. 1.2.1

The converter equipment, known as Load Commutated Inverter (LCI). Has gained wide acceptance also in
pumping storage stations and as industrial drive due to its ability to reach high power and/or high speed levels
because of the robustness of the synchronous motor and the line commutated converter.

The simplified schematic diagram of the drive system is shown on Fig. 1.2.1 . It shows the overall system
including the Gas Turbine (GT), the Synchronous Generator (MS), the Starter Equipment, the Converter
supply transformer (ST) and the Field Exciter (SE).

At start-up the Generator is disconnected from the medium voltage Main Bus and is supllied by the Starter
Equipment that takes power from the m.v. Auxiliary Bus through the converter transformer (ST).

The Field Exciter regulates the Generator flux as required by the voltage rating limits of the power converter,
as recalled in the next paragraph.

When producing power the generator is connected to the main Bus and the Starter C.B. is open. The Field
Exciter regulates the generator flux to comply with the active and reactive power requirements of the power
station.

More details of the Starter Equipment include :

a ) current and voltage transformer that are used to measure the converter input and output current and
voltage values as well as the value of the generator field current.

b) the Control equipment that is the Digital Control Module ( with the Converter Interface and the PLC
interface ).

c) the PLC that implements the drive logic and connects field signals.


1.3 The Rating of the Starting Equipment

The power rating of the Starter Equipment is much lower ( few percent ) than the generator rated power : as
much as necessary to overcome the rotational losses and the inertia of the Gas Turbine Generator unit.

Therefore both the current and voltage rating of the semiconductor converter inside the Starting Equipment
can be lower than those of the Synchronous Generator because during start up the generator is operated at
reduced current and voltage. In practise the usual converter power range for Gas-Turbine Starting Equipment
extends from approximately 1 MW to 12 MW with converter voltages ranging from 1.5kV to 5kV.

However when defining the Generator start-up voltage, it must be considered that a lower limit is set by the
converter commutation reactance that is the most important cause of the voltage drop of the d.c. link under
load and therefore of the limits on the maximum amount of power that can be transferred from the d.c. link to
the generator.

The p.u. commutating reactance of the machine-side converter approximately equals the p.u. subtransient
reactance of the generator referrred to the rated converter power and voltage. Namely, for a given power
rating, the p.u. commutating reactance increases as the square of the ratio between the Generator rated and
start-up voltages. Therefore due consideration must be given to the commutation reactance when selecting
the start-up voltage.

1.4 Principle of Operation

The synchronous machine converter set up K converter operating frequency by means of the synchronous
machine stator voltages. In this way, the K converter frequency self-adjusts to the motor speed, avoiding in
such a way any machine step loss.
The principle diagram shown in Fig. 1.2.1 includes :

A static converter, referenced with the letter K receiving power from constant voltage and frequency a.c.
power supply network, referenced with the letter SN, for further supplying a dc intermediate circuit

A d.c. intermediate circuit including a smoothing reactor, referenced with the letter L.

A static converter, referenced with the letter K receiving power from the d.c. intermediate circuit for
further supply a three-phase, variable voltage and frequency a.c. current synchronous machine,
referenced with the letter MS.

A synchronous machine excitation system, referenced with the letter ES.

The above introduction suggests that power flows from power supply network ( SN ) to the synchronous
machine (MS).
Converter K working as a rectifier, K working as an inverter.

The use of a synchronous machine, which is capable of supplyng the reactive power necessary to the
thyristor commutation, allows to employ a natural commutation type K converter, fully corresponding to K
converter, with no need for auxiliary thyristors turning-off devices.

The set consisting of converter K and synchronous machine MS behaves, under many point of view, just like
a d.c. motor where commutator function is performed by the K thyristor converter.


In addition ( see Fig. 1.4.1 ), d.c. machine drives are featured with constant torque operating range from zero
to basic speed ( fB ) which is often associated to a constant power operation range from basic ( fB ) to
maximum speed ( fN ). While the current is kept up to its maximum value inthe constant torque operating
range, the constant power operating range is controlled is such way that the armature voltage is kept down to
rated value; in this way, the more the machine accelerates, the more the excitation is weakened.

POWER vs FREQUENCY
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
FREQUENCY [p.u.]
P
O
W
E
R

[
p
.
u
.
]
POWER

TORQUE vs FREQUENCY
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
FREQUENCY [p.u.]
T
O
R
Q
U
E

[
p
u
]
TORQUE

Fig. 1.4.1


2 Modes of Operation

The modes of operation, which can be executed by the Static Starter, are the following:

2.1 Normal Start

The Static Starter works with a pre-programmed Torque/Power vs. Speed curve accelerating the Gas
Turbine and generator set up to 2100-2400 rpm, when this speed is reached the Static Starter is
automatically disconnected. The Gas Turbine completes the final run-up to the nominal speed (3000-rpm for
50 Hz system, 3600 rpm for 60 Hz system). The Static Starter is available, if necessary, to start the next Gas
Turbine set.

2.2 Black Start

The Static Starter is supplied by the minimum power that is available and necessary to accelerate the Gas
Turbine set up to 2100-2400 rpm, when this speed is reached the Static Starter is automatically
disconnected, the Gas Turbine completes the final run-up to the nominal speed (3000-rpm for 50 Hz system,
3600 rpm for 60 Hz system). The Static Starter is available, if necessary, to start the next Gas Turbine set.
The Static Starter is not supplied by the Main Line but by an emergency diesel-generator.

2.3 Synchronous Condenser

The generator is mechanically disconnected from the Gas Turbine, is accelerated by the Static Starter up to
105 % of the nominal speed, when this speed is reached the Static Starter is disconnected. The generator is
then excited to the nominal voltage, during the inertial deceleration the generator is synchronized with the
line. If for some reason the line synchronization fails the generator is flying restarted by the Static Starter
again up to 105 % of the nominal speed.

2.4 Synchronous Condenser Braking

The generator is disconnected from the main line; then it is excited to the Static Starter nominal voltage. By
operating on the control of the Static Starter the dc link voltage is reversed, while the direction of the dc
current remains unchanged; the synchronous machine operates as a generator and it is braked. In this way
the Static Starter without the need of a braking resistor or other auxiliary equipment brakes the generator.
The kinetic energy of the generator is supplied back to main line (regenerative operation).

2.5 Washing

In order to clean the Gas Turbine blades by means of water or some other means the GT set is accelerated
to approximately 600 rpm by the Static Starter, this speed is maintained how long is needed.

2.6 Purging

In order to eliminate any gas in the turbine the GT set is accelerated by the Static Starter to approximately
700 rpm, this speed is maintained how long is needed.


2.7 Low Speed Turning Unit ( Optional )

The Gas Turbine is maintained at low speed, approximately 100-150 rpm, by means of the Static Starter.
Fig. 1.1.1 shows an example of operation modes.

2.8 Launch of generation and pumping binary hydraulic groups in pumping operation.

In fact, being launching direction of rotation opposite to the one of generation, the hydraulic machine may not
be used for launching, thus requiring the assistance of a pony motor, i.e. the synchronous machine is fed
with variable frequencies thanks to another generation group. The use of a variable frequency starter does
make plant much more simple.

Group losses featuring this application are remarkable (3 -6%) even though the hydraulic machine is
pneumatic; that is why natural deceleration parallel may not be performed. Therefore, the starter shall control
the-in parallel connection phase between the machine and the network and shall be properly dimensioned to
the machine rated voltage for that purpose . This can be achived by interposing a step-up transformer
between the starter output converter and the machine (Fig. 2.8.1).

The start sequence begin with SFC commanding the motor exciter to output a field current pulse. This allows
the SFC to determine the rotor position and the firing of first couple of thyristors, The SFC provide pulsanting
power to the motor stator winding until the rotor reaches a speed of approximately 10% of the nominal speed.
After this, the SFC accelerates the motor to a speed of 9899% of the nominal speed in a constant-torque
and Volt per Hertz mode (Fig. 2.8.3), and activates the synchronizer that will transfer to motor to the utility
when the voltage, frequency, and phase angle are matched to the utily bus.

2.9 Launch of large size synchronous motor

The launch of large size synchronous motors normally fed by weak networks that are not capable to provide
high reactive powers necessary to an asynchronous start-up. The operation principle is quite similar to the
one of starting hydraulic groups (Fig. 2.8.1 2.8.2).

SM OUT_BRK
RECTIFIER K'
SYNK_BRK
Idc
HYDRAULIC
TURBINE
STEP UP
TRANSFORMER
TIN
INVERTER K"
TOUT
FIELD
T1
T3 T1
T4
T4
T2
T5
DC REACTOR
Ldc
T2
T6
EXCITER
ES
230 kV
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
T3
T5
T6
13 kV
INP_BRK

Fig. 2.8.1


SPEED vs TIME
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Time [min]
S
p
e
e
d

[
p
.
u
]
SPEED

Fig. 2.8.2

MOTOR VOLTAGE vs FREQUENCY
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
FREQUENCY [p.u]
V
O
L
T
A
G
E

[
p
.
u
]
MOTOR VOLTAGE

TORQUE vs FREQUENCY [p.u]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
FREQUENCY [p.u]
T
O
R
Q
U
E

[
p
.
u
]
TORQUE

Fig. 2.8.
SYNCHRONIZER ACTIVATED
SYNCHRONIZING SEQUENCE
START-UP


3. Static Starter Configuration

The Static Starter is proposed in a wide variety of power, voltage ratings and cooling system configuration.
The starter is supplied in standard enclosure for indoor mounting. For outdoor mounting the complete
equipment is assembled in standard container for easy transportation to the site.

Table 3.1 shows some standard configuration according to the power of the Gas Turbine.

A complete and accurate study is performed before deciding the rated power and characteristics of the
starting equipment; the study takes into account the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the Gas
Turbine set as well the converter supply line.

LCI STATIC STARTER SIZE

GAS TURBINE
POWER
RATING
OUTPUT
POWER

VOLTAGE
PULSES DIMENSIONS
W x D x H
COOLING
SYSTEM
NOTES
MVA KW Vrms Line Load Mm

1500 6 6 120 1500
2x750 12 6
3000 x 1600 x 2300 Forced Air

1500 6 6 200 3000
2x750 12 6
3000 x 1600 x 2300

Forced Air

3000 6 6 200 3000
2x1500 12 6
3000 x 1600 x 2300

Forced Air

3000 6 6 300 5000
2x1500 12 6
3000 x 1600 x 2300

Forced Air

> 300 7500 4500 6 6 4000 x 1600 x 2300 Forced Air
4800 > 300 10000

2x2800
6
12
6
6
8000 x 1600 x 2300 Deionized
Water
Redundant Pumps

1500 6 6 120 1500
2x750 12 6
6055 x 2438 x 2900 Forced Air Container 19 ft
3000 6 6 200 5000
2x1500 12 6
6055 x 2438 x 2900 Forced Air Container 19 ft
4800 > 300 10000

2X2800
6
12
6
6
7620 x 2438 x 2900 Deionized
Water
Container 25 ft
Redundant Pumps

Table. 3.1


3. 1 Converter Harmonics

3.1.1 Line Side Harmonics 6 Pulse Line Side / 6 Pulse Load Side

The standard base configuration shown in Fig. 3.1.1.1 is proposed as a 6 pulse Line side / 6 pulse Generator
side.

DC Link Reactor Generator

Step-down tranf.

Rectifier Inverter

Exciter
Fig. 3.1.1.1

According to the conventional theory the current harmonics multiples of the fundamental are determined by:

h = kqm 1

I
h
= I
1
/ h

where

h order of harmonic
k 1,2,3,4,.,
q number of pulses of the converter system ( 6,12,18,24)
I
1
amplitute of fundamental current
I
h
amplitude of harmonic current

Theoretically, assuming rectangular waveshapes, the magnitude (p.u) of each harmonic produced by the
converter is equal to the inverse of the harmonic order h. The 5
th
will be 0.20 pu, the 7
th
will be 0.14 pu and so
on.

In practice, the harmonic amplitude is affected by the commutating reactance X
c
( supply line and converter
transformer ) and the converter delay angle (Fig. 3.1.1.3) . More typical values are displayed in Table
3.1.1.2 obtained from IEEE Standard 519.

Harmonic Order
Pulses 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
6 0.175 0.11 0.045 0.029 0.015 0.010 0.009 0.008
12 0.026 0.016 0.045 0.029 0.002 0.001 0.009 0.008
18 0.026 0.016 0.007 0.004 0.015 0.010 0.001 0.001
24 0.026 0.016 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.009 0.008

Table. 3.1.1.2


LINE CURRENT IR
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140
Time [sec]
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
m
p
]

LINE CURRENT IR - LINE VOLTAGE VRT
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140
Time [sec]
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
m
p
]

-

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
o
l
t
]

Fig. 3.1.1.3


3.1.2 Line Side Harmonics 12 Pulse Line Side / 6 Pulse Load Side

When required, in order to reduce the harmonic distortion on the supply line side, as option, a 12 Pulse Line
side can be supplied as displayed in Fig. 3.1.2.1.

DC Link Reactor Generator
Step down transf.

Recfier Inverter

Exciter

Fig. 3.1.2.1

In this configuration two 6-pulse converters connected in series compose the rectifier. The converter
transformer has two secondary windings ( and Y connection), each winding is phase-shifted by 30 electrical
degrees. The 12-Pulse configuration almost eliminates the 5
th
and 7
th
harmonics generated by the converter.
In practice, due to the imbalance in the electrical system and firing circuits, some non-characteristics order
may be present. Hence, a 12-pulse rectifier will produce some 5
th
, 7
th
and 19
th
order harmonics but at lower
amplitude than the equivalent 6-pulse converter. Typical values for harmonic analysis are shown in Table
3.1.1.2.


3.1.3 Generator Side Harmonics

All the evaluations developed for the supply line current are still valid for the load (generator) current, the
current flowing in the secondary side of the transformer is the same flowing in the generator, the only
difference is the frequency. For the line side is possible to switch to the 12 pulse configuration when is
required a low value of harmonic distortion, this option is not available for the load side since the generator
has only one set of windings. A frequently asked question is if the current and voltage harmonics are harmful
for the generator, the answer is usually that they are not harmful since the starting current and voltage are
only a percent of the nominal current and voltage of the generator.

Fig. 3.1.3.1 shows typical current and volatges waveform supplying the generator.

MACHINE CURRENT IR - VOLTAGE VRT
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140
Time [sec]
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
m
p
]

-

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
o
l
t
]

Fig. 3.1.3.1

On the other hand some particular evaluation should be done and the Generator Protection designer should
take some precaution using the generator normal protection system during the starting. In this case the
variable frequency, variable voltage and non-sinusoidal current waveforms can affect the behavior of the
generator protection system causing undesirable trips when the Static Starter supplies the generator acting
as a motor.

The Static Starter protection system protects also the generator (see the section Protection System).


4 System Main Components

4.1 Converter Supply Transformer

The converter supply transformer is the connection between the Main AC Supply and the Static Starter power
converter, it provides:

a) Isolation between the AC mains and the power converter.
b) Adaptation of the AC mains high voltage to the converter (usually) lower voltage.
c) Limitation of the short circuit current in case of fault.
d) 12 pulse configuration (see 3.2) by means of a double secondary winding ( and Y) connection.

4.1.1 Converter Supply Transformer

The converter transformer is integral part of the Static Starter System, precaution should be taken in
specifying and designing it. Contrary to the traditional transformer dealing with sinusoidal current and voltage,
the converter transformer should be designed taking into account the distorted current and voltage caused by
the converter harmonics (Section 3.1), discontinuous operation, possible d.c. premagnetization and load
imbalance in case of fault. Neglecting this important aspects will result in thermal and mechanical damage to
the transformer windings and core.

When the converter transformer is switched on the supply line, undesirable effects can be caused by the
transformer winding capacitance; the primary voltage can be coupled directly to the secondary windings
through the capacitance (not according to the transformation ratio). The insulation of the converter thyristors
is particularly stressed. To prevent the capacitative coupling of the voltages from the primary to the secondary
side of the transformer an earthed electrostatic screen is incorporated between the windings (Fig.4.1.1.1)

The converter thyristors are protected against overvoltages on the input of the line by means of Surge
Arrester (Metal Oxide Varistor).

Fig. 4.1.1.1


4.1.2 Cast-resin dry type transformer

Beside the conventional Oil Immersed transformer, today Cast-resin dry-type is gaining widely acceptance on
the market mainly due to lower cost of installation, lower fire risks and maintenance costs reduced to the
minimum.

The low voltage windings used in cast-resin transformer are usually wound in aluminium foils. This
technology reduecs most axial and radial stresses generated by possible short circuits. Copper may be used
as an alternative to aluminium, where specifically requested.

Winding insulation between turns is obtained by using class F materials interleaved with the conductor, so to
form a compact cylinder. Each winding undergoes vacuum impregnation with epoxy resin which, at the end of
the oven drying process, improves the compactness, guaranteeing maximum protection against moisture and
environmental pollution.

For the manufacture of the high voltage windings, the use of aluminum foil is preferred. This is due to the
ideal compatibility between the expansion coefficient of the aluminum and of the resin used for casting,
making it possible to eliminate all risk of fissures or micro-cracks in the cast resin coils.

The magnetic core is made of cold-rolled silicon steel sheets with oriented grains, insulated on both sides by
a thin coating of inorganic material. The 45 mitred joint between the columns and the yokes provides for
optimum use of the magnetic properties of the core. The column and yoke sections are made up of steel
strips composed in various steps and sizes in order to optimize the stacking factor. Taping with special
insulating material guarantees uniform pressing of the core limbs. The compression of the yokes is achieved
by means of suitably sized hop dip galvanized steel plates linked by steel tied rods.

4.1.3 Transformer Tests

The following test are carried out as required by the IEC 726 Standard:

Routine tests

ratio and vector group test
winding resistance measurement
impedance voltage measurement
no-load losses and no-load current measurement
insulation test with induced voltage
load losses measurement
partial discharge measurement

Special tests (on demand)

impulse voltage test
temperature rise test
noise level measurement


4.2 Power Converter

The rectifier and inverter use as a standard a 6-pulse three-phase thyristors controlled bridge. Both rectifier
and inverter are equipped with identical high-power disc type thyristors fitted in air-cooled or de-ionized water-
cooled heat sinks. The number of thyristors to be connected in series is selected as required for the
magnitude of the prospective peak voltage.

4.2.1 Thyristor

A thyristor (silicon controlled rectifier SCR) is a switching device which can be turned on when forward biased
by a voltage V
AK
(anode cathode), and when a positive gate current, I
G
, is supplied to the gate terminal (Fig.
4.2.1.1). The thyristor is then said to be in the forward conducting state, that means current I
A
flows from
anode to cathode. The thyristor can also be in the forward blocking state, which means that a high positive
voltage V
AK
can be blocked. In the reverse direction, the thyristor cannot be turned on.

I
K
K : cathode

I
G
V
AK

I
A
A : anode

Fig. 4.2.1.1

The key parameters that are taken into account when designing a converter bridge and selecting the thyristor
are:

V
DRM
V
RRM
Maximum repetitive voltage in forward and reverse direction. These ratings cannot be exceeded
because the device could be damaged.

I
TAVM
I
TRMS
Maximum average and root mean square of the on-state current.

I
TSM
Maximum non-repetitive surge current (allowed peak value of a half-sinusoidal current). It gives
an idea of the maximum fault capability of the thyrsistor.

t
q
Turn-off time.It give an idea of how long takes the thyrsistor to turn-off.

T
vjmax
Maximum junction temperature (usually 125 C).

Thyristors used in the Static Starter power converter module has a voltage class ranging from 4200V to
7500V and wafer diameter () ranging from 75mm to 100mm.


4.2.2 Thyristors Stack

Each thyristor is clamped between two heat sinks and arranged in thyristors array called stack, each stack
can accommodate from 4 up to 8 thyristors. At the top of each stack a spring system maintains the mounting
force (F
m
6384 kN) necessary to establish a good electrical and thermal contact. It is very important to
maintain the mounting force between the min. and max. value in order to avoid increasing in thermal
resistance and mechanical stress on the silicon wafer. The compression of the thyristor stack is achieved by
means of suitable plates mounted on the top and bottom linked by four insulated tie rods.

As Fig. 4.2.2.1 shows by properly connecting three 4-thyristors stacks is possible to achieve a full converter
bridge ( rectifier plus inverter). Most of the electrical connections between each thyristor are by means the
heat sinks. The heat generated by the power losses of the thyristors and snubber resistors can be exhausted
in the converter room by the converter fans.

Stacks Stacks

Fig. 4.2.2.1

Fig. 4.2.2.2 shows a typical 3-stacks 8-thyristors power module complete of auxiliary devices (snubber
capacitors, snubber resistors, firing board, firing high insulation transformer.


Fig. 4.2.2.2


4.2.3 DC Link Reactor

The dc link reactor decouples the line bridge (rectifier) from the load bridge (inverter). They smooth, reducing
the ripple, the direct current flowing in the intermediate circuit between the rectifier and the inverter bridges.
They also limit in case of fault the short circuit current.

The reactors, depending on the power of the Static Starter, can be air-cooled or water-cooled. They are
installed inside the converter panels and are connected to the converter through copper bars.

Fig. 4.2.3.1 shows the Direct Current (Idc) and the Direct Voltage (Udc) supplying the reactor.

DC CURRENT Idc - DC VOLTAGE Vdc
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180
Time [sec]
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
m
p
]

-

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
o
l
t
]

Fig. 4.2.3.1

Vdc
DC Reactor
Idc
Exciter
Generator


Description of the Air Cooled DC Link Reactor (Fig.4.2.3.2)

Winding

The windings are carried out using aluminum strip, in the windings are placed Air-cooling ducts for airflow in
order to cool the windings.

Iron-core

Is made of steel sheet with low index of losses. The core has two-column, which is well suited for this kind of
reactor. There are air-gaps in the iron-core. The supporting frame of the core has four wheels in order to
have the possibility of moving the reactor.

Terminals

Terminals are bars of aluminum

Protection Devices

Protection against overheating is carried out through N. 2 thermal-switches, one for each winding. The set-
point temperature is 10C less then the insulation-class temperature.

Final Acceptance Tests

The tests listed below are systematically performed on all inductors at the end of the production cycle and the
results are listed on the final test report.

- Visual and dimensional check
- Measurement of the winding inductance
- Measurement of the insulation resistance
- Insulation test
- BIL test

Reference Standard

IEC 289 IEC 76 IEC 551 IEC 146


Fig. 4.2.3.2


Description of the Water Cooled DC Link Reactor (Fig. 4.2.3.3)

Coil

The coil is made of Aluminum with rectangular cross-section, the cooling water flows in is a hole along the all
length of conductor. This kind of conductor is well suited for direct water-cooling.

Iron-core

Is made of steel sheet with low index of losses. The core has three-legs, which is well suited for this kind of
reactor. There are air-gaps in the iron-core. The supporting frame of the core has four wheels in order to
have the possibility of moving the reactor.

Terminals

Terminals are bars of aluminum

Protection Devices

Protection against overheating is carried out through N. 1 thermal-switch. The set-point temperature is about
80C.

Cooling

Cooling it is forced water-cooling trough deionized water (the same of the converter cooling). The hydraulic
circuit includes two Polypropylene collectors. One works a water-inlet and the other as water-outlet. All the
windings are parallel connected to the hydraulic collectors.

Final Acceptance Tests

The tests listed below are systematically performed on all inductors at the end of the production cycle and the
results are listed on the final test report.

- Visual and dimensional check
- Measurement of the winding inductance
- Measurement of the insulation resistance
- Insulation test
- BIL test
- Hydraulic tests:
Pressure Tightness
Pressure Drop ( at nominal water flow)

Reference Standard

IEC 289 IEC 76 IEC 551 IEC 146


Fig. 4.2.3.3


4.2.4 Air Forced Converter Cooling System

The converter bridge its usually fitted in standard metal panels (Fig. 4.2.4.1) and connected to the
transformer and the generator by means a 3-phase copper busbars. The cooling air is carried in the cubicle
from the surroundings by the converter fan and ejected from the top back the converter room or carried out
by means of air ducts.

Air Air

Fig. 4.2.4.1

Air forced cooling system its a very reliable way of cooling semiconductors devices, moreover it keeps the
maintenance cost at minimum, it is only necessary to check from time to time that the air filter are not
obstructed. A special device called anemometer is mounted on the top of the converter panel, in case the fan
is faulted or the air is not circulating the converter is tripped.


Fig. 4.2.4.2


4.2.5 De ionized Water Converter Cooling System

Table 3.1 shows that converter air-cooled system is used for power up to 7500-8000 kW. For higher power
(Fig. 4.2.5.1) a de-ionized water is used to remove the heat from the thyristors and snubber resistors to a
heat exchanger (water-to-water or water-to-air). The converter primary cooling system is a closed-loop
system with a tank for water reservoir. The de-ionized water circulates from the pump through the heat
exchanger to the converter bridge and returns to the pump. In most application also the DC link reactor is
water-cooled, the converter cooling system is used to cool alsot the DC link reactor.

Fig. 4.2.5.2 shows the rear of a water cooled converter with the bars connection to the Line Supply and
Generator Load.

The main components of the cooling system are listed here below:

Pump-motor group

The unit is equipped with two pump-motor groups; each one has the function of the spare group for the other.
The pumps are centrifugal, three-phase type and are suitable to operate with deionized water (Fig. 4.2.5.4).

The inactive pumps start working automatically when the flow meter, which measures the flow rate of the
primary circuits, detects that the flow rate has gone below the pre-set limit. Each pump can be removed
without stopping the plant operation.

Tank

The tank designed to contain about 50 litres of water, include the following:
A thermostat which signals when the temperature of the de-ionised water exceeds the pre-set value.
A thermostat, which stops the plant when the above-mentioned temperature exceeds the maximum
allowable value.
A thermometer (C)
A level indicator (L)
Two level meters placed so to signal first when the level lowers below a pre-set value and secondly
when the level below the maximum allowable value; the latter stops the plant.
A safety valve which automatically connects the tank to the atmosphere when its inside pressure
exceeds a preset value.

Deionization system

This system is able to treat continuously a part of the whole available flow rate. It consists of two
polypropylene baskets that contain the following:

A cartridge for water deionization. The cartridge can be replaced without stopping the cooling system.
A filter
A regulation valve connected to a flow meter allows adjusting the flow circulating in the treatment system at a
preset value.

Conductivity measuring system

Deionized water conductivity is measured and controlled by a system consisting of a probe installed in the
main hydraulic system and by a meter. The meter is equipped with contacts suitable to provide two alarms
signals when the conductivity exceeds the pre-set values.


Fig. 4.2.5.1


Fig. 4.2.5.2


Typical power converter and DC reactor arrangement front side


Typical power converter and DC reactor arrangement rear side


Typical complete power converter and cooling system arrangement


Typical deionized water cooling system (option stainless steel pipeline)


Fig. 4.2.5.3 Typical deionised water cooling system (standard PVC pipeline)


Filter

A filter, consisting of a hard transparent PVC container and a filtering cartridge having 0.5mm retention
capacity, is installed in the deionized water circuit. The cartridge can be replaced without stopping the cooling
system.

Exchanger

This is a water-to-water exchanger, consisting of a pipe nest; any device in contact with water is made by
stainless steel (Fig.4.2.5.3). A redundant heat exchanger can be supplied if requested as option.
For application in extreme ambient conditions with temperature below 0C or in places where the raw water
is not available (desert areas) there are special cooling methods. The cooling can be carried out by water-to-
air heat exchanger or by heat pump.

Various Instruments

The flow rate of the primary circuits is measured by means of a flow meter having to set points.
The cooling system water pressure is measured by a pressure gauge.

Hydraulic Connections

The following connections are necessary to connect hydraulically all the various parts of the cooling system:

Connections between the cooling station, DC link reactor and the thyristor equipment.
Connection between the primary cooling system and the external raw water circuit.

Cooling System Control

The cooling system control performs the following functions:

Pump starting.

Pump stopping.

Pump automatic changeover in case of fault of operating pump.

Alarm and tripping functions, each cause of fault is displayed on the local message display unit.

The cooling system is controlled and coordinated with the rest of Static Starter system by means of PLC.

Fig. 4.2.5.4 shows an example of hydraulic circuit.


Fig. 4.2.5.4


4.3 Regulation and Control

In load commutation inverter, the thyristor firing pulses may be derived from the rotor position encoder or
from the machine terminal voltage. Fig, 4.3.1 shows o LCI drive employing a synchronous motor and a
terminal voltage sensor device.

Id*
TCV
T2
TERMINAL
VOLTAGE
SENSOR
T2
LINE
T4
alfa
DC REACTOR
Ldc
V(S)
INVERTER
T5
T6
LU Lk"
LV Lk"
U(R)
Idc
L3 Lk
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
w*m
T3
-
CURRENT CONTROL
CIRCUIT AND FIRING
CIRCUIT
f
L3(T)
T3
PHASE
DELAY
FIELD
+
SUPPLY
-
SIGN
OF
ewm
L2(S)
f
Rotor
Position
SM
FIRING
CIRCUIT
beta
T1
T4
T1
ewm
Id
L2 Lk
LWLk"
W(T)
f
T6
wm
Idc
CB
SPEED
CONTROLLER
+
L1 Lk
Current
Limiter
T5
RECTIFIER
L1(R)

Fig. 4.3.1

The drive employs an inner current control loop with an outer speed control loop. The terminal voltage sensor
generates reference pulses of the same frequency as the machine induced voltage
The shifter circuit shifts the reference pulses suitably to obtain control at a constant commutation lead angle
inv (or = -). Depending on the sign of the speed error (err) inv is set to provide motoring or braking
operation. Speed feedback signal fbk and timing for the inverter phase shifter are obtained from the voltage
sensor circuit. The speed and the current regulators are PI (Proportional Integral).

An increase in speed command rif produces a speed error err. The speed controller and current limiter set
the dc link current command Idcrif at the maximum allowable value. The machine accelerates at the
maximum available torque. When close to the reference speed, the current limiter desaturates and the settles
at the desired speed and at the current which balances the load torque.


A reduction in speed command produces a negative speed error. This sets inv close to 180 and the drive
decelerates at the maximum torque. It is not possible to set inv at the maximum possible delay angle 180,
commutation angle and margin angle are taking into account when setting the delay angle inv of the
inverter.

Fig. 4.3.3 shows a picture of the control CPU boards that implements some of the control and regulation
functions.

Fig. 4.3.3 shows a block diagram of the Control and Regulation System taking into account the electrical
parameters of the Converter and the mechanical parameters of the Generator and Gas Turbine Set.

Fig. 4.3.1

S
I
L
C
O
V
E
R
T

S

S
t
a
t
i
c

S
t
a
r
t
e
r

4
0

F
i
g
.

4
.
3
.
3

s
T
v
G
p
G
p
K
p
s
T
i
K
p
U
d
i
I
U
d
i
R
s
T
e
+
1
d
e
t
1
s
T
a
c
c
1

1
U
d
i
I
E
3
V
c
o
n
I
r
i
f

f
b
k

L
o
a
d

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
t

T
o
r
q
u
e

E
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

C
o
n
t
r
o
l

I
d
c
r
i
f

I
d
c
f
b
k
D
r
i
v
e

T
o
r
q
u
e

S
p
e
e
d

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
S
p
e
e
d

L
i
m
i
t

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

L
i
m
i
t

M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l

S
y
s
t
e
m

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

&

G
a
s

T
u
r
b
i
n
e

f
b
k

C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

S
y
s
t
e
m

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

&

C
o
n
t
r
o
l

S
y
s
t
e
m

4.4 Protection System

Several protection features are provided by the Static Starter, including but not restricted (depending upon
the application and the scope of supply) to the following:

4.4.1 Converter Protections

- Maximum current Idc rectifier bridge (line side)
- Maximum current Idc inverter bridge (generator side)
- Differential current between line and generator side (Idc<Idc)
- Differential current between generator and line side (Idc<Idc)
- Maximum Line Voltage
- Thyristor Fault ( when Thyristor Monitoring is required)
- Minimum Line Voltage
- Line Frequency out of tolerance
- Wrong Cyclic Sense Direction
- Generator Overvoltage
- Minimum Excitation Current
- Maximum Excitation Current
- Converter Air Flow
- Water Cooling System Protections ( when Water Cooling is requierd)

4.4.2 DC Link Reactor Protections

- DC Link Reactor Air Flow
- DC Link Reactor Maximum Temperature

4.4.3 Generator & Excitation Protections

- Generator Overvoltage
- Minimum Excitation Current
- Maximum Excitation Current
- Motor Stall
- Maximum Start Time
- Maximum Speed

4.4.4 Auxiliary, Control & PLC Protections

- Auxiliary Supply Circuit Breakers Trip
- PLC Fault
- PLC I/O Fault
- PLC Low Battery
- External Emergency Stop
- Local Emergency Stop
- Control Software Protection

4.4.5 Remote & Local Emergency Stop

- External Emergency Stop
- Local Emergency Stop

In case of fault of the Static Starter Trips and Alarms are displayed on the Operator Message Display Unit,
and alarm condition does not determine the shut down of the Static Starter but alerts the operator to check
the device, a trip condition determines the shut down of the Static Starter.
Before restarting the operator has to reset the trip by means of the push-button located on the control panel.

5 Testing

A detailed Quality Control Plan is issued for each job. Customer makes his comments and at the end
approves it for the final revision.

Each Static Starter is subjected to factory tests according to internal standard procedures, including :

1 Visual Inspection

2 Mechanical Inspection

3 Wiring Check

4 Dielectic Strenght

- Power Circuits
- Auxiliary and Control Circuits

5 Insulation Resistance

- Power Circuits
- Auxiliary and Control Circuits

6 Check of continuity of protective circuit

7 Functional Tests

7.1 Checks of Auxiliary Supplies ans Logics

- Check of aux supplies and logics
- Check of realy logics
- Check of PLC logics

7.2 Preliminary Checks

- Check of settings and trimmings
- Check of syncronous circuits

7.3 Check of Protections, Alarms & Signallings

7.4 Check of Cooling System

7.4.1 Ventilation Circuits Check

7.4.2 Water Cooling System Check (if applicable)

- Insulation Resistance
- Check of Auxiliary Circuits
- Check of Logic and Protections
- Check of Hydraulic Circuits with Pumps at rated values


7.5 Check of Phase Shifter (Fixed and Variable Frequency)

7.6 Check of Field Exciter

- Check of Supplies
- Check of Firing Pulses
- Light Load Test

7.7 Converter Short Circuit Test
( Limited by the Voltage and Power available at the Test Bench)

7.8 Current Test with Test Phony Motor

8 Converter Temperature Rise Test (available on request)

9 Final Inspection before Shipping


6 Particular Configuration

6.1 Rigid Connection between the Generator and the Line Step Up Transformer

Sometimes the generator is directly (rigid connection) connected to the Line Step Up Transformer by means
of a Bus Duct connecting the generator and transformer (Fig. 6.1).

During the starting of the Gas Turbine set, the starter feeds the Generator (acting as a motor) as well the
Generator Main Transformer with open primary. Under this condition the Static starter not only supplies the
current necessary for the starting but also the No Load Current of the Transformer.

Voltage vs. Frequency (Flux) variation of the Static Starter shall be supplied in such a way to avoid overfluxig
not only of the generator but also of the transformer.

Fig. 6.1

Bus
Duct
Line Transformer
200 MVA
15kV / 242 kV
Vcc=13%
Generator
200 MVA
15kV
Static Starter
Converter


7 Containerized Solution

Considerable advantages are enjoyed when the complete Static Starter is packed in a Standard Container.
The Power Converter Unit, the Control Unit, the DC Link Reactor and, if required, the Supply Line Circuit
Breaker and the Generator Output Isolator are fitted and wired inside the container.

The main advantages for the Containerized Solution are:

- Reduced Packing Cost.
- Reduced Transportation Cost by standard trucks.
- No Need of Precomissioning Storage at the site
- Reduced Installation Cost
- Reduced Commissioning Time

The containers are equipped with normal and emergency exit doors, normal and emergency lighting, auxiliary
electrical devices (sockets, heaters), appropriate air-conditioning system, fans and air filters for the converter
cooling system. Smoke detectors and alarm system are supplied on request.

In case of air-cooling system the converter and dc reactor losses are removed through fans mounted on the
roof of the container. The air is drawn in from the outside of the container through filters.

In case of water cooling system the converter (Fig. 7.8) and dc link reactor losses are removed by means of a
water-to-water heat exchanger or a water-to-air heat exchanger depending if raw water is available at the
site.

The container (Fig. 7.1) is usually divided in two sections (Fig. 7.2): the converter room that includes the
converter (Fig.7.4) , the dc link reactor and the output isolator (Fig.7.5) (when required), the control room
(Fig. 7.6) that includes auxiliary equipments, control and supply line circuit breaker (when required). Each
room has its own separate access.

Fig. 7.3 shows a standard 19 ft container ready to be shipped having the following characteristics :

- Length: 6055mm.
- Width: 2438mm
- Heigth: 2896mm
- Weight: 3360 kg (without Starter Equipments)
- Floor Load: 1300kg/mq


- Length: 7620mm.
- Width: 2438mm
- Heigth: 2896mm
- Weight: 4950 kg (without Starter Equipments)


- Length: 12190mm.
- Width: 2438mm
- Heigth: 2896mm
- Weight: 20000 kg (with Starter Equipments)

Note the air cooler (water to air exchanger) installed on roof of the contaioner


Fig. 7.1


Fig. 7.2


Fig. 7.3


Fig. 7.4


Fig. 7.5


Fig. 7.6


Fig. 7.7


Fig. 7.8


Fig. 7.9


8 Operator Interface and Trouble Shooting Unit

The operator interface (SSDTERM) is a program running on WINDOWS based PC connected to the CPU
board (Fig.8.1).

Fig. 8.1

ON LINE
green
NO
PASSWORD
Press directly

OFF LINE
red
COM1

C
C
C
C
Serial Link
Connecting Cable
AINT02
CARD
ACPU02
CARD


The operator interface SSDTERM is a software instrument that enables the operator to perform a quick and
efficient analysis on the digital regulator status.

The main feature are :

Display as analog meters of the principal electrical quantities (Line and Motor Current, Line and
Motor Voltage, Speed Setpoint, Speed Feedback, etc.), the same quantity are displayed as digital
value as well.

scopE -Oscilloscope functions that enables the real time display of two selected analog variables .


Black Box Enables the operator to examine the status of up to 8 variables (selected by the
operator) before and after a certain event (ex. Trip). The black box contents can be saved as ASCII
file for further examination and remote transmission.

BARS
Bar value
Bar
value
ZOOM


Control Parameter Editing . Enables the operator to modify, save (uploading and downloading) of
the principal control parameters.

Flags Enables the operator to check the status of the logical input/output varisbales and whether
enabled by the password to change the value.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8


History . Enables the operator to display files saved previously (scope, Black Box). Saved files can
be transmitted for further processing by a specialist control engineer.


Thyristor Status Lay Out. The Lay -Out permits to display the Thyristor status (green means status
Ok, yellow means warning and red means presence of trip).
Also the status (RUN,ALARM,TRIP) of the devices (TC1,TC2,CONVERTER N.1, CONVERTER
N.2,MOTOR) is displayed.

Deionised cooling system hydraulic circuit It permits to display the motors status and the
numeric value of the water temperature, absolute and differential pressure, conductivity, flow.
When the system is in local mode start/stop of hydraulic pump is allowed from this page.

.

Transformer and temperature monitoring. It permits to display the motor and transformers
windings temperature.
A traffic light for each motor display the status of protection (green means normal operate, yellow
means warning and red means trip)
For the transformers some digital indication are displayed.
Pushing Tresholds of protection push button is possible to modify the temperature thresholds
protection intervention.


Alarm & Trip Reporting. One of the most important functions of HMI systems is
the alarm's management recall with Alarm pushbutton from each page.
The basic goals of this function are as follows:
1 - detect alarm conditions reported by basic automation PLCs
2 - notify any new alarm condition to the operators
3 - allow the operator to recognize (acknowledge) the new alarms.
The alarms' summary page shall allow following functions:
- Presentation of alarms in form of list as they appear, in chronological order.
- Scrolling of the displayed alarms (Arrows ,Page Down and Page UP keys are used) if it
contains more lines than the lines displayable on the page.
- Presentation of alarms in different colours according to different priorities.
The information included in Alarms summary page are:
Date and Time in which the alarm is generated
Description associated to the Tag which caused the alarm


9 TRAINING

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The course is designed to give the participants an opportunity to develop maintenance and troubleshooting
skills concerning the frequency converter.

CONTENT

At the end of the training, participants will have an adequate understanding of the SILCOVERT S Variable
Frequency Converter in order to understand, maintain and troubleshoot the equipment. Training is divided
between classroom and operation, calibration and troubleshooting of the operating motor drive on site after
commissioning.

Training course language English

INTRODUCTION

Company presentation

Review of general principle of :

Thyristor power converter
Synchronous motors
LCI drives for synchronous motor
Large synchronous motor variable frequency converter
Static starter for Gas and/or Hydro Turbine

SYSTEM GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Reading of electrical circuit diagrams :

Conventional graphic symbols
Identification codes
Subdivision of components according to location
Bill of material

Identification of the components inside the electrical panel:

Thyristor Power Converter(s)
DC Link Reactor(s)
Cooling System
Control Panel
Instrumentation (meter, display message unit)
Signal Transducers (Current Voltage)
Input/Output External Signal Transducers (4-20mA)
Interfaces Board
Terminal Blocks
PLC


Control

Generals
Control Principles
Control Functions
Control Card identification and description
Voltage and current signal transducers
Voltage and current interface boards
Signal conditioning and scaling
Input/output signals identification, functions, description
Auxiliary devices

Exciter

Generals
Control Principles
Control Functions
Control card identification and desscription
Interface, signals exchange with excitation system

MV Circuit Breaker

Interface, signals exchange with Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker

Users interface

Personal Computer Connection
Users interface general
Menu and functions description
Control Parameter Setting
Black box facility
Oscilloscope facility
Current limit vs speed calibration

Protection

Protection philosophy
Protection boards description
Line voltage protection & flying restart capability
Motor voltage protection
Current protections
Ground fault protection (where applicable)
Miscellaneous protections description
Protection and delay setting tables

PLC

PLC generals description
Logic Function implemented
Message Display Unit

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