Q1. Define relative atomic, isotopic, molecular and formula masses.

Q2. In the reaction of lithium with water, what mass of lithium (in grams) would be required to produce
600 cm
3
of hydrogen?
Q3. A strip of zinc metal weighing 2.00 g is placed in an aqueous solution containing 10.00 g of silver
nitrate.
(a) Determine which reactant is in excess.
(b) Calculate how many grams of silver will be formed.

Q4. 60 cm
3
of an acidified dichromate(VI) solution with a concentration 0.05 M was titrated against a 0.6
M Fe
2+
solution. What volume of Fe
2+
solution would be required to reach the end point of this titration?
Q5. A total of 210 C was passed through a solution of dilute sulphuric acid and 26 cm
3
of hydrogen gas
was collected at the negative electrode. Calculate the volume of one mole of hydrogen gas (in litres)
under the prevailing conditions of temperature and pressure.
Q6. State the electronic configuration of Cr
3+
and draw the shapes of its outermost orbitals.
Q7. Describe using proper sketches and explain the trends in ionisation energies across a Period 3 and
down a Group VII of the Periodic Table
Q8. Draw dot-and-cross diagrams for Al
2
Cl
6
and SF
6
molecules.
Q9. Explain why BF
3
is trigonal planar, NH
3
is pyramidal and NH
4
+
is tetrahedral in shape.
Q10. Explain why the boiling point of liquid bromine is much lower than that of water.
Q11. Explain which of sodium chloride and magnesium oxide has higher melting and boiling points.
Q12. Explain the strength, high melting point and electrical insulating properties of ceramics and suggest
uses for these types of materials
Q13. Discuss the importance of recycling processes.
Q14. Define the terms standard enthalpy change of (i) reaction (ii) formation and (iii) hydration.
Q15. Given the data in the following table, calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethane.
Substance H
2
O(l) CO
2
(g) Ethane C
2
H
6
(g)
H
f
/kJmol
-1
-285.5 -393 -83.6



Q16. Given the following data:
CH
4
(g) + 2O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(l) H = -890 kJmol
-1
CO(g) + 1/2O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) H = -284 kJmol
-1
C(s) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) H = -393 kJmol
-1
H
2
(g) + 1/2O
2
(g) H
2
O(l) H = -286 kJmol
-1
Calculate:
a) The enthalpy of formation of methane
b) The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide
c) The enthalpy change when methane is burned in limited oxygen to form carbon monoxide and
water.

Q17. Given the following standard enthalpies of formation H

f
(298K, 1 atm)
NH
3(g)
-46.2 kJmol
-1
; HCl
(g)
-92.3 kJmol
-1
; NH
4
Cl
(s)
-315.0 kJmol
-1

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, H

r

NH
4
Cl
(s)
====> NH
3(g)
+ HCl
(g)


Q18.
(a) Define the term average bond enthalpy.
(b) Given the bond enthalpies (H
BE
) in kJ mol
-1
: C-H 412, C-C 348 and H-H 436 (H
atom
= 218 kJ mol
-1
).
Calculate the enthalpy of formation of propane if the enthalpy of atomisation of carbon (graphite) is
715kJ mol
-1
.

Q19. Draw the Born-Haber cycle for MgO.
Q20. Draw the Zn|Zn
2+
||Cl
-
|Cl
2
cell and calculate its standard cell potential. Discuss the effect of raising
the concentration of Zn
2+
above 1 M.
Q21. Describe the determination of a value of the Avogadro constant by an electrolytic method.
Q22. Describe and explain the conditions used in the Haber process.
Q23. At high temperatures and in the presence of a catalyst, sulfur trioxide decomposes according to
the following equation. 2SO
3
(g) 2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) H = +196 kJ mol
1
.
(a) In an experiment, 8.0 mol of sulfur trioxide were placed in a container of volume 12.0 dm
3
and
allowed to come to equilibrium. At temperature T1 there were 1.4 mol of oxygen in the equilibrium
mixture.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sulfur trioxide and of sulfur dioxide in the equilibrium mixture.
(ii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this equilibrium.
(iii) Deduce the units of Kc for this equilibrium.
(iv) Calculate a value of Kc for this equilibrium at temperature T1

Q24. Given the solubility product of calcium carbonate is 5.0 x 10
-10
mol
2
dm
-6

(a) What is the molarity of calcium carbonate in a saturated solution at 298K?
(b) What is the solubility of calcium carbonate in 0.1 mol dm
-3
sodium carbonate solution?
Q25. If equal volumes of aqueous 0.01 mol dm
-3
sodium chloride and 0.005 mol dm
-3
silver nitrate
solution are mixed, show by calculation whether or not a precipitate of silver chloride forms? [Solubility
product of AgCl is 1.8 x 10
-10
mol
2
dm
-6
]
Q26. Nitrogen (II) oxide reacts with oxygen in the following way:
2NO
(g)
+ O
2(g)
= 2NO
2(g)

Experiments were carried out to determine the orders of reaction with respect to NO and O
2
. The results
of these experiments are shown below.
Experiment [NO
(g)
] / moldm
-3
[O
2(g)
] / moldm
-3
Rate / moldm
-3 s-1

1 1.5 x 10
-5
0.5 x 10
-5
2.1 x10
-7

2 4.5 x 10
-5
0.5 x 10
-5
1.9 x10
-6

3 1.5 x 10
-5
2.0 x 10
-5
8.4 x10
-7

a) Using the data, deduce the orders of reaction with respect to NO and O
2
.
b) Write down the rate equation for this reaction and use it to calculate k.
c) Explain the meaning of the term 'rate determining step'?

Q27. Carbon dating using
14
C is a highly important tool in archaeology. Using this technique it is possible
to determine the length of time since an organism has died. The half-life of
14
C is 5600 years.
a) Define the term 'half-life'.
b) A sample of wood taken from an archaeological dig is analysed and found to have a radioactive count
of 4 counts per minute per gram of carbon. A new sample of the same type of wood has a count of 16
c.p.m.g
-1
. What is the approximate age of the archaeological sample?
c) Which order of kinetics does radioactive decay follow?

Q28. Describe and explain the reactions of the chlorides of Period 3 elements (if any) with water.
Q29. Explain the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates and carbonates of Group II elements.
Q30. Explain the variation in solubility of the sulfates of Group II elements.
Q31. Outline a method for the manufacture of chlorine from brine by a diaphragm cell.
Q32. Explain the origin of colour in transition element complexes.
Q33. Explain the shapes of the ethane, ethene and benzene molecules in terms of and carbon-
carbon bonds
Q34. Name and describe the mechanism when propane is converted to 1,1-dichloropropane.
Q35. Name and describe the mechanism when propene reacts with hydrogen.
Q36. Describe the conditions to convert benzene to (i) 3-chloro nitrobenzene (ii) phenol. Describe the
mechanism for reaction (i).
Q37. Explain the relative ease of hydrolysis of acyl chlorides, alkyl chlorides and aryl chlorides using an
example of each.
Q38. Describe the process of DNA replication showing why it is properly labeled as semi-conservative.
Q39. Describe simply the process of electrophoresis and provide some of its applications in industry.
Q40. Describe briefly how the gas-liquid chromatography apparatus works.
Q41. 20g of butanedioic acid (BDA) was shaken with a mixture of 100 cm
3
ether and 100 cm
3
water at
25
o
C. After titration with standard sodium hydroxide the concentration of the acid was found to be
0.024 mol dm
-3
in ether and 0.16 mol dm
-3
in water.
(a) Calculate the distribution coefficient K
D
for butanedioic acid between ether/water.
(b) If 10g of BDA had been shaken with 50 cm
3
of each solvent at 25
o
C, what value would expect for
K
D
if the layers were again analysed?
(c) If 10g of butanedioic acid was dissolved in 50 cm
3
of ether at 25
o
C, calculate how much of the
acid can be extracted with 50 cm
3
of water.

Q42. Discuss the issues involved and propose chemistry solutions for the following (i) drug delivery (ii)
oil spillage (iii) CFC usage.