Survey and Mapping Fundamentals

SURVEYING AND MAPPING:
AN INTRODUCTION
Engr. Jeark A. Principe, MSc.
Department of Geodetic Engineering (DGE)
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP)
GE 10 LECTURE #1
Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the student should be
able to:
Define surveying as part of the science of
Geomatics
Identify the jobs of a surveyor
Gain knowledge on the history of surveying,
some ancient surveying instruments and recent
technologies
Enumerate the general classifications of
surveying, uses and types
Be familiarized with important surveying terms
and units of measurement

Outline
I. Geomatics
II. Surveying Definitions
III. The Surveyor
IV. History of Surveying
V. Ancient Surveying Instruments
VI. Recent technologies in surveying
VII. Surveys uses, classifications and types
VIII.Units of Measure
IX. Definition of Terms

Geomatics
the science concerned with the measurement,
representation, analysis, management, retrieval and
display of spatial information describing both the Earth's
physical features and the built environment.
includes disciplines such as:
Surveying
Geodesy
Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry
Cartography
Geographic Information Systems
Global Positioning Systems

Source: Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania.
Source: Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.
Surveying (Traditional Definition)
The art of making measurements of the relative
positions of natural and man-made features
on the earth's surface, and the presentation
of this information either graphically or
numerically.
NJDOT Survey Manual, p.3
Surveying (Modern Definition)
The art and science of determining angular and
linear measurements to establish the form,
extent, and relative position of points, lines,
and areas on or near the surface of the earth
or on other extraterrestrial bodies through
applied mathematics and the use of
specialized equipment and techniques.
J.P. La Putt (1987)
Professional Surveying
The application of knowledge of the:
science of surveying measurement,
legal principles of boundary location,
laws related to boundaries & land use,
applicable mathematical & computational theories and
principles,
natural & other forces which affect positional accuracy,
land planning & development concepts pertinent to
subdivision of land & property surveys,
land record & land tenure concepts,
geodetic & other earth-related sciences
to the analysis, design, & execution of surveying &
mapping projects & the design of land mapping & IS.
--Buckner (1994)
The Surveyor
A surveyor is a professional person with the
academic qualifications and technical expertise
to:
practice the science of measurement;
assemble and assess land and geographic related
information;
use that information for the purpose of planning and
implementing the efficient administration of the land,
the sea and structures thereon; and
instigate the advancement and development of such
practices.
--International Federation of Surveyors
Surveying
throughout
History
Federation of American Scientists
In Babylon
In Egypt (the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Giza)
Eratosthenes(276 BC-194 BC)
Some claimed that his measurements are with an error of less than 2% and
that was 2200 years ago! However, most literatures cited his measurement as
16% too big compared to the accepted modern circumference of the earth
around the poles.
School of Surveying
150 BC
School of surveying was established by Romans
to teach:
town planning
map making and
building of roads and aqueducts
ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm

If the earth was spherical then
a proper representation could
be obtained by a geometrical
projection of that surface
Ptolemy produced maps.
120 BC
What can be mapped
could be ruled.
History of Geomatics

Ancient Surveying Instruments
ENGINEERING WORKS
SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
ASTRONOMY
Developed sometime in 140 B.C.
Credited to Hipparchus
Further improved by Ptolemy
Metal circle, pointer hinged at the
center, held by a ring at the top
Originally designed for determining the
altitude of stars
Astrolabe
Ptolemys version is an astronomical instrument
on which the celestial sphere is projected
stereographically
Perfected by Heron of Alexandria
Used in leveling and measuring
horizontal and vertical angles
Mounted on a tripod (50 cm tall)
Apparatus pivoted on a circular
plate, moved around by a worm
screw, driven by a small handle
The top plate was mounted on a
toothed semicircular plate and
was adjusted in the vertical plane
by another worm drive.
Dioptra
Angles could be read off the top disc,
which was scored with two lines
crossing at right angles.
The sighting and reading elements
were made of bronze.
principal tool used by the Roman
surveyors to trace on the ground
simple and orthogonal
alignments, necessary to the
construction of roads, city,
temples and agricultural lands
subdivision.
Consists of:
Ferramento
Stelleta
Cornicula
Rostrum
Roman Groma
Ferramento: a pole in hollow metal
equipped in the inferior extremity
with metallic cone-shape point for
the fixing

Stelleta: Cross arms fixed at right
angles and pivoted eccentrically upon
the ferramento

Cornicula: extremities of the stelleta
where plumblines are suspended

Rostrum: a strong pole with the
cylindrical extremities: one to receive
the swivel pivot of the stelletta, the
other for the grafting in the vertical
pole; the distance among the two
cylinders is exactly a foot (0.3048 m)
Roman Groma
Roman Groma
Tracing of a simple alignment among the points A and B
Roman Groma
Tracing of a orthogonal alignment
Roman Groma
Finding the distance of an inaccessible point from a given station
Groma positioned at A, C and
E successively.
Assyrians and Egyptians as first users
A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and
used to determine the horizontal
Horizontal foundations of the great pyramids of Egypt
defined by libella
Libella
Device for measuring time and meridian
First used by the Chaldeans (approx. 4000 B.C.)
Consists of:
a slotted palm leaf through which to sight
bracket from which a plumb bob is suspended
By sighting through the slot and past the plumb
bob string, a straight line could be projected.
Merchet
In Summary
Ancient surveying instruments were particularly
used to:
Determine geographic coordinates
Establish the horizontal
Measure horizontal and vertical angular and
linear distances
Determine time and meridian
RECENT TECHNOLOGIES
Total Station System
Digital Photogrammetry
Satellite Positioning System
USA NAVSTAR GPS
Russia GLONASS
European Union - Galileo
Geographic and Land Information Systems

www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/
Image Sources:
http://garmingpssystem.blogspot.com/2007/09/garmin-gpsmap-60csx-waterproof-handheld.html
http://www.reviewvirtuoso.com:12004/gps
http://gpssystems365.com/2008/05/gps-systmes-top-rated.html
GPS Receiver and Antenna
USES OF SURVEYS
1. Establishment of boundaries of land
2. Fixing of national and state boundaries
3. Charting of coastlines and navigable streams
and lake
4. Precise location of definite reference points
throughout the country
5. Collection of valuable facts concerning the
earths magnetism at widely scattered
stations throughout the country
General Classifications of Surveys
1. Plane Surveying
surveying in which the mean surface of the
earth is considered a plane, or in which its
spheroidal shape is neglected.

2. Geodetic Surveying
takes into account the true shape of the earth.

Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Approximations
On the earths surface:
18.5 km length of an arc
0.007m > subtended chord
196km
2
area of triangle
spherical excess is 1

True shape of the earth must be taken into consideration only
in precise surveys of large extent!

TYPES OF SURVEYING
1. Control Survey
consists of establishing the horizontal and vertical positions
of arbitrary points
2. Property Survey
performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines
and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.
3. Topographic Survey
made to secure data from which may be made a topographic
map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the
location of natural and human-made objects.
4. Hydrographic survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
refers to surveying of bodies of water for the
purposes of navigation, water supply, or
subaqueous construction.
Image Sources:
http://www.abc.se/~pa/mar/sidescan.htm
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs
5. Mine Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
utilizes the principles for land, geologic and
topographic surveying to control, locate and map
underground and surface works related to mining
operations.
Image Source: http://www.bafokengholdings.com/m/g_resources.asp
6. Route survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys
necessary for the location and construction of lines of
transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads,
canals, transmission lines and pipelines.
Image Sources:
http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/20/stories/2007082053080300.htm
http://www.czopspecter.com/surveymain.php
http://woolpert.com/projDetails.cfm?id=profiles&projectID=123
7. Construction Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
performed to lay out, locate and monitor public and
private engineering works.
Image Sources:
http://www.arringtonengineering.com/construction_surveying.asp
http://www.jmt-engineering.com/services/surveys/constr_stakeout/index.html
http://www.meridianlandsurveying.com/service.asp
8. Photogrammetric Survey
TYPES OF SURVEYING
utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry,
in which measurements made on photographs are used to
determine the positions of photographed objects.
Image Sources:
http://www.san-lo.com/photogrammetry.html
http://www.discoveryprogramme.ie/tech_surv_aerial_tech.html
Units of Measurement
In surveying, measurements entail both
angular and linear measurements
The SI (Systme International d'Units)
System is used in the Philippines effective
Jan. 1, 1983 phasing out the English System.
Using SI, all linear measurements are based
upon the meter
Linear and Area
Common units for length are:
km, m ,cm, mm
For Areas:
SI: m
2
Hectare (ha): for large tracts of land
1 ha = 10,000 m
2

Angular Measurements
For plane angles:
Using SI: radian where 2 = 360
deg
Sexagesimal Units: 1/360
th
of a
circle
Degree, min, sec
Centesimal Units: 1/400
th
of a
circle
Grad: 400 grads = 360 deg
In the Philippines, the
sexagesimal units are used due
to their practical importance and
familiarity with it.
Definition of Terms
Level surface
a curved surface every element of which is normal to a
plumb line
Zenith
direction away from the center of the earth and above the
observers head
Nadir
direction toward the center of the earth
Definition of Terms (continued)
Horizontal plane
plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point
Horizontal line
a line tangent to a level surface. In surveying, it is
commonly understood that a horizontal line of sight is
straight.
Horizontal angle
an angle formed by the intersection of two lines in a
horizontal plane.
Vertical line
a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
a vertical line in the direction toward the center of the
earth is said to be in the direction of the nadir.
Vertical angle
angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane

Vertical plane
is a plane in which a vertical line is an element
Zenith angle
angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is
understood that one of the lines is directed toward the
zenith.
Nadir angle
angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is
understood that one of the lines is directed toward the
nadir.
Grade/Gradient of a line
slope of the line or rate of ascent or descent
Sources
Becker, B.J. Eratosthenes of Cyrene.
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eratosthenes.htm
ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm

Buckner (1994). http://surveying.mentabolism.org/buckner.html. Last Accessed
16June08

Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.
http://www.cast.uark.edu/home/research/geomatics.html

Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Federation of American Scientists. Html link lost

Great Pyramid of Khufu. http://vncafe.blogspot.com/2008/03/great-pyramid-of-
giza.html

History of Geomatics.
http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/topic/topo02-01.html
www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/

International Federation of Surveyors.
http://www.surveyor.asn.au/for-the-public/international-definition-of-surveyor.php
Sources (continued)
La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book
Store.

ManSurveying.gif. From
http://everythingaboutsurveying.blogspot.com/2008/05/geodetic-
instrumentation-methods.html

New Jersey Department of Transportation. Survey Manual. Downloaded
from http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/survey/

Ossian, R. (n.d.). Astrolabe. Retrieved November 2010, from Pirate's Cove:
http://www.thepirateking.com/historical/astrolabe.htm

http://surveying.mentabolism.org/geomatic.htm. From the Dept. of
Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania. Link
(broken): http://info.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/geomatics_exp.html

Tassios, T. P. (2005, October 11). Ancient Greek Technology - Measuring
Instruments. Retrieved November 2010, from FIG-International Federation
of Surveyors:
http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/athens/ancient_exhibit.htm

END OF LECTURE

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