1

by
C. Vipulanandan (Vipu) Ph.D., P.E.
Professor of Civil Engineering
Director of CIGMAT & THC-IT
DFI 2012 Conference
Houston, Texas
October 16, 2012
Part 8: Specifications & Experience
I
G M
A
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C
1994
(a) Specifications (GEC, DFI)
(b) CIGMAT/UH Project
Part 8. Specifications and Experience
2
3
Kreneck Road Bridge Project
Load Tests
Battered ACIP Piles
Load Tests and the Lessons Learned
4
Project
Location
Site Information and Conditions (contd)
Soil Profile at Krenek Road
(ACIP Pile)
Soil Profile at Runneburg Road
(Driven Pile)
Sand
Clay
Clay
Sand
Clay
Clay
Clay
42 ft
47 ft
52 ft
39 ft
40 ft
49 ft
50 ft
Sand
Sand
5
280-ft long bridge at US 90/Krenek Road
90 ft 100 ft 90 ft
16 vertical central bent
piles under 4 columns,
4-pile groups
57-ft long, 18 in piles
8 in-battered piles,
8 out-battered piles,
4:1 batter
62-ft long, 18 in piles
5 ft
7 ft
8.5 ft
43 ft
42 ft
52 ft
8 in-battered piles,
8 out-battered piles,
4:1 batter
62-foot long, 18-in piles
w/ full-length cages
16 vertical piles in 4, 4-pile groups
57-foot long, 18-in piles
w/ full-length cages
Grade Crossing: 280-foot-long
Bridge at US 90 / Krenek Road, in
Crosby, Texas
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Basis of Design..
Simple
Design
Methods for
Ultimate
Compressive
Resistance
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Load Testing: Both ACIP
and Driven Piles.
(for verification of capacity
estimation method)
Load- Settl e ment Cur ves f or ACI P and PC Dri ven Test
Pil es
0. 0
0. 1
0. 2
0. 3
0. 4
0. 5
0. 6
0. 7
0. 8
0. 9
1. 0
1. 1
1. 2
1. 3
1. 4
1. 5
1. 6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Load

t on

S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

i
n

ACI P Pil e

215 t ons

Dri v en Pil e

165 t ons

Davi ss on' s Cri t eri a

ACI P

Davi ss on' s Cri t eri a

Dri v en Pil e

18-in. by
57 feet long
16-in by 46
feet long
8
Full-Scale Load Tests (contd)
Load transfer behavior
of ACIP pile
ACIP Pile supported by
side resistance
Almost zero end bearing
due to soil mining
(depressuring of the sand
during drilling into
waterbearing sand)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Load (tons)
D
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Sand
Sand
Clay
Clay
Unit side shear resistance in clay:
driven and ACIP piles at US 90 and
Krenek/Runneberg Roads
Driven test pile: 16-in.
sq. PC by 46 feet long:
Developed shear
Available shear
() = 0.53
ACIP test pile: 18-in.
by 57 feet long:
Developed shear
Available shear
() = 0.83
Design Loads are 90 Tons w/ FS = 2
9
280-ft long bridge at US 90/Krenek Road
90 ft 100 ft 90 ft
16 vertical central bent
piles under 4 columns,
4-pile groups
57-ft long, 18 in piles
8 in-battered piles,
8 out-battered piles,
4:1 batter
62-ft long, 18 in piles
5 ft
7 ft
8.5 ft
43 ft
42 ft
52 ft
Site Information and Conditions (contd)
ACIP Pile Design Facts
TxDOT design method for drilled shafts (1972)
No. of ACIP piles =64
Abutment piles =32 (2 abutments)
Central bent piles =32 (8 columns)
Diameter of ACIP pile =18 in (0.46 m)
Length of ACIP pile
Test pile =62 ft (18.9 m)
Abutment pile=62 ft (18.9 m)
Central bent pile =57 ft (17.4 m)
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Bridge foundation
construction
experiences
1. Drilling
ACIP piles are formed by
rotating a continuous-flight
auger (CFA) into the ground
to a predetermined tip depth.
downward
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2. Grouting
As the auger is being
withdrawn, sand-cement
grout is injected
continuously through the
hollow stem of the auger.
Grout Mix
Truck for
Pumping
upward
Grout line
Flow Meter Pressure
Transducer
Q
Q
u
l
a
Quality Controls
12
Bullet-nosed cages
13
3. Inserting Steel Cage
Reinforcing steel cage
is inserted into the
grout after it is fully
withdrawn.
Full-length
steel cage
roller
Drilling an ACIP pile
with out-batter for an
abutment
14
PVC pipe skids
for batter pile
cages
Inserting a 62-foot
rebar cage on a
4:1 batter
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(1) Specifications and Guidelines are available
for ACIP Piles.
(2) Real-time Monitoring of Grout Volume and
Pumping Pressure are Important.
(3) Load Tests on Site are Encouraged.
CONCLUSIONS
I
G M
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C
1994