Biology 1a Revision

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/human/
Biology 1a
1. How do human bodies respond to changes inside
them and to their environment?
2. What can we do to keep our bodies healthy?
3. How do we use/abuse medical and recreational
drugs?
4. What causes infectious diseases and how can
our bodies defend themselves against them?
Put these words in order to describe the
sequence involved in a reflex action (you may
repeat words if necessary)
Motor neurone, effector, synapse, central
nervous system, stimulus, sensory neurone,
receptor, relay neurone
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
Response
Going into a
dark room
Sitting on
a pin
When a receptor detects a stimulus an
electrical impulse is generated and travels to
the brain or spinal cord (known as the
coordinator) along neurones
The coordinator then sends an electrical
impulse to an effector (muscle or gland) which
make a change happen (response)
Reflex actions are automatic, rapid and
protective
Complete the sentences using the words provided:
An electrical .. passes from the
sensory receptor (e.g. nerve ending), along the
sensory . to the spinal cord.
The impulse then passes to a .
neurone and straight back along a motor neurone to
the .. organ (e.g. muscle).
The time between the stimulus and the reflex action is
as ... as possible. It allows you to
react to .. without thinking about it.
danger neurone short relay impulse effector
Neurones never touch
each other there is a
small gap between them
called a SYNAPSE. A
signal is sent from one
neurone to the next by
a chemical transmitter
across the synapse.
These transmitters are
then destroyed.
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Uterus
Pituitary gland
The menstrual cycle
FSH from pituitary, causes
eggs to mature in the ovary,
stimulates ovaries to produce
oestrogen
Oestrogen from ovary,
causes pituitary to produce LH,
inhibits further release of FSH
LH from pituitary, stimulates
release of mature egg from
ovary
Artificial control of fertility
Link the statements and explanations about artificial control of human fertility.
............ one is a lack of female
hormones (5).
e) Artificial FSH ............
............ this can lead to the
unexpected release of an egg (4).
d) Some women want
children but simply do not
make enough FSH ...........
............ to stimulate the eggs in their
ovaries (3).
c) The pill inhibits the
production of FSH ..........
............ stimulates the eggs in the
ovary to mature (2).
b) If women forget to take
the pill .......
............ so no eggs mature in the
ovaries (1).
a) There are many reasons
for infertility ............
Artificial control of fertility
Answers
............ one is a lack of female hormones (5).
e) Artificial FSH ............
............ this can lead to the unexpected release of an egg (4).
d) Some women want children but simply do not make enough FSH ...........
............ to stimulate the eggs in their ovaries (3).
c) The pill inhibits the production of FSH ..........
............ stimulates the eggs in the ovary to mature (2).
b) If women forget to take the pill .......
............ so no eggs mature in the ovaries (1).
a) There are many reasons for infertility ............
Homeostasis
Temperature
Water
Glucose
Ions
Balanced diet
Metabolic rate
Malnutrition
BMI
Obesity
Starvation
Cholesterol
HDL
LDL
Types of fats
Salt
Obesity
Pre-clinical studies Purpose
1) Laboratory studies
2) Animal research
Clinical trials:
Phase Healthy/patients Number Purpose
1
2
3
Approvals needed for them to be done?
Study features: Meaning
Placebo controlled
Randomised
Double-blind
Studies post-licensing Purpose
Drug
Development
and testing
Thalidomide
1. What was thalidomide originally developed as?
2. What other condition was it then used for?
3. What problem was observed?
4. What then happened to the drug?
5. What change was made to the law?
6. What is thalidomide now being used for?
Drugs
Recreational or medicinal?
Tobacco
Alcohol
Infection and disease
What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a micro-organism that has the potential to cause
disease.
What is an infection?
An infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic
microbes in an individual or population.
What is disease?
Disease is when the infection causes damage to the individuals vital
functions or systems.
The structure of bacteria
Cell membrane Slime capsule Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Genetic material
Plasmids
Flagella
Science Photo Library/
Alfred Pasieka
The structure of a virus
Protein coat
Genetic material
Science Photo Library: Kari Lounatmaa
Mode of transmission
Microbes can be transmitted by: Microbes can be transmitted by:
Horizontal Horizontal
Placenta Placenta Breast milk Breast milk
Vehicle borne Vehicle borne
Air/dust Air/dust Food Food Water Water Fomites Fomites
Vector borne Vector borne
Internal Internal External External
Direct contact person to person
Vertical Vertical
Kissing Kissing Sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse Sneezing less than 1 metre Sneezing less than 1 metre Touching Touching
Indirect contact
How it protects you against disease Role of white blood cells
This is how vaccines protect you against
dangerous infectious diseases
Antibiotic resistance by natural selection
Antibiotic 2 given only those bacteria that are resistant
survive to breed
Now bacteria are resistant to two antibiotics
Antibiotic 1 given only those bacteria that are resistant
survive to breed
Bacteria a few will have mutations that make them
resistant to antibiotics
Categoric
These have word labels.
Ordered
These categoric variables can be ranked,
in an order.
Discrete
These can only have whole number values.
Continuous
These can have any numerical value.