APPENDIX A

NOMENCLATURE
AND ABBREVIATIONS
A.1
A.1 NOMENCLATURE
A area, ft
2
a turbulence factor
A
a
face area, ft
2
A
c
core area of outlet, ft
2
A
D
Dubois surface area of naked
body, ft
2
A
e,l
effective leakage area, ft
2
A
f
area of ns, ft
2
A
i
inner surface area, ft
2
A
k
net or unobstructed area of grille,
ft
2
A
o
outer surface area, ft
2
A
p
primary surface area, ft
2
A
r
cross-sectional area of room per-
pendicular to airow, ft
2
Ar Archimedes number
AS annual savings, dollars
B ratio of outer surface area to in-
ner surface area A
o
/A
i
Bi Biot number
C scale factor; concentration of air
contaminant, mg/m
3
; local loss
coefcient; cost, dollars
C
cc
cloudy-cover factor
C
d
discharge coefcient, degrada-
tion coefcient
C
di
duct installation cost, dollars
C
e
energy cost, dollars
C
cir
circulating factor
C
iu
unit cost of duct installation, $/ft
2
C
n
clearness number of sky
C
o
local loss coefcient
c
p
specic heat at constant pres-
sure, Btu/ lbF
c
pa
specic heat of moist air at con-
stant pressure, Btu/lbF
c
pd
specic heat of dry air at con-
stant pressure, Btu/ lbF
c
pr
specic heat of liquid refrigerant
at constant pressure, Btu/ lbF
C
pre
pressure loss coefcient
c
ps
specic heat of water vapor at
constant pressure, Btu/ lbF
c
pw
specic heat of water at constant
pressure, Btu/ lbF
c
sat
saturation-specic heat per de-
gree wet-bulb temperature,
Btu/ lbF
C
s,i
inlet system effect loss coefcient
C
s,o
outlet system effect loss coef-
cient
C
i
scale factor for temperature
lines, F/ ft
C
to
total cost, dollars
C
v
ow coefcient, a ow rate of 1
gpm at a pressure drop of 1 psi
C
w
scale factor for humidity ratio
lines, lb/ lbft
C R convective and radiative heat
loss, Btu/ hft
2
CDD cooling degree-day, degree-day
COP coefcient of performance
COP
c
coefcient of performance of
chiller
COP
hp
coefcient of performance of
heat pump
A.2 APPENDIX A
COP
hr
coefcient of performance of
heat recovery
COP
ref
coefcient of performance of re-
frigeration
CRF capital recovery factor
D diameter, in. or ft; depreciation,
dollars per year
D
aw
mass diffusivity for water vapor
through air, ft
2
/s
D
e
equivalent diameter, in. or ft
D
h
hydraulic diameter, in. or ft
D
lv
mass diffusivity of liquid and va-
por, ft
2
/ h
D
T
mass diffusivity due to tempera-
ture gradient, ft
2
/ h
E evaporative heat loss, Btu/hft
2
;
electric potential, Volt; efciency
e energy, Btu/b
E
dif
evaporative heat loss due to di-
rect diffusion, Btu/ hft
2
E
max
maximum level of evaporative
heat loss, Btu/ hft
2
E
r
unit energy cost, $/kWh
E
rsw
sweating due to thermoregula-
tory mechanism Btu/ hft
2
EER energy efciency ratio, Btu/ hW
ET* effective temperature, F
F factor, shape factor, solar heat
gain factor
f friction factor; frequency, Hz
F
a,t
air transport factor
F
block
blockage factor
F
cl
clothing efciency
F
cyc
cycling loss factor
F
p
performance factor
F
rej
, HRF heat rejection factor
F
s
coil core surface area parameter
F
t
n thickness, in.; fan total pres-
sure, in. WC
Fo Fourier number
Fr Froude number
G mass velocity, lb/ hft
2
g gravitational acceleration, ft / s
2
g
c
dimentional conversion factor,
32 lb
m
ft / lb
f
s
2
Gr Grashof number
H head, ft of water column; height,
ft; hour angle, deg
h enthalpy, Btu/ lb; heat-transfer
coefcient, Btu/ hft
2
F
h
b
boiling heat-transfer coefcient,
Btu/ hft
2
F
h
con
condensing heat transfer coef-
cient, Btu/ hft
2
F
H
f
frictional head loss, ft of water
h
ig
latent heat of vaporization, Btu/ lb
h
fg,r
latent heat of vaporization of re-
frigerant, Btu/ lb
h
fg,32
latent heat of vaporization at
32F, Btu/ lb
h
i
inner surface heat-transfer coef-
cient, Btu/ hft
2
F
h
m
convective mass-transfer coef-
cient, ft / h
h
o
heat-transfer coefcient at outer
surface, Btu/ hft
2
F; outdoor
air enthalpy, Btu/ lb
h
r
enthalpy of space air
h
ru
enthalpy of recirculating air,
Btu/lb
H
s
static head, ft of water
h
s
enthalpy of saturated air lm,
Btu/lb
h enthalpy of supply air
H
s,r
head difference between supply
and return mains, ft WC
h
s,r
enthalpy of saturated air lm at
evaporating temperature, Btu/lb
H
t
total head, ft of water
H
v
velocity head, ft of water
h
wet
heat-transfer coefcient of wet-
ted surface, Btu/ hft
2
F
HC heating capacity, Btu/ ft
2
F
HDD heating degree-day, degree-day
I electric current, amp
i interest rate, percent
I
D
direct radiation, Btu/ hft
2
I
d
diffuse radiation, Btu/ hft
2
I
G
global radiation on a horizontal
plane, Btu/ hft
2
NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS A.3
I
DN
solar radiation on a surface nor-
mal to sun rays, Btu/ hft
2
i
m
moisture permeability of cloth-
ing
I
a
extraterrestrial solar intensity,
Btu/ hft
2
I
rad
effective radiant eld, W/ft
2
I
ref
reection of solar radiation,
Btu/ hft
2
I
t
total intensity of solar radiation,
Btu/ hft
2
I
tur
intensity of turbulence
I
sc
solar constant, 434.6 Btu/ hft
2
IC initial cost, dollars
IL insertion loss, dB
J Joules equivalent, 778 ft lb
f
/ Btu
j cost escalation factor
K constant, factor, coefcient, de-
rivative gain
k thermal conductivity,
Btuin./ hft
2
F, Btu/ hft F
K wet-bulb temperature constant
K
cc
cloudy reduction factor
K
i
integral gain
K
p
power constant
K
p
proportional gain, pressure con-
stant
K
V
volume constant
L distance, thickness, ft; sound
level, dB; latitude angle, deg
L
af
airow noise, dB
L
e
equivalent length, ft
L
w
sound power level, dB re 1 pW
L
p
sound pressure level, dB re 20
Pa
L
pA
sound pressure level in dBA
L
pr
room sound pressure level, dB
L
w
vertical distance between state
points, ft
L
t
horizontal distance between state
points, ft
L
w,b
branch power division, dB
L
wr
room sound power level, dB
Le Lewis number
LHG latent heat gain, Btu/ h
LR Lewis relation
M molecular weight; metabolic
rate, Btu/ hft
2
m mass, lb
m slope of air enthalpy saturation
curve
mass ow rate, lb/min, lb/h
rate of air contaminants gener-
ated, mg/s
mass ow rate of refrigerant,
lb/ h, lb/ min
m
s
surface density, lb/ ft
2
N number
n number of moles, mol; number
of air changes, ach; circulation
number; amortization period,
year
n depreciation period, year
N
r
number of rows
NTU number of transfer units
Nu Nusselt number
OC operating cost, dollars
P power, hp, kW; perimeter, ft;
penetration
p pressure, psi, psia, psig
P
air
air power, hp
p
at
atmospheric pressure, psia
P
cfm
power per unit volume ow,
W/cfm
P
com
compressor power, hp
p
con
condensing pressure, psig
p
dis
discharge pressure of compres-
sor, psig
p
dy
dynamic loss, in WC
p
ev
evaporating pressure, psig
P
f
fan power, input, hp
p
f
pressure drop due to frictional
and dynamic losses, in. WC
p
ll
ll pressure, abs psia
p
x
xed part of system pressure
loss, in. WC
p
f,s
frictional loss per oor inside the
pressurized stairwell, in. WC
m
r
m
par
m
A.4 APPENDIX A
p
f,u
duct frictional per unit length, in.
WC
P
H
horizontal projection, ft
P
in
power input, hp
p
od
total pressure loss of damper
when fully open, in. WC
P
p
pump power, hp
p
p-od
total pressure loss of airow path
excluding damper, in. WC
p
res
residual pressure, in. WC
p
s
static pressure, in WG, psig
p
s,i
inlet system effect pressure loss
in. WC
p
s,o
outlet system effect pressure
loss, in. WC
p
s,r
static regain, in. WC
p
st
pressure due to stack effect, lb
f
/ ft
2
p
suc
suction pressure of compressor,
psig
p
sy
system pressure loss, in. WC
p
t
total pressure, in. WC
p
t,ex
external total pressure, in. WC
P
V
vertical projection, ft
p
v
velocity pressure, in. WC
p
var
variable part of system pressure
loss, in. WC
p
vo
velocity pressure at outlet, in. WC
p
vw
wind velocity pressure, in. WC
p
w
water vapor pressure, psia
PMV predicted mean vote
Pr Prandtl number
Q rate of heat transfer, Btu/ h
q rate of heat tansfer, Btu/ h
Q
c
coils load, Btu/ h
Q
cc
cooling coils load, Btu/ h
Q
c,c
corrected cooling capacity, Btu/ h
Q
c,r
catalog-listed cooling capacity,
Btu/h
q
c,wet
heat and mass transfer, Btu/h
Q
ev
, Q
ref
, Q
rl
refrigeration load at evaporator,
Btu/ h
q
lg
heat input to the rst-stage gen-
erator, Btu/ hton
Q
ch
heating coil load, Btu/ h
q
int
internal heat gain, Btu/ h
Q
rc
space cooling load, Btu/ h
Q
rej,
THR total heat rejection, Btu/ h
Q
rh
space heating load, Btu/ h
q
RCi
inward heat ow from inner sur-
face of sunlit window, Btu/ h
Q
rs
space sensible cooling load,
Btu/ h
Q
rsp
space sensible cooling load at
part load, Btu/h
q
rs,t
sensible cooling load at time t,
Btu/ h
q
sen
rate of sensible heat transfer,
Btu/h
q
tran
tramission loss, Btu/h
q
wi
heat gain admitted into condi-
tioned space, Btu/h
R gas constant, ft lb
f
/ lb
m
R; elec-
tric resistance,
R R-value, hft
2
F/ Btu
R* thermal resistance, hF/ Btu;
ow resistance, in WC/ (cfm)
2
;
ratio
R
c
radius of curvature, in. or ft
R
cl
thermal resistance of clothing,
hft
2
F/ Btu
R
com
compression ratio
R
en
entrainment ratio
R
f
fouling factor, hft
2
F/ Btu
R
fa
ratio of free area to gross area
R
g
gas-side thermal resistance,
hft
2
F/ Btu
R
load
, LR load ratio
R
o
universal gas constant
ft lb
f
/ lb
m
R
R
T,l
ratio of temperature lift
Re Reynolds number
ROR rate of return
S salvage value, dollars; heat stor-
age, Btu/ hft
2
s specic entropy, Btu/lbR; di-
mensionless distance
S
f
n spacing, ns/in.
S
H
shaded height, ft
S
W
shaded width, ft
NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS A.5
SC shadding coefcient
S
c
Schmidt number
SHG sensible gain, Btu/ h
SHGF solar heat gain factor, Btu/ hft
2
SHR sensible heat ratio
SHR
c
sensible heat ratio of cooling and
dehumidication process
SHR
s
sensible heat ratio of space con-
ditioning line
SHR
sp
sensible heat ratio of space con-
ditioning line at part load
SP simple payback, years
St Strouhal number
T temperature, F
T wet-bulb temperature, F
T* thermodynamic wet-bulb tem-
perature, F
T

bulky air temperature unaffected

by surface, F
t
an
annual operating hours, h
T
co
changeover temperature, F
T
dew
, T dew point temperature, F
T
dis
discharge temperature, F
T
f
fan temperature rise, F
T
en
mass temperature of building en-
velope, F
T
m
temperature of mixture, F
T
m
log-mean temperature difference,
F
T
o
operative temperature, F; out-
door temperature, F
T
os
summer mean coincident wet-
bulb temp, F
T
o, ws
statistically determined winter
design outdoor temperature, F
T
p
plenum air temperature, F
T
R
absolute temperature, R
T
r
space temperature, F
T
ra
, T
rad
mean radiant temperature, F
T
rm
average space temperature, F
T
rp
space temperature at part load, F
T
rp
space temperature in perimeter
zone, F
T
ru
temperature of recirculating air, F
T
s
supply temperature, F
T
sa
temperature difference between
the surface and air, F
T
t,r
throttling range, F
T
ws
chilled water supply tempera-
ture, F
TD temperature differential, F
TL transmission loss, dB
TL
in
break-in transmission loss, dB
TL
out
breakout transmission loss, dB
U overall heat transfer coefcient,
Btu/ hft
2
F
u internal energy, Btu/ lb; periph-
eral velocity, fpm
U
i
overall heat-transfer coefcient
based on inner surface area,
Btu/ hft
2
F
U
u
overall heat-transfer coefcient
based on outer surface area,
Btu/ hft
2
F
UAC uniform annual cost, dollars
V volume, ft
3
volume ow rate, cfm
v velocity, fpm of ft/s
v
specic vol-
ume or moist volume, ft
3
/lb
v
c
centerline velocity, fpm
v
con
air velocity in constricted part of
damper or duct ttings, fpm
conv
volume ow rate of upward con-
vective ow, cfm
ef
volume ow rate of exltrated
air, cfm
v
fc
face velocity, fpm
gal
volume ow rate of chilled wa-
ter, gpm
volume ow rate of air leakage,
cfm
volume ow rate of outdoor air,
cfm
minimum outdoor air supply vol-
ume ow at design conditions,
cfm
volume ow rate of outdoor and
inltrated air, cfm
zone outdoor air supply volume
ow rate, cfm
V

osn
V

oif
V

o,dm
V

o
V

lk,
V

L
V

A.6 APPENDIX A
piston displacement, cfm
supply volume ow rate, cfm
supply volume ow rate at part
load, cfm
W work, Btu/lb; mechanical work
performed, Btu/hft
2
; sound
power, dB; width, ft
w relative velocity, fpm; humidity
ratio, lb/lb
W
in
work input, Btu/lb
W
isen
isentropic work, Btu/lb
W
rsw
wetted portion of human body
due to sweating
w*
s
saturated humidity ratio at ther-
modynamic wet-bulb tempera-
ture, lb/lb
X moisture content, dimensionless
or percent; mass fraction
x mole fraction; quality or dryness
fraction; coordinate dimension
x
rl
quality or refrigerant leaving
overfeed cooler
y vertical drop of air jet, ft
Z compressibility factor
z elevation, ft
z
stat
stationary level, ft
Subscripts
a air, ambient, absorber
ab absorber, air at dry-wet boundary
ae, aen entering air
alv leaving air
am ambient
at atmospheric
av average
b body bleed, branch, building ma-
terial
bg building
by bypass
c coil, cooling, cold, convective,
condenser, compressor, common
end, corrected
ca cooling air, cooled air
V

sp
V

s
V

p
cc cooling coil
c,d closed door
ce entering condenser
hc heating coil
cl clothing, cooling load, cooling
coil, leaving condenser
cn common
co changeover
com compressor
con condensing, condenser
corr correction
cr body core
cs sensible cooling coil
d duct, design
dam damper
deh dehumidier
des desiccant
dif diffuser
dis discharge
dl process air leaving desiccant de-
humidier
dy dynamic
e entering
ee entering evaporator
ef exltrated
eff effective
el elevation, leaving evaporator,
equivalent
en entering
en,c cooling water entering condenser
ev evaporating, evaporator
ev,c evaporative cooling
ex, exh exhaust
exf, ef exltration
f fan
fc fan coil
x xed part
oor
fu furnace
g moisture gain, gas, globe,
ground, generator
1g rst-stage generator
NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS A.7
2g second-stage generator
go saturated water vapor at 0F
h higher, heat exchanger, heating,
hot
hg heat gain
h,t heat transformer
hu humidier
i inlet, input, indoor, interior, in-
termediate, inner surface
in input, indirect, interior
inf inltration
int intermediate
k conduction
l latent, liquid, lower, lights, leav-
ing
lc liquid at condenser
le water entering evaporator
liq liquid
lk leakage
lr liquid refrigerant
lv leaving
m mixture, mean, maximum, motor
mat material
max maximum
min minimum
mo, mot motor
n number
o outdoor, output, outlet, outer sur-
face, oversaturation
o,d open door
oi inward ow from outer surface
os outer surface
o,s summer outdoor
o,sys system outdoor air
out outdoor air
p constant pressure, people, part-
load, pump, process air, primary
air
par particulates in air
pd dry air at constant pressure
pl process air after sensible heat ex-
changer
ps water vapor at constant pressure,
primary air supply
pt plant
r space, room, return, refrigerant,
radiative, regeneration air
rc space cooling, refrigeration ca-
pacity
rd return duct
rec recirculating
ref refrigeration
reff free refrigeration
rel release
res residual, respiration
ret, rt return
rf return fan, relief fan, refrigera-
tion effect
rg regeneration air entering desic-
cant dehumidier
rh space heating
rl space latent
ro regeneration air leaving desic-
cant dehumidier
rp return plenum
rs space sensible
rs return system
ru recirculating air entering the
AHU or PU
s supply, steam, saturated state,
surface, sunlit, straight-through
end, summer
s saturated at thermodynamic wet-
bulb temperature
sa solution at absorber
sa saturated air lm
sat saturation
sb surface at dry-wet boundary
sc subcooled
sc cold air supply
sd supply duct
sen sensible
sf supply fan
sg solution at generator
sh shaded
A.8 APPENDIX A
sh warm air supply
si supply air for interior zone
sil silencer
sk skin
sn supply air for zone n
sn,d zone supply air at design condi-
tion
sn,p supply air for zone n at part load
sol solar
ss supply system
st supply temperature
suc suction
sun sunlit
sur surroundings
sx supply air for perimeter zone
T total, overall, temperature
t time
un unconditioned
var variable part
ve saturated water vapor leaving
evaporator
w water, condensate, winter
wb water at dry-wet boundary,
boiler hot water
we water entering
wet wet air
wl water leaving
w,o winter outdoor
ws water vapor at saturated state
xl regeneration air leaving the sen-
sible heat exchanger, exit of heat
exchanger
Greek Letter Symbols
mean temperature coefcient;
angle between the air condition-
ing process and horizontal line
on psychrometric chart, deg;
thermal diffusivity, ft
2
/s; absorp-
tance; spreading angle of air jet,
deg; damper characteristic ratio
solar altitude angle, deg; blade
angle, deg
ratio of specic heat at constant
pressure to constant volume, sur-
face-solar azimuth angle, deg
difference
solar declination angle, deg
emissivity; absolute roughness,
in.; effectiveness; effectiveness
factor

ex
air exchange efciency

sat
saturation effectiveness

wet
wet coil effectiveness
efciency

cb
combustion efciency

com
compressor efciency

cp
compression efciency

dr
efciency of driving mechanism

f
fan total efciency; n efciency

fu
furnace efciency

isen
isentropic efciency

mec
mechanical efciency

mo
,
mot
motor efciency

ov
overall efciency

p
pump efciency

s
fan static efciency, n surface
efciency

sat
saturation effectiveness

sy,h
system efciency for heating

t
fan total efciency

v
volumetric efciency

ww
wire-to-water efciency
angle of incidence, deg; effective
draft temperature, F
absolute viscosity, lb/ ft s; de-
gree of saturation; mechanical
efciency
kinematic viscosity, ft
2
/s
density, lb/ ft
3
; reectance

suc
density of suction vapor, lb/ft
3
angle between tilting and hori-
zontal surface, deg
Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
0.1714 10
8
Btu/ hft
2
R
4
;
standard deviation
transmittance
NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS A.9
relative humidity, percent; solar
azimuth angle, deg

f
n resistance number
surface azimuth angle, deg
prole angle, deg
A.2 ABBREVIATIONS
ABMA American Boiler Manufacturers
Association
abs. absolute
AC air conditioning
ACEC American Consulting Engineers
Council
ACI adjustable current inverter
ACP alternate component package
ADC Air Diffusion Council
ADPI air diffusion performance index,
percent
AFUE annual fuel utilization efciency
AHU air-handling unit
AI analog input
AMCA Air Movement and Control As-
sociation
ANSI American National Standards In-
stitute
AO analog output
ARI Air Conditioning and Refrigera-
tion Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air Condi-
tioning Engineers
ASME American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
ASTM American Society of Testing and
Materials
AVI adjustable voltage inverter
BAS building automation system
BHP, bhp brake horsepower
BI binary or digital input, back-
ward-inclined blade
BLAST building loads analysis and sys-
tems thermodynamics
BMS building management system
BO binary or pulsed output
BOCA Building Ofcials and Code Ad-
ministrators
CABDS computer-aided building design
system
CADD computer-aided design and draft-
ing
CFC chlorouorocarbon
CLF cooling load factor
CLTD cooling load temperature differ-
ence
COP coefcient of performance
CTD condenser temperature differ-
ence
DA direct-acting
dc direct current
DDC direct digital control
DECOS design energy cost
DOE Department of Energy
DOP di-octyl phthalate
DSA double-strength sheet glass
DWDI double-width double-inlet
DX direct expansion, dry expansion
ECB energy cost budget
EEPROM electrically erasable, program-
mable, read-only memory
EIA Energy Information Administra-
tion of the Department of Energy
EMS energy management system
EPA Environmental Protection
Agency
EPROM erasable programmable read-
only memory
ETD equivalent temperature differ-
ence
FC fan coil, forward-curved blade
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FOM gure of merit
GWHP groundwater heat pump
GWP global warming potential
HEPA high-efciency particulate air
HR heart rate
HSPF heating seasonal performance
factor
HVAC&R heating, ventilating, air condi-
tioning, and refrigeration
IAQ indoor air quality
ILD internal load density
I/O input/output
I-P inch-pound
IPLV integrated part-load value
IRS Internal Revenue Service
LiBr lithium bromide
LiCl lithium chloride
LPG liqueed petroleum gas
MAU makeup air unit
MCPC microcomputer constructed psy-
chrometric chart
MPS manual position switch
NBC National Broadcasting Corpora-
tion
NC noise criteria, normally closed
NCDC National Climatic Data Center
NFPA National Fire Protection Associ-
ation
NIOSH National Institute of Occupa-
tional Safety and Health
NO normally open
NPL neutral pressure level
NPSH net positive suction head
NWWA National Water Well Association
ODP ozone depletion potential
PC personal computer
PI proportional plus integral
PID proportional-integral-derivative
PU packaged unit
PTAC packaged terminal air conditioner
PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Poli-
cies Act
PVC polyvinyl chloride
PWM pulse-width modulated inverter
RA reverse-acting
A.10 APPENDIX A
RAM random access memory
RAU recirculating air unit
RC room criteria
RH relative humidity
ROM read-only memory
RTD resistance temperature detector
RTS room temperature sensor
SBS sick building syndrome
SEER seasonal energy efciency ratio
SEUF seasonal energy utilization factor
SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Condition-
ing Contractors National Asso-
ciation
SI International System of units
SPF seasonal performance factor
SSE steady-state efciency
SSU Saybolt-seconds univeral viscos-
ity
SWSI single-width single-inlet
TA time-averaging
TARP thermal analysis research pro-
gram
TETD total equivalent temperature dif-
ferential
TFM transfer function method
TIMA Thermal Insulation Manufactur-
ers Association
TRAV terminal regulated air volume
UL Underwriters Laboratories
ULPA ultra low-penetration air lters
VAV variable air volume
VDC volts of direct current
VLSI very large-scale integrated
VVVT variable-volume variable-tem-
perature
WHO World Health Organization
WSHP water-source heat pump
WWR window-to-wall ratio