3S4

Appendix A
Algorithm for growing diffusion-limited aggregates
To generate large DLA clusters one has to use tricks because the orig-
inal version of the model would require prohibitively large amounts of com-
puter time. In the following, three simple procedures will briefly be described
which are helpful in reducing the computational time substantially and allow
one to grow - using a mainframe - aggregates consisting of several millions of
particles. Of course, a personal computer is much slower and the size of the
clusters one can generate in a PC is in the range of a few thousand particles.
i) The first trick is that we release the particles from a circle of radius
R
0
which is just a bit larger than the largest distance between the particles
already belonging to the aggregate and the origin. This method is justified
because the particles released very far from the cluster arrive (for the first
time) at different points of a circle of radius larger than R
0
and centred at
the origin with the same probability.
ii) Whenever a randomly walking particle leaves the region which is
inside the above circle, the distance AR of the particle from the circle is
determined. Then the next step made by the particle is a jump of length
AR from its actual position made in a randomly selected direction (the final
position is the lattice site closest to the coordinates of the particle after
the jump has taken place). Inside the circle of radius R
0
the particle always
undergoes a random walk jumping one lattice unit choosing one of the nearest
neighbour sites randomly. If the particle making large jumps outside of the
circle gets too fax (e.g. ten times R
0
), it is killed and a new particle is released
from the circle R
0
.
iii) A further improvement can be achieved using the following algo-
rithm. At the beginning one assigns a quite arbitrary value /' = l
max
to all

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Appendix A 335
lattice sites. (A reasonable choice is in the range of 15-30.) Then, for each
site from which the random walker could reach the seed (cluster) by making
a jump of length V lattice units the value assigned to the site is changed to
/' if V < 'max- In
o t he r words
>
c l os e t o t h e c l us t e r l
'
i s t h e ma x i mu m s t e p
length a random walker may take without crossing the arms of the aggre-
gate. Thus the particles jump a distance which is either V or AR (the latter
choice is made if SR > U ) . After a new particle has been added to the
cluster the I' values in the region where it landed are updated so that the
next particle could not make a jump which would result in crossing any parts
of the aggregate.
It is straightforward to extend the above method to the off-lattice
case by making use of an underlying virtual lattice. In this case the J'-B
are assigned to the lattice elements (for the square lattice these are the unit
squares bounded by four bonds) and one keeps track of the distances from
the cluster and the trajectory of a particle by detecting the lattice elements
visited by the off-lattice walk. Below a sample program is given which was
written in BASIC for the IBM PC with a colour graphics card. It generates
DLA clusters on a square lattice. This short version does not contain trick
iii) which is more effective when one grows very large clusters.
10 REM DI FFUSI ON- LI MI TED AGGREGATI ON ON THE SQUARE LATTI CE
20 REM SEED PARTI CLE AT NO, NO
30 REM NEXT PARTI CLE I S RELEASED FROM A CI RCLE AND UNDERGOES
, 0 REM A RANDOM WALK. I T STI CKS TO THE PARTI CLE AT THE ORI GI N WHEN
50 REM ARRI VES AT AN ADJ ACENT SI TE. A NEWPARTI CLE I S RELEASED . . .
60 REM N - LI NEAR SI ZE OF THE CELL
70 REM N9 - NUMBER OF PARTI CLES TO BE DEPOSI TED
80 REM A( I . J ) - 1 I F THERE I S AND A( I . J ) - 0 I F THERE I S NO PARTI CLE
90 REM AT THE SI TE I , J
100 OPTI ON BASE 1
110 SCREEN 2
120 DI M A( 90, 90) , J $( 100) , B( 10, 10)
130 CLS
140 N=49
150 C=1
160 N9=50

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336 Appendix A
170 R1=2
180 R2=1
190 W=4
200 N0=( N+1) / 2
210 CI RCLE( N0- 8, N0- W)
I
3: CI RCLE( N0- 8, N0^)
I
2: CI RCLE( N0- 8, N0^)
| 1
220 R3=R1
230 R4=5*( R3+R2)
240 FOR 11=1 TO N
250 FOR 12=1 TO N
260 A(I1,I2)=0
270 NEXT 12
280 NEXT 11
290 10=1
300 REM PUT A PARTI CLE AT THE ORI GI N
310 A( N0, N0) =1
3 2 0 R
EM START GROWI NG
330 RANDOMI ZER 59)
340 FOR 19=2 TO N9 (
350 F1=6. 28319*RND( 1)
360 I =I NT( ( R3+R2) *SI N( F1) +N0+. 5)
370 J =I NT( ( R3+R2) *COS( F1) +N0+. 5)
380 X1=I
390 Y1=J
,o o
REM JUMP 0NT0 A CIRCLE 0F RADIUs R6 (wHjcH
^
THE DI STA NCE
410 REM THE AGGREGATE) I F R6>2
420 R5=( l - N0) *( l - N0) +( J - N0) *( j - N0)
430 R5=SQR( R5)
440 R6=R5- ( R3+R2)
450 I F R6 < 2 THEN GOTO 570
460 R7=6. 28319*RND( 1)
470 X1=X1+R6*SI N( R7)
480 Y1=Y1+R6*C0S( R7)
490 I =I NT( X1+. 5)
500 J =I NT( Y1+. 5)
510 R5=( I - N0) *( I - N0)
+
( J - N0) *( J - N0)
520 R5=SQR( R5)
530 I F R5 < 20. 1 THEN CI RCLE( 8*J , 4*1) ,
3
540 I F R5 < 20. 1 THEN CI RCLE( 8*J , 4- 1) , 3, 0

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550 GOTO 760
560 REN WALK BY STEPS
570 K1=I NT( RND( 1) *4+1)
580 ON K1 GOTO 590, 610, 630, 650
590 1=1+1
600 GOTO 660
610 1=1- 1
620 GOTO 660
630 J =J - 1
640 GOTO 660
650 J =J + 1
660 REM
670 M1=I - 1
680 M2=J - 1
690 P1=I +1
700 P2=J +1
710 CI RCLE( 8*J , 4*I ) , 3: CI RCLE( 8*J , 4*1) , 3, 0
720 A1=A( M1, J ) +A( P1, J ) +A( I , M2) +A( I , P2)
730 I F A1 >= . 1 THEN GOTO 810
740 X1=I
750 Y1=J
760 R5=( I - N0) *( I - N0) +( J - N0) *( J - N0)
770 R5=SQR( R5)
780 I F R5 > R4 THEN GOTO 350
790 GOTO 400
800 REM FI X NEWPARTI CLE
810 A( I , J ) =1
820 10=10+1
830 I F R5 > R3 THEN R3=R5
840 R4=5*( R3+R2)
850 CI RCLE( J *8, I *W) , 3
860 NEXT 19
870 END

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338
Appendix B
Construction of a simple Hele-Shaw cell
In this Appendix a few details are given for those who are interested
in the construction of a Hele-Shaw cell. To build a versatile Hele-Shaw cell is
not particularly troublesome but the application of a few tricks makes the ex-
periments easier to carry out. A schematic picture of a possible arrangement
is shown in Fig. B .l. The related information is given below.
Fi gure B . l . Schematic picture of a radial Hele-Shaw cell. I ts
cross-section is also indicated. The distance between the plates is
denoted by b.
i) The sizes of the upper and lower plates are 27 x 27 cm and 34 x 34
cm, respectively. They are made of good quality glass of wi dth 5mm.
ii) Air is injected into a viscous fluid through a hole of radius 3 mm drilled
at the centre of the upper pl ate.
iii) I n order to prevent the viscous fluid from flowing out, walls are at-

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Appendix B S39
tached to the plates in a manner shown in Fig. B.l .
iv) The distance between the plates is controlled by inserting between
them thi n metallic strips.
v) At large pressures one needs to clamp the two glass plates together
either by using screws or a heavy frame.
The above basic arrangement can be modified in a number of ways and,
correspondingly, many types of viscous fingering patterns can be observed.
By inserting a thi rd glass plate (in between the two original ones) with a mesh
etched on its surface, one is able to study the effects of anisotropy. If small
balls are spread randomly on the surface of the thi rd plate the structure of
the interface becomes a random fractal, similar to the geometry of diffusion-
limited aggregates.

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340
Appendix C
Basic concepts underlying multifractal measures
In Chapter 3. we have discussed a formalism and algorithms which
can be used to characterize the properties of fractal measures. Here we
describe the underlying basic concepts presented (after this book was finished)
in a recent paper by Mandelbrot (1988) to be published in Fluctuations
and Pattern Formation edited by H. E.Stanley and N. Ostrowsky (Kluwer,
Dordrecht and Boston).
I n example 3.1 a fractal measure is constructed by recursion. This
measure fails to have density, and it is not discrete. For example, if one goes
from e = (1/3)* to e = (l /3)*
+1
, the sharing of the measure in an original
interval of length e among its three parts is usually very uneven. Thus, the
values of this measure in the k -> oo limit can not be described by any
distribution function.
To define the appropriate quantity, we fix a given box size e, and
for this e plot the corresponding distribution of the measure (number of
boxes with the given value of the measure in them) using double logarithmic
coordinates. Then a multifractal measure has the property that reducing
both logarithmic coordinates by the same factor In e, the reduced plots of
the distribution converge to a limit probability distribution p(a). The reduced
horizontal logarithmic coordinate is nothing else than a as defined in Section
3.1. while the function f(a) is given by f(a) = p(a) + 1.
Let us now generalize example 3.1 as done by Mandelbrot 1988, and
use this new, multinomial version to demonstrate how one can relate the
relevant quantities of the theory in a simple way. Denoting by P, the weights
given to the i th box (t = 1,2, ...b) at the first step of the recursion we find

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Appendix C 341
that
a = - ^<p,-l og
6
# and = - ^<>ilog
6
V?i,
i
where 6 is the box fractal dimension and a = log[//(e)]/loge with
Ai(6) = P*
V l
. . . P^.
Here <pi is the relative frequency of the digits i in the 6-base development of
x
_ O.771772...r?jfc. The set of boxes with the same a is dominated by the term
corresponding to the highest dimension. This term maximizes the expression
- i ^l og
6
</ >i for given -<^l og
6
Pi = a and V ifi = 1. To calculate ip
{
one uses the classical method of Lagrange multipliers in which a multiplier
denoted by q (-00 < q < 00) is introduced. The application of the method
gives
6? log* Pi p?
I n terms of the cumulant generating function r(q) = - l ogaJ ^P / the La-
grange multipliers determine q and f(a) from a by
i
q
i
max 0 = f(a) = y p? '
This means that
In the above expressions q, r and / formally appear as the inverse tempera-
ture, the Gibbs free energy, and the entropy, respectively. It is clear that for
such multinomial measures a > 0 and 6 > 0, therefore, / (a) > 0.

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342 Appendix C
The latter inequality is, however, not necessarily true for all multifrac-
tal distributions. Obviously, if f(a) is viewed as a fractal dimension of the
set characterized by the Holder exponent a, /(a) < 0 can not correspond to
a fractal dimension in its usual sense. For the /(a) < 0 case Mandelbrot (J.
Stat. Phys. 34 (1984) 895) introduced the term latent dimension, expressing
that this property of the measure is present, but hidden, and can be observed
using high-dimensional cuts from the measure (Mandelbrot 1988).
The above described multinomial measure can easily be genealized
to the random case (Mandelbrot 1974). Clearly, if the weights P< are ran-
domly redistributed before each stage of the recursion process, the /(a) of
the resulting random multiplicative measure will be the same as that of the
deterministic one. As a further step, one can also go from measures embed-
ded into one dimension to multifractals defined on the set of points {x} in an
^-dimensional space, and suppose that b = B
B
with positive integers B and
E. If b/B > 1, then the weights in the boxes along a one-dimensional cut
from the measure can be regarded as statistically independent. Assuming
independence means that the values P< of the random multiplier M can take
on any of the values mj- = m^ - i with the same probability.
Let us now express the amount of measure n(dx) in the B-adic interval
of length B~
k
of the one-dimensional section assuming that this interval is
at x = 0.771,-77*. Since we do not know the exact amount of the measure
along the cut (it is normalized to be equal to 1 only in the ^-dimensional
space), we need a prefactor fifa,...!,) which is due to stages of frequency
larger than B
k
. Thus
M(K) = ft(7i,...r7
t
)M(T7
1
)....M(ri
1
,...rijb)...
Here the the multipliers M are identically distributed and independent. The
same is valid for the random factors Q. Introducing a
L
= -(l/*) pog
B
M(
m
)+
logs M(
m
,%) + ...] anda* = -(l/k)]og
B
il gives a = a
L
+ a
H
. For k - oo
a
H
becomes negligible, while a
L
is the average of it independent random
variables. According to the Cramer limit theorem, as k - oo the quantity

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Appendix G 348
(l/fc)log
6
(probability density of <*L)
converges to a limit which is here denoted by p(a). However, this p(a) is
not universal in the sense that different multipliers M lead to different p(a)
distributions. It is easy to show that f(a) = p(a) +max / (a) = p(a) +
dimension of the measure's support.
Finally, a few comments should be made concerning the lognor-
mal character of the distributions considered. If the sum log
B
M(?7i) +
l og
B
M(T7I , 772) +
b e n a v e d
asymptotically as a Gaussian, a would follow
a lognormal distribution. In this case f(a) would be a parabola. However,
when the distribution is properly normalized, the above sum is not universal
and the central limit theorem implies that p(a) and / (a) are parabolic only
close to their maximum. Away from this maximum the behaviour of p(oc)
and / (a) is determined by M and is parabolic only if the multipliers M are
lognormal. For more details on the basic concepts of multifractals and the
meaning of / (a) <0 see Mandelbrot (1988).

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Author Index
Aharony, A., 105, 130, 132, 304
Alexander, S., 131, 132, 317
Alexandrowiti, Z., 103, 107
Allain, C, 76, 77
Allen, N., 325, 327
Amit, D.J., 121
Amitrano, C, 156, 158
Amritkar, R.E., 193
de Arcangelis, L., 62
Armstrong, A.J., 253
Avnir D., 77
Balberg, I., 115
Ball, R.C., 138, 147-150, 156, 192,
195-197, 199, 200, 202, 216,
217, 221, 242, 243, 323
Ban, J., 251, 252
Bansil, R., 117
Barnes, P.D., 301
Barrow, J.D., 237
Bars, G.L., 317
Baudet, C, 304
Ben-Avraham, D., 130, 133
Ben-Jacob, E., 2, 292-294, 308
317, 321, 322, 323
Bensimon, D., 268, 297
Bentley, W.A., 2, 287, 288
Benzi, R., 47
Berne, B.J., 254
Besicovitch, A.S., 9, 16
Binder, K., 223
Boccarra, N., 4
Bories, S., 109
Borger, F., 304
Botet, R., 4, 42, 173, 179, 184, 186
187, 210, 213, 241
Brady, R.M., 147, 323
Brown, W.D., 216, 217
Bruinsma, R., 317
Bug, A.L., 231
Buka, A., 2, 312
Bunde, A., 108
Cannel, D.S., 76, 250
Cardoso, O., 308
Cardy, J.L., 108
Cates, M.E., 4
Chaikin, P.M., 304
Chandler, R., 109, 110
Chen, J.D., 302, 304
Chhabra, A., 115, 117
Clarke, R., 321-323
Ctement, E., 304
Cloitre, M., 76, 77
Coniglk), A., 62, 124, 156, 158
161, 162
Couder, Y., 308
Cserti, J., 277, 278
Cummings, P.T., 127
Daccord, G., 2, 281, 306, 307, 327-329
van Damme, H., 307
Daoud, M., 4
Debierre, J.M., 130, 220, 231
DeGregoria, A.J., 290, 300
Deutsch, J.M., 238, 239, 245
Deutscher, G., 2, 105, 313, 317
Dhar, D., 186
Dirks, A.G., 191, 193
Djordjevic, Z.V., 86
van Dongen, P.G.J., 237, 245
Dougherty, A., 2, 304, 321, 322
Duplantier, B., 126, 128
Dupuy, D., 308
Edwards, S.F., 203
Elam, W.T., 317

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346 Author Index
Engelman, R., 4
Ernst, M.H., 237, 241, 243, 245
Evertsi, C, 129
Family, F., 4, 88, 90-93,102, 106
107, 111, 142, 143,156, 181
187,192, 197, 199, 210, 225-235
235, 239, 242, 245, 280, 281, 288
Fanner, J.D., 43, 55, 57, 58
Feder, J., 4, 254, 302, 304
Fischer, M.E., 168
Flory, P., 151
Forrest, S.R., 209
Rreche, P., 185
Friedlander, S.K., 241
Arisen, U., 47
Garik, P., 2, 181, 317
Gaspari, G., 120
Gatinean, L., 307
Gefen, Y., 132
de Gennes, P.G., 79, 117, 121, 213
Gerard, N., 308
Gilmer, G.M., 191, 194
Godbey, Y., 2, 308
Goldenfeld, N.D., 2, 308, 317, 318
Gollub, J.P., 2, 304, 321, 322
Gould, H., 156
Gouyet, J.F., 129
Grassberger, P., 103, 104, 107, 108
Grier, D., 2, 315, 316, 321-323
Gubser, D.U., 317
Guinea, F., 330
Guyer, R.A., 131
Haanstra, H.B., 194
Halsey, T.C., 47, 51, 54, 56, 146,
156, 158, 160
Hausdorff, F., 9, 16
Hautman, J., 181
Havlin, S., 130, 133, 162, 164
Hayakawa, Y., 2, 158-160, 174,
179, 320, 322, 324
Hele-Shaw, J.S.S,, 298
Hentschel, H.G.E., 29, 47, 49, 51,
56, 156
Herrmann, H.J., 4, 102, 107, 108,
111, 114, 115, 117, 219
Hilfer, R., 317
Homsy, G.M., 270, 278, 300
Honda, K., 151, 174
Honjo, H., 2, 317, 318, 320, 322
Horkai, F., 251, 252
Horvath, V., 305, 309, 310, 312, 313
Huang, J.S., 250, 254-256
Huang, L.J., 317
Hulin, J.P. 304
Humpreys, W.J., 2, 287, 288
Hurd, A.J., 253
Itox, M., 234
Jaeger, Z., 4
Jan, N., 124
Jasnow, D., 300
Jen, E., 45
Jensen, M.H., 47, 51, 54, 56
Joag, P.S., 193
Jossang, T. 4, 11, 254, 302, 304
Jullien, R., 4, 42, 177, 179, 184,
186, 187, 199, 204, 210, 213,
216-220, 241
Kadanoff, L.P., 47, 51, 54, 56, 90,
193, 268, 277, 297
Rang, K., 238, 242
Kapitulnik, A., 105, 324
Kardar, M., 200, 202, 204
Kaufman, J.H., 324
Kawasaki, K., 151
Kerstein, A.R., 230
Kert&z, J., 2, 102, 143, 166, 167,
188-190, 200, 273, 277, 278,
280-283, 304, 305, 309, 310,
312, 313
Kessler, A., 268, 290-292, 317, 321
Keyes, T., 108
Knoll, W., 317
Kolb, M., 144, 210-213, 212-219, 225, 242
KolmogOTov, A.N., 16
Kondo, H., 175
Koplik, J., 109, 110, 268, 290-292,
308, 321
Kremer, K., 124-126
Krug, J., 202
Landau, D.P., 4, 114, 115, 117
Langer, J.S., 268, 314

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Author Index 347
Laroche, C, 307
Leamy, H.J., 191, 194
Leath, P.L., 103
Lenormand, R., 109, 302-304, 327-329
Lereah, Y., 2, 317
Lerman, K., 109, 110
Levine, H., 268, 290-292, 308, 321
Levitz, P., 307
Leyvraz, F., 176, 242, 243
Libchaber, A., 300
Li, H.D., 317
Liang, S., 192, 193, 268, 277, 278, 297
di Liberto, F., 156, 158
Limaye, A.V., 193
Lin, M.Y., 250, 254-256
Lindsay, H.M., 304
Liu, B.X., 317
Louis, E., 330
Lugosi, M., 156
Lyklema, J.W., 123-126, 129
Madelaine, G.J., 234
Maher, J.V., 301
Majid, I., 80, 124
Makarov, N.G., 160
Maloy, K.J., 302, 304
Mandelbrot, B.B., 1, 9, 19, 29, 31-34,
40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 340-343
Manneville, P., 113
Margolina, A., 108
Martin, J.E., 76, 250
Matsushita, M., 2, 151, 158-160, 174,
179, 317, 318, 320, 322-324
Matthews-Morgan, D., 115
Mayer-Kress G., 45
McGrady, E.D., 237, 241
McKane, A.J., 204
McMurry, P.H., 234
Meakin, P., 4, 38, 48, 55, 83, 84,
106, 136-138, 140-142, 144-146,
148-150, 156-158, 161, 162,
164-168, 170, 176-178, 191,
195-197, 199, 200, 204, 210,
213, 214, 218, 227, 228-235,
238, 239, 241-243, 245, 280,
281, 283, 284, 317
Medalia, A., 212
Melroy, O.R., 324
Miller, A., 317
Miyazima, S., 231
Mocklet, R.C., 253
Montag, J.L., 142, 143
Moore, M.A., 204
Mohwald, H., 317
Mueller, T., 308
Mullins, W.W., 271, 301
Murat, M., 304
Muthukumar, M., 151
Nagatani, T., 156
Nakanishi, H., 88, 90-93, 142, 143
Nazzal, A.I., 324
Niemeyer, L., 172, 173, 325-327
Nieuwenheuzen, J.M., 194
Nittman, J., 2, 281, 285-287, 306, 307
Obukhov, S.P., 122
Ohtsuki, T., 108
Ohta, S., 317, 318, 320
Olbrecht, F., 307
Oliveria, M., 209, 247-249
Orbach, R., 132
O'Shaughnessy, B., 131
O'Sullivan, W.J., 253
Ostrowski, N., 4
Ott, E., 55
Oxaal, U., 304
Paladin, G., 47, 48
Palffy-Muhoray, P., 312
Pandey, R.B., 117
Parisi, G., 47, 121, 200, 202
Park, C.W., 270, 278, 300, 301
Paterson, L., 285, 301
Pecoria, R., 254
Peitgen, H.O., 27, 28
Peliti, L., 121, 122
Perrin, M.L., 234
Pfeifer, P., 77. 78
Pietronero, L., 4, 122, 172, 174,
175, 325-327
Platt, P., 102, 181, 288
Plischke, M., 142, 185
Procaccia, I., 29, 47, 49, 51, 54, 56,
131, 156, 158
Rabaud, N., 308

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348 Author Index
Racz, Z., 142, 162, 168-170, 185, 234,
237, 312
Radn6czy, G., 2, 315, 316
Ramanlal, P., 148, 149, 191, 195-197,
199, 200, 202, 204, 207, 292-294
Rammal, R., 132
Rauseo, S.N., 301
Redner, S., 62, 88, 91, 238, 242
Rlnyi, A., 51
Reynolds, P.J., 88, 91
Richter, P.H., 27, 28
Rikvold, P.A., 176
Robbins, M.O., 304
Rosenquist, E., 254
Rossi, G., 147
Rosso, M., 129
Rudnick, J ., 200
Saffman, P.G., 300, 301
Saleur, H., 126, 128
Sano, M., 2, 320, 322
dos Santos, 86
Sander, L.M., 2, 4, 135, 136, 138, 140,
142, 148, 149, 172, 191, 195-197,
199, 200, 202, 204, 207, 275,
292-294, 308, 315-317, 321-323
Sapoval, B., 129
Sarkar, S., 279, 300
Sato, S., 158-160, 179
Satpathy, S., 327
Sawada, Y., 2, 320-322, 324
Schaefer, D.W., 76, 250
Scher, H., 155
Schwarti, L.W., 290, 300
Sekerka, R.F., 271, 301
deSeze, L., 113
Shang, C.H., 317
Shraiman, B.I., 47,.51, 54, 56, 268, 297
Shlesinger, M., 4
Skjeltorp, A.T., 4, 253
von Smoluchowski, M., 234
Sole, K., 120
Souce*marianadin, A., 329
Sprague, J., 317
Squires, G.L., 76
Stanley, H.E., 2, 46, 86, 88, 91, 104, 107,
108, 111, 124, 156, 158, 161, 162, 176,
185, 281, 285-287, 306, 307
Stauffer, D., 104, 105, 114, 115,
117, 168, 185
Stell, G., 127
Stokes, J.P., 304
Sung, J., 250, 254-256
Sutherland, D.N., 191, 210, 214
Sze>, J., 277, 278
Tabeling, P., 300
Tang, L. 268, 281, 297
Tao, K., 317
Tavernier, P., 308
Taylor, G.I., 300, 301
Teixeira, J., 72
Tel, T., 13, 48, 57, 59, 60, 64,66,
68,69
Thorn, W., 308
Thompson, B.R., 147
Tihomirov, V.M., 16
Tokuyama, M., 151
Tosati, E., 4
Toulouse, G., 132
Tourboul, E., 329
Toyoki, H., 151, 174
Trugman, S.A., 126
Turban, L., 130, 220, 231
Turkevich, L.A., 155
Umberger, D.K., 45
van Vechten, D., 317
Vicsek, T., 2, 11, 13, 64, 66, 68,
69, 102, 106, 107, 111, 142-146,
150, 164, 166-171, 181, 187,
192, 197, 211, 225-235, 242,
273, 277-283, 288, 304, 305,
309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316
Void, M.J., 191
Voss, R.F., 40
Vulpiani, A., 47, 48
Weierstrass, K., 41
Weinrib, A., 126
Weitz, D.A., 209, 242, 243, 247-250,
254-256, 304
White, W.h., 234
Wiesmann, H.J., 172-175, 325-327
Wilkinson, D., 110, 203, 302, 304
Willemsen, J., 109-111

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Author Index 349
Wiltzius, P., 76, 250
Witten, T.A., 4, 135, 136, 138,
140, 156, 158, 161, 162, 172,
192, 209, 221, 223, 242, 243, 275
Wolf, D.E., 186, 188-190, 200
Wolf., S.A., 317
Yorke, J.A., 55
Zabolitzky, J.G., 185
Zarcone, C, 302
Zhang, Y.C., 200, 202, 204
Ziff, R.M., 127, 128, 237, 241

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Subject Index
Aggregation,
ballistic, 190, 194, 218
cluster-cluster, 209
deterministic, 171, 180, 286
diffusion-limited, 134, 213, 224
dynamics, 223
fast and slow, 249
noise-reduced, 281
reaction-limited, 216, 231, 242
steady-state, 234, 244
with disaggregation, 176
Algorithm for DLA, 334
Amplitude ratio, 114
Amorphous films, 315
Angle,
cone, 153
of incidence, 194
Anisotropy of,
cluster-cluster aggregates, 212
DLA clusters, 147, 167, 282
Eden clusters, 185
growth, 147
surface tension, 292
viscous fingers, 309-312
walks, 120
Anomalous diffusion, 131
Asymptotic behaviour of,
DLA clusters, 147, 282
Eden clusters, 185
Attractor, 28
Backbone of percolation cluster, 116
Ballistic
aggregation, 190
deposition, 194
Box counting, 10, 65
Boundary integral method, 289
Breakdown dielectric, 172, 325
Brownian motion, 31
Cantor set,
growing, 66
triadic, 24, 43-44
Capillary,
force, 109
length, 270, 272
Carbon particle aggregates, 252
Causality bound, 139, 192
Chemical dissolution, 327
Cluster-cluster aggregation,
ballistic, 218
chemically or reaction-limited,
216, 231, 242
cluster-size distribution, 225, 235, 244
diffusion-limited, 213, 224
experiments, 246
fractal dimension, 212, 221, 247
hierarchical, 218
monodisperse, 217
poly disperse, 217
reversible, 237, 245
steady-state, 234
Collision kernel (matrix), 240-241
Colloid,
gold, 247
silica, 250
Correction to scaling, 82, 146
Correlation length, 105
Correlation function
density-density, 22
lateral, 166
pair, 23
tangential, 144
three-point, 146
Critical,
behaviour, 105

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352 Subject Index
dimension, 122, 204, 221, 237
exponents, 105
phenomena, 89
percolation cluster, 127
probability, 105
Crossover scale, 37, 183, 198, 215
Crystallisation, 314
Cumulative volume, 78
Curvature, 270, 300
Darcy's law, 299
Dendritic growth, 148, 273, 282,
293, 309, 323
Dense radial structure, 301, 317,
322, 325
Deposition,
ballistic, 194, 204
electrochemical, 320
diffusion-limited, 164
Deterministic
aggregation, 171, 180, 286
growth, 289
Dielectric
breakdown, 325
model, 172, 284
Diffusion
constant, 213
length, 314, 316
equation, 314
Diffusion-limited aggregation
off-lattice, 141
with sticking probability, 140, 147
Diffusion-limited deposition, 164
Diffusivity anomalous, 130
Dimension
box counting, 10, 65
critical, 122, 204, 221, 237, 239
embedding, 10
generalized, 52, 64, 159
information, 55
spectral, 132
sandbox, 65
Dissolution chemical, 327
Dispersion relation, 271
Distribution of
cluster size, 168, 223, 235
empty regions, 18, 78
mass, 64, 162
pore size, 78
tree size, 163, 323
Dynamic scaling, 223, 229
Eden model,
model, 183
noise-reduced, 189
in strip geometry, 186
Electrochemical,
deposition, 320
polymerization, 323
Embedding dimension, 10
Entropy,
configuration, 102
Renyi, 51
Equation,
Darcy's, 299
diffusion, 314
Langevin, 200
Laplace's, 158, 172, 269
Navier-Stokes, 299
Smoluchowski, 239, 243
Enumeration, 85, 124
Examples, 24, 38, 44, 57, 65, 92
Fat fractals, 43, 193
Fingering viscous, 297
Fixed-point, 88
Flow in porous media, 302
Fluctuations, 271, 281, 317
Fluid,
anisotropic, 305, 310, 313
incompressible, 299
invading, 109
miscible, 306
non-Newtonian, 306
non-wetting, 109
trapped, 110, 304
wetting, 78
Fractal dimension,
dimension, 14
global, 36
local, 36
spectrum of, 52
Fractal dimension of,
projections, 17, 248
cross-sections, 17, 198
intersections, 17

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Subject Index 353
Fractal measure, 47, 157
Fractal Brownian,
curve, 38
motion, 38, 120
surface, 40
Function,
correlation, 22, 144, 164
/(), 50
scaling, 168, 193, 225, 235
self-affine, 33, 197
single-valued, 182
singular, 47
Weierstrass-Mandelbrot, 41
Gaps, 18, 32
Gelation,
kinetic, 112
time, 230
Generalized dimensions, 52
Gauss-Seidel overrelaxation, 174
Global fractal dimension, 36
Gold colloid aggregate, 247
Growth,
columnar, 92, 204
dense radial, 301, 317, 322, 325
dendritic, 148, 273, 282, 293
309, 323
probability scaling, 153, 157
sites, 103, 133
tip splitting, 279, 282, 310, 318
Harmonic measure, 158
Hele-Shaw cell,
anisotropic, 308
radial, 301
longitudinal, 298
Hull,
Brown, 31
of percolation cluster, 126
Information dimension, 55
Intersection of sets, 17, 198
Invading fluid, 109, 302
Julia set, 27
Kinetic gelation, 112, 230
Kinetic term, 270, 300, 322
Laplace's equation, 158, 172, 269
Lattice animals, 179, 222
Length,
of shore, 10
correlation, 105
Light scattering, 73, 77, 254
Liquid crystal,
nematic, 310
smectic, 305, 313
Local fractal dimension, 36
Logarithmic correction, 203
Mandelbrot set, 29
Mean cluster size, 226, 238, 242
Mean-field theory of,
DLA, 150
ballistic aggregation, 204
CCA, 239
Measure,
deterministic, 55
fractal, 47
harmonic, 158
Hausdorff, 16
Lebesque, 65
multifractal, 48
growth probability, 157
Morphological phases, 282, 308-311
Mullins-Sekerka instability, 271
Multifractal,
geometry, 63
measure, 48
spectrum, 52, 59, 67
Multifractality in,
DLA, 156, 294
viscous fingering, 307
solidification, 319
screened growth, 177
DBM, 175
Navier-Stokes equation, 299
Nematic liquid crystal, 310
Neutron scattering, 73
Noise reduction, 189, 281, 285
Non-universality, 193, 227
Off-lattice simulation, 141, 218
Pair correlation function, 23
Peano curve, 26, 44, 301

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354 Subject Index
Percolation,
backbone 116
continuum 115
cluster, 105
fractal dimension, 105
hull, 126
invasion, 109, 302
spreading, 103
threshold probability, 105
Perimeter, 128, 184, 285
Plaster, 327
Porod's law, 75
Polymerisation, 257, 323
Probability,
critical, 105
growth, 153, 157
measure, 157
Radial viscous fingering, 301
Radius of,
curvature, 270, 300
of gyration, 51
Random,.
addition successive, 40
fractal, 22
media, 302-306
walk, 31, 117
Ratio,
amplitude, 114
length to width, 149, 167, 284
Recursion, 55
Relaxation time, 235
Renormaliiation group,
dynamic, 202
Monte Carlo, 91, 142
position space, 86
Rlnyi,
entropy, 51
information, 102
Resistor network, 61
Restructuring, 199-200, 203
Rough surface 184, 318
Rules, 17
Scale in variance, 15, 23
Scaling,
correction to, 82, 146
of the growth probability, 153
function 168, 193, 225, 235
of size distribution, 168,170, 225, 235
of the surface width, 187, 199
relation, 169, 202, 226, 242, 245
Scattering,
curve, 75
light, 73, 77, 250, 254
neutron, 73
X-ray, 73, 250
Screened growth model, 175
Screening length, 151
Self-affine,
fractal, 42
function, 33
statistically, 33
surface, 40, 182, 198
transformation, 37
Set,
cros section of, 17
intersection of, 17
Julia, 27
Mandelbrot, 29
product of, 17
project of, 17, 248
triadic Cantor, 24, 43-44
union of, 17
Sierpinski gasket, 27, 130
Silica colloid, 250
Smoluchowski equation, 239, 243-244
Snowflakes, 286-289
Spanning cluster, 90
Spectral dimension, 132
Statistics, of clusters, 168, 225, 235
Structure factor, 74, 254
Sutherland's ghost model, 221
Surface,
fractional Brownian, 40
tension, 252, 267, 270, 276, 292
Surface width of clusters,
ballistic, 199
Eden, 187
intrinsic, 188
Tangent rule, 194, 204
Tangential correlations, 144
Thin films,
amorphous, 314-317
ion irradiated, 317

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sputter deposited, 317
Tip splitting growth, 280, 282, 310, 318
Transformation,
affine, 37
renormalization, 86
Transition of morphological phases,
282, 308, 311
Transmission electron microscopy,
247, 316
Trees in deposits 163, 323
Union of fractals, 17
Universality, 140, 204
Subject Index 355
Viscous fingering,
and anisotropy, 308
and randomness, 303, 305
in porous media, 302, 304
radial, 301
three-dimensional, 304
Voltage distribution, 61
Walk,
Laplacian, 129
self-avoiding, 85, 123
self-intersecting, 118
true self-avoiding, 92, 121
Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function, 41
Woods metal, 328
Zinc sulfate, 322

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