Smart Grid Technology Drivers

Smart Grid Technology Drivers
Smart Grid Resources

Renewable Generation
Regulatory and Market Forces
Centralized and distributed generations
Technologies
Renewable Energy and Needs in a smart grid
Electric Vehicles
Regulatory and Market Forces Driving Electric vehicles
Technologies
Vehicle to grid
Microgrid
Microgrid definitions
Drivers
Benefits
Challenges
Types
Energy Resources integration Challenges, solutions. And benefits
Integration Standards
Integration Impacts
Electric vehicle Impact
Smart Energy Resources
Regulatory and Market Forces
Many states around the world has begun a regulatory
in renewable energy before 2020

Large scale production of wind and solar will affect the
grid operations, so factors like frequency, power
balancing, and load profile should be considered.
List of major issues integrating large wind
farms:
Steady state and dynamic states are crucial
New and in depth system planning
Accurate resource and load forecasting becomes highly
valuable.
Variable speed turbines and advanced solar inverters
have added advantage of independent regulation.

Factors affecting by integrating wind and solar
farms:
Thermal and contingency analysis
Short circuit
Transient and voltage stability
Protection co ordination
Power quality

The Sources of renewable energy sources are
mainly located in remote places. This results in
addition of major transmission facilities.
The capacity of wind and solar is maximum 20
to 35 percent but the capacity of the nuclear
plant is 90 percent.
So, by integrating the renewable sources to
grid output of the fossil fuel plant needs to be
adjusted frequently.
Centralized and Distributed Generation
In the early beginnings of the electric industry,
power generation used to comprised of a series
of series generators installed at large customer
facilities, towns and cities.
Large scale centralized generation dominated the
power industry for decades.
The trend, Distributed generation is prompted by
the PUBLIC UTILITIES REGULATORY ACT (PURPA)
1978 and Energy policy Act 1992 (in US) has led
the distributed Energy resource concept which
followed by Distributed Generation and Storage.
Providing backup has been the most basic and
prevalent application of DER.
The main difference of the approach is the
location, installed capacity and type or lack of
ancillary services.
The Significant challenge is , distributed systems
have designed in historic designed to be operated
in radial fashion without any special
considerations.
It will impact the pv and wind sources during
integration.
Technologies
Solar PV
Solar Thermal
Wind
Bio Mass and Bio gas
Geothermal
Wave Power
Tidal Power
Hydro
Fuel cells
Renewable energy Needs in a Smart Grid
Utilize different resources
Demand side management
Fast demand response
Energy storage
Plug in hybrid electric vehicles.
Energy Vehicles: Regulatory and Market Forces driving electric
vehicles and smart grid impact
Electrical Vehicle EV uses only source of
motive energy stored in batteries
EV are called PEV i.e., plug in electric vehicle
because it charges the storage system from
tethering grid.
Hybrid EV combines conventional engines and
electric motor.
Benefits:
Reduced fuel consumption
Lower green house gas and pollutant

Electric Vehicle: Technologies
Battery Electric Vehicle
EV that uses rechargeable battery packs to store
electrical energy and an electric motor for propolsion.
North American std SAEJ1772 (society of Automotive
Engineers)
Standard Defines:
Two charging levels (120 V,6 A, Single Phase) and (208-
240V,uptp 80 A,single phase)
Further std(300-600V, upto 400 A, DC)
Commercial Examples: Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi MiEV
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Combination of conventional IC engine and electric
motor
Example: Toyota Prius and honda Insight

Plug In Hybrid EV
ICE and electric motor like hybrid EV and a high
capacity battery pack.
PHEV Types:
Series PHEV or extended range electric vehicles EREV
Electric motor turns the wheel and ICE produce
electricity.
Parallel PHEV or blended PHEV
Both ICE and electric motor connected to the wheel.
Electric only operation occurs at low speeds.

Electric Vehicle: Vehicle to grid
Utilization Of Evs for Grid Support
First generation of Evs is expexted to be more costly than
traditional vehicles.
Studies shown that Evs are 90 % unused.
PEVs can be used to support grid and produce revenues.
Two primary types:
Grid to Vehicle
Vehicle to grid
During G2V PEV should satisfy the grid operator and car
owner.
Grid operator demands reliability and standard.
Car owner demands robust return for investmnet
Architecture:
Direct and deterministic
Aggregative
Direct and deterministic
Connected directly
Simple
Once the car leaves the station service ends.
Problems
Near terms and long term feasibility

Aggregative architecture
Intermediary is inserted between EV and operator.
This aggregator receives requests from operator and
issue the command to contracted vehicles.
Larger scale and longer term feasibilities are problem
Utilization of Evs for Energy buffering
Large thermal plants are relatively dedicated for base
loads.
Evs can be used as a buffer during the off peak time.
PEVs are provided for off peak time charging through a
time-of-use TOU rate.
TOU is an electricity rate structure where the cost of
electricity varies with time.
Microgrids: Definition
Microgrid is an integrated energy system
consisting of integrated loads and DESs that
can operate connected to the grid or in an
intentional island mode.
The objective is to ensure the better energy
reliablity, security and efficiency.

Microgrids: Definition
What is not MICROGRID:
One microturbine in a commercial building
A group of individual generators that are not
coordinated but run optimally for a narrowly defined
load.
A load or group of loads that cannot be easily separated
from the grid or controlled.
Microgrids: Drivers
Environmental Incentives (Govermental)
Cost effective access to electricity
Reliability
Security
Energy Efficiency (Reducing losses Now 7 to
25%)
Renewable energy implementation
Progress in energy storage technologies
Microgrids: Benefits
Economic Benefits
Load Consumer benefits
Dynamic pricing software calculates Cheapest source
Microgeneration Benefits
Incentives
Subsidized price
Sell power back to electric company
Network Spending Reduction
Much cheaper alternate to transmission infrastructure cost
(Where existing infrastructure is in high demand or rural areas)
Environmental Benefits
Green house gas reduction(Bec MG rely on local
renewable energy losses reduced on HV transport-CO2
Emission)
Technical Benefits
Peak load shaving
Dynamic pricing coupled with availability of local generation may
be a powerful tool.
Peak loads can be dynamically shaved by 10 %
Reliability enhancement
Voltage Regulation
Energy Loss reduction

Microgrids: Challenges
First
Balance management between load and generation
Second
Protection and Safety
Normal mode to island and vice versa
Black start i.e., process of restoring power station to
operation without relying on external sources.
Third
Integration of grid and microgrid
Fourth
Information and communication parameters linked to
electrical aspects of the microgrid.
Microgrids: Projects
Currently areas in the world have started
implementing microgrid programmees:
Japan , North America and Europe.
Europe
Research program ------ More microgrid(2006-2010)
Japan NEDO( The new energy and industrial
technology development organization) MG research
North Amarica CANMET
Case Study Sandiego and Electric microgid project -
US

Microgrids: Categories
Building Blocks of Microgrid
Physical Sensors, Switches, Power
electronics, Energy storage, Generators,
Protection equip, Metering
Three levels of Control Systems local
controls (individual components of MG),Real
time monitoring and control functions, Master
MG management system
Interfaces with other system
Microgrid general functions

Smart Resources
Energy Resources: Integration Standards
IEEE 1547 describes integration issues of
DGs in terms of Voltage limits, power factor,
anti-islanding, reactive power production
DNP3 and IEC 61850
Energy Resources: Integration Impacts
Capacity factor (15-30%)
No dispatch without storage
Reactive power and voltage support
Power quality
Lack of coordination

Smart Substations
General Functions of Substations
Voltage transformation
Connection point for T&D power lines
Switchyard for T&D
Monitoring point for control centre
Protection
Communication
Smart Substations
Protection , Monitoring and control devices (IEDs)
IEDs embedded control device
communicates with other device
Functions of IED Differential, distance,
metering, overcurrent protection and
monitoring
Main component of substation integration and
automation technologies

Smart Substations
Protection , Monitoring and control devices (IEDs)
Function of automation
Alarming
Volt/Var control
Operation and maintenance
Controlling SCADA
Advantages
Compatible for IEC61850
Compact
Combines varies functions in one device
Robustness

SCADA

Substation Automation

Feeder Automation

Transmission Systems:

WAN

Protection and Control

Distribution systems:

DMS

VOLT/VAR

Fault detection

Isolation and Service restoration

Outage Management

High Efficiency Distribution
Transfomers

Phase Shifting Transformer

Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Smart Grid Technology Drivers

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