According to Scott Peck, may be described as

"a group of individuals who have learned how

to communicate honestly with each other,
whose relationships go deeper than their
masks of composure, and who have
developed some significant commitment to
'rejoice together, mourn together,' and to
'delight in each other, make each others'
conditions [their] own.'" [Drum, Simon and
Schuster, 1988, p. 59.]



Spatial or Geographic
Community-- is composed of the
people, the territorial space, and
the set of values and norms that
govern the organization and the
intra and interrelationships of the
constituents of the community.

With the space as the first visible and
concrete manifestation of what is common
residents or neighborhood, living in the same
locality creates a condition where the people
is bounded by common socio-economic,
political, cultural and environmental forces
affecting the community, though the effects
of these forces could vary in scope and
magnitude on the individuals and groups due
to their personal and socio-economic
differentiation.


Sectoral Community
constituents in this may not
live in the same locality, but
are affected, bonded, or
determined by common
interests, needs or forces.

These include both the men and women, as
well as children in the following sectors:
peasants, workers, urban poor, students,
church people, indigenous people and other
similar groupings. It also includes groups of
people coming from the various sectors who
bond together, temporarily or strategically for
specific purposes or objectives because they
see that coming and acting together would
help in achieving their common purpose.
Examples of these are the environmentalists,
the anti-crime advocates, the anti-EVATs,
and the like.

Places influences communities

MacIver and Page locality is one of the
fundamental bases of community

Williams (empiricists) asks for attention to be
paid to the spatial and environmental aspects of
communal life

Pahl stresses the close links between the
sociology of community and social geography
Park (ecologist) study of community
emphasizing the effects of the physical
environment on social relationships

Tonnies (theoretical) claim that the
metaphysical character of the clan, the tribe, the
village and town community is wedded to the
land in a lasting union

Herbert fixes (building of historic notes, local
landmarks, traditional gathering places); physical
points identifiable as symbolic of a common life,
past and present


Certain geographical units or areas are
synonymous with community

Williams pitches the concept at the level of the
village

Willmott describe (90,000 population) as the
biggest housing estate in the world

Homans place has a name, geographical
boundaries, people who live within the
boundaries it is still a community

Community is a phenomenon which can be
physically engineered

Pahl / Perry architectural determinism,
neighborhood unit

White there are certain fairly well-defined
units of size, population, and density within
which neighborliness is easily fostered, and
outside which the community tends to
disintegrate

Frankenberg agreed that a detailed description
and analysis of dramatic occurrences can reveal
a great deal about communal life.

Ceremonials surrounding individual and family
life crises (christenings, weddings and funerals)

Reaction to individual tragedies such as whip
rounds after fine, flood and accident

Perennial occurrences such as Christmas, Easter,
bank holidays, holidays in general, elections and
meetings.
Occasional celebrations such as Coronation, victory
parades, etc.
may provide a more penetrating understanding of
what is actually happening within the group,
especially in regard to group attitudes and motives
BUT: the question raised is the extent to which
these occasions accurately represent the real
sentiments of the group

Summer conventionalization; creates a set of
conditions under which a thing may be tolerated
which would otherwise be disapproved and tabooed

also a study of social institutions, the
concepts of role, status and social class

suggesting that word community be
dropped altogether and replaced with such a
phrase as the local system

focuses on the social network as the
meaningful arena for social relationships

roles that individual can occupy
Stacey social class was the key analytical
tool; examination of such phenomena as the
degree of inter-relation between institutions
and the amount of multiplex role playing

Frankenberg concludes the main features of
rural and urban life styles in structural terms

Benson men can only be said to experience
a common life to the extent that there exists
among them a consensus about the rules that
define the various
Tonnies (theories) Gesellschaft (associations) excludes
Gemeinschaft (community)

elements of life in Gemeinschaft (the only real form of
life) persists within the Gesellschaft, although lingering
and decaying. The essence and idea of Gemeinschaft
foster a new culture amidst the decaying one.

Mann the most important factors in the analysis of
urbanism is the distinction that must be made between the
overall social structure and the social structure as seen
and felt by the individual
PROBLEM: - frequently community has been taken as
synonymous with certain broad patterns of social
relationships
Study of community must take into account not only
the usual pattern of social behavior but the attitudes of
people toward the normative order as a whole


Page / MacIver life is essentially and always
communal life. Every living thing is born into
community and owes its life to community.

Community is sentiment.
term the physiological configuration of
community as they use it a corporate not
an individualistic phenomenon whilst
distinguishing this form from its more
obviously sociological expression through
social activity and social structure

Simpson without the presence of community men could
not will associational relations. Community is no
circumscribed sphere of social life, but rather the very life-
blood of social life.
It is complex of conditioned emotions which the
individual feels towards the surrounding world and his
fellows
It is to human beings and their feelings, sentiments,
reactions that all look for the fundamental roots of
community
it is a psychological rather than sociological point of
view

Homans the various internal states of the human being

Merton the concept of anomie apply equally to
community both need to be study as subjectively
experienced and as objective condition of group life.

Sense of solidarity

MacIver / Page we feeling the feeling
that leads men to identify themselves with
others (we no distinction; ours no
divisions)
social unity, togetherness, social cohesion
and sense of belonging
encompasses all those sentiments which
draw people together (sympathy, courtesy,
gratitude, trust, etc.)

Sense of significance role-feeling the sense of
place of station experienced by group members so
that each person feels he has a role to play, his own
function to fulfill in the reciprocal exchanges of the
social scene.

Klein states that significance must stand side by
side with solidarity

Homans (sense of significance) as the norms of a
group decline in the degree, so the ranking of
members of the group will become less definite. As
ranking become less definite, it becomes even more
difficult for people to know where they stand and to
attain a sense of significance.
Made up of complex of subordinate sentiments
(sense of achievement; sense of fulfillment)


Sense of Security

MacIver / Page call it dependency feeling
(the individual sense of dependence upon the
community as a necessary condition of his
own life [physical dependence material
needs; psychological dependence home
that sustain him]
A sense of security is born out of a sense
of solidarity
It is how the members of the group themselves feel
that is the basic concern; it is how the participants
view the situation that counts

Becker a sacred society is one that elicits from or
imparts to its members, by means of association, an
unwillingness and/or inability to respond to the
cultural new as the new is defined by those members
in terms of the societys existing culture

Gans if they find their community satisfying, their
opinion ought to be respected. The observer always
seen more than anyone else, but if he evaluates what
he alone sees, he must still do so by the standards of
the people whom he is observing

Pons (communities of interest) those groups which gather first
and foremost because of shared beliefs, values and concerns rather
than because of proximity of residence or because of established
patterns of social relationship

MacIver classification of interest: common and like
communities of interest underscore that man in modern society
finds solidarity and significance within numerous groups
community is not being eclipsed but that its expression is shifting
from a local to a cosmopolitan form of activity and social
relationship
by concentrating on and demonstrating the variety and diversity
of interest communities to which people belong, reveals with greater
force how one community can come to oppose another community
and how, because the sentiments involved are so powerful and so
basic, often intense conflict can occur.
Klein the more interaction, the more positive is the sentiment
towards others in the group and towards those who interact
frequently in particular; interaction which is felt to be obligatory
rarely strengthen a sense of belonging

Investigation of community must begin where people are
experientially and not proceed on the assumption that pattern of
social activity, norms, roles and status system can reveal the full
or major part of the picture.
Careful examination of how people feel about their social
situation (kind of social activity or social relationships) = strong
sense of community = community as an ideological tool
Strength of community can only be decided by the degree to
which the group member themselves experience both a sense of
solidarity and a sense of significance
ethical, philosophical and theological judgment, not
sociological

COMMUNITY a group of people who share a
quality of life which reflects a commitment to
common mutual concern in the context of
faithful, personal, multi-faceted, relationships

Scott Peck a group of individuals who
learned to communicate honestly with each
other; relationships go deeper than their masks
of composure; developed some significant
commitment to rejoice together, mourn
together, delight in each other, make others
condition our own.

Luther Smith indicator is that members feel; fellowship
approximates the qualities of a caring family; Hardships and failures
will be the occasion for creative solutions and increased resolved
Member can have opposing reactions to the same communal
realities
Decision-making may not always reflect a members
understanding, it must indicate that the members idea have
been reflected
Life in community is never all good or bad life with full range
of joys and frustrations interrelatedness cause decision to
have an impact on most other realities of communal life
Community address intense feelings about the quality of life
together without fragmenting their fellowship
Community is only possible when a sufficient number of
members persevere through the turmoil that is part of
sustaining community
Community is worth the struggle and continuing relationship is
more promising than leaving
Community is the means through which their vocation fulfilled



It is a safe place place where is no reason for fear

Henry Nouveen place where hostility is confronted and
transformed into hospitality; hospitality means primarily
the creation of a free space offer people a space
where change can take place; hospitality restores
community. Community is nothing, if not the creation of
free friendly space

Means acceptance of people as part of a group people
are part of a group if they are remembered,
acknowledged and recognized


Jean Vanier community is all about the
constant practice of unconditional
acceptance; two great dangers of
community are friends and enemies will
no longer be a community, a place of
communion, but a collection of people
more or less cut off one from another;
Community is only a community when most
of the members have consciously decided
to break these barriers and come out of
their friendships to reach out to their
enemies.



Means respect for the unity and diversity of people in a
group

Scott Peck community is a constant practice of
dedicated inclusivity over against dismissive exclusivity
community is, and must be, inclusive; there is an
allness to community; It is inclusive of the full range of
human emotions; All human differences are included;

Possible through commitment the willingness to co-
exist, to commit themselves to one another


Means having a sense of responsibility for
the welfare of each person in the group the
group exists as a means to the end of helping
people to grow as people.

Jean Vanier community is about constant
practice of conscious responsibility for
empowering people
people care and caring in a permanent way


Means every person participating in the decision of the group makes that
affects them

John Cobb community is all about the constant practice of conscientious
participation by every member of a group in the decisions that affect their lives

a society should not be called a community unless is extensive participation by
its members in the decisions by which its life is governed
community is a matter of the extent to which a society participates in its
governance

Scott Peck community, encouraging individuality as it does, can never be
totalitarian
community, in transcending individual differences, routinely goes beyond even
democracy; decisions in genuine community are arrived at through consensus.

Means support for processes that do justice to the most
disadvantaged inside the group but also those outside the group

Amitai Etzioni communitarian position on social justice

People have a moral responsibility to help themselves as best as they
can;

Responsibility lies with those closest to the person, including kin,
friends, neighbors and other community members (in close relations
with ones community, reciprocity is most sustainable; open-ended
mutual support among neighbors; society, as a community of
communities, should encourage the expectation that attending to
welfare is the responsibility of the local community

Societies must help those communities whose ability to help their
members is severely limited. (Charity ought to begin at home, but not
end at home; social justice is an inter-community issue, not only an
intra-community matter)

Traditional Community something we have grown
up with all over lives, yet never recognized it

Accidental community something that we have
grown into gradually, yet not realized it

Incidental community may be something we have
grown into dramatically and conscious of it

Intentional community something we will only really
know if we grow it ourselves. A continuing sense of
community depends on developing a sense of
community intentionally


growing a mutually supportive network of
relationships
we need to develop the experience of being a part
of a readily available, mutually supportive network of
relationships

George Louell community gives out the constant
interaction of people; people build up or break down
a sense of community in the places where they are

a healthy community is one which offers its
members a sense of belonging and which provides
incentives and opportunities for them to care for one
another.

The potential is there, waiting for
something to happen

make sense contacts; go visiting from
house to house; meet their neighbors; called
on contacts to get together to develop a
community group to work on some common
concerns

Various types whole array of attempts

Temporary community real, but occasional
community; a short together of wonderful
intimacy
provides the opportunity to create a micro-
society in which there is equality, dignity,
respect and unity of spirit within a diversity of
people.
the harmony may be well short of perfect
and all too temporary
unique experiences have been shared and
special, lasting bonds formed between people
diverse people from disparate backgrounds
with widely diverging interests welded
together in temporary community
Therapeutic Community sharing the painful
stages of growth
individual problems require individual
solution, collective problems require
collective solutions; a sick society needs
therapeutic community
the seeking and finding of ourselves only
comes about through a sharing with another
person who is prepared to cherish us as
another self.
In the group, we find our personalities
constantly undergoing changes




Transitional Community regathering the
broken fragments of reality
people are given opportunity to be
themselves and are able to express
themselves in their own way
there are mutual respect and concerned
with the well-being of one another people are
given a chance to be real, to explore
themselves

Testamental Community resisting the powerful
illusions of society
to serve the poor, live with the poor, try to
become poor by turning backs on the seductions
of materialist society and striving for a life of
voluntary poverty
Live as a sharing society, holding all things in
common and working cooperatively to meet basic
needs
to appeal to government; to non-violently
resist the structures; to do these with a spirit of
prayer


Integral Community reweaving the
unraveled threads of community
see ourselves as part of the locality and as
a network of residents working toward
community
we are inclusive invite everyone who
relate to us, to join us to whatever degree
they want

False Community people are happy
to reach out to one another as long as
they help one another at arms length
lasts as long as people in the group
can prevent conflicts from erupting
conflict erupt move to 2
nd
phase



Chaos when people are no longer polite;
when people no longer pretend
once a group decides it cant cope with the
conflict any longer
if try to deal conflict through institutional
measure (regulations) move back to 1
st

phase
if try to deal conflict by communal means
(reconciliation) move to 3
rd
phase
dream of community becomes a nightmare

Compassion people live side by side,
sharing the limitations and the contradictions
of their lives
share the disappointment and despair of
not being able to make dreams of community
come true
cope with the discomfort associated with
unresolved conflict cant cope, resume
conflict coping move to 4
th
phase

True Community people relate to one as
they would like others to relate to them
we need one another and need to
continually resolve their conflicts to meet one
anothers needs to make their dreams of
community come true
we must be willing to endure the chaos and
embrace the compassion which produces real
community
we need to make sure that when things get
tough, try to hang in there while we work our
way through it together