1

CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND
a. Background
Issue of global warming itself is now starting to become sensitive and crucial issues, the damage
that has occurred atmosphere protracted, where the drought which, famine continues to occur in
cases where the malnutrition which is obviously no longer be ignored and referred to by the
celebrity nation nations, and the need for concrete steps to resolve the problem or at least reduce
the decisive impact of global warming issues.
Aware of the effects that has existed since long time ago, which unfortunately caused negative
effects also varied. Diverse convention was formed, many groups working on the make, a lot of
the agenda and the draft was put forward by the leader of the country's leaders, accompanied by
hard work helped scientists to solve the global environmental problems together. Everything is
done and submitted in order to meet the expectations and hope for the human race to survive and
maintain the viability of the habitable earth together.
The agenda was finally coming to fruition when scientists discovered the main source of
environmental problems, global warming resulting in climate change, which is rooted in
deforestation or forest removal in massive amounts. While many people assume that global
warming is real happen due to large released of burning oil and gas. But the fact that 25 to 30
percent of greenhouse gases released into atmospher with more or less amounted to 1.6 billion
ton due to deforestation
This is what later became the focus with world leaders to reduce the negative impact of global
warming made available through a variety of regulations and mechanisms both general about
climate change, protection of animals and plants, to mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions
from deforestation are well known to us as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation in Developing Countries or commonly abbreviated as REDD.
REDD as a mechanism agreed upon by the leaders of the country in order to reduce the impact of
global warming through emission reduction mechanisms of regulation of forest deforestation and
forest deforestation already happened. Where expected by the rule and this mechanism as well to
get to the ultimate goal of mankind to sustain this mechanism also helped provide stronger
2

grounds for the state to enforce the environment law more seriously in order to protect their
assets, which in this case is the protection of forests of deforestation that occurred either by large
companies legally, or illegally. However, now there is a change in the REDD mechanism that
has been approved with some changes and adjustments to REDD +was held in an effort to better
adjust and accommodate global need to protect the environment together.
Surely Indonesia, as one of the contracting state in this convention and as one of the countries
that has the third-largest tropical forest in the world, is certainly required also to play an active
role in efforts to reduce the adverse effects of deforestation megakibatkan global warming that
triggers a variety of calamities and disasters happened lately. Recalling also that Indonesia as
well as developing countries are able to survive the economic crisis facing the last few years so it
is appropriate that was when Indonesia took over the role in addressing the issue of globalizing
the neighborhood.
Departing from the above explanation, the authors also feel that it is important to raise the issue
of the impact of REDD +to Indonesia given that the impact happened to Indonesia as the effects
of these international agreements can certainly make an impact on the people of Indonesia and
also to the world. So with the above reasons, the author took the initiative to take the title of this
paper is to analyze the impact of time of implementation of REDD +to the Republic of
Indonesia. Hoping to educate the reader about what is REDD, REDD + legal basis and
mechanism, and hopes that this study can help readers even more writers to be more loving and
protecting environmental assets of our beloved country.
b. Formulation of the Problem
- What is REDD+?
- What would be the impact of implementing REDD+to Indonesia?




3

CHAPTER II
ANALYSIS

a. REDD+ Definition
According to the FAO (2005), deforestation, mainly conversion of forests to agricultural land,
continues at an alarming rate of approximately 13 million hectares per year (for the period 1990
2005). Deforestation results in immediate release of the carbon originally stored in the trees as
CO
2
emissions (with small amounts of CO and CH
4
), particularly if the trees are burned and the
slower release of emissions from the decay of organic matter. The IPCC WGIII (2007)
estimated emissions from deforestation in the 1990s to be at 5.8 GtCO
2
/year. The IPCC also
notes that reducing and/or preventing deforestation is the mitigation option with the largest and
most immediate carbon stock impact in the short term per hectare and per year globally as the
release of carbon as emissions into the atmosphere is prevented
1

Realized that the Montreal COP discussed only on reducing emisions from deforestation (RED)
2
.
As it became further clear that forest degradationa ctually was an even bigger problem than
deforestation, avoided degradation placing seond D was officilay endoresed at the 2007
COP13 in Bali and RED morphed into reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation
(REDD)
The effects of deforestation cannot be denied affcted from local, national to global level. Where
one of the most important effects on the deforestation is its effeect on the degradation of global
common, namely atmosphere. Its a fact that deforestation does contribute to global warming
which occurs from increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases leading to net
increases in the global mean temperature. The atmospheric process by which greenhouse gases
contribute to tempreature increases is known as radiative forcing. There are four principal
greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20) and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Where we know the effects of global warming are potetnailly
calamaitous.it has been predicted that severe global warming will result in changes in global
patterns of agricultural productivity, a melting of the Arctic and Artantic ice caps, thermal

1
http://unfccc.int/methods/redd/items/7377.php
2
Submission from parties FCCC/CP/2005/MISC.1
4

expansion of the oceans and a net rise in sea levels which would threaten coastlines worldwide.
While unfortunately, it will be followed with threat to nature conservation, the warming of the
oceans that will endangered marine life, while cimatic zone will migrate toward the poles, thus
placing stress fragile ecosystems.
Scientific consensus has emerged on the role of greenhouse gases in global warming, including
the relationship between co2 levels in the atmosphere, deforestation and global warming. A
major research prject which contributed to scientific consesus on the linkage between
deforestation and global warming, was the twenty ninth report of the scientifc committee on
problems of the environment (SCOPE) of the international council os scientific unions (ICSU).
SCOPE, The report SCOPE 29- was publsihed in 1986 and dealt on the impact of global
warming, including the role of deforestation in increasing of CO2 atmospheric
Further IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented its finding in the
Second World Climate Conference which shows the relationship between deforestation and
global warming where as emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing
atmospheric concetrations of the greenhouse gases. Where these increases will enhance the
natural greenhouse effect, reulting on average in additional warming of earths surface.
Realizing big impact of the deforestation towards atmosphere condition that obviously might
bring issue on living creature sustainability which live on the surface of earth, through the united
nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) conference of the parties in Bali in
2007 whcih produced the Bali Action Plan, a proess for negotiating a global climate strategy to
succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This plan acknowledged the imporance of forests in addressing
climate change, and the enormous potential boon REED represents. REDD initiatives can deliver
significant climate change mitigation benefits along with co-benefits. Where these include
protecting the environmental services that forest offer, improving the livelihoods of forest
dwelling communities and clarifying land tenure rights.
As the conference party agreed to have REDD as an effort to solve problem on deforestation it
becomes a basis to establish The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD
Programme) which was created in September 2008 to assist developing countries to build
5

capacity to reduce emissions and to participate in a future REDD+mechanism as the further step
after REDD.
The conference of the parties at first agreed on a first place to have a results-based finance
provided program in regard developing country parties that is new, additional and predictable
whcih may come from a wide variety sources, public and private bilateral and multilateral,
including alternative sources,
3
which basically will be futher called as REDD+with REDD as
the preparation program before launching REDD+.
REDD itself is a mechanism to create an incentive for developing countries to protect, better
manage and wisely use their forest resources, contributing to the global fight against climate
change. REDD strategies aim to make forests more valuable standing than they would be cut
down, by creating a financial value for the carbon stored in trees. Once this carbon is assessed
and quantified, the final phase of REDD involves developed countries paying developing
countries carbon offsets for their standing forests. REDD is a cutting-edge forestry initiative that
aims at tipping the economic balance in favour of sustainable management of forests so that their
formidable economic, environmental and social goods and services benefit countries,
communities, biodiversity ad forest users while also contributing to important reductions in
greenhouse gas emmissions
4

While the UN-REDD programme is supporting governments to prepare national REDD+
strategies, build monitoring systems, engage stakeholders and assess multiple benefits
The UN-REDD Programme builds on the convening power and expertise of its three
participating UN organizations (referred to in this document as UN-REDD Programme
agencies): the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP). The UN-REDD Programme works in close partnership with other REDD+initiatives,
especially those operated by the World Bank, and supports the implementation of UNFCCC
decisions. In addition, during an interim phase, prior to the establishment of a REDD+
mechanism under UNFCCC, the UN-REDD Programme Team (UN-REDD PT), together with

3
Par.70 FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1
4
Un-redd.org
6

the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Management Team (FCPF FMT), is providing secretariat
services to the REDD+Partnership established by countries in May 2010 in Oslo, Norway to
scale up REDD+actions and finance. As a multilateral, country demand-driven initiative, the
UN-REDD Programme has a critical role to play both to support the emerging interim
arrangements for REDD+financing and coordination, and to support the incorporation of an
effective REDD+mechanism within a post-2012 climate change agreement.
In order to optimize the approach and effectiveness of the UN-REDD Programme, the three
participating UN organizations embarked on the preparation of a Programme Strategy covering
the period 2011-2015. This five-year strategy was adopted by the three UN-REDD Programme
agencies and endorsed by the UN-REDD Programmes Policy Board.
5

Evolution of the UN-REDD Programme Established in 2008, the UN-REDD Programme is one
of the leading primary multilateral initiatives capable of providing early support to countries and
strengthening the role of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, other forest-dependent
communities and civil society organizations in REDD+activities, and developing tems. Norway
is the founding donor of the Programme and has contributed significant start-up funds. The
Programme was officially launched in September 2008 by the Prime Minister of Norway, J ens
Stoltenberg, and the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon. In 2009, Denmark became the second
donor to the Programme, followed by Spain in 2010.
The Quick Start phase was initiated in partnership with nine pilot countries: In
Africa:Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Zambia In Asia-Pacific:Indonesia,
Papua New Guinea (PNG), Viet Nam In Latin America and the Caribbean:Bolivia, Panama,
Paraguay

Demand for the UN-REDD Programmes support has grown rapidly. The Programme now has
developed with 29 partner countries enforcing this program. These include the above listed nine
pilot countries and 20 new partners. As of November 2010, all nine pilot countries had prepared,
presented and had funding allocations approved for their National Programmes by the UN-
REDD Programme Policy Board. Most of these National Programmes are now in the

5
The strategy was submitted to and endorsed by the UN-REDD Programme Policy Board at its fifth meeting, 4-5
November 2010
7

implementation phase, indicating a relatively rapid pace from development to implementation of
programmed activities.
In addition to National Programmes, the UN-REDD Programme supports REDD+readiness
efforts through a Global Programme, which develops common approaches, analyses,
methodologies, tools, data and guidelines and convenes global and regional meetings to support
countries in their REDD+readiness work, while also providing overall programme support
functions.
The goal expected to be achived is obviously to significantly reduce emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation wcich can be best be achieved through a strong global
partnership to create REDD+mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change. Such a partnership must be based on commitment, on one hand, by developing
countries to embark on low carbon, climate resilient development and on the other hand, by
developed countries to provide predictable and significant funding as an incentinve for reduced
forest based carbon emissions.
Feedback provided by countries which participating and other partners point to both
opportunities and challenges for the UN-REDD Programme. While it may be impossible to
explicitly determine the share of work among the different REDD+initiatives, the UN-REDD
Programme will focus its activities on areas where the individual and collective strengths and
expertise of the UN agencies distinguish it from other initiatives and give it a comparative
advantage where these strengths and comparative advantages are such as, the presence of UN in
REDD+countries and long-standing development partnerships with countries, Regional and
country-specific agency teams that are able to provide policy and advisory services, A variety of
relevant technical competencies, experience and capacities within the agencies, Transparancy
and accountable fund administration through the Multi-donor Trust Fund (MDTF) , speedy and
effective approval procedures, the Unique composition of the Policy Board, which including
REDD+countries, donors, representatives of Indigenous Peoples and civil society organizations
as well as the three UN-REDD Programme agencies Commitment to UN Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples and facilitating stakeholder engagement Commitment to
Delivering as One UN through joint programming and national implementation modalities
Focus on delivery at the country level, full support at the highest management level of the three
8

UN-REDD Programme agencies (a flagship Programme), close cooperation with other readiness
initiatives, specifically FCPF, FIP and GEF, next one is the Normative functions of the UN in
building, managing and sharing knowledge, developing ability to draw on technical expertise
from other sources and organizations including NGOs, international organizations, research and
capacity-building institutes and private companies.
Simultaneously along with the problems that have been mentioned before, there are critical
challengesboth within the collaborative Programme and for REDD+countriesassociated
with the design and implementation of REDD+where the UN-REDD Programme will need to
take into account. These include the following in Programme challenges such Ensuring that UN-
REDD Programme agencies and their partners can mobilize the needed competencies in all
components of REDD+readiness to help countries respond to the complexities that REDD+
presents, harmonizing with other REDD+initiatives REDD+approaches and mechanisms that
support the design of national readiness processes and engagement with stakeholders, including
the private sector, the developing effective partnership and coordination arrangements with other
REDD+initiatives, mobilization significant resources to assist countries, Ensuring that design
and implementation of the UN-REDD Programme support is consistent with the overall REDD+
framework of the UNFCCC process, in particular the emerging REDD+safeguards, adhering to
social and environmental safeguards by UN-REDD Programme agencies.
While unfortunately there are some challenges toward Country implemented this UN-REDD,
strengthening national governance structures so that REDD+policies and regulatory frameworks
can work for development, ensuring equitable and efficient benefit distribution mechanisms and
subsidiarity at the various levels in a country, Ability to secure effective, sustainable and
predictable fast-start financing for REDD+, and unpredictability of time span for reaching
agreement on a new climate change pact.
Subsequently, it was further recognised that there could be climate benefits not only from
avoiding negative changes (deforestation and degradation) but also from enhancing positive
changes, such conserving and restoring forests
6
this action can also be referred to as removals or
negative emissions, this point symbolezed with the + and reducing emmisions from

6
Emerging REDD+A preliminary survey of demonstration and readiness activities. Sheila Wetz- Kanounnikoff,
Metta Kongphan-apirak. CIFOR Working Paper 46. Denmark. 2009
9

deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) and the role of
conservation, sustainable management of forests and ehancement of forest carbon stocks in
developing countries.
REDD+is a proposed performance-based mechanism under negotiation through the United
Nations ramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in which devel-oped country
donors, corporations, nongov-ernmental organizations, and individuals will compensate
developing countries for forest emissions reductions, including through mar-ket mechanisms.
Payments will require demonstrated ssions reduc-tions through improved forest protection,
sustainable forest management, and/or enhance-ment of carbon stocks
7
. REDD+will be a key
emis-sions mitigation strategy as evidenced by extensive donor investments to prepare devel-
oping countries to implement REDD+, e.g., $4.5B from six developed countries by 2012. By
2020, REDD+ investments may reach $30B a year
8
.
Under REDD+, recipient governments will devise strat-egies for national land-use and forest-
sector planning, stakeholder negotiations, ten-ure clarifi cation, carbon bro-kering, national-level
carbon accounting, and provision of funds and services to local actors A national approach is
onsidered integral to the suc-cess of REDD+ projects: It can help avoid leakage; ensure
permanence; and pro-vide reliable monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV). This approach
effec-tively converts national governments into the principal forest stakeholders
REDD+strategies projected go beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and include the role
of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in
reducing emissions. It is also a climate change mitigation solution that many inititatives,
including the UN-REDD programme, are currently developing and supporting. Other multilateral
REDD+initiatives include the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and Forest Investment
Program (FIP), hosted by The World Bank.
9

As it has been mentioned that the bali action plan calls for consideration of policy approaches
and posivitve incentives on issues relating to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest

7
P. A. Minang, D. Murphy, REDD after Copenhagen: The Way Forward(World Agroforestry Center, Nairobi, 2010)
www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/REDD_After_Copenha-gen-EN.pdf.
8
UN-REDD Programme, www.un-redd.org
9
http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/FAQs/tabid/586/language/en-US/Default.aspx
10

degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of
forests and enhancmenet of forest carbon stocks in developing countries along with other
fundamental reason to enhance activities to reduce the conduct of deforestation, thus in order to
help the readiness of REDD and REDD+implementation.
To help the participating countries within this program, instead of having donor, Denmark,
J apan, Norway and Spain, to support the implementation of the program, by having US$ 118.9
million, which already allocated to suport UN-REDD programme partner countries and the
national, regional and global level
10
, there are some strategies implemented to help this plan
work out by having Strategic Climate Fund, followed by the Forest Investment Program and
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
11

Further the strategic climate fund (SCF) was established to provide financing to pilot new
development approaches or to scale up activities aimed at a speicific climate change challenge or
sectoral response through targeted programs. Along with that, a forest investment program (FIP)
is to be established as a targeted program under the SCF to catalyze policies and measures and
mobilize significantly increased funds to facilitate the reduction of deforestation and of forest
degradation and promotte impreoved sustainable management of forest, leading to emissions
reductions and proection of forest carbon stocks
12

Thus, FIP is desigened to achieve objectives such as to initiate and facilitate steps towards
transformational change in developing countries forest related policies and practices also to pilot
replicable models to generate understanding and learning of the links between the
implementation of forest-related investments, policies and measures and long-term emission
reductions and conservation, sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest
carbon stocks in developing countries. By committing to apply a priori and ex post impact
assessment of programs and projects, the FIP will ensure that the outcomes and effectiveness of
FIP-supported interventions in reducing deforestation and forest degradation can be measured;
Also to facilitate the leveraging of additional financial resources for REDD, including through
a possible UNFCCC forest mechanism, leading to an effective and sustained reduction of

10
http://www.un-redd.org/Donors_and_Partners/tabid/102612/Default.aspx
1111
http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/FAQs/tabid/586/language/en-US/Default.aspx
12
Governance Framework for the strategic climate fund, paragraph 10(b)
11

deforestation and forest degradation, thereby enhancing the sustainable management of forests;
and to provide valuable experience and feedback in the context of the UNFCCC deliberations on
REDD
13
. Not just having FIP as one of way to help the fund for participating countries, REDD+
system has Forest Carbon Partnership Facility as a global partnership of governments,
businesses, civil society, and indigenous people focused on reducing emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation the sustainable
management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries
14

The forest carbon partnership facility is designed to set the stage for a large-scale system of
incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing
countries, by providing a fresh source of financing for the sustainable use of forest resources and
biodiversity conservation, and for people who depend their livelihoodson forest
The FCPF consists of two mechanisms, each with its own trust fund for which the world bank
acts as trustee. The first one is the Readiness Mechanism which assist 37 tropical and sub-
tropical developing countries in preparing themselves to participate in a future, large scale,
system of positive incentives for REDD, whcih include preparing a REDD strategy and/or
complementing the countrys existing strategy and policy framework for forest and
environmental management, including answering questions of carbon ownership and benefit
sharing mechanisms, establishing a referene scenario for emissions and possibly an assessment
of future emissions. The reference scenario is the reference against which countries will reduce
emissions and emission reductions to calculate the reductions in emissions against the reference
scenario. Each country participating in the FCPF is addressing the challenges of deforestation
and forest degradation in its own way and contributing valuable experience to the partnership. In
this way the FCPF is maximizing its learning value, by testing various approaches.
Readiness activities obviously must involve a high degree of consultation with civil society and
indigenous peoples organizations. The national REDD strategy design must itself be rooted in a
broad-based consultative process, where civil society, indigenous peoples organizations and the
private sector is represented. Given the historical role of indigenous peoples and other forest
dwellers as stewards of tropical forests, it is critical that governments set up participatory

13
Point.11 FIP Design Document
14
http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/about-us
12

mechanisms to ensure that they be meaningfully consulted during the formulation and
implementation of their countrys Readiness Plan and REDD Strategy and that they benefit from
capacity building and future financial incentives.
To enhance such consultation and participation, the FCPF also supports a capacity building
program that specifically targets forest-dependent indigenous peoples and other forest dwellers,
to strengthen their understanding of climate change and the technicalities of REDD. Through
activities such as training workshops, conferences and dissemination of reports and other
information, the capacity building program aims to enable indigenous peoples and other forest
dwellers to play a more meaningful role in the design and implementation of REDD programs in
their respective countries, and to engage more effectively in, and contribute to, the international
discussions on REDD. Such strengthened consultation and participation also helps to publicize
and increase understanding of indigenous peoples and other forest dwellers views and potential
contributions to REDD system design and implementation. Indigenous knowledge about forests
may prove very useful to the national monitoring, reporting and verification systems that will be
set up, while the indigenous peoples presence on the ground could be a key element of the
enforcement mechanisms that will be necessary in the course of REDD program implementation
While in carbon finance mechanism, a few countries that will have successfully participated in
the readiness mechanism may be selected, on a voluntary basis, to participate in the carbon
finance mechanism (or carbon fund), through which the FCPF will pilot incentive payments for
REDD policies and measures. The carbon fund will remunerate the selected countries in
accordance with negotiated contracts for verifiably reducing emissions more than in the
reference scenario. The carbon funds payments are intended to provide an incentive to the
recipient countries and the various stakeholders-including forest-dependent indigenous peoples,
other forest dwellers or the private sector within each of these countries, to achieve long-term
sustainability in financing forest conservation and management programs. With expectation this
program would help reduce the negative impact on the global climate from the loss and
impoverishment of forests.
Through having several alternate ways to give participating countries some benefit that can be
obtained by countries which having high level of deforestation. Those countries obvioulsy
having possibility to reduce pollution significantly and of course to earn much fund if they can
13

do it. Under the wider REDD+s scheme, countries which already protected their forest properly
also can earn some value of money. This kind of activities might have positive benefit to help
low economic condition simultaneously. Implementation that has been achieved is where a
wood factory give acessto local people to use the forest, will be appriciated and awarded.
b. REDD+ and Indonesia
Indonesia has a range of policies and programs that are of direct relevance to the REDD. First, it
is important to acknowledge that Indonesia has ratified: the Ramsar Convention; the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity; the UNFCCC; and the Kyoto Protocol. The Ministry of
Environment (MoE) is the key agency in developing environmental policies in Indonesia,
including policies related to climate change. The DNPI leads Indonesias negotiations in the
UNFCCC (MoE was a focal point for the climate change negotiation in Indonesia). Second, the
Ministry of Forestry (MoFor) has so far pro-activelydriven REDD process in Indonesia, starting
with the establishment of the IFCA in 2007 to conduct initial steps in REDD Readiness. Since
2008, The Ministry of Forestry has issued four National Regulations on Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Degradation in order to guide implementation of national REDD policy.
Some programs related to REDD preparation are on-going such as developing Indonesia NCAS
and FRIS program. FRIS will be the basis for monitoring, assessment and reporting for REDD
and GHG. It will also include a REDD registry to list REDD related operations and for serving
payment mechanism. Other programs to support REDD indirectly, particularly to carbon
measurement are developed in the MoFor through various projects.
For examples, collaboration between the MoFor (PHKA, RLPS, FORDA) and ICRAF under a
Rewarding the Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) project, REDD ALERT
project, and other activities under FMU systemdevelopment and Timber Legality Assurance
System (TLAS). Since COP13, the increased complexity and significantanticipated benefits and
economic changes initiated by REDD has been triggered to increase involvement of other
institutions, including BAPPENAS, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of
Public Works, Ministry of Home Affair, Ministry of Agriculture, The Coordinating Ministry of
Economic Affairs, and Provincial and District Government. The National Council on Climate
Change is the umbrella institution to coordinate the institutions. The national institutions
responsible to develop REDD related policies and program based on their sectoralmandates
14

whereas some provincial and district governments are in the process of initiating demonstration
activities. Indonesia has adopted an approach to REDD implementation characterized as a
national approach with sub-national implementation. Through the IFCA process, initial steps
in REDD readiness have been taken. The IFCA, a multi-stakeholder alliance, established and
managed by the ForestryResearch and Development Agency (FORDA) and supported by the
World Bank, has conducted a series of important studies on different aspects of REDD organized
through working groups.
By the time of COP 13 in December 2007 each of the working groups had developed technical
papers which were supported by a structured program of consultations with principal
stakeholders from the Ministry of Forestry (MoFor), national and international NGOs and forest
industry groups The Ministry of Forestry (MoFor) has the responsibility to manage the nations
forest which is currently in the order of 120.35 million ha or 64.08% of the land surface
15

To guide implementation of national REDD policy, the Ministry of Forestry has recently
initiated in following four decisions such as:
- Ministerial Regulation P.68/Menhut-II/2008 which provides an umbrella for
voluntary REDD initiatives and demonstration pilot projects currently under
implementation or being developed. (December 2008)
- Ministerial Decision SK. 13/Menhut-II/2009 which establishes a Climate Change
Working Group within the Ministry of Forestry (MoFor) (J anuary 2009). The Climate
Change Working Group aims to develop initiatives to deal with issues related to
climate change including REDD. The group comprises all Directorate Generals
(DG)s within the Ministry.
- Ministerial Regulation P. 30/Menhut-II/2009 which provides mechanisms to reduce
carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (May 1, 2009)
- Ministerial Regulation P. 36/Menhut-II/2009 which provides a framework for issuing
licenses for carbon utilization in production and protection forests (May 22, 2009).

15
Departemen Kehutanan. 2005. Rencana Strategis Kementerian Negara/Lembaga Departemen Kehutanan
Tahun2005-2009.
15

Other programs indirectly related to support REDD, particularly to carbon measurement are
developed in the MoFor through various projects. For examples, collaboration between the
MoFor (PHKA, RLPS, FORDA) and ICRAF under a Rewarding the Upland Poor for
Environmental Services (RUPES) project, REDD ALERT project, and other activities under
KPH system development and Timber Legality Assurance System (TLAS).
Since COP13, the increased complexity and significantanticipated benefits and economic
changes initiated by REDD triggered increased involvement of other institutions, including:
- The National Development Planning Agency(Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional-
BAPPENAS): BAPPENAS is responsible for overall development coordination which
includes the management of financial/technical assistance from Development Partners.
BAPPENAS coordinates the implementation of bilateral and multilateral aid projects which
includes cooperation projects with Australia and Germany.
- The Ministry of Environment until the establishment of the National Council on Climate
Change (Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim), served as the focal point for the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ministry of environment is
responsible for developing and overseeing national policies on environmental management
issues.
- Ministry of Finance (MoF) is responsible for the design and implementation of payment
mechanisms, including sharing of REDD generated revenues. One of the possible options to
manage REDD finances is the establishment of a Public Service Agency. MoF is
instrumental in the establishment and management of these institutions which will report to
the Minister. Furthermore, MoF has established a task force for developing fiscal policies
relevant to climate change.
- The National Council on Climate Change(DNPI): The DNPI was established in 2008
through a Presidential Decree, meaning that the DNPI reports its activity directly to the
President. It has been given significant authority to advise and oversee implementation of
both climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. DNPI has become the UNFCCC
focal point. The DNPI comprises of six working groups to deal with issues of adaptation,
mitigation, technology transfer, finance, forestry and post-Kyoto mechanisms.
16

- Ministry of Public works: Its Directorate General for Spatial Planning is responsible for
spatial planning and oversees the implementation of law 26/2007, a spatial planning law.
- Ministry of Home Affairs(MoHA) is responsible for overseeingdecentralization and
provides overall guidance to the districts with regards to the spatial and economic
development planning. Engagement with MoHA on REDD is thus of significant importance,
but still very limited.
- Ministry of Agricultureis responsible in managing estate crops (such as rubber, palm oil,
and other estate crops) and forested land outside of state owned forests.
- The Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairsdevelops and oversees economic
development. They responsible for mainstreaming climate change into general development
policies. The ministry has been instructed by the president through Presidential Instruction
5/2008, which also instructs MoFor and KLH, to issue timely REDD regulations.
- Provincial and District Government: Based on Forestry Law No. 41/1999 and its revise Law
No. 19/2004, forest and forest related issues are the responsibility of the Ministry of
Forestry, but with significant management responsibilities at the local level except
management of forest for conservation purposes. Management of conservation forest is
under the responsibility of the central government. According to the Laws, the minimum
forest cover that should be maintained of the total area of a watershed is 30%. The Law also
mentioned that islands, provinces,districts or watersheds should have a minimum forest
cover of 30% of the total land area and the forest area. The forest area is defined by the
government based on biophysical conditions, climate, population and socio-economic
conditions of the community within the region it is residing. This has been supported by
Law 26/2007 on Spatial Planning which gives mandate to each district to be responsible for
their district spatial plans. The law mentions that at least 30% of each district area should be
vegetated by trees. In accordance with the new decentralization laws, the Spatial Planning
Law 26/2007 stipulates explicitly the
authority of provincial governments and of district governments in spatial planning. Based
on the Law 26, any local government should refer both to the national spatial plan and to the
long term development plan of its sub-ordinate local governments. It implies that any
provincial spatial plan is obliged to pay attention to the spatial plan of district
(Kabupaten/Kota) affected and it will be a guideline towards multi sector integration and
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multi jurisdiction spatial planning. Of the 33 provinces, 30 provinces has developed
designated forest zone map (Peta Kawasan Hutan) built upon their respective province
spatial plan. Only three provinces (Central Kalimantan, Kepulauan Riau and Riau provinces)
up to now have not finalized their designated forest zone map yet. Concerning to province
spatial plan, however, Indonesia decentralization in 1999 has delivered great authority to
thedistrict (Kabupaten/Kota) government, leaving the provincial government merely a
supervision function. The authority of district (Kota/Kabupaten) government in spatial
planning covers (i)
regulatory and supervision; (ii) planning; and (iii) partnership in planning between recity it
is One of issues concerning Law 26/2007 related to REDD is a possibility for provinceand
district government to revisit their spatial plan in every five years. It is possible for a district
to change a land use This possibility can provide significant opportunities for REDD
development in managed forested areas which are mostly managed by MoFor.
In the perspective of sociological impacts it is estimated more than 25,000 villages in Indonesia
that all or part of its territory located in the forest area (MoF: 2007.2009). World Bank (2009),
estimates there are 6 million people who depend on the source of their live contained within the
forest area. This fact shows, that those Indigenous Peoples and local communities Or Will Be
Affected by the REDD +activities in Indonesia 5 REDD +activities will directly affect the
livelihoods of tens of millions of people who live in and around forests. Communities living in
and around forests is one of the largest groups of poor people in Indonesia.
It is really important to understand that the interests of indigenous peoples and local communities
or the forest ecosystem, not merely economic interests but also includes spiritual and socio-
cultural interests, especially the indigenous peoples who lived for generations in and around
forest areas. This is closely related to the control and management based on customary law /
common law inherited from generation to generation.
In the framework of public policy making democratic and respects human rights and cultural
diversity, as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, the existence, interests and aspirations of
indigenous peoples and local communities or who live in and around the forest area, should be
considered seriously. Forest land use conflicts that occur in almost all regions in Indonesia as
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well as poverty communities living in and around forest areas, should be a matter of reflection in
planning public policy related to forests and forest ecosystems in general.
From legal perspective the Indonesian government has a legal obligation to involve the public in
accordance with The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (Article 18B) to "recognize
and respect indigenous / traditional in accordance with the laws of their traditional culture." It is
also in line with international principles of human rights such as participation and inclusion /
inclusive including full and effective participation, contribute and enjoy civil, economic, cultural
and political. Rights of indigenous / local is also reinforced by the commitment of the
Government of Indonesia in the number of international instruments such as the UN Declaration
on the rights of Indigenous Peoples (UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
(UNDRIP)), the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Discrimination (ICERD), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, etc.
UNDRIP reaffirms the principle that development should not be carried out if consent /
agreement has not been obtained from the land of the indigenous peoples and the environment
likely affected.
The agreement of the COP 16 United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in
Cancun-Mexico requested that developing countries ensure the full and effective participation of
relevant stakeholders, including indigenous peoples and the local community in the development
and implementation of national strategies or action plans REDD +. Indonesia should look at the
development and the regulatory scheme could fulfill as access to funding through the REDD +
mechanism. At the national level, Indonesian law also accommodate the interests of peoples'
rights when dealing with development. It was, among others, marked by the amendment of The
1945 Constituion of Republic Indonesiathat added a separate chapter on human rights. The
position of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on development and human rights,
among other explanation can be found in the Law. 11, 2005 on the Ratification of the
International Covenant on Economic and Cultural Rights, as follows: "Finally, it was realized
that the life of the nation that did not heed the respect, protection and enforcement of human
rights will always cause injustice to the general public and do not provide a sound basis for
economic development , politics, social and culture for the long term ". TAP MPR IX numbers
2001 on Agrarian Reform and Natural Resources Management, stated that the agrarian reform
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and natural resource management should be implemented in accordance with the principles of,
among other things: respect and uphold human rights; develop democracy, legal compliance,
transparency and optimization of popular participation; realize justice in the control, ownership,
use, utilization, and maintenance of agrarian resources and natural resources; recognize and
respect the rights of indigenous people and the nation's cultural diversity agrarian resources and
natural resources. Policy toward agrarian reform and natural resource management should refer
to these principles.
Law No. 32 of 2009 have mentioned at least 7 articles regulating the existence of a recognition
and protection of indigenous peoples against the wisdom of local and indigenous peoples' rights
relating to the protection and management of environmental would support a legal basis for
indigenous peoples and / or local communities with all traditional wisdom to participate fully and
effectively in consent for REDD +in Indonesia. The law also states that the public has the same
rights and opportunities as possible and to play an active role in the protection and management
of the environment. The role of the community can be: social control; provision of advice,
opinions, suggestions, objections, complaints, and / or delivery of information and / or reports.
Policy Recommendations: Instruments Free, Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) For Indigenous
Peoples and Local Communities Will Or Affected in REDD +activities in Indonesia.
Protection of people's rights to access information as stipulated in Law No. 14 of 2008 like the
right of citizens to know the plans of public policy, public policy programs, and public decision-
making process, and the reasons for making a decision public, encouraging participation
community in the public policy making process and improve the community's active role in
public policy and good management of public institutions. Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry also
regulate the rights of the people involved in making decisions that will impact the community
with article 68 paragraph (2) (b), as follows: "The public deserves to know the plans of forest
allocation, utilization forests, and forestry information "





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CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

a. Conclusions
Notice of its impact and the steps that have been taken over, the authors believe that no man is
perfect beyond what God has created, but it can not be denied that there had been a good
intention of the government to actively participate in the reduction of carbon emissions, to make
the system work better for carbon reductions per ministry as described above so that it can have
an impact nationally and globally. Given that this new program is held one year and of course it
would take a lot of advice and recommendations for advancement as well as the reduction of
deforestation rates. However, when projected from what is described above. It is expected that
all planned to run well.
b. Recommendations
As it has been mentioned that this program has just been implemented recently, authors cannot
merely mention solution towards impacts that have been mentioned before. Where i believe by
the time goes by, several evaluation and discussion will be held in regard to solve impact that
have been explained above. For instance for the problem on sociological perspective, there shall
be held an intensive discussion and sharing between the stakeholders and people that will
affected by the decision. Thus i believe, since the government has received large amount of fund,
our government shall not disobey and misconduct the workplan that have been planned and they
are under supervising of many states, where many states are depending to our action to reduce
emmision come from deforestation and degradation of forest.