S
11
S
12
S
13
S
21
S
22
S
23
S
31
S
32
S
33
. (4)
For electrostatic forces, the Maxwell stress tensor has the form
S =
0
(E
2
x
E
2
/2) (E
x
E
y
) (E
x
E
z
)
(E
y
E
x
) (E
2
y
E
2
/2) (E
y
E
z
)
(E
z
E
x
) (E
z
E
y
) (E
2
z
E
2
/2)
. (5)
where E
2
= E
2
x
+ E
2
y
+ E
2
z
. The tensor for magnetostatic forces is
S =
1
(B
2
x
B
2
/2) (B
x
B
y
) (B
x
B
z
)
(B
y
B
x
) (B
2
y
B
2
/2) (B
y
B
z
)
(B
z
B
x
) (B
z
B
y
) (B
2
z
B
2
/2)
. (6)
with B
2
= B
2
x
+ B
2
y
+ B
2
z
.
1
Available for download at http://www.eldp.com/documents/stresstensor.pdf
2
A dierential element of torque is dened by
dt = r dF. (7)
Here, the vector r points from a torque origin [x
t
, y
t
, z
t
] to the current posi-
tion:
r = [r
x
, r
y
, r
z
] = [(x x
t
), (y y
t
), (z z
t
)]. (8)
The total torque resulting from the force on a body may be written in terms
of the Maxwell stress tensor as:
t =
S
dA r (S n). (9)
To employ the surface integral capabilities of the AMaze and TriComp
programs, we need to determine a torque tensor T such that the torque
vector is given by an expression of the form,
t =
S
dA T n. (10)
We can compute T by expanding the right-hand side of Eq. 9 in component
form and collecting terms with common factors of n
x
, n
y
and n
z
. The proce-
dure gives the following form for the torque on a body in terms of an integral
over a surrounding surface:
t
x
=
S
dA (T
11
n
x
+ T
12
n
y
+ T
13
n
z
) (11)
t
y
=
S
dA (T
21
n
x
+ T
22
n
y
+ T
23
n
z
)
t
z
=
S
dA (T
31
n
x
+ T
32
n
y
+ T
33
n
z
) .
The components of the torque tensor are related to the components of the
Maxwell stress tensor and the components of the vector from the torque
origin:
T =
(r
y
S
31
r
z
S
21
) (r
y
S
32
r
z
S
22
) (r
y
S
33
r
z
S
23
)
(r
z
S
11
r
x
S
31
) (r
z
S
12
r
x
S
32
) (r
z
S
13
r
x
S
33
)
(r
x
S
21
r
y
S
11
) (r
x
S
22
r
y
S
12
) (r
x
S
23
r
y
S
13
)
. (12)
3