Virginia Osueke

Ms.Frank
Senior Capstone
January 24, 2013
Global Connetions !esear" #ssign$ent%
&rite a 'ell()e*elope) paragrap" about t"e issue in t"e +nite) States or ,e-as. .nlu)e /ats
an) statistis about t"e proble$. #lso, inlu)e "o' t"is proble$ is being a))resse) an) '"at is
being )one to sol*e it in t"is ountry.
&rite anot"er 'ell )e*elope) paragrap" about t"is issue .0 #0O,12! CO+0,!3 or region.
.nlu)e /ats an) statistis about t"e proble$ in t"is region. #lso, inlu)e "o' t"is proble$ is
being a))resse) an) '"at is being )one to sol*e it in t"is ountry.
&rite anot"er 'ell )e*elope) paragrap" about t"is issue .0 #0O,12! CO+0,!3 or region.
.nlu)e /ats an) statistis about t"e proble$ in t"is region. #lso, inlu)e "o' t"is proble$ is
being a))resse) an) '"at is being )one to sol*e it in t"is ountry.
4astly, 'rite a paragrap" o$paring an) ontrasting t"e proble$s an) solutions in t"e t"ree
)i//erent ountries. .n)enti/y '"i" ountry "as t"e biggest proble$ 'it" t"is issue an) e-plain
'"y. .)enti/y '"i" ountry "as t"e $ost e//eti*e solutions to t"is proble$ an) e-plain '"y.
,"is s"oul) be in M4# /or$at 'it" M4# "ea)ings an) itations an) be a $ini$u$ o/ t'o pages,
)ouble spae).
Virginia Osueke
Ms.Frank
Senior Capstone
January 24, 2013
The Challenges of meeting the Blood Transfusion
Requirements World-Wide an) The Need to Develop
.n t"e +S $ore t"an 45 $illion #$erians nee) 6loo) ,rans/usion. .n a bloo)
trans/usion '"ole bloo)s or parts o/ bloo) '"i" inlu)e re) bloo) ells, platelets, an)
7las$a are reei*e). So$e trans/usions an go s$oot"ly but so$eti$es *iruses like
1.V an be trans$itte) to t"e patient reei*ing t"e bloo). ,"e risk o/ reei*ing an
in/etion /ro$ trans/usion is lo' but still is a risk t"at nee)s to be a))resse). .n t"e
+nite) States bloo) banks sreen )onors are/ully as a sa/ety $easure. 6loo)
,rans/usion is nee)e) '"en t"ere is bloo) loss like a/ter a surgery. ,"ere are lots o/
sreenings an) testing be/ore a trans/usion is )one so it is rare to reei*e an in/etion
/ro$ t"is operation. ,"ey an sa*e $any li*es but t"e proble$ in t"e +nite) States is
t"e reation patients get a/ter t"ey reei*e t"e trans/usions. ,"ese reations are si$ply
alle) ,rans/usion !eations. ,"ey $ay our rig"t a/ter t"e trans/usion or $ay take
"ours or )ays to )e*elop. #n #llergi reation is t"e $ost o$$on type '"i" ours
'"en t"e patient8s bo)y reats to t"e plas$a proteins o/ t"e )onor. .n t"e +nite) States
t"e bloo) supply "as to be kept t"e 'orl) sa/est. ,o re)ue t"e risk o/ bloo) trans/usion
reation t"e bloo) type is "eke) perio)ially an) is ross $at"e) to be sure it is
$at"e) orretly. ,"e Foo) an) 9rug #)$inistration also "a*e a say in t"e "an)ling o/
trans/usions. ,"e sa/ety syste$ inlu)e )onor sreenings, bloo) testing, 9onor )e/erral
lists, t"is list is o$pile) o/ )e/erre) )onors '"o annot )onate , :uarantine, '"i" is
)onate) bloo) t"at is teste) an) /ree o/ in/etions, an) t"ey issue proble$s an)
Virginia Osueke
Ms.Frank
Senior Capstone
January 24, 2013
9e/iienies, is '"en bloo) enters an) t"e /oo) an) 9rug a)$inistrators o$$uniate
on /i-ing proble$s t"at our.
#bout ;0 $illion gallons o/ bloo) are )onate) ea" year. Many ountries aroun)
t"e 'orl) /ae lots o/ bloo) s"ortages. ,"ese ountries are in nee) o/ bloo) "o'e*er
'"en it o$es to trans/usions t"ese ountries are unable to takle t"e proble$ beause
t"ese ountries also "a*e "ig" rates trans/usion trans$ittable )iseases. ,rans/usion
praties are $a<or onern in sub(Sa"aran #/ria. ,"ese ountries "a*e lo' bloo)
supply $ost o/ t"e ti$e "il)ren ten) to )onate t"e $ost sine t"ey are t"e ones t"at
populate t"e ountry, "o'e*er '"en s"ool starts bloo) supply )ereases as t"e
"il)ren are in s"ool. #lso in Sub(Sa"aran #/ria bloo) trans/usions pose as a great
onern beause so$e o/ t"e )onate) bloo)s are onsi)ere) ,rans/usion ,rans$ittable
.n/etions or ,,.8s. ,"ese inlu)e 1.V, 1epatitis 6 an) C *irus, syp"ilis an) $alaria.
,"ey "a*e "allenges 'it" getting aess to sa/e an) a)e=uate =uantities o/ bloo).
,"ere is little politial support an) go*ern$ent /un)ing '"en it o$es to /i-ing t"e
supply an) sa/eties o/ bloo) /ro$ *oluntary )onors. Many reports "a*e s"o'n t"at
o$$erially re$unerate) )onors ten) to gi*e $ore bloo) t"an '"at is reo$$en)e),
"o'e*er, t"e proble$ is t"at t"ese )onors are usually poor an) "a*e ba) "ealt" '"i"
inlu)es ,,.>s. .n 2004 to $ake bloo) trans/usions sa/er in #/ria t"e +nite) States
7resi)ents 2$ergeny 7lan /or #.9S !elie/ o//ere) $onetary an) te"nial support to
Virginia Osueke
Ms.Frank
Senior Capstone
January 24, 2013
$ake t"e national bloo) trans/usion ser*ies stronger in ountries t"at "a*e "ig" rates
o/ 1.V.
,o ensure sa/ety )onate) bloo) nee)s to )onate by non (re$unerate) bloo) )onors
t"at "a*e a lo' risk o/ any *irus or illness an) e)uation t"roug" /lyers? publi
a'areness, pa$p"lets, an) a national ser*ie "a*e been pro*i)e).
9uring t"e 1@;08s $any ountries 'ere ause) o/ gi*ing bloo) reipients
1.VA#.9S t"roug" bloo) trans/usion. May ountries sol*e) t"e proble$ suess/ully but
ot"er ountries like C"ina still "a*e a long 'ay to go. C"ina laks $any o/ t"e resoures
it nee)s '"en )ealing 'it" "ealt"are. ,"e go*ern$ent )oesn8t gi*e a lot o/ /un)ing "as
been ut so $any "ospitals not <ust t"ose in rural areas /in) 'ays to get t"e resoures
t"ey nee) at a "eap prie, t"is oul) e*en $ean getting t"ese resoures illegally.
,"ese illegal soures "a*e in/ete) $any "ospital patients 'it" 1.VA#.9S. .n 1ubei
7ro*ine /ro$ 1@@B to 1@@C C"ina "a) one o/ its biggest bloo) trans/usion san)als at
a "ospital alle) 0O.2 1ospital. .n t"is san)al $ore t"an eig"ty patients 'ere in/ete)
'it" 1.VA#.9S so$e )o not e*en kno' until t"is )ay '"et"er t"ey "a*e t"e in/etion or
not. Many $e)ial personnel are un)erpai) in C"ina so "ospital )iretors8 pur"ase
onta$inate) bloo) )ue to its "eap prie. .n t"e past C"ina "as "a) in)i*i)uals in
"arge o/ agenies ontrol an) )e/ine t"e stan)ar)s instea) o/ a national o*erseer.
,"ey also use an i)enti/iation syste$ t"at pre*ents people at risk /ro$ entering t"e
bloo) syste$, but it "a) "a) little e//et. .n or)er /or C"ina to $ake its bloo) enters
Virginia Osueke
Ms.Frank
Senior Capstone
January 24, 2013
an) bloo) supply sa/e it nee)s to )e*elop $ore entraliDe) regulatory syste$ to
regulate national supply. ,"e &orl) 1ealt" OrganiDation an) ot"er )e*elope) nations
s"oul) e-pan) or reate ne' proble$ t"at pro*i)e C"ina 'it" te"nial support /or
better bloo) enters. ,"ese enters s"oul) also operate un)er an assoiation t"at an
e-"ange in/or$ation to /or$ better uni/or$ity o/ go*ern$ent regulations.
6loo) ,rans/usion is use) to sa*e li*es all aroun) t"e 'orl). ,"e 'ay ea"
ountry approa"es t"e issue is )i//erent. &e "a*e looke) at "oe t"e +nite) States,
Sub(Sa"aran #/ria, an) C"ina all )eal 'it" bloo) trans/usion. .n Sub(Sa"aran
#/ria bloo) supply is *ery lo' an) )onors ten) to be poor people '"o )onate /or
$oney. ,"ese people ten) to be arriers o/ ,rans/usion ,rans$ittable .n/etions or
,,.8s '"o sprea) in/etions like 1epatitis, Syp"ilis or 1.VA#.9S. ,"e "roni s"ortage
allo's /or o$$erially )onate) bloo) '"i" also arries in/etions. ,"ey /oun) t"at t"e
'ay to /i- t"is proble$ 'as by e)uating t"e people an) by inreasing t"e nu$ber o/
non pai) )onors. C"ina see$s to "a*e t"e biggest proble$ 'it" t"is proble$. .n C"ina
$any o/ t"e people '"o 'ork in t"e $e)ial /iel) are un)erpai) so '"en it o$es to
bloo) trans/usions t"ese $e)ial personnel /in) "eap an) illegal 'ays to gi*e t"eir
patients8 bloo). ,"is unsa/e pratie "as ost $any people t"eir "ealt" in/eting t"e$
'it" 1.VA#.9S so$e o/ t"e patients una'are tat t"ey "a*e an in/etion. ,o /i- t"is
proble$ C"ina nee)s to get $ore go*ern$ent in*ol*e$ent an) regulation an) t"ey
"a*e not taken a /ast ation to t"is proble$ like t"e Su(Sa"aran ountries are trying to
Virginia Osueke
Ms.Frank
Senior Capstone
January 24, 2013
)o. ,"e +nite) States "as t"e $ost e//eti*e solution beause t"ey "a*e takle) $any
o/ t"e proble$s $any ountries are /aing. ,"ey "a*e /oun) 'ays to stop t"e sprea) o/
,,.8s. ,"ey "a*e t"e go*ern$ent in*ol*e) as t"e use t"e Foo) an) 9rug #)$inistration
regulate bloo) enters an) supplies. ,"e +nite) States only proble$ is to a 'ay to
)erease t"e ,rans/usion reations '"i" t"ey "a*e )one. Many ountries s"oul) look
to t"e +nite) States /or "elp an) /or assistane to /i- t"e "allenges o/ 6loo)
,rans/usions.
Reference
E,"e Journal o/ .n/etious 9iseases.E Poverty and the Spread of Bloodborne Disease in Central
China. 0.p., n.). &eb. 22 Jan. 2014.
E#bout t"e Co$$it /or 4i/e Group 7rogra$.E Group Program. 0.p., n.). &eb. 22 Jan. 2014.
E9e/initions o/ 1F Voluntary 0on(re$unerate) 6loo) 9onation, an) 2F 6loo) 9ri*e, 6loo) Ca$p,
6loo) Ca$paign.E 0.p., n.). &eb. 21 Jan. 2014.
E#$erian !e) Cross 0ational 6loo) Supply 9rops to Critially 4o' 4e*els.E American Red
Cross. 0.p., n.). &eb. 20 Jan. 2014.
Okas"a, Sa$ir. E6iologial #ltruis$.E Stanford University. Stan/or) +ni*ersity, 03 June 2003.
&eb. 23 Jan. 2014.
E6loo) ,rans/usion an) 9onation% Me)line7lus.E U.S ational !ibrary of "edicine. +.S. 0ational
4ibrary o/ Me)iine, n.). &eb. 24 Jan. 2014.
EVaines, 6loo) G 6iologis.E #eeping Blood $ransfusions Safe% &DA's "ulti(layered
Protections for Donated Blood. 0.p., n.). &eb. 24 Jan. 2014.
E6loo) Money% &"y 6loo) ,rans/usions #re So 9irty in C"ina.E)ttp%**+++.healthintelasia.com*.
0.p., n.). &eb. 20 Feb. 2014.
Virginia Osueke
Ms.Frank
Senior Capstone
January 24, 2013
E7ossible !isks o/ 6loo) ,rans/usions.E Possible Ris,s of Blood $ransfusions. 0.p., n.). &eb.
21 Jan. 2014