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REVIEW OF TENSES

Present Simple
general truth
habitual action
timetables
stative verbs

Present Continuous
action in progress
temporary action
plan for the near future
criticism about habitual behavior (forever, always, constantly)

Present Perfect Simple
An action that happened in the past with no specific time given, but that affects the
present.
COMPARE:
Tom has broken his leg.
(no specific time given=Present Perfect Simple)
Tom broke his leg last month.
(specific time given=Past Simple

action that began in the present and continues up to the present (for, since)
With time periods that havent finished
(with this week/this month/this year etc.)
I have been busy this week.
Your English has improved this month.
Sales have improved this year.

with the expressions:
This is /It is the 1
st
-2
nd
time that- This is/ It is the worst-best..that
Whats the difference :
a) Ian has been to Italy.
b) Ian has gone to Italy.
c) Ian has been in Italy for two years.
In (a): Ian went and returned.
In (b):Ian went and not yet returned.
In (c): Ian lives there/is still there. We also mention the duration using for.
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Present Perfect Continuous
action that began in the present and continues up to the present with emphasis on
duration (for, since)
action that has finished with visible results in the present

STUDY CAREFULLY
When. + Past simple?
How long...+ present perfect ?
How long ago..+ Past simple
A) When/How long ago did it start raining?
B)It started raining an hour ago/at 1oclock.
A)How long has it been raining?
B)It has been raining for an hour/since 1 oclock.


Past Simple
action that took place at a definite time in the past
actions that happened in the past one after another
to describe past habits and past situations (like used to but would only for past habits)

Past Continuous
action in progress at a specific time in the past
incomplete actions taking place at the same time in the past
action in progress interrupted by another action( simple past)
Past Perfect Simple
action that happened before another action
Past Perfect Continuous
action that started before another action in the past and was still in progress at the time of the
2
nd
action
action that had finished in the past with visible results in the past



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STUDY CAREFULLY
By the time/when/before + Past simple, Past Perfect (Simple/Continuous)
By the time /when we got there, he had already left.
I had checked my passport before I left for the airport.
This tribe had died out centuries before.
By the time/when he arrived, the band had been playing for 2 hours.
Raymond had been smoking for 10 years before he finally gave up.
By + + Past Perfect (Simple/Continuous)
We arrived at the party late. By then, the band had already started playing.
They had eaten by noon.
By 2002, he had been teaching for 20 years.
After, as soon as +Past Perfect, Past Simple
I got up after/as soon as I had eaten.
It was the first/second time
It was the first time that I had travelled abroad.
It was + superlative (+ever)
It was the best book I had ever read.
For, since, all day/night/week/year
They had been running in the marathon since 10 oclock/for 3 hours/all day.
COMPARE
She is tired because she has been studying for 5 hours.
She was tired because she had been studying for 5 hours.






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FUTURE SIMPLE
a decision made at the moment of speaking
predictions or personal opinions about the future ( perhaps, probably, think, believe,expect)
requests, offers, warnings, promises, threats
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future
future actions which have already been planned or are part of a routine
a polite request about someones plans, especially if we want to ask a favor

BE GOING TO
predictions based on evidence
plans or decisions that have already been made
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
for an action which will have been completed before a specific point of time in the future
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
to show the duration of an action up to a certain point of time in the future.
STYDY CAREFULLY
We dont use will after before, after, when, while, till/until, by the time, once(=), as soon
as(=),as long as(=), the moment that. Instead of future we use present tenses.
By the time + Present Simple, Future Perfect (Simple or Continuous)
By the time he arrives, the train will have left.
John will have been studying for six years by the time he graduates.
By + + Future Perfect (Simple/Continuous)
By 2002, he will have been teaching for 20 years.
By 10.00 the train will have left.

COMPARE
The meeting will have finished by 6.
The meeting wont have finished by 6.
The meeting wont have finished until 6. ( 6)