Heat Chap02 068

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-68 A compressed air pipe is subjected to uniform heat flux on the outer surface and convection on the
inner surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the surface
temperatures are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center line. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation in the pipe.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = ! "#m$%.
Analysis &a' (oting that the )*+ of the ,-- " generated by the strip heater is transferred to the pipe, the
heat flux through the outer surface is determined to be

.
. .
"#m . /0
m' m'&/ &-.-! .
" ,-- )* . -
.

L r
Q
A
Q
q
s s
s

(oting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
-
,
_
dr
dT
r
dr
d

and
k
dT r
dr
h T T r
& '
1 & '2
k
dT r
dr
q
s
& '
.

&b' 3ntegrating the differential e4uation once 5ith respect to r gives
r
dT
dr
C

6ividing both sides of the e4uation above by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and then integrating,

dT
dr
C
r

T r C r C & ' ln +
.

5here C
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give

r = r.7
k
C
r
q C
q r
k
s
s
.
.

r = r7
k
r q
hr
k
r T C
hr
k
r T C C r C T h
r
C
k
s .
. .
ln = ln '2 ln & 1

,
_
,
_
+

8ubstituting C C
.
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
,
_
+ +

,
_

+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+

/ . . ln !), . - -
% "#m !
m' -! . - '& "#m . /0 &
m' %'&-.-,9 "#m ,- &
% "#m !
ln % -
ln ln ln ln ln ' &
.
.

r
r
r
r
k
r q
hr
k
r
r
T C
hr
k
r r T C
hr
k
r T r C r T
s
.-,!
Heater
L=/ m
Air, --$%
r
r
r
.
&c' The inner and outer surface temperatures are determined by direct substitution to be
3nner surface &r = r'7
( ) C 3.91 + +
,
_
+ + / . . - !), . - - / . . ln !), . - - ' &
r
r
r T
:uter surface &r = r.'7
C 3.87
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ + / . .
-,9 . -
-! . -
ln !), . - - / . . ln !), . - - ' &
r
r
r T
(ote that the pipe is essentially isothermal at a temperature of about -,.0%.
.-,*
2-69
"GIVEN"
L=6 "[m] "
r_1=0.037 "[m]"
r_2=0.04 "[m] "
k=14 "[W/m- C]"
Q_dot =300 "[W]"
_!"#!"! t$=- 10 "[C]"
%=30 "[W/m&2- C]"
#_'o((=0.1)
"*N*L+,I,"
-_dot_(=..1- #_'o((/0Q_dot//*
*=201! 0r_20L
=_!"#! "! t$2.' ".r/r_1/2k/.%0r_1//0.-_dot_(0r_2//k "V3r!3t!o" o# t4m14r3t5r4"
"r !( t%4 13r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
r [m] T [C]
-.-,9 ,.0-/
-.-,9,, ,.0-.
-.-,9/9 ,.)0)
-.-,) ,.)0,
-.-,),, ,.))0
-.-,)/9 ,.))*
-.-,0 ,.))
-.-,0,, ,.)99
-.-,0/9 ,.)9,
-.-! ,.)/0
0.037 0.037) 0.038 0.038) 0.039 0.039) 0.04
-3.906
-3.897
-3.888
-3.879
-3.87
r [m]
T

[
C
]

2-70 A spherical container is subjected to uniform heat flux on the outer surface and specified temperature
on the inner surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the
outer surface temperature, and the maximum rate of hot 5ater supply are to be determined for steady one-
dimensional heat transfer.
.-,/
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since there is no change 5ith time and
there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There is no heat
generation in the container.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = .* "#m$%. The specific heat of 5ater at the
average temperature of &--;.-'#. = /-% is !.)* k<#kg% &Table A-0'.
Analysis &a' (oting that the 0-+ of the *-- " generated by the strip heater is transferred to the
container, the heat flux through the outer surface is determined to be

.
. .
. .
"#m - . .,
m' &-.! !
" *-- 0- . -
!

r
Q
A
Q
q
s s
s

(oting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
-
.

,
_
dr
dT
r
dr
d

and
T r T & '

-- %
k
dT r
dr
q
s
& '
.

&b' 3ntegrating the differential e4uation once 5ith respect to r gives
r
dT
dr
C
.

6ividing both sides of the e4uation above by r
.
and then integrating,

dT
dr
C
r
.

T r
C
r
C & ' +
.

5here C
and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give

r = r.7 k
C
r
q C
q r
k
s
s
.
.
.
.

r = r7 T r T
C
r
C C T
C
r
T
q r
kr
s
& '

. .
.
.
+ + +
8ubstituting C C
.
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ + + +
r r
k
r q
r r
T C
r r
T
r
C
T
r
C
C
r
C
r T
s
* . . )9 . ., --
% "#m * .
m' ! . - '& "#m ., &
m !- . -
% --

' &
. .
.
.

&c' The outer surface temperature is determined by direct substitution to be
:uter surface &r = r.'7
C 101.5
,
_
,
_
+
! . -
* . . )9 . ., --
* . . )9 . ., -- ' &
.
.
r
r T
.-,9
r
r
.
T
k
Heater
r
3nsulation
(oting that the maximum rate of heat supply to the 5ater is - 0 *-- . " = !*- ", 5ater can be heated
from .- to --% at a rate of

.
. Q mC T m
Q
C T
p
p

k< # s
&!.)* k< # kg %'&-- .-' %
kg # s =
- !*-
---,! 4.84 kg / h
.-,)
2-71
"GIVEN"
r_1=0.40 "[m] "
r_2=0.41 "[m] "
k=1.) "[W/m- C]"
_1=100 "[C]"
Q_dot =)00 "[W]"
#_'o((=0.10
"*N*L+,I,"
-_dot_(=..1- #_'o((/0Q_dot//*
*=401! 0r_2&2
=_12.1/r_1- 1/r/0.-_dot_(0r_2&2// k "V3r!3t! o" o# t4m14r3t5r4"
"r !( t%4 13r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
r [m] T [C]
-.! --
-.!- --..
-.!-.. --.,
-.!-,, --.*
-.!-!! --.9
-.!-*/ --.)
-.!-/9 -
-.!-9) -.
-.!-)0 -.,
-.! -.*
0.4 0.402 0.404 0.406 0.408 0.41
100
100.2
100.4
100.6
100.8
101
101.2
101.4
101.6
r [m]
T

[
C
]

.-,0
Heat Generatin in !"i#$
2-72C (o. Heat generation in a solid is simply the conversion of some form of energy into sensible heat
energy. =or example resistance heating in 5ires is conversion of electrical energy to heat.
2-73C Heat generation in a solid is simply conversion of some form of energy into sensible heat energy.
8ome examples of heat generations are resistance heating in 5ires, exothermic chemical reactions in a
solid, and nuclear reactions in nuclear fuel rods.
2-74C The rate of heat generation inside an iron becomes e4ual to the rate of heat loss from the iron
5hen steady operating conditions are reached and the temperature of the iron stabili>es.
2-75C (o, it is not possible since the highest temperature in the plate 5ill occur at its center, and heat
cannot flo5 ?uphill.@
2-76C The cylinder 5ill have a higher center temperature since the cylinder has less surface area to lose
heat from per unit volume than the sphere.
2-77 A .-k" resistance heater 5ire 5ith a specified surface temperature is used to boil 5ater. The center
temperature of the 5ire is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change 5ith time. 2 Heat transfer is one-
dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial direction. 3
Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = .- "#m$%.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a
rate of . k". The rate of heat generation per unit volume of the 5ire
is
, )
. .
5ire
"#m - !** .
m' &-.9 m' --.* . - &
" .---

L r
Q
V
Q
g
o
gen gen

The center temperature of the 5ire is then determined from A4. .-9 to be
C 121.4
+ +
%' "#m. .- & !
m' --.* . - '& "#m - !** . &
% -
!
. , ) .
k
r g
T T
o
s o

.-!-
-%
r
D
2-78 Heat is generated in a long solid cylinder 5ith a specified surface
temperature. The variation of temperature in the cylinder is given by
s
T
r
r
k
r g
r T +
1
1
]
1
,
_

.
-
.
-
' &

&a' Heat conduction is steady since there is no time t variable involved.
&b' Heat conduction is a one-dimensional.
&c' Bsing A4. &', the heat flux on the surface of the cylinder at r = r
-
is
determined from its definition to be

2
%/&m 280 = cm' ! '& "#cm ,* & . .
. . ' &
,
-
.
-
-
.
-
.
-
.
- -
-

1
1
]
1
,
_

1
1
]
1
,
_
r g
r
r
k
r g
k
r
r
k
r g
k
dr
r dT
k q
r r
s

.-!
)-%
r
D
k
g
o
2-79
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.04 "[m] "
k=2) "[W/m- C]"
:_dot_0=3)E26 "[W/m&3] "
_(=80 "[C]"
"*N*L+,I,"
=.:_dot_00r_0&2// k0.1- .r/r_0/ &2/ 2_( "V3r!3t!o" o# t4m14r3t5r4"
"r !( t%4 13r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
r [m] T [C]
- .,.-
-.--!!!! ..0.
-.--)))0 ..-0
-.-,,, .-9
-.-99) )9)
-.-.... /.0
-.-.//9 ,.!
-.-, 0/!.0
-.-,**/ **-.
-.-! )-
0 0.00) 0.01 0.01) 0.02 0.02) 0.03 0.03) 0.04
0
)00
1000
1)00
2000
2)00
r [m]
T

[
C
]

.-!.
2-80' A long homogeneous resistance heater 5ire 5ith specified convection conditions at the surface is
used to boil 5ater. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the 5ire, and the
temperature at the centerline of the 5ire are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change 5ith time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the 5ire is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = )./ Ctu#hft$=.
Analysis (oting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
-
+
,
_
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and

k
dT r
dr
h T r T
& '
1 & ' 2
-
-
&convection at the outer surface'

dT
dr
& ' -
- &thermal symmetry about the centerline'
Dultiplying both sides of the differential e4uation by r
and rearranging gives
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_
3ntegrating 5ith respect to r gives

r
dT
dr
g
k
r
C +
.
&a'
3t is convenient at this point to apply the second boundary condition since it is related to the first
derivative of the temperature by replacing all occurrences of r and dT/dr in the e4uation above by >ero. 3t
yields
C.%. at r = -7 -
-
.
- -

+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
& '

6ividing both sides of A4. &a' by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
dr
g
k
r

.
and T r
g
k
r C & '

+
!
.
.
&b'
Applying the second boundary condition at r r
-
,
C. %. at r r
-
7
.
-
-
. .
.
-
-
! .

! .
r
k
g
h
r g
T C T C r
k
g
h
k
r g
k

+ +
,
_
+

8ubstituting this C
.
relation into A4. &b' and rearranging give
T r T
g
k
r r
gr
h
& '

& '

+ +
! .
-
. . -
5hich is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the 5ire as a function of r. Then the
temperature at the center line &r = -' is determined by substituting the kno5n 4uantities to be
.-!,
r
T
h
r
o
"ater
Heater
0
( 290.8
,
_

+
,
_

+ +

.
.
, . ,
- .
-
ft
in .
=' ft Ctu#h ).- & .
' in .* . - '& Ctu#h.in &)--
ft
in .
=' Ctu#h.ft. / . ) & !
in' .* . - '& Ctu#h.in &)--
; = ..
. !
' - &
h
r g
r
k
g
T T

Thus the centerline temperature 5ill be about )-$= above the temperature of the surface of the 5ire.
.-!!
2-81'
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.2)/12 "[#t]"
k=8.6 "[;t5/%- #t- <]"
":_dot =1800 [;t5/%- !"&3] = 13r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
_!"#!"! t$=212 "[<]"
%=820 "[;t5/%- #t &2- <]"
"*N*L+,I,"
_0=_!"#!"! t $2.:_dot/Co"74rt.! "&3= #t &3///.40k/0.r_0&2- r &2/ 2
..:_dot/Co"74rt.! "&3= #t &3//0r_0//.20%/ "V3r!3t! o" o# t4m14r3t5r4"
r=0 "#or >4"t4r' ! "4 t4m14r3t5r4"
g [)t*/h.in
3
] T0 [(]
!-- ..0.*
/-- .,).,
)-- .!9
--- .**.)
.-- ./!.*
!-- .9,.,
/-- .).
)-- .0-.)
.--- .00.*
..-- ,-).,
.!-- ,9
2)0 700 11)0 1600 20)0 2)00
220
240
260
280
300
320
g [Btu/h-in
3
]
T
0

[
F
]

.-!*
2-82 A nuclear fuel rod 5ith a specified surface temperature is used as the fuel in a nuclear reactor. The
center temperature of the rod is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication
of any change 5ith time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since
there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in
the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the rod is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = .0.*
"#m$%.
Analysis The center temperature of the rod is determined from
C 545.8
+ +
%' "#m. * . .0 & !
m' -.* . - '& "#m - 9 &
% 9*
!
. , 9 .
k
r g
T T
o
s o

.-!/
g
9*$%
Branium rod
2-83 Coth sides of a large stainless steel plate in 5hich heat is generated uniformly are exposed to
convection 5ith the environment. The location and values of the highest and the lo5est temperatures in
the plate are to be determined.
is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about
the center plane 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =*. "#m$%.
Analysis The lo5est temperature 5ill occur at surfaces of plate
5hile the highest temperature 5ill occur at the midplane. Their
values are determined directly from
C 155
+ +

% . "#m /-
m' -* . - '& "#m - * &
% ,-
.
, *
h
L g
T T
s

C 158.7
+ +
%' "#m. . * & .
m' -* . - '& "#m - * &
% **
.
. , * .
k
L g
T T
s o

2-84 Heat is generated uniformly in a large brass plate. :ne side of the plate is insulated 5hile the other
side is subjected to convection. The location and values of the highest and the lo5est temperatures in the
plate are to be determined.
is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about
the center plane 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = "#m$%.
Analysis This insulated plate 5hose thickness is L is e4uivalent to
one-half of an uninsulated plate 5hose thickness is .L since the
midplane of the uninsulated plate can be treated as insulated
surface. The highest temperature 5ill occur at the insulated
surface 5hile the lo5est temperature 5ill occur at the surface
5hich is exposed to the environment. (ote that L in the follo5ing
relations is the full thickness of the given plate since the insulated
side represents the center surface of a plate 5hose thickness is
doubled. The desired values are determined directly from
C 252.3
+ +

% . "#m !!
m' -* . - '& "#m - . &
% .*
.
, *
h
L g
T T
s

C 254.5
+ +
%' "#m. & .
m' -* . - '& "#m - . &
% , . .*.
.
. , * .
k
L g
T T
s o

.-!9
T
=,-$%
h=/- "#m
.
.$%
.L=, cm
k
g
T
=,-$%
h=/- "#m
.
.$%
T
=.*$%
h=!! "#m
.
.$%
L=* cm
k
g
3nsulated
2-85
"GIVEN"
L=0.0) "[m] "
k=111 "[W/m- C]"
:_dot =2E) "[W/m&3] "
_!"#!"! t$=2) "[C]"
"%=44 [W/m&2- C]= 13r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
"*N*L+,I,"
_m!"=_!"#! "! t $2.:_dot 0L//%
_m3?=_m! "2.:_dot0L&2// .20k/
h [%/m
2
.C] Tmin [C] Tma+ [C]
.- *.* *.9.,
.* !.* !.9.,
,- ,*)., ,/-./
,* ,-.9 ,,
!- .9* .99.,
!* .!9.. .!0.*
*- ..* ..9.,
** .-/.) .-0.
/- 0.9 0,.0
/* 9).) ).
9- /9.0 9-.
9* *)., /-./
)- *- *..,
)* !../ !!.0
0- ,/. ,).!
0* ,-., ,..*
-- .* .9.,
.-!)
20 30 40 )0 60 70 80 90 100
100
1)0
200
2)0
300
3)0
400
4)0
)00
))0
h [W/m
2
-C]
T
m
i
n

[
C
]

20 30 40 )0 60 70 80 90 100
100
1)0
200
2)0
300
3)0
400
4)0
)00
))0
h [W/m
2
-C]
T
m
a
x

[
C
]

.-!0
2-86 A long resistance heater 5ire is subjected to convection at its outer surface. The surface temperature
of the 5ire is to be determined using the applicable relations directly and by solving the applicable
differential e4uation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = *. "#m$%.
Analysis &a' The heat generation per unit volume of the 5ire is

& .
. g
Q
V
Q
r L
gen gen
o

5ire
.
,
"
m' &/ m'
"# m

.
)
.---
- --
-/ -
The surface temperature of the 5ire is then &A4. .-/)'
T T
gr
h
s
o
+ +

& . '& .
& .
,-
-/ - - --
. !-
)
%
"# m m'
"# m . %'
,
.
409 C
&b' The mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
-
+
,
_
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and

k
dT r
dr
h T r T
& '
1 & ' 2
-
-
&convection at the outer surface'

dT
dr
& ' -
Dultiplying both sides of the differential e4uation by r and integrating gives
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_
r
dT
dr
g
k
r
C +
.
&a'
Applying the boundary condition at the center line,
C.%. at r = -7 -
-
.
- -

+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
& '

dT
dr
g
k
r

.
T r
g
k
r C & '

+
!
.
.
&b'
Applying the boundary condition at r r
-
,
C. %. at r r
-
7
.
-
-
. .
.
-
-
! .

! .
r
k
g
h
r g
T C T C r
k
g
h
k
r g
k

+ +
,
_
+

8ubstituting this C
.
T r T
g
k
r r
gr
h
& '

& '

+ +
! .
-
. . -
5hich is the temperature distribution in the 5ire as a function of r. Then the temperature of the 5ire at the
surface &r = r- ' is determined by substituting the kno5n 4uantities to be
T r T
g
k
r r
gr
h
T
gr
h
o
& '

& '
& . '& .
&
- -
.
-
. -
)
! . .
,-
-/ - - --
. !-
+ + + +

%
"# m m'
"# m . %'
,
.
409 C
(ote that both approaches give the same result.
2-87' Heat is generated uniformly in a resistance heater 5ire. The temperature difference bet5een the
center and the surface of the 5ire is to be determined.
.-*-
T
h
r
k
g
T
h
r
o
0
r
T
s
r
o
Heater
0
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change
5ith time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is
thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the
axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = *.)
Ctu#hft$=.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a rate of , k". The rate of heat
generation per unit length of the 5ire is
, )
. .
5ire
Ctu#h.ft - 0,, . .
ft' & ft' . # -! . - &
Ctu#h' ! . ,!. , &

L r
Q
V
Q
g
o
gen gen

Then the temperature difference bet5een the centerline and the surface becomes
F 140.4

=' Ctu#h.ft. ) . * & !
ft' . # -! . - '& Ctu#h.ft - 0,, . . &
!
. , ) .
max
k
r g
T
o
2-88' Heat is generated uniformly in a resistance heater 5ire. The temperature difference bet5een the
center and the surface of the 5ire is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change
5ith time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is
thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the
axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = !.*
Ctu#hft$=.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a rate of , k". The rate of heat
generation per unit volume of the 5ire is
, )
. .
5ire
Ctu#h.ft - 0,, . .
ft' & ft' . # -! . - &
Ctu#h' ! . ,!. , &

L r
Q
V
Q
g
o
gen gen

Then the temperature difference bet5een the centerline and the surface becomes
( 181.0

=' Ctu#h.ft. * . ! & !
ft' . # -! . - '& Ctu#h.ft - 0,, . . &
!
. , ) .
max
k
r g
T
o
.-*
r
T
s
r
o
Heater
0
2-89 Heat is generated uniformly in a spherical radioactive material 5ith specified surface temperature.
The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the sphere, and the center temperature are
to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any changes 5ith time. 2 Heat
transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 3 Thermal conductivity
is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = * "#m$%.
Analysis &a' (oting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
constant 5ith -
.
.
+
,
_
g
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and T r T
s
& '
-
)-% &specified surface temperature'

dT
dr
& ' -
- &thermal symmetry about the mid point'
&b' Dultiplying both sides of the differential e4uation by r
.
and rearranging gives
. .
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_

r
dT
dr
g
k
r
C
.
,
,
+
&a'
Applying the boundary condition at the mid point,
C.%. at r = -7 -
-
,
- -

+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
& '

6ividing both sides of A4. &a' by r
.
to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
dr
g
k
r

,
and T r
g
k
r C & '

+
/
.
.
&b'
Applying the other boundary condition at r r
-
,
C. %. at r r
-
7 T
g
k
r C C T
g
k
r
s s
+ +

/ /
-
.
. . -
.

8ubstituting this C
.
T r T
g
k
r r
s
& '

& ' +
/
-
. .
5hich is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the 5ire as a function of r.
&c' The temperature at the center of the sphere &r = -' is determined by substituting the kno5n 4uantities
to be
C 791

+ +
%' m. "# * & /
' m -! . - '& "#m - &!
; % )-
/
' - &
/
' - &
. , 9 .
- . .
-
k
r g
T r
k
g
T T
s s

Thus the temperature at center 5ill be about 9$% above the temperature of the outer surface of the
sphere.
.-*.
r
o
-
T
s
=)-$%
k
g
r
2-90
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.04 "[m] "
:_dot =4E7 "[W/m&3] "
_(=80 "[C]"
k=1) "[W/m- C]= @3r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
"*N*L+,I,"
=_(2:_dot/.60k/0.r_0&2- r &2/ "4m14r3t5r4 d!(tr! 65t! o" 3( 3 #5">t! o" o# r"
"r !( t%4 13r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
_0=_(2:_dot/.60k/0r_0&2 "4m14r3t5r4 3t t%4 >4"t4r .r=0/"
r [m] T [C]
- 90.
-.--.-* 9)0.
-.--!. 9),..
-.--/,/ 99,.!
-.--)!. 9*0./
-.--*, 9!.0
-.-./, 9.-..
-.-!9! /0!./
-.-/)! //*
-.-)0* /,./
-.-.-* *0!.
-.-.,/ **..)
-.-.*./ *-9.*
-.-.9,9 !*)..
-.-.0!9 !-*
-.-,*) ,!9.0
-.-,,/) .)/.)
-.-,*90 ...)
-.-,9)0 *..0
-.-! )-
k [%/m.C] T0 [C]
- !9
,-.*, !.0.!
*.-* .)).0
9.*) ..0
0.. 0*.)
../ 9!.9
,,.. /-.
*,.9 !0.!
9!.. !..
0!.9 ,!.)
.*., .0./
.,*.) .*..
.*/., ../
.9/.) ).*
.09.! *.0
,9.0 ,./
,,).! .*
,*).0 -0.9
,90.* -).
!-- -/.9
.-*,
0 0.00) 0.01 0.01) 0.02 0.02) 0.03 0.03) 0.04
0
100
200
300
400
)00
600
700
800
r [m]
T

[
C
]

0 )0 100 1)0 200 2)0 300 3)0 400
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
k [W/m-C]
T
0

[
C
]

.-*!
2-91 A long homogeneous resistance heater 5ire 5ith specified surface temperature is used to boil 5ater.
The temperature of the 5ire . mm from the center is to be determined in steady operation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = ) "#m$%.
Analysis (oting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
-
+
,
_
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and T r T
s
& '
-
)-% &specified surface temperature'

dT
dr
& ' -
Dultiplying both sides of the differential e4uation by r and rearranging gives
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_

r
dT
dr
g
k
r
C +
.
&a'
3t is convenient at this point to apply the boundary condition at the center since it is related to the first
derivative of the temperature. 3t yields
C.%. at r = -7 -
-
.
- -

+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
& '

dT
dr
g
k
r

.
and T r
g
k
r C & '

+
!
.
.
&b'
Applying the other boundary condition at r r
-
,
C. %. at r r
-
7 T
g
k
r C C T
g
k
r
s s
+ +

! !
-
.
. . -
.

8ubstituting this C
.
T r T
g
k
r r
s
& '

& ' +
!
-
. .
5hich is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the 5ire as a function of r. The
temperature . mm from the center line &r = -.--. m' is determined by substituting the kno5n 4uantities
to be
T T
g
k
r r
s
& . '

& '
&
1& . & . ' 2 - --.
!
)-
)
---* - --.
-
. . .
m %;
* - "# m
! "# m. %'
m' m
9 ,
.
+

212.8 C
Thus the temperature at that location 5ill be about ,,$% above the temperature of the outer surface of the
5ire.
.-**
g
)-$%
Eesistance 5ire
r
r
o
2-92 Heat is generated in a large plane 5all 5hose one side is insulated 5hile the other side is maintained
at a specified temperature. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the 5all, and
the temperature of the insulated surface are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
is one-dimensional since the 5all is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about
the center plane. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation varies 5ith location in the x
direction.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = ,- "#m$%.
Analysis &a' (oting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional
in x direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be
expressed as
d T
dx
g x
k
.
.
- +
& '

5here
. #
g g e
x L

-
- *
and
g
-
= )-
/
"#m
,
and
dT
dx
& ' -
- &insulated surface at x = -'
T L T & '
.
,-% &specified surface temperature'
&b' Eearranging the differential e4uation and integrating,
d T
dx
g
k
e
dT
dx
g
k
e
L
C
dT
dx
g L
k
e C
x L
x L
x L
.
.
- - * -
- *
- - *
-*
.

+ +

. #

. #
. #
. #

3ntegrating one more time,
T x
g L
k
e
L
C x C T x
g L
k
e C x C
x L
x L
& '

. #
& '

. #
. #
+ + + +
.
-*
!
-
- *
.
-
.
- *
.

&'
Applying the boundary conditions7
C.%. at x = -7
dT
dx
g L
k
e C
g L
k
C C
g L
k
L
& '
. #
- . . .
- - * -
-

-
+ +

-
C. %. at x = L7
T L T
g L
k
e C L C C T
g L
k
e
g L
k
L L
& '

. # .
+ + + +

.
-
.
- *
. . .
-
.
- * -
.
! ! .

8ubstituting the C and C
.
relations into A4. &' and rearranging give
'2 # . & ' & ! 1 ' &
# * . - * . -
.
-
.
L x e e
k
L g
T x T
L x
+ +

5hich is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the 5all as a function of x.
&c' The temperature at the insulate surface &x = -' is determined by substituting the kno5n 4uantities to be
C 314.1 +

+
+ +
'2 - . & ' & ! 1

%' "#m ,- &
m' -* . - '& "#m - &)
% ,-
'2 # - . & ' & ! 1 ' - &
* . -
. , /
- * . -
.
-
.
e
L e e
k
L g
T T

Therefore, there is a temperature difference of almost ,--$% bet5een the t5o sides of the plate.
.-*/
T
.
=,-$%
x
k
g
3nsulated
L
2-93
"GIVEN"
L=0.0) "[m] "
_(=30 "[C]"
k=30 "[W/m- C]"
:_dot_0=8E6 "[W/m&3] "
"*N*L+,I,"
:_dot =:_dot_004?1..- 0.)0?//L/ "A43t :4"4r3t! o" 3( 3 #5">t! o" o# ?"
"? !( t%4 13r3m4t4r to 64 73r!4d"
+ [m] g [%/m
3
]
- ).---A;-/
-.--* 9./-A;-/
-.- 9..,0A;-/
-.-* /.))/A;-/
-.-. /.**-A;-/
-.-.* /..,-A;-/
-.-, *.0.9A;-/
-.-,* *./,)A;-/
-.-! *.,/,A;-/
-.-!* *.-A;-/
-.-* !.)*.A;-/
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.0)
4.)
?
10
6
).0
?
10
6
).)
?
10
6
6.0
?
10
6
6.)
?
10
6
7.0
?
10
6
7.)
?
10
6
8.0
?
10
6
x [m]
g

[
W
/
m
^
3
]

.-*9

Heat Chap02 068

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Heat Chap02 068

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Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give

+ + / . . - !), . - - / . . ln !), . - - ' &

and C. are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give

3ntegrating 5ith respect to r gives

3ntegrating 5ith respect to r gives

3ntegrating 5ith respect to r gives

'2 - . & ' & ! 1

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