INDUCTION MACHINES

Induction machines works on electromagnetism .we can equalize to transformer

Induction machines of two type-
squirrel cage
-slipring
SQUIRREL CAGE SLIPRING
1. Rotor consists of bars which are shorted at
the ends with the help of end rings.
2. As permanently shorted ,external
resistance cannot be added.
3. Slip rings and brushes are not there.
4. 5% of induction motors in industry use slip
ring rotor.
5. Moderate torque we get
6. Used for lifts ,cranes, elevators,
compressors ,etc.
1. Rotor consists of a 3 winding similarly to
the stator winding.
2. Resistance can be added externally.
3. Slip rings and brushes are there.
4. 95% of induction motors use this type of
rotor .
5. High torque we get be adding external
resistance.
6. Used for drilling machines ,fans , blazers ,
water pumps , grinders , printing machines
, etc .

SPEED OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD (R M F):-
For standard frequency whatever speed of R,M.F results is called as synchronous speed in case of
induction motors
It is denoted as Ns
Ns=

Where, f=supply frequency
P=number of poles
This is the speed with which R.M.F rotates in space/air gap.
Let use see how to change direction of rotation of R.M.F.


SLIP OF INDUCTION MOTOR
We know that rotor rotates in the same direction as that of R.M.F. but in steady state obtains as speed
less than the synchronous speed . the diff. between two speed i.e synchronous speed (Ns) and rotor
speed(N) is called slip speed . this slip is generally expressed as the % of synchronous speed.
i.e s=

-absolute slip
%s=

*100 % slip
In terms of slip actual speed of motor (N) can be expressed as , N=Ns(1-s)
At stator motor is at rest and hence its speed N is zero
i.e s=1 at start
this is the max. value of slip s possible for induction motor which occur at start while s=0 gives us N=Ns
which is not possible for an induction motor. So slip of induction motor cannot be zero under any
circumstances.
Practically motor operates in the slip range of 0.01 to 0.05 ie;1% to 5%. The slip corresponding to full
load speed of the motor is called as full load slip.
EFFECTS OF SLIP ON ROTOR PARMETERS:-
Slip affects the frequency of rotor induced emf due to this some other rotor parameters also get
affected. Let us study the effect of slip on the following parameters .
1. Rotor frequency
2. Mag. Of rotor induced emf.
3. Rotor reactance
4. Rotor power factor
5. Rotor current
EFFECT ON FREQUENCY
W k t , Ns=

.1
In running condition of motor mag. Of induced emf decreases so as its frequency .the rotor is wound
for same no. of poles as that of stator ie p. if f
r
is the frequency of rotor induced emf in running
condition at slip speed Ns-N then there exists a fixed relation between (Ns-N),fr and p similarly to
above eq. so we can write rotor in running condition.
(Ns-N)=

..rotor poles =stator poles=p

Equation 2/1

=


but

=s

S=

Fr=sf
EFFECT ON MAG. OF RATOR INDUCED EMF
W k t
E
2
=rotor induced emf at standstill
E
2r
=rotor induced emf in running condition
E
2
Ns E
2r
Ns-N

but

EFFECT ON ROTOR RESIS. AND REACTANCE
R
2
=rotor resistance per phase on standstill and running
X
2
=rotor reactance per phase on standstill
X
2
= during running, X2r=2frL2=2sfL2
X
2r
=sX2
Z
2r
=

/ph =R2+jX2r=R2+jsX2 /ph

EFFECT ON ROTOR POWER FACTOR

COS=

EFFECT ON ROTOR CURRENT
I
2
=



I
2
=

A
I
2r
=

INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
UNIT-1
3 INDUCTION MOTOR
VISUALIZATION OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AS A GENERALIZED TRANSFORMER WITH A
ROTATING SEC. AND ITS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
THE induction motor can be visualized as transformer .the transformer works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction the induction motor also works on electromagnetic induction .the energy
transfer from stator to rotor of induction motor takes place entirely with the help of a flux mutually
linking the two .thus stator acts as pry. And rotor act as sec. when induction motor is treated as
transformer
K=


=

Where, E2=rotor induced emf per phase at standstill
E
1
=induced voltage in stator per phase
In running condition the E2 will become E2r which is equal to sE2. Where s is slip of induction motor
i.e s=

where
E
2r
=rotor induced emf in running condition per phase
R
2
=rotor resistance per phase
X
2r
=rotor reactance per phase in running condition
R
1
=stator resistance per phase
X
1
=stator reactance per phase
When induction motor is on no load it drans a current from the supply to produce the flux in air gap
and supply iron losses
i.e I
o
I
c
=active component which supplies no load losses
-I
m
=magnetizing component which set up flux incore and airgap
R
0
=

X
0
=

I
0
=Ic+Im
The equivalent circuit of induction motor can be represented as


Where I
2r
=

As load on the motor changes , the motor speed changes thus slip changes.AS slip changes the
reactance X2r changes .hence X2r=sX2 is shown variable
I
2r
=

So it can be assumed that equivalent rotor circuit in the running condition has fixed reactance X2,
fixed voltage E2 but a variable resistance R2/s ,as indicated in the above equation
Now

Variable resistance R2/s has two components
1. Rotor resistance R2 itself which represents copper loss
2. R2*(1-s)/s which represents load resistance Rl .so it is electrical equivalent of mechanical load
on the motor.
So rotor equivalent circuit can be show as,

Let us obtain equation circuit referred to stator :-
Transfer all the rotor parameters to stator
K=

transformation ratio
E2=

I2r=kI2r=

X2=

=reflected rotor reactance

R2=

=reflected rotor resistance

R2=

)=reflected mechanical load

Fig3 equivalent circuit referred to stator

Fig 4 equivalent circuit referred to rotor

Fig5 approximate eq ckt. In general

DIFFERENT KINDS OF POWER LOSSES
The various power losses in an induction machine can be classified as,
1. Constant losses
2. Variable losses

CONTANT LOSSES
These can be classified as
1.core loss
2.Mechanical loss
Core losses occurs in stator core and rotor core. These are also called iron losses . these losses
include eddy current and hysteresis loss . the eddy current losses are minimized by using laminated
construction while hysteresis losses are minimized by selecting high grade silicon steal as the
material for stator and rotor .
The mechanical losses include frictional losses at the bearing s and windage losses in air gap.
VARIABLE LOSSES
This include the copper losses in stator and rotor winding due to current flowing in the winding as
current changes as load changes , these losses are said to be variable losses
Stator cu loss=3I
2
2
R
Rotor cu loss=3I
2r
2
R
2

Where ,
R1=stator resistance
R2=rotor resistance
I2=stator current
I2r=rotor current at that particular load
Power flow in an induction machines
Pout=useful power or shaft power
P
out
=P
m
-mechanical losses
P
m
=P
2
-P
c

Where P
c
=3I
2r
2
R
2

P
2
=P
m
-stator losses(core+cu)
P
in
=net input
P
in
=
Rotor efficiency =

Net motor efficiency=


=

Relation between P
2
,P
C
and P
m
(derivation is not required)
P
2
:P
c
:P
m
=1:s:1-s

Phasor diagram of induction motor on no load and loaded condition
At no load condition
The current I
1
and I
2r
values are less compare with loaded condition of the machine
At loaded condition
The current I
1
and I
2r
values are more compare with no load condition of the machine
In phasor diagram is reference line .due to flux(),the E
1
will induced by 90
o
lagging the E
2r
will be
in phase with E
1
with less value.I
2r
will lag E
2r
/E
1
by
2r
. the I
2r
R
2
in phase with I
2r
and I
2r
X
2r
reading the
resistance drop by 90
o
, to get E
2r
.I
m
is in phase with while I
c
is at 90
o
leading with .if we add I
c
and
I
m
weget I
o
. Adding I
2r
and Io we get I
1
. The v
1
is obtained by adding -E
1
,I
1
R
1
and I
1
X
1
. Angle between
V
1
and I
1
is
1

Torque equation of induction machine
Its depends on
1. The part of rotating magnetic field which reacts with rotor and is responsible to produce
induced emf in rotor
2. The mag. Of rotor current in running condition
3. The power factor of the rotor circuit in running condition
Mathematical relation can be expressed as,
T I
2r
cos
2r

Where, = flux responsible to produce induced emf
I
2r
= rotor running current
Cos
2r
=running power factor of rotor

Where

E2
equation 1 becomes
T

N-m
T

.2
K=constant of proportionality
The constant k is proved to be 3/2n
s
for 3 induction machine
K=

where Ns=

=synchronous speed in rpm

T=

N-m3
Starting torque
At start N=0 and slip=1
Tst==

N-m..4
From the above equation it is clear that by changing R2 the stating torque Tst can be controlled
Condition for maximum torque
From the torque equation it is clear that torque depend on slip at which motor is running.
Hence while finding the condition for maximum torque , remember that the only parameter which
controls the torque is slip(s)
Mathematical for max. torque , we can write

Where,
T

This is the slip at which the torque is max. and denoted as Sm
Sm=R2/X2
It is the ratio of standstill per phase values of resi. And reactance of rotor
When torque produced by the induction machine is at its max
Maq. Of max torque }=Tm=

N-m
Power equation from equivalent circuit
P
in
=input power =3V
1
I
1
cos
V
1
=stator voltage/ph
I
1
=current drown by stator/ph
cos=power cu loss = 3(I
2r
)
2
R
2

P
2
=P
c
/s=3(I
2r
)
2
R
2
/s
P
m
=P
2
-P
c
=(3(I
2r
)
2
R
2
/s)- 3(I
2r
)
2
R
2
=3(I
2r
)
2
R
2

T=torque developed
T=Pm/w=

Where N=speed of motor
T=

=9.55*((3(I
2r
)
2
R
2
/s)/Ns) N-m
And I
2r
=

R
l
=

I
2r
=